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핵융합과 ITER (& 원자력 )

-ULTRA: July 22, 2011

전창훈 , 프랑스 ITER 연구원

PhD & Senior Engineer, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory.

Total 23 slides

Part I: 핵융합과 ITER

– 밑 빠진 독에 물 붇기인가 ? 고갈 없는 에너지원인가 ?

Total 23 slides

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Nuclear Fission vs Nuclear Fusion

Fission: Heavy => Light Easy for Chain Reaction

Fusion: Light => Heavy Difficult for Chain Reaction

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• Fusion Environment: High Temperature & High Pressure.

• Sun & Stars: Confinement by Their Own Gravity

• On Earth: Confinement by Electromagnetic Field

• Strategy: Rotating Particles of Plasma in Torus (Tokamak).

To Achieve Nuclear Fusion

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<Three Different Coils>

• To Start: OH Coils

• To Keep: TF Coils

• To Control: PF Coils

Electric Coils to Confine Plasma

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Fusion Reaction in Real Machine

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• Safe & Green Energy (Short Power lines)• High Efficient Energy (450 times input)• Resource is almost unlimited.

• Difficult to Achieve & Maintain• Plasma Stability is still not Clear.• Expensive to Test and to Build

Fusion Energy: Pros & Cons

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Toroidal Field CoilNb3Sn, 18, wedged

Central SolenoidNb3Sn, 6 modules

Poloidal Field CoilNb-Ti, 6

Vacuum Vessel9 sectors

Port Plug heating/current drive, test blanketslimiters/RHdiagnostics

Cryostat29 m high x 28 m dia.

Blanket440 modules

Torus Cryopumps

Fusion Power: 500 MW

Divertor54 cassettes

ITER Fusion Machine

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ITER Machine vs Eiffel Tower

ITER Machine mass: ~ 30,000 tBudget: 5B Euro

Size: D30m x H30m

Eiffel Tower mass: ~10,000 t1M Euro (1889)

D141m x H320m1.07^122=>5B

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ITER originated from the Summit in 1985, Geneva where Gorbachev and Reagan proposed

international effort to develop fusion energy.

“For the benefit of mankind ” Dec 1953 UN Assembly General, Eisenhower proposed “Atoms for Peace”

Nov2006 Paris : China, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, USAsigned ITER.

History of ITER Project

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TRIAM, JTRIAM, J

World History of Fusion Machines

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Main Technical Issue: Plasma Stability

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The seven parties involved in the ITER construction represent more than 50 % of the world’s population

A Project to Build a new Babel Tower!!

Heating or Eating // ITER or Eater?

ITER: Real International Project

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• ITER is the first project to build a concrete machine by collaborating superpower countries.

• ITER is the spearhead for world energy & technology development.

• Korea can achieve a lot of new technology & be involved in global leadership.

Summary of ITER Project

Part II: Nuclear Energy

- Before Fukushima- After Fukushima

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General Issues on Nuclear Energy

Calder Hall: 1956 August – 2003 March

Three Mile Island: 1979 March

Chernobyl: 1986 April

Fukushima: 2011 March“Very Safe Energy” => Three Big Accidents (Two Disasters)

in Half Century

“No other Choice!” => “Too lazy to find another solution!”

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• After Fukushima, racing for energy will be changed!

• Germany declared to close down Nuclear Plant (by 2022).& Japan will follow Germany => Renewable energy.

• France & Korea will not give up Nuclear energy.

• Competition: Renewable energy versus Nuclear energy.

• We have to study Germany & France. (US will go with Petrol.)

Before Fukushima, After Fukushima

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• Nuclear Generation: 76% v 22% (Korea < 40%)

• Carbon: 5% v 44%

• Petroleum: 6% v 22%

• Hydraulic: 11% v 4% (Korea < 1%)

• Wind: 1.4% v 6.3%

• Solar: 0.03% v 1%

• (CO2 per kWh) 90g v 600g

Electricity(2009): France versus Germany

Le Point 24March2011, p113

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• No Serious Accidents in France.

• Almost 80% electricity made by Nuclear Plant. => Consuming pattern & Export.

• Export electricity neighboring countries. (EDF in UK: The largest E company in the UK)

• Reduce pollution in downtown (by Tram)

• Support by people (after WW-II by now)

• Bright streets: Stimulate Tour business, Discourage crime, Night activity => Social.

Nuclear Generation & Safety in France

• ASN (Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire): www.asn.fr (English version avail.)

• Managed by 5 commissioners: (Photo)- 5: 3 by President, 1 by NA & 1 by Sénat- 6 year’s one term (no extension)- Immunity privilege like judges

• Experts: Engineers, Medical doctors, pharmacist, lawyers…

• Supported by IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) www.irsn.fr (English v.) 20

Nuclear Safety in France –ASN

IRSNITER

ASN

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• Safety for Nuclear: More transparency with better structure.

• We have to study France & Germany in same time- for new energy procurement.

• US will continue with Petroleum - We should avoid this policy. (More tax collecting can mislead the direction)

• Energy problem can be solved by policy, culture & ethics.- Only by money (penalty or tax) will not work.- Using small car (Forcing not coming out with a big car /

day)

• Energy is not only industry, but defense of sovereignty.

Summary

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천재에 인재까지 덮쳐 유명을 달리하신 후꾸시마 희생자 분들에게 삼가 조의를 표합니다 .

살아 있는 저희들이 더 나은 과학 , 더 좋은 기술을 위해

열심히 노력하겠습니다 .

ULTRA at EKC-2011, Paris

Condolence: Fukushima 2011 March