논문 작성 ( 총론 )논문 작성 ( 총론 )

Jung Yong Ahn, MD, PhDDepartment of Neurosurgery

Yonsei University College of Medicine

Agony of Beginners

Why? - PromotionWhat? - Rarity,

TreatmentHow? - TeacherWhere? - JNS,

Neurosurgery

Reasons given for not writing

Not enough time Nothing to write about No one to work with in writing Lack of secretarial support Lack of knowledge as to how to research information No mentor for writing activities No motivation No self-confidence Don’t know how to start “I hate writing!”

Reasons why we write

Gain intellectual stimulation Share ideas Report research Generate discussion Advance one’s discipline Attain promotion/tenure Enhance one’s personal reputation Achieve some small measure of immortality by

publishing our ideas

What is Clinical Research?

“··· a component of medical and health research intended to produce knowledge essential for understanding human disease, preventing and treating illness. Clinical research embraces a continuum of studies involving interaction with patients, clinical materials or data, or population ···”

-a broad definition from AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) Task Force on Clinical Research (2000)

Medical Research Questions

What is the problem (Symptomatology)How big is the problem (Incidence)What is the cause or mechanism

(Pathophysiology)How can we diagnoses (Diagnosis)What is the therapy (Treatment)What is the prognosis (Prognosis, Outcome)Quality assurance/control (Quality of Life)

Intracranial aneurysms in Medline

Genome screen to detect linkage to intracranial aneurysm susceptibility genes. The Familial Intracranial Aneurysm Study. Stroke (Pathophysiology, Incidence)

Predictors and outcomes of intraprocedural rupture in patients treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The CARAT study. Stroke (Prognosis)

Guidelines for the surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery (Treatment)

Configuration of intracranial arteries and development of aneurysms: a follow-up study. Neurology (Pathophysiology)

Evaluation of post-procedure changes in aneurysmal lumen following detachable coil-placement using multi-planar reconstruction of high-field MRA. Acta Neurochir (Diagnosis)

Monitoring papilledema with Heidelberg RetinaTomograph in ruptured aneurysm patients. Surg Neurol (Symptomatology)

Coiling versus clipping for the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a longitudinal investigation into cognitive outcome. Neurology (Prognosis, Quality of life)

Writing models for beginners (I)

Interest: Literature review and IdeaDiversity of Topic and Communication

기초 - 임상 , 임상분야Bench markingDatabase: primary or secondary

Writing models for beginners (II)

Difficult to write an original articleLeading models appropriate for neophyte

writers: review articles, case reports, editorials, letters, book reviews

Case reports: So what? And where will my article be published?

Some Suggestions

Choose a target journal(s) and write for itChoose a clear messageAchieve high quality in your writingRespond to reviewer’s commentsDeal with the editors

R.Brian Haynes et al. Clinical Epidemiology-How to Do Clinical Practice Research. 3rd ed. LWW 2005

Determinants of Publication

Interest to target audienceRejection rateRecent publication on the topicWhether the findings are “positive” or “negative”Whether the findings are newsworthy in editor’s

viewWho your article is sent to as reviewersHow well you have written the article

Choose a target Journal

Top journals vs. lower status journals Top 5 general medical journals: NEJM, Lancet,

JAMA, BMJ, Ann Intern Med

Categories of journals -General journals

-Subspecialty journals

Top Journal

Well planned, Well implemented + Good Luck시간이 촉박하지 않다면 , rejection rate 이 높은

journal 에 도전 가능Top journals -Accept 되지 않을 가능성이 높다 -Review process 가 빠른 편이다 ( 빠르면

수시간 , 대부분 3 개월 내 ) -Review comment 가 논문 수준을 높이는데

도움을 줄 수 있음 - 글자수 제한이 매우 엄격함

Top journal or lower journal?

If you are feeling patient, and several rejections will not hurt your ego, aim top (high) journals.

If impatience and vulnerability characterize your psychological state, choose a lower status journal more likely to accept your paper on first submission.

Literature Review

Medline Search

PubMed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez SCIRUS:

http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Google: http://scholar.google.co.kr/ Cochrane Library:

http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/cochrane_search_fs.html

ISI Web of knowledge: http://apps.isiknowledge.com/UA_GeneralSearch_input.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&SID=N154hLJpi@EnJPA@Dcj&preferencesSaved=

General Neurosurgery Journals

Neurosurgery (2.587) Journal of Neurosurgery (2.446) Neurosurgical Review (1.425) Surgical Neurology (1.142) Acta Neurochirurgica (1.064) Neurosurgical Clinic of North America (0.851) Minimal Invasive Neurosurgery (0.75) British Journal of Neurosurgery (0.568) Neurogia Medico-chirurgica (0.393)

General Neurology-Neurosurgery Journals

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry (3.122)

Neurological Research (1.638) Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery (1.089)

Canadian Journal of Neurological Science

(1.126) Journal of Clinical Neuroscience (0.665)

General Neurology Journals

Lancet Neurology (12.167) Annals of Neurology (7.571) Brain (7.535) Neurology (4.947) Archives of Neurology (4.9) Current Opinion in

Neurology (4.873) Cephalagia (4.657) Headache (2.455)

European Journal of Neurology (2.244)

Journal of Neurological Science (2.035)

Acta Neurologia Scandinavica (1.982)

Seminar of Neurology (1.548)

Neurologist (1.486) Pediatric Neurology (1.368) European Neurology (1.056)

Neuroradiology Journals

Neuroimage (5.288)American Journal of Neuroradiology (2.525)Journal of Neuroimaging (1.558)Neuroradiology (1.488)Journal of Neuroradiology (0.606)Interventional Neuroradiology (0.124)

Neuropathology Journals

Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology (4.471)

Brain Pathology (4.041)Acta Neuropathologica (2.527)Neuropathology (1.167)Clinical Neuropathology (0.918)

Subspecialty Journals (I)

Stroke (5.855) Cerebrovascular Disease

(2.319)

Spine (2.187) European Spine Journal

(1.763) Spinal Cord (1.067) Journal of Neurosurgery-

Spine (1.222) Journal of Spinal Disorder

and technique (1.538)

Vascular

Journal of Neuro-Oncology (2.325)

Neuro-Oncology (4.15)

Tumor

Pediatric Pediatric Neurosurgery (1.049) Childs Nervous System (0.957)

Spine

Trauma Journal of Neurotrauma

(2.574) Brain Injury (1.471)

Functional Stereotactic Functional

Neurosurgery (0.951)

Subspecialty Journals (II)

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology (1.141) Journal of Neurogenetics (0.944) Neurogenetics (2.938) Epilepsia (3.227) Journal of Neurophysiology (3.853) Clinical Neurophysiology (2.64) Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology (1.544) Neuroendocrinology (2.65) Clinical Endocrinology (3.412) Neurocritcal Care (0.527) Critical Care (2.932)

Topic

Neurosurgery NeurologyRadiology

Pathology Others

•Genetics•Physiology•Endocrinology•Critical care•Symptomatology

Translational Research (I)

PCR, RT-PCR, DNA microarray…. Candidate gene study Gene expression study Familial gene search New instrument or Drug Cell therapy

Translational Research (II)

Role of Homocysteine in the Post-stroke Depression (Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, In press)

ACE I/D Polymorphism in Korean Patients with Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes (Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2008)

Differential gene expression distinguishing branching aneurysms from non-branching aneurysms by DNA microarray (Stroke, In press)

Significance of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in patients undergoing intracranial angioplasty (IRB, In study)

The association of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 VNTR polymorphisms with intracranial stent restenosis (IRB, In study)

The association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity and polymorphism with growth rate of menningioma (IRB, In study)

G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood human hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells therapy for acute stroke: A comparative study (Cell Transplantation, In press)

Case Report

Miscellany: British Journal of Neurosurgery Observations: Archives of Neurology Images in Neurology: Archives of Neurology Neuroimages: Neurology Case Study: Neuro-Oncology Clinical correspondence: Cephalagia Clinical Notes: Headache Short reports: JNNP Short communications: Journal of Neurological Science,

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

Short Illustrative Review: Acta Neurochirurgica

Review Articles

Current Opinion in Neurology Lancet Neurology What’s new? Genetics of intracranial aneurysm (Neurosurgery 60, 2007) Treatment trials in human spinal cord injury (Neurosurgery 59, 2006)

Questions and answers What are safe anticonvulsants to use in pregnancy? What is the benefit from skull base surgery? What are the early signs of dissecting aneurysm?

Current controversies Ischemic stroke: Urokinase, r-TPA, thrombolysis Treatment of cerebral aneurysms: coiling or clipping The ethical issues in stem cell transplantation

논문 준비 사항

Figure

Journal review Select

journal

Dataanalysis

Table

manuscript

TOPIC, IDEA

논문의 구성

Oncology

Conclusions

PatientsMethods

Results

Introduction

Discussion

Cover letterTitle pageAbstractReferencesAcknowledgementsFigure legendsFiguresTablesCopyrightConflict of authorsAttribution of authorsDisclosure of state -ments

Cover Letter

Dear Editor,

I would like to submit our article entitled “Endovascular treatment of intracranial vertebral artery dissections with stents and/or detachable coils” to be considered for publication in your journal. In this manuscript, we are reporting the efficacy and limitations of endovascular treatment with stents and/or detachable coils for intracranial vertebral artery dissections. Occlusion of the dissection site or proximal occlusion with detachable coils is the current method of choice to prevent subsequent rupture in the acute stage. The use of stents with or without detachable coils in the treatment for the ruptured dissecting pseudoaneurysms seems to be fascinating, however, it may not be sufficient therapy in the acute stage. These methods are useful in treating the unruptured dissecting aneurysms and ruptured dissecting aneurysms in the subacute or chronic stage after the wall of the lesion becomes stable. Due to these reasons, we hope that our manuscript to be carefully read and found suitable for publication in American Journal of Neuroradiology.

Sincerely,

Jung Yong Ahn, MD

Department of Neurosurgery

Yonsei University College of Medicine

146-92, Dogok-dong, Kangnam-gu

Seoul, 135-720, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-2019-3391

Fax: +82-2-3461-9229

E-mail : jyahn@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr

Instruction for authors/Copyright

Check List

Authors contributions

Study concept and design Acquisition of data Analysis and interpretation of data Drafting of the manuscript Critical revision for important intellectual content Statistical analysis Administrative, technical and material support Study supervision

Written Consent for Publication

논문 투고의 예

Competing interests The authors declare that there are no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JYA conceptualized the study, gathered the data and

drafted the manuscript. JHC participated in Gamma Knife radiosurgery and took charge of post-operative managements together with JYA. SHK carried out the pathologic studies. KSL supervised the process and finally approved the manuscript for been published. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements Written consent was obtained from the patient for

publication of this case report.

Summary

문헌 고찰을 열심히 전문분야에서 다양한 학문적 Idea Bench marking 전문성있는 잡지에 투고 교훈적이고 , 일관성 있게 논문을 쓰는 훈련 고급 통계를 이용하여 논문의 질 향상 타 분야와의 학문적 교류 Translational research 의 확대

Conclusions

논문의 활성화논문의 활성화

Translationalresearch

Co-workSystem High qualityarticle

논문 작성 ( 각론 )논문 작성 ( 각론 )

Jung Yong Ahn, MD, PhDDepartment of Neurosurgery

Yonsei University College of Medicine

논문의 구성 성분

Oncology

Conclusions

PatientsMethods

Results

Introduction

Discussion

Cover letterTitle pageAbstractReferencesAcknowledgementsFigure legendsFiguresTablesCopyrightConflict of authorsAttribution of authorsDisclosure of state -ments

Title page

Article TypeFull Title of the PaperAll Authors’ Full Names (Highest Academic

Degree)Departmental and Institutional AffiliationsCorresponding Author InformationRunning TitlePage Number, 1st Author

Title

Authors affiliation

Address of corresponding author

Title Page

Author

Title

Keyword 를 나열 모자라면 subtitle: be 동사 , of 100 자 이내 단순 , 간결하게 작성 연구목적과 부합되는 내용 정확하고 구체적인 용어 사용 , 추상적이고 모호한 표현은 삼가 단어 배열 순서에 유의 약어 , 속어 , 상품명은 제외할 것 예 : Clipping vs coiling of posterior communicating artery aneurysms with third

nerve palsy (Neurology 66: 2006)

예 : Treatment of spontaneous arterial dissections with stent placement for preservation of the parent artery (Acta Neurochir 147, 2005)

예 : Endovascular thrombolysis and stenting of a middle cerebral artery occlusion beyond 6 hours post-attack: Special reference to the usefulness of diffusion-perfusion MRI (Neurol Res 28, 2006)

Title

Result, Outcome Relation, relationship, correlation, association Changes Disease entity Comparison, compared Use Trial Study Influence Efficacy Management Treatment Therapy Effects

Author

ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors)

연구의 개념 설정 , 디자인 , 자료획득 , 분석과 해석

초안 작성 , 지식적 내용을 포함하는 논문 수정출간을 위한 마지막 점점자격이 없는 경우 : 연구자와 같은 팀의 구성원 ,

소속과장 , 연구실 또는 실험실의 책임자 , 증례를 제공한 사람 혹은 주치의

Acknoledgment

Abstract

BackgroundsObjectives

독자의 호기심을 자극

MethodsResults

호기심을 충족

Conclusions명확하고 강렬한 메시지가 필요

전문을 읽을 욕구

Abstract

250 자 이내Structured abstract: Background, Objective,

Design, Subjects, Measurements, Results, Conclusions

종설 : Objective, Data sources, Study selection약어Key word: PubMed 의 MeSH browser

Introduction

연구주제의 설명 , 의의 및 중요성을 서술 참고자료의 분석 및 서술 It is well known (documented, established) that ~ It has generally been accepted (demonstrated, reported) that ~ It is widely assumed that ~ It has long been recognized (proposed) that ~ There is general consensus (evidence) that ~ There has been general reluctance to term~ The results of ~ indicated that ~ Approximately ~% of ~ arise from ~ account for ( 빈도 : less than 3%) of ~ , It is estimated that ~ ~ exist in the literature

Introduction

Recent advances in ~ have provided an opportunity for Considerable progress has been made recently toward Numerous attempts have been made to Some controversy has existed concerning ~ Evidence continues to accumulate indicating that Findings of ~ have been used to No information is available on

Introduction

알려져 있지 않은 사실이나 논쟁의 여지가 있는 사항을 서술 : 연구목적의 필요성을 유도

However, ~ has not been determined (entirely understood)

There has been considerable disagreement regarding the ~

There is also controversy about ~ There has been relatively little information (few

reports) in the ~ To (the best of) our knowledge, ~ This study is the first evaluation of ~ No study has examined ~

Introduction

주된 연구목적을 간략히 기술 The aim (purpose, objective, goal) of this study was to evaluate ~. This study was designed to ~. The current study attempts to determine whether~ To confirm ~, we conducted ~ In order to characterized ~, ~ were investigated. It is the intention of this study to provide ~ This research was carried out to demonstrate ~ We compared (undertook) ~ This review describes ~ In an attempt to answer the question, we have reviewed our experience In this study, we report a case of ~ 문헌 고찰 사항은 현재 시제 The authors or We, Investigators or Reporter or Researchers, Many

physician 연구자 이름은 가능한 자제

Methods

Study designs Patient selections Inclusion or exclusion criteria Ethics Procedures Research methods Follow-up Statistics

Methods

연구가 진행된 순서에 따라 혹은 연구 내용의 형태에 따라 기술

독자가 실험을 재현할 수 있도록 상세히 기술 사용한 실험 동물과 개체수를구체적으로 기술 International System of Units (SI Unit)

m, kg, mL, °C, Hz 시약 , Kit, 기계는 괄호 속에 모델번호 ,

제작회사명 , 도시명 , 국가명을 기입 과거 시제로 , 수동태로 주로 기술

Results

Data: 연구가 진행된 순서 혹은 중요한 Data부터 나열

Data 는 본문에는 최소한 , 대부분은 Figure or table

실측지보다는 백분율의 변동을 기술 Data 를 먼저 기술하고 , 의의를 설명함 비교문은 Compare with 보다는 than P-value 는 가능한 그대로 기술

Discussion

연구의 목적을 간략히 기술 연구 결과 중 그 대답을 지지하는 결과를 제시 The first objective of this study was achieved

연구 결과와 합치되는 참고문헌을 제시 Results of the present study correspond with the earlier study which reported that Our results confirmed (are consistent with) In accordance with previous studies, These results are in agreement with those of previous studies These results are in close agreement with those of numerous authors

연구 결과의 새로운 점과 중요성을 지적 Prove, demonstrate, document, show, indicate, suggest, imply, speculate, suppose, assume, extapolate, infer, inspire, presume, postulate

예기치 않은 소견이 있으면 , 설명하고 고찰

Conclusion, Summary

저자의 연구성적에 바탕을 둔 것으로 정리 We believe that~, It is concluded that ~, The results of this study confirm

In summary, this study demonstrates that ~

These results provide evidence that

구체적인 수치나 Data 를 나열하지 않는다 .도출한 결론에 입각하여 향후의 연구방향 ,

기대효과를 부언할 수 있다 Further studies will be required to , Future work will focus on the

Ongoing trials with ~ will address

현재 시제로 기술 Can>Will>Would>Should>May>Could>Might

Acknowledgments

저자 자신이 근무하고 있는 연구소나 병원의 연구자로부터 도움을 받았으나 그 논문의 저자로는 자격이 없은 경우

The authors thank ~ for supplying tumor tissues, and ~ for their skilled technical assistance, and ~ for preparation of the manuscript.

We would like to thank Dr.~ for his comments on the manuscript.

기술적 도움에 관한 감사 후원의 내용을 구체적으로 밝힌 , 경제적 ,

물질적 지원에 대한 감사 This work was supported by ~.

이익의 상층을 야기시킬 관계

Footnote

각주는 연구 방법을 규정할 때 , 통계학적 처리 상태를 표시할 때 ,

약어를 설명할 때 , 표가 인용된 문헌 등을 언급할 때 사용한다 .

어떤 학술지에서는 각주에 설명되어진 표 안의 각 항목에 윗 첨자

(superscript) 로 번호를 붙이도록 요구하는데 , 이는 제곱 , 세제곱

같은 윗 첨자나 참고문헌 번호와 혼동되는 경우가 많다 . 따라서

대부분의 학술지는 각주 기호 (footnote sign) 를 사용하는 것을 권장

하고 있으며 , 영어 알파벳 소문자를 윗 첨자로 사용할 수도 있다 . 표에서 사용할 수 있는 각주 기호 (footnote sign) 의 일반적인 순서 * † ‡ § ∥ ¶ # ** ††

명사

복수형으로 쓸수 없는 Uncountable nouns evidence, literature, information, percent, ascites,

management, therapy, leukorrhea, childhood 등같은 명사가 여러 개 나열되는 경우 figure 1, figure 3 and figure 8 (×) figures 1, 3, and 8 (O) The maxillary and ethmoidal sinues are infected

(O) The maxillary and the ethmoidal sinus are

infected (O)

명사에 대한 적합한 형용사의 사용방법

fast reaction: slow reactionprofuse discharge: scanty dischargegood [strong] possibility: bad [weak] possibilitystrong intensity, activity, significance: weak

intensity, activity, significancehigh rate, prevalence, incidence, dose: low rate,

prevalence, incidence, dose ☞ 무의식적으로 severe, mild 를 사용하는

사람이 많다 !

형용사

형용사의 위치 exact evaluation of mechanism of MCT (X)

evaluation of exact mechanism of MCT (O) 형용사의 어순 thirty-two healthy young rabbits 부사의 위치 : 짧은 단어가 앞에 위치한다 Melanocytic nevi look clinically like melanomas. 부사의 어순 : 장소 , 방법 , 빈도 , 시간의 순서로

나열한다 The remaining fluid was centrifuged in a centrifuger

at 800 revolutions per minute three times for 5 minutes.

형용사의 비교급

than 다음에 대명사 , 전치사 , 대동사 혹은 조동사를 필요로 할 경우가 있으니 주의해야 한다 .

Higher concentrations were found in the substance W than in the sub-stance T.

Sugar gave lower swelling temperature than did equal quantities of compound A. The decrease in A was larger than that obtained for B. The reactions of amine with macrolides proceed fivefold faster than do those of the peptide. Blood flow to the thyroid gland is about one third of the renal blood

flow.(X) ⇒ Blood flow to the thyroid gland is about one third of that to the kidney.(O)

확률부사 , 형용사

확률을 나타내는 부사에는 여러 가지가 있으나 , 그 사전상의 의미로는 정확한 사용이 어렵다 .

연구결과 (results) 에서 % 로 기술된 데이터 숫자고찰 (discussion) 에서 그대로 인용하지 않고 , 확률부사 • 형용사를 사용하여 기술하게된다 . 따라서 각 부사•형용사가 가지는 대략의 확률을 기억해 두면 유용하다 . probably : 대략 80%-90% 의 확률을 나타낸다

likely : 대략 50% 의 확률을 나타낸다 less likely (40%), least likely (30%) 나 more likely (60%), most likely (70%) 를 활용할 수도 있다 possibly = perhaps : 대략 10%-20% 의 확률을 나타낸다 [ 참고 : maybe 는 주로 회화체에서 사용됨 ]

빈도부사

빈도부사를 % 로 기억해 두면 고찰 (discussion) 부분을 기술하는데 유용하다 .

always : 100% 의 빈도 usually : 대략 70% 의 빈도 often : 대략 50% 의 빈도 frequently : 대략 30% 의 빈도 sometimes= occasionally : 대략 20% 의 빈도 seldom : 대략 10% 의 빈도 never : 0% 의 빈도

가능한 한 not 을 사용하여 부정문을 만들지 않는다

A compound of this sort was not available. (X) → A compound of this sort was unavailable. (0) The molecular structure was not altered. (X) → No alteration was observed in its molecular (0) structure. Evidence for glandular formation was not obtained. (x) → No evidence for glandular formation was obtained.(o) Healthcare planners should not forget that laboratory

medicine is rapidly evolving. → Healthcare planners should remember that laboratory medicine is rapidly evolving.

수 , 서수 , 부호 , 기호의 표기법

수 (numeral), 서수 (ordinal number), 부호 , 기호를 문두에 두지 않는다 . 3 → Three 또는 The 3 + → Plus 또는 The + β- → Beta 또는 The β- And, But 도 문두에 두지 않음 : And → In addition, But → However, 9 이하의 정수나 서수는 단어로 표기한다 . one --- nine the first --- the ninth 10 이상의 정수나 서수는 숫자로 표기한다 . 10 --- 25 the 10 th --- the 25 th 한 문장에 정수나 서수가 여러 개 연결 될 때는 간결하게 표기한다 . 1, 3, 21, and 27 the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 13th, and 24th 10-9 읽기 → ten to the minus ninth power

동사

긴 문장에서 동사를 끝에 놓지 않는다 (dangling phrase) Measurement of thickened mucosa in the maxillary sinus was done. (X) →Thickened mucosa was measured in the maxillary sinus. (O)

수동태 (passive voice) 를 잘못 사용한 문장 1)All the tissues of the body are originated from the germ cell of the female. (X) [ 수정 ] are originated → originate 2)Their ages were ranged from 25 to 62 years. (X) [ 수정 ] were ranged → ranged 3)Subjects were consisted of 25 healthy men varying in age from 20 to 29. (X) [ 수정 ] were consisted → consisted 4) A pain on the evening of March 14 was gradually worsened until March 23 when the patient was admitted to this hospital. (X) [ 수정 ] was worsened → worsened 5) Hallucination and delusion were abated. (X) [ 수정 ] were abated → abated 6) The crisis of coma was decreased with the use of insulin. (X) [ 수정 ] was decreased → decreased

자주 보는 영작문 오류

culture, specific test 에 positive, negative 사용하며 , CT scans, radiographic studies, isotope scans 등의 imaging methods 및 EEG, ECG 는 normal , abnormal 사용

The electroencephalogram was positive in the temporal regions. →The electroencephalogram showed abnormalities in the temporal regions. acute, chronic 은 질병의 상태 , 증상 등에서 기간을 표현할 때 사용한다 chronic heroin users → long-term heroin users acute administration of penicillin → immediate administration of penicillin 단어 percent 와 % 기호는 앞에 숫자가 있을 때만 사용한다 Heart disease was present in a small percent of the subjects. →Heart disease was present in a small percentage of the subjects. respectively( 각각 ) 과 respective( 각각의 ) 는 두 개 이상의 group 에서 1 대 1 의 관계를 표현할

때 사용한다 The 2 rats were 12 and 14 weeks old, respectively. →The 2 rats were 12 and 14 weeks old. →The 1 rat in the control group and 1 rat in the treatment group were 12 and 14 weeks old,

respectively. The 2 rats’ respective ages were 12 and 14 weeks. → The 2 rats were 12 and 14 weeks old. 9 이하의 숫자와 10 이상의 숫자가 공존하면 숫자로 표기한다

사족 (Redundant Word) 를 사용한 영작문 오류

advance planning outside of

red in color true fact

2 out of 12 younger [older] than 50 years of age

brief in duration combine together

estimated at about~ fewer in number

soft in consistency careful monitoring

구어 ( Jargon )

blood sugar → blood glucose emergency room → emergency department exam → examination lab → laboratory 4+ albuminuria → proteinuria (4+) genitourinary infection → genitourinary tract infection left heart failure → left ventricular failure pap smear → Papanicolaou test symptomatology → symptoms maybe → probably, possibly, perhaps

병렬구문 (Parallel Construction)

병렬문장에서는 병렬구조 ( 명사 - 명사 , 구 - 구 등 ) 을 사용한다 부정법이 병렬연결 : The text was written for residents, interns, and to help them teach their students. → The text was written to educate residents and interns and to help them teach their students. “ 구 + 구”가 병렬 연결 There was a long delay between the purchase of a magnetic resonance imager and when it started to be widely used. → There was a long delay between the purchase of a magnetic resonance imager and its widespread use. 부사가 병렬연결 Three patients either [not only] took their medication incorrectly or [but also] not at

all. → Three patients took their medication either [not only] incorrectly or [but also] not at

all.

이태릭체의 사용법

동 , 식물 학명 Ambrosia trifida, Streptococcus pneumoniae Homo sapiens 잡지명 Journal of Neurosurgery, Acta Neurochirurgica 라틴어 et al, e.g., etc., i.e., in vivo, in vitro 통계학 용어 P-value, Multiple partial F-test, Student’s t-distribution 유전자 NOS, ECOR1