प्राणीविज्ञान मेंसंसाधन...
TRANSCRIPT
आचंलिक लिक्षा एवं प्रलिक्षण संस्थान,म ंबई-400078
के॰वि॰एस कॉम्प्लेक्स,एन॰सी॰एच॰कॉलोनी,काांजरू मार्ग (प) म ांबई- 400078 ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, MUMBAI
K.V.S. COMPLEX, N.C.H. COLONY, KANJUR MARG (WEST), MUMBAI-400078 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
दरूभाष 022-25778264/022-25774337
Web site: www.zietmumbai.gov.in
कार्यस्थि : केन्द्रीर् ववद्र्ािर्, डी.आई.ए.टी. गिरीनिर, प णे
VENUE: KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE
22nd to 24th AUGUST 2016
प्राणी–विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन–जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनर्दषेात्मक व्यूह रचना पर 3 वर्दिसीय कायधशाला 3-DAY CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS & SUITABLE
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES (FOR PGT BIOLOGY
TEACHERS)
ररपोिध एिं वनयम संग्रह Report cum Manual
2
संरक्षक Patrons
श्री. संतोष क मार मि, ई.ए.एस
माननीर् आर् क्त
के.वव.एस. नई ददल्िी
Sh. Santosh Kumar mall, IAS
Hon’ble Commissioner
KVS New Delhi
श्री.जी.के.श्रीवासतवा,ई.ए.एस
अपर आर् क्त )प्रिासन(
के.वव.एस. नई ददल्िी
Sh. G.K.Srivastava, IAS
Additional Commissioner (Admin.)
KVS New Delhi
श्री रू्. एन. खवारे
अपर आर् क्त )ििक्षक्षक(
के.वव.एस. नई ददल्िी
Sh.u.n.khaware
Additional Commissioner
(Acad.)
KVS New Delhi
डॉ. िचीकान्द्त
संर् क्त आर् क्त (प्रलिक्षण(
के.वव.एस. नई ददल्िी
Dr. Shachikant
Joint Commissioner (Trg.)
KVS New Delhi
3
Guide
and
COURSE DIRECTOR
USHA ASWATH IYER DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
& DIRECTOR, ZIET, MUMBAI
VENUE DIRECTOR AND
ASSOCIATE COURSE DIRECTOR
Ms. Anita mago
Principal I/C K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR PUNE
COMPILED BY
RADHA SUBRAMANIAN, PGT BIOLOGY
FACULTY ZIET, MUMBAI
RESOURCE PERSON
SUPPORTED
BY
Ms.sandhya Mehrotra ,p.g.t.biology
K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR PUNE
RESOURCE PERSON
4
From the Director’s Desk
Any teacher worth his (or her) salt has to
constantly keep updating knowledge, skills
and methodology. The aim of the Content
enrichment workshops is to give teachers an
opportunity to spend at least three days
going through the text, analyse content,
discuss methodology and make them aware of changes in question paper patterns.
Along with the bogey of improving Performance Index and attaining a 100% pass
result, is the need to reassure them that improvement is possible. Teaching is a
science, an art, a skill and a passion. The teachers have to remember this when
they are faced each year with a new set of students. The mistakes committed in the
previous year (if any) are to be wiped out, adopting new methods to suit the new
batch. Yet qualities like alertness, kindness, observation skill will always remain
eternal. Many times it is the kind word, the understanding pat or the encouraging
smile which pushes our students to do better. And this is what they too will
remember when they leave your class.
Remember you are not just teachers, you are creators of a new generation and in
your hands lies the ability to mould students we will be proud of in the future.
Take this responsibility seriously and work towards the goal, for each child is a
precious resource to be honed to perfection.
USHA ASWATH IYER
DIRECTOR
5
INDEX
S.No.
Topic
Page No.
1
Time Table
6
2
Contact Details of Participants
7
3
Details of Guest Speakers
9
4
Daily Reports and Quiz based on the Previous Day’s sessions
10
5
Group wise compilation of Identification of Difficult topics & suitable
Instructional strategies:
1) Classification of Animals_ Invertebrates
2) Classification of Animals_ Vertebrates
3) Different systems of Cockroach( Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory ,
Nervous & Reproductive systems)
4) Structure of Human Eye and Mechanism of Vision
5) Structure of Human Ear and Mechanism of hearing & balance
6) Evolution
7) Early Embryonic development and Placentation in Human
8) Human Genome Project
14
16
18
21
25
28
31
32
6
Glimpses of the Workshop
34
“Genetics is to biology what atomic theory is to physics. Its principle is clear:
that inheritance is based on particles and not on fluids. Instead of the essence
of each parent mixing, with each child the blend of those who made him,
information is passed on as a series of units. The bodies of successive
generations transport them through time, so that a long-lost character may
emerge in a distant descendant. The genes themselves may be older than the
species that bear them.”
John Stephen Jones
6
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, MUMBAI 3_ DAY WORKSHOP ON ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY FOR PGT (BIOLOGY), 2016-17
22nd to 24th AUGUST 2016 TIME TABLE VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE
Session-1 15 min
Session-2 1 Hr
Session-3 15 min
Session- 4
Day 0900-0915 0915-1100 Hrs 1115-1300Hrs 1400-1545 Hrs 1600-1730
22.08.16 Mon
Registration
Aims & Objectives Group formation and allocation of Group Work
Tea
B
rea
k
Lymphatic System
Lu
nch
B
rea
k
Brain Structure and Nerve Impulse Conduction
Tea
B
rea
k
Group Work: Identification of Difficult areas, Suggested Instructional strategies
Mrs Radha Subramanian
Emeritus Prof.R.L.Deopurkar U of P
Dr.T.A.Sangeeth RP 1 & RP.2
23.08.16 Tues
Prayer / Report
DNA Finger Printing
Counter Current Mechanism of Urine Formation
Demonstration of DNA Extraction & Printing errors in NCERT TB
Presentation of Group Work_ Group 1 & 2
Mrs Radha Subramanian
Asst.Prof.Pramod Phirke Fergusson College
Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra RP 1 & RP.2
24.08.16 Wed
Prayer / Report
Pedigree Analysis
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Presentation of Group Work_ Group 3 , 4& 5
Presentation of Group Work_ Group 6 & 7
Mrs Radha Subramanian
Ms. G. Pravallika IISER Pune
RP 1 & RP.2 RP 1 & RP.2
7
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING, MUMBAI 3_DAY WORKSHOP ON CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS &SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE 22
nd to 24
th AUGUST 2016
S.No
Name of the Participant Name of K.V Region Address of K.V Email I.D of Participant Email I D of the K.V
Contact Number
1 Ms.Sona Kumari No.2 Ahmedabad Cantt Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad Cantt Near Hanuman Temple Daffnala AirPort Road Ahmedbad 380003 (GUJ.) [email protected] [email protected] 7359400901
2 Mr.V.Ramesh No.2 Jamnagar Ahmedabad [email protected] 9427771669
3 Mr.Sunil Goswami Dhantewada Ahmedabad [email protected] 9408059060
4 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2, Kribhco, Surat Ahmedabad
KV NO.-2, KRIBHCO, SURAT-394515, HAZIRA ROAD, SURAT [GUJARAT] [email protected] [email protected] 9427709680
5 Mr.Pradeep Kumar Kuldeep Himmatnagar Ahmedabad [email protected] 8141376887
6 Mr.Om Prakash Vayusena,Bhuj Ahmedabad [email protected] 8141376887
7 Mr.Mohd Asif Hussain No2 Army Jodhpur Jaipur
Near Konark Auditorium Shikargarh, Jodhpur - 342015 [email protected] [email protected] 9828304620
8 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2, Bikaner Jaipur
Inside Army Cantt., P.O. : Udasar, Bikaner - 334022 [email protected] [email protected] 7665141341
9 Mrs.Sudarshana Solanki
No.1,Pratap Nagar,Udaipur Jaipur
K.V.NO.1,PRATAP NAGAR,UDAIPUR,RAJASTHAN [email protected] [email protected] 9672369071
10 Mr.Devendra Kumar Deepak Suratgarh Cantt Jaipur
KV suratgarh cantt, Shriganganagar, 335804, Rajsthan [email protected]
[email protected] 9304140138
11 Mrs.Sunita Chauhan No.4 Jaipur Jaipur kv4jaipur2gmail.com
12 Mr.Prashant Kumar Nad Karanja Mumbai
KV NAD KARANJA NAD URAN RAIGARH MS 400704 [email protected] [email protected] 9869872203
13 Ms.Nimisha Singh Nrc, Nasik Mumbai KV, NRC, ARTILLERY CENTRE, NASIK, 422101 [email protected] [email protected] 7387592117
8
14 R. M. Patil No. 3, 9brd, Af. Pune - 14 Mumbai
K. V. No. 3, 9 BRD, AF. PUNE - 14 [email protected] [email protected] 9421556546
15 Mrs.Prabhavati No.1devlali Mumbai
KV No.1 Rest Camp Road, Near Devi Mandir, Devlali 422401 [email protected]
[email protected] 9890917175
16 Mrs.Rubina Pasha Nda Pune Mumbai [email protected] 9561865990
17 Mr.Vineet Wadhera Nmu Jalgaon Mumbai [email protected] 9730591333
18 Mr.Mithun Chakraborty
No. 2, Gaya, Bihar Patna
KV NO. 2, GAYA, ASC (N) PAHARPUR CANTT., GAYA, BIHAR - 823005 [email protected]
[email protected] 9507027178
19 Mr.Parashuram Sharma Khagaria Patna
SHYAMA LAL NAGAR, NEAR KOSHI COLLEGE, KHAGARIA PIN 851205 [email protected] [email protected] 8873989813
20 Mr.Santosh Kumar Ishwar BSF, Kishanganj Patna
KV, BSF CAMP KHAGRA, KISHANGANJ PIN- 855107 [email protected] [email protected] 9470457590
21 Mr.P.K. Nayak Kanker Raipur
NEAR NAGAR SAINIK OFFICE SINGARBHAT KANKER
[email protected] [email protected] 7049890239
22 Mrs.Ranjana Singh Baikunthpur Raipur
SECL, RAMPUR COLONY BAIKUNTHPUR ,DISTT. KORIYA (CG)497335 [email protected] [email protected] 9406295789
23 Mr.Ajambila Behera Bargarh Raipur
KV,BARGARH,ACC ROAD,DANG,BARGARH-768038 [email protected] [email protected] 9439536739
24 Mr.Jogendra Pradhan Durg Raipur
Q.NO C-1, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CAMPUS NEAR, DIST. JAIL, DURG (C.G) 491001 [email protected] [email protected] 9424235475
25 Mr.Nirdosh Tigga Jagdalpur Raipur [email protected] 9098591333
26 Ms.Namrata Prasad Manendragarh Raipur [email protected] 8294971321
RESOURCE PERSONS
1 Mrs.Radha Subramanian ZIET Mumbai [email protected] [email protected] 9869354319
2 Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra
DIATGirinagar Pune Mumbai [email protected] [email protected] 7875510937
9
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING, MUMBAI
3-DAY WORKSHOP ON CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS & SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE
22.08.2016 to 24.08.2016
DETAILS OF GUEST SPEAKERS
S.NO.
NAME OF HE GUEST SPEAKER
DESIGNATION
INSTITUTE FROM
DATE TOPIC TIME SLOT EMAIL I.D CONTACT NO.
1 Dr. RAJENDRA L DEOPURKAR
UGC EMERITUS PROFESSOR
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
22-Aug-16
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM writeto [email protected] 9371026111
2 Dr. T A SANGEETH
DOCTOR BJ MEDICAL COLLEGE PUNE 22-Aug-16
BRAIN STRUCTURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION
2: 00 PM TO 3: 45 PM [email protected] 8275877510
3 Dr. PRAMOD PHIRKE
ASSTT PROFESSOR
FERGUSSON COLLEGE PUNE 23-Aug-16
COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM [email protected] 9421984460
4 PRAVALLIKA GOVADA
RESEARCH SCHOLAR IISER PUNE 24-Aug-16
MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM [email protected] 9881045251
“DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created.”
Bill Gates, The Road Ahead
10
DAILY REPORTS: 22.08.2016_MONDAY_DAY_1 The 3_ Day workshop on Content enrichment in Zoology _ identification of difficult topics & suitable instructional strategies conducted by KVS ZIET Mumbai at KVDIAT Girinagar Pune, commenced on 22nd August 2016. The programme started with the formal lighting of the lamp by Mrs.Anita Mago, Principal KVDIAT Girinagar Pune and also the Associate Course Director of the Workshop. Mrs. Radha Subramanian PGT Biology, ZIET Mumbai and Resource Person, along with Ms. Sandhya Mehrotra PGT Biology, KVDIAT Girinagar Pune and Resource Person ; joined in the lighting of the Lamp. Two participant representatives too joined. This was followed by a floral welcome by the students of Class I .They gave a floral welcome to the dignitaries and also to each and every participant along with a beautiful welcome card. A welcome song, by young students was melodious, heartwarming and welcoming. A formal welcome address by Mrs. Anita Mago, Principal KVDIAT Girinagar Pune, followed. Mrs.Radha Subramanian then highlighted the objectives of the Workshop and elaborated on the tasks of the Groups. The Participants were divided into seven groups and task assigned to them. The Participants enthusiastically regrouped themselves to break the ice and start the deliberations on the topic/ task assigned. This was followed by a brief Tea break, after which, Emeritus Prof. Dr.R.L.Deopurkar , University of Pune, took a session on Lymphatic system. The session was an eye opener. He reiterated the need for inter- disciplinary approach in the teaching and learning of Biology. This is the need of the hour to create analytical minds rather than mere rote minds! The problem solving method of teaching/ learning would facilitate Research. He clarified the queries the participants had regarding Lymphatic system. The post Lunch session was by a young and budding Scientist cum Doctor Dr.T.A Sangeeth. He took a very highly interactive and interesting session on Human Brain, and conduction of Nerve Impulse. All doubts posed by the participants were clarified satisfactorily by Dr.T.A Sangeeth. The tea break was followed by the Participants reverting the assigned Group Work. Thus the first day of the workshop came to an end with satisfaction. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 1
1. What is the value of 2 20 _ 218 = ? Ans: 218 (22 _ 1) = 3 *218
2. The time taken by a variety of Bacteria to divide is 20minutes.Initially 105
bacteria are present in the colony. How many Bacteria will be found after 100 minutes?
Ans : 25 * 105 = 32 * 105
3. CNS consists of which organs? Ans: Brain & Spinal Cord
4. Which region of the Brain is responsible for Memory and Intelligence? Ans: Frontal lobe of the cerebrum
5. Which part of the Brain functions as the relay centre? Ans: Thalamus
6. Name the part of the Brain that regulates the Body temperature. Ans: Hypothalamus 7. What connects the two cerebral hemispheres? Ans:Corpus Callosum
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8. Name the membrane of the meninges that is pain sensitive. Ans: Duramater 9. Lymph acts as a ………………….. between blood and tissue. Ans: Middle man/ Medium 10. Which part of the lymphatic system also functions as a Check post/ Ans: Lymph Nodes DAILY REPORT: 23.08.2016_TUESDAY_DAY_2 The second day of the Workshop commenced with the morning assembly conducted by the participants of Ahmedabad and Jaipur Regions. The assembly consisted of the Prayer, News, Previous Day’s report and Quiz based on the previous day’s sessions. A very effective and interesting way to recapitulate the previous day’s learning. The First session of the second day was by Mrs. Radha Subramanian PGT Biology, ZIET Mumbai. At the outset to explained how to extract one’s own DNA in a very simple and lucid manner; after which she discussed in detail about DNA Fingerprinting also known as DNA Profiling. The session was exhaustive and addressed all the misconceptions related to the topic. She started with puzzles and ended with informative videos. The tea break then was followed by the second session by Dr.Pramod Phirke Asst.Prof from Ferguson College Pune. His session was on Counter current mechanism of urine formation. It was a highly interactive and interesting session supplemented by a Power Point Presentation. Post Lunch session was taken by Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra .She gave a demonstration of DNA extraction from Onion, which was highly appreciated.She alos listed aout some of the Printing errors in the NCERT Textbokoks. Post tea session was devoted to the completion of the Group work and soon followed by the presentation of the Group work. Here the groups were assigned some commonly found difficult topics of Zoology to teach in classes XI & XII .They had to discuss and compile the Key concepts, Identification of Difficult areas in the respective topic, Misconceptions and the suggested Instructional strategies for the topic assigned. Groups 1,2 & 3 gave their presentation, each of which was along with the interaction with the participants. The discussion was enlightening, informative and highly participatory. It was appreciated by one and all. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 2
1. What is the net pressure of filtration of blood in the Bowman’s capsule? Ans: 10 mm of Hg.
2. Name the artery present in our hand from which blood is taken out during Hemodialysis?
Ans: Radial artery 3. Where is the nitrogenous wastes produced in our body due to deamination?
Ans: Liver 4. Why is the Morula stage of embryonic development called so?
Ans: It is due to the morphological resemblance with the fruit of Mours alba (Mulberry) 5. Name the lining found in true coelomates and absent in pseudo coelomates. Ans: Mesoderm 6. Diuretics increase the frequency of urination. Name any two diuretics. Ans: Tea & Coffee
12
7. Name an animal Phylum that shows both radial as well bilateral symmetry. Ans: Echinodermata 8. Expand STR with reference to DNA Profiling Ans: Short tandem repeats. 9. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is used to study? Ans: Causes of Diseases, DNA Profiling, etc. 10. List any 3 uses of DNA Profiling. Ans: To resolve Paternity disputes, in Criminal cases, to study geneology, Mutations, Diseases etc. DAILY REPORT: 24.08.2016_WEDNESDAY_DAY_3 The third and the final day of the Workshop started with the morning assembly by the Participants of Patna & Raipur Regions. It was very well conducted .Soon after, Mrs Radha Subramanian PGT Biology took a session on Pedigree Analysis. This was a very important and useful session taken up in a very simple and eloquent manner. The benefits of the session will surely percolate the students in their theory as well as Practical’s. All doubts and questions by the participants were clarified. Post tea session was for Mechanism of Hormone Action by Ms. G. Pravalika from IISER Pune. A session filled with the intricate details and well participated in by the participants. Interaction and doubt clearance were the hallmark of the session. Post Lunch was devoted to the presentation of the Group work. The discussions and interaction were highly satisfying and what was expected of such a forum of PGT Biology teachers. The last 15 minutes were devoted to Valedictory. Here a few participants shared their impression so the Workshop and also shared a few suggestions regarding early intimation, to facilitate prior booking /reservation of train tickets. Post distribution of the certificates and blessings by the Associate Course Director Mrs.Anita Mago, a participant proposed the vote of thanks .Thus the 3- Day workshop came to a successful end, with rejuvenation and revived enthusiasm. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 3 1. Usually stem cells are found stored in abundance in which part of the pregnant women? Ans: Umbilical Cord 2. Where does implantation occur during ectopic pregnancy? Ans: Usually anywhere other than the Uterus. It could be the fallopian tube, Ovary , abdominal or even outside the uterus in the cervix. 3. What type of trait is red and green colour blindness, while studying pedigree analysis. Ans: Sex linked recessive disorder 4. Name the mineral that is essential for the release of Hormone that triggers muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction? Ans: Calcium 5. Name a neuro hormonal gland. Ans: Posterior Pituitary gland.
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प्राणी –विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन – जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनरे्दषात्मक व्यहू
रचना
CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS
& SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
GROUP: 1
TOPIC: Classification of Animals_ Invertebrates
Invertebrates include these animals that are without backbone.
It consists of 90% of the known animals & 10% is vast and heterogeneous group.
Basis of classification of invertebrates is said to be major and minor groups:
Number of species and individuals, their participation in ecological communities.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Basis of classification: Levels of Organization_
Symmetry
Germinal layers
Coelom
Segmentation
Notochord
2. Salient Features of different Phyla
) Levels of Organization_ cellular/tissue/organ/organ system/Organism
ii) Symmetry _ Asymmetrical/Radial/bilateral Symmetry
iii) Germinal Layers_ Diploblastic or Triploblastic
iv) Coelom: Acoelomates /Pseudo coelomates /Coelomates
v) Segmentation: Body is divided externally and internally into segments with serial
repetitions of at least some organs
vi) Notochord: Mesodermal derived rod like structure formed as the dorsal side during
embryonic development_ Chordates having Notochord and Non-Chordates _absence of
Notochord.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
1. Difference between Acoelomates and coelomates
14
2. Functions of Coelom
3. Concepts of Germinal Layers
4. Concept of polyp and Medusa
MISCONCEPTIONS:
1. Organisms with Coelom & Pseudo coelom:
The body cavity lined by mesodermal epithelium. Found in triploblastic organisms. Such
organisms are referred to as Coelomates (Eucoelomates).Coelom formation may occur
by either of the two quite dissimilar mechanisms a characteristic that has been used to
assign Coelomates into two major sub-groups
1) Protostomes_ Coelom formation here occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in
mesoderm. This process is termed as Schizocoely (Schizo = Split)
2) Deuterostomes_ Coelom in this case is typically formed by the invagination of the
Archenteron in the embryonic blastocoel. Because the Coelom of Deuterostomes later
forms a part of what eventually becomes the gut, hence the coelom formation in this
group of animals is termed as Enterocoely (entero= gut)
Acoelomates (without Coelom)
Triploblastic animals lacking an internal body cavity are said to be Acoelomates.
Pseudo coelomates (false Coelom)
In some organisms the cavity is derived from blastocoel, this type of body cavity is
termed as Pseudocoel. The pseudo is not intended to disparage the Coel, the body
cavity is genuine, but is not a true body cavity.
2. Water Vascular system and water canal System
a) Water Canal System: Sponges have a water canal system .Water enters through he
minute pores called ostia in the body wall into the central cavity called the SpongocoeL,
from where it goes out through the Osculum. This pathway of water is helpful for food
gathering, respiratory exchange and the removal of wastes.
b) Water Vascular system: It is a hydraulic system, which helps in the locomotion,
capture and transport of food and Respiration. It is composed of numerous tube feet.
Echinoderms, move by alternating the flow of water into the tube feet and there by
contracting and relaxing the feet muscles for locomotion. Circular ambulacral situated
around the mouth, which extends into radial canal and exchange between the body
cavity and the exterior are brought about. Food, Oxygen, carbon di oxide, reproductive
bodies etc.
15
3. Jointed appendages: in Arthropods are connected externally by Chitin, while in
Vertebrates they are connected internally12 by Bones and ligaments.
4. Haemocoel and open circulatory system: The clarification between closed and open
circulatory systems can be brought about by the analogy of the coolant flowing through
the closed tubes in a refrigerator and the open water body like a pond/ lake, where in
organisms freely move about.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
1. Use of PPT, slides
2. Use of video clippings from Discovery channel, YouTube and other science based
channels.
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Ms.Sona Kumari Ahmedabad Cantt. Ahmedabad
2 Mr. Mohd Asif Hussain No.2 Army Jodhpur Jaipur
3 Mr. Prashant Kumar NAD Karanja Mumbai
GROUP: 2
TOPIC: Classification of Animals_ Vertebrates
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Notochord is present during embryonic development and it is replaced by Vertebral
column in adult stage.
2. Presence of Muscular heart with 2, 3, or 4 chambered heart.
3. Paired appendages, which may be fins or limbs
4. Lack of / presence of Jaws
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
1. Classification of Whales and Duck billed Platypus as Mammals:
a) Whales give birth to young ones
b) Duck billed Platypus: is semi aquatic, egg laying, milk is secreted from the pores in
the skin and not mammary glands and it is a venomous animal.
16
2. Consideration of Hippocampus as Osteichthyes: Hippocampus (Sea Horse) lacks
scales. Its skin is covered by a series of bony plates (as rings) and caudal fin is absent.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
1. Appendages of Arthropods and Vertebrates:
Jointed appendages: in Arthropods are connected externally by Chitin, while in
Vertebrates they are connected internally12 by Bones and ligaments.
2. Mechanism of Electric Organ’s functioning in Torpedo: These fishes have Electric
Plexus which are capable of producing 8 to 220 volts of electric current. This current is
used either to stun the prey before consumption or to ward off predators.
3. Generally fishes are Oviparous but some are Viviparous: Most fishes are Oviparous,
but some like the Rose fish and White Whales are Viviparous.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Use of PPTs/ Video clips from National Geographic & Discovery Channel.
Interactive _Question & Answer method
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.V.Ramesh No.2 INF Lines Jamnagar Ahmedabad
2 Mrs. Sudarshana Solanki
No.1 Udaipur Jaipur
3 Mrs.R.M.Patil 9 BRD Pune Mumbai
4 Mr.Mithun Chakraborty No.2 Gaya Patna
GROUP: 3
TOPIC: Different systems of Cockroach (Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory,
Nervous & Reproductive Systems)
KEY CONCEPTS: 1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
Meaning of Alimentary canal
Divisions of Alimentary canal (foregut, midgut, hind gut)
Parts of the Foregut( mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus, Crop, Gizzard)
Midgut( its functions)
Parts of the hindgut ( Ileum, Colon, Rectum)
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
17
Hepatic Caecae /Gastric Caecae
Malphigian Tubules
Correlation between excretory & digestive system
Position of hepatic caecae & Malphigian tubules
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Egestion and excretion are the same
Malphigian tubules are a part of Digestive System
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Interactive methods( using a chart)
E-class
With the help of suitable labelled diagrams on the board
KEY CONCEPT: 2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Open Circulatory system& Closed Circulatory system
Haemocoel and its correlation with animal kingdom
Haemolymph and its composition
Structure of heart, ostia & alary muscles
Concept of Sinuses, Pericardial Sinus, Peri visceral Sinus & perineural sinus
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Structure of 13 chambered heart and its functioning
Circulation of haemolymph through the sinuses to transport nutrients, hormones,
and collect nitrogenous wastes from the tissues/ organs to the Malphigian
tubules for excretion.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Haemolymph is the same as blood
Haemolymph and blood has the same function
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Introduction of the topics by correlating with previous knowledge
Using PPT
Using Videos
Using charts and Models
Using labelled diagrams
KEY CONCEPTS: 3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
Tracheal System
Tracheal tube
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Tracheolar Tube
Spiracles
Structure of tracheal system
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Position of spiracles
Network of Tracheae
Exchange of Gases
Opening and closing of spiracles
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Without lungs, how does the distribution of gases take place?
Relationship between Respiratory system and circulatory system
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Question & answer method
Using of PPT
e. class
KEY CONCEPTS: 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
Structure of Nervous system_ formed by Ganglia structure of Ganglia
Antennae & Compound Eyes
Sense Organs_ Antennae, eyes, Maxillary Pulp, Labial Palps, Anal Cerci etc.
Structure of Ommatidium & definition of mosaic vision.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
What controls the Nervous System, if Brain is absent in Cockroach?
How compound eyes are formed and how are they different from simple eyes?
Mechanism of Mosaic vision
Nerve ring _ difficult to understand without dissection
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Presence of Brain is a must for senses to function
Cockroach can see in the day time but cannot see easily at night time
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Use of models and charts
Use of PPTs and Video will be used for mechanism of Mosaic vision.
KEY CONCEPTS: 5. A. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
A pair of Testes found in the 4th to 6th abdominal segments along the lateral side.
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A pair of Vas deference
One ejaculatory duct
Associated /Accessory glands _ Seminal Vesicles, mushroom gland (6th & 7th
Segments)
External genitalia_ Gonopophysis or Phallomere
Spermatophores
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Diagrams of the Reproductive systems
Spermatophores and its role in reproduction
Gonopophysis and its function
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Difference between Gonopore & Gonopophysis
Difference between Seminal vesicle and Spermatophores
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Warm up question based on Class X Syllabus
Interactive method
E.class
Labelled Diagrams
KEY CONCEPTS: 5 B. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH
A pair of Ovaries_ 2nd to 6th Abdominal segment
Oviducts_ one pair that arises and joins to form a median oviduct( vagina)
Genital Chamber
A pair of Spermatheca
Oothecae
Paurometabolous Development
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Understanding of genital chambers
Storage of sperms
Oothecae-how are they formed?
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Lack of clarity between the role of Spermatheca and genital chamber
Ootheca contains only one egg.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Question & Answer method of recollection about male reproductive system of
Cockroach.
Use of Chart & Interactive Method
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E.class
Use of labelled diagrams
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.A.Behra Bargarh Raipur
2 Mrs.Rubina Pasha NDA Pune Mumbai
3 Mr.D.K.Deepak Suratgarh Cantt. Jaipur
4 Mr. Sunil Goswami BSF Dantiwara Ahmedabad
GROUP: 4
TOPIC: Structure of Human Eye and mechanism of Vision
KEY CONCEPTS:
Location & Position of eye are located in sockets of the skull called orbits
Structure of eye-external layers of the eyeball _ Human adult eye ball is nearly a
spherical structure
Layers of the eye: The wall of the eye ball is composed of three layers _ the
external layer_ sclera is compose of connective tissue and the anterior portion of
this layer is called the cornea. The middle layer is highly vascular with a rich
supply of blood vessels; it is bluish in colour and called as Choroid. The choroid
layer is thin over the posterior two thirds of the eye ball, but it becomes thick in
the anterior part to form the ciliary body the ciliary body itself continues forward to
form a pigmented and opaque structure called the Iris, which is the visible
Coloured portion of the eye. The eyeball contains a transparent crystalline lens
which is held in place by ligaments attached to the ciliary body.
Eye lens_ in front of the eye lens lies the aperture surrounded by the Iris and is
called the pupil. The Diameter of the pupil is regulated by the muscle fibers if the
Iris.
Retina_ the innermost layer consists of Ganglia, Bipolar cells and Photoreceptor
cells, namely Rods & Cones. These cells contain light sensitive proteins called
the Photo pigments. Rod cells functions well in twilight (Scotopic). Gives black &
white image / vision .It contains a purplish red protein called Rhodopsin visual
purple which is a derivative of Vitamin ‘A’. Cone Cells function well in day light
(Photopic) vision and also colour vision. In human eye there are three types of
cones which possess their own characteristic photo pigments that respond to
red, green and blue light. The sensations of different colour are produced various
combinations of those cones and their photo pigments, when then cones are
stimulated equally; a sensation of white light is produced.
Mechanism of vision
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IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Iris and Pupil_ Iris is the extension in anterior.1/3 Coloured part of choroid layer
of eye ball
Provides colour to eye
Pupil is the gap in Iris through which light enters the eye.
In bright light its size becomes small while in dim light its size become bigger to
enter enough light.
Blind spot and fovea the area on retina without having any Rods & Cones. The
area with maximum Cone cells & higher resolution. No Rod cells are there.
Rod & Cone cells+ Retina has two kinds of Photoreceptor cells: Cone cells and
Rod cells. Cone Cells: Responsible for bright vision (Photopic), having with
Iodopsin pigment, (3 types) Cone cells having with Photo pigments which
respond to red, green & blue lights. Rod cells: responsible for dark vision
(Scotopic), Has Rhodopsin pigment.
Generation of Action Potential for vision:
Focusing of light ray on retina through cornea, lens & humors.
Light induces dissociation of the retinal opsin (Rhodopsin / Iodopsin)
Causes change in Structure of the Opsin
Causes change in membrane permeability
Potential difference generated in Photoreceptor cells
It produces a signal which generates action Potential (Impulse)
Impulse is transmitted through Optic nerve to the visual cortex of the Brain
Image formation takes place on the Retina
MISCONCEPTIONS:
22
Position of cells of retina from outside to inside:
3 Types of cells: Ganglion cells (inner most), bipolar cells & Photoreceptor cells
(outermost)
Internal conversion of Rhodopsin and Iodopsin: Rod Cells_ Rhodopsin_ Twilight
vision
Cone Cells_ Iodopsin_ Bright light_ Colour Vision
Defects of Vision_ Colour blindness, Night Blindness, Myopia, Hypermetropia &
Presbyopia
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Use of 3 D model of eye
Video of eye structure and mechanism of vision
Use of Chart /Models
Questionnaire
Flow chart /Schematic representation
For eg.:
Generation of Impulse: Photoreceptor cells_ Photo pigments
Retinal (aldehyde) + Opsin (Protein)
Retinal, Opsin (dissociation)
Change in Structure
Permeability of Membrane changes
Generation of Potential difference
Production of Signal
23
Action Potential in Ganglia cells
Optic nerve
Brain
Image
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2 Kribhco Surat Ahmedabad
2 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2 Bikaner Jaipur Jaipur
3 Mrs.Ranjana Singh Baikuntpur Raipur
4 Mrs.Prabhavati Vaidya No.1 Devlali Mumbai
GROUP: 5
TOPIC: Structure of Human Ear and mechanism of hearing & balance
KEY CONCEPTS:
Structure of Human Ear_
Outer Ear_ The Outer ear consists of Pinna and External auditory meatus( canal)
i. Pinna is responsible to collect the vibrations from the outside(air)
ii. External auditory canal extends till the tympanic membrane( the ear
drum).It is lined by very fine hair and wax secreting sebaceous glands to
trap unwanted duct/ foreign particles that come in along with the air/
vibrations
iii. Tympanic membrane_ is made up of connective tissues with skin lining
the outside and mucous membrane lining the inside of the membrane.
24
Middle Ear_ It consists of three ear ossicles, namely Malleus, Incus & Stapes.
These are arranged in a chain like fashion. The Eustachian tube connects the
middle ear cavity to the Pharynx. Its function is to equalize the pressure on either
side of the Tympanic membrane.
Inner ear_ Labyrinth and cochlea
i. Labyrinth_ the complicated irregular passage connecting different parts of
the ear is the labyrinth which in turn is made up of the Bony labyrinth and the
membranous labyrinth. The Membranous labyrinth lies inside the bony
labyrinth. The space between the Bony labyrinth and the membranous
labyrinth is filled with the Perilymph, while the membranous labyrinth is filled
with Endolymph.
ii. Cochlea is the coiled portion of the Labyrinth. It consists of three chambers
and membranes, i.e. Reissner’s membrane as well as basilar membrane,
which collects and transports the auditory signals to the brain for hearing.
The Cochlea is coiled like the shell of a snail.
iii. Organ of Corti: is located on the Basilar Membrane and it contains hair cells,
which function as auditory receptors.
iv. Vestibular apparatus: It is a complex system of inner ear and is located
above the Cochlea. It consists of the semi -circular canals and the Otolith
Organ, which is responsible for the maintenance of balance.
v. Mechanism of Hearing & Balance:
The vibrations produced in the ear drum (Tympanic Membrane) are
transmitted to the series of 3 ear ossicles to the oval window of the
Cochlea. The vibrations are carried over to perilymph in the Scala
Vestibuli and Scala Tympani, which in turn cause the vibrations to be
transmitted to the endolymph of the scala media. The Scala Media is
lined above by the Reissner’s Membrane and below by the basilar
membrane and Tectorial membrane, The Organ of Corti embedded in
the basilar membrane start vibrating and pass the vibrations to the
hair like structures which then send the impulse by the cochlear nerve
to the auditory complex of the Brain to decipher the auditory signals
.Thus hearing is brought about by the internal ears Cochlea.
The vestibular apparatus consisting of the Utricle, Saccule, and the
three semicircular canals, with the Otolith. These can perceive change
in all the three dimensions and send the signals to the brain, which in
turn gives the signal for corrective posture to maintain balance.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Structure of Cochlea: reconstruction of the structure of cochlea and its parts in
different planes.
Fluids in Ear: Endolymph & Perilymph-Composition and Functions
Semi- circular Canals , structure & Functions
25
Structure of Crista, ampullaris & Maculla
The role of ear in mainting balance
How does the ear distinguish between Noise, Music and other sounds?
Role of Eustachian tube in maintaining the pressure from inside of the Tympanic
membrane?
Why are passengers advices to chew toffee while flying at high altituddes
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Loud noise is not dangerous as long as you don’t feel any pain in your ears.
Hearing loss of after exposure loud explosion sound is temporary
Hearing loss is mostly caused by aging
Loud sound only damages your hearing.
It is only the brain that is responsible to maintain Balance
Plant extracts are good solutions to lean the ear.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
By sharing real stories of deaf people
Use of a three dimensional model of the Human ear.
Videos on the working eg. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m/HwxqbSPdk)
Use of flow charts
For eg.:
Collection of sound waves by the external ear
Directing the same to the tympanic membrane ( ear Drum)
Vibration of the Tympanic membrane
Transmission of the vibrations to the three Ear Ossicles
Transmission of vibrations to the Oval Window of the Cochlea
26
Transmission of vibrations from the Oval Window of the Cochlea to the Perilymph of the
Scala Vestibuli & Scala Tympani
Transmission of vibrations to the endolymph of the Scala Media and the Reissner’s
membrane and the Organ of Corti
Generation of Potential difference
Production of Signal
Action Potential in Ganglia cells
Auditory nerve
Brain
Hearing of Sound and recognition of impulses as known sound, new sound, noise, etc.
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.S.K.Ishwar BSF Kishanganj Patna
2 Mr. Pradeep Kumar Kuldeep Himmatnagar Ahmedabad
3 Ms.Nimisha Singh NRC Nasik Mumbai
4 Mr.Nirdosh Tigga Jagdalpur Raipur
GROUP: 6
27
TOPIC: Evolution
KEY CONCEPTS:
Origin of Universe, Earth & Life
1. Big bang theory
Theories & Evidences of Evolution:
1. Theories of Origin of Life on Earth
Special Creation theory_ God created everything
Panspermia theory_ Life came from outer space
Abiogenesis
Chemical Evolution _ Oparin & Haldane theory
2. Theories of Evolution
Lamarckism_ Use & disuse of organs
Darwinism_ Natural Selection
Neo Darwinism_ Darwinism & Mutation ( Gene Migration, gene flow &
genetic drift)
Chemical Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Parallel Evolution
Adaptive radiation
3. Evidences of Evolution
Fossils ( Paleontological evidences)
Homologous and Analogous organs ( Comparative Anatomy &
Morphology)
Industrial Melanism
Excessive use of Herbicides, Pesticides, lead to the evolution of more
resistant variants
Mechanism of evolution_ Hardy Weinberg Principle
(p+q)2 = p2 + q2 + 2pq
Founder effect: is a special case of Genetic drift, occurring when a small group in
a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The
new colony may have less genetic variations than the original population and
through the random sampling of alleles during reproduction of subsequent
generations continue rapidly towards fixation. Reduced genetic variation means
that the population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures, such as
climatic change or a shift in available resources, because the genetic variation
that selection would act on may have already drifted out of the population. Thus
consequence on inbreeding may make the colony more vulnerable to extinction.
Evolution of Human:
28
1. Based on the Fossil found, Location & age
2. Based on eating habits
3. Based on differences in cranial capacity
An example of a bottleneck:
Northern elephant seals have reduced genetic variation probably because of a
population bottleneck humans inflicted on them in the 1890s. Hunting reduced their
population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their
population has since rebounded to over 30,000—but their genes still carry the marks of
this bottleneck: they have much less genetic variation than a population of southern
elephant seals that was not so intensely hunted.
PARALLEL EVOLUTION:
The development of similar trait in related but distinct species descending from the
same ancestor, but from different groups_ PARALLEL EVOLUTION
Parallel evolution occurs when different species start with similar ancestral origins, ten
evolve similar traits over time. When they experience similar kinds of environmental
pressures & survive only by undergoing similar adaptations.
An example of Parallel evolution is provided by the two main branches of the
mammal’s_ the placental & marsupials in Australia. Australia separated from the other
continents more than 50 million years ago, after marsupials had evolved but before the
appearance of placental mammals. The Australian Marsupials resemble the placental
mammals living today on the other continents. The similarity between some individual
members of these two sets of mammals argues strongly that they are the result of
parallel evolution, similar forms having evolved in different isolated areas because of
similar selective pressures in similar environments.
CRANIAL CAPACITIES:
NAME BRAIN SIZE( cm3)
Homo habilis 550-687
Homo ergaster 700-900
Homo erectus 600-1250
Homo heidelbergensis 1100-1400
Homo neanderthalensis 1200-1750
Homo sapiens 1400-1425
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Proper explanation of figures 7.7 &7.8 in NCERT class XII Text Book of Biology
The utility and explanation of diagram 7.9 & 7.10.
29
The text explanation regarding Brain size and food eating habit of Man.
No suitable example is given on Founder effect
Concept of era, epoch must be maintained in a tabular form.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Big Bang theory
How Vertebrate Brain is considered as an example of Homologous organs
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.P.R.Sharma Khagaria Patna
2 Mr.P.K.Nayak Kanker Raipur
3 Mr.Vineet Wadhera NMU Jalgaon Mumbai
4 Mr.Om Prakash AFS Bhuj Ahmedabad
GROUP: 7
TOPIC: Early embryonic development and placentation in Human
KEY CONCEPT/ S:
Cleavage
Blastomere
Blastocyst
Blastulla
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
Inner cell Mass
Germinal Layers
Chorionic villi
Placenta
Implantation
Placenta as an Endocrine gland
Placental Hormones
hCG,hPL & Relaxin
Umbilical Cord
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Differences between
1. Morula & Blastula
30
2. Umbilical cord & Placenta
3. Blastula & Blastocyst
Development of the three germinal layers
Diagram 3.12 of NCERT T.B
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Stem cells and its formation
Formation of Blastocyst from Morula
Position of Placenta
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Concept mapping
Clarity of Concept
Use of audio-visual aids
Cross questioning
Group discussion in the class
Collaborative learning
Co-relation of the concepts to day to day experience/situations
GROUP MEMBERS:
S.No. NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Ms.Namrata Prasad Manendragarh Raipur
2 Ms.Sunita Chauhan No.4 Jaipur Jaipur
3 Mr.Jogendra Pradhan Durg Raipur
प्राणी –विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन – जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनरे्दषात्मक व्यहू रचना
CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS
& SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
GROUP: 8
TOPIC: Human Genome Project
KEY CONCEPT/ S:
Introduction: With the help of genetic engineering techniques, it was possible to
sequence the DNA of the Human Genome completely
Mega Project: It was launched in the year 1990.The DNA of the Human
Genome is approximately 3x109 bp and cost of sequencing per base pair is US$
3/-( in th ebeginning0, the total cost of the project would be 9 billion US dollars.
31
Bioinformatics: HGP was closely associated with the rapid development of a
new area in Biology known as Bioinformatics. This subject was capable of
handling the enormous amount of data generated and also analyzing the same.
Goal: 1) Identify all the genes in Human genomic DNA
2) Determine the sequences that make up human DNA
Conduct of the Project: The HGP was conducted by the US Dept. of energy
and the National Institute of Health and major partners were Japan, France,
Germany, China, and others. The Project was completed in 2003
Methodology: 1) EST ( Expressed sequence tags) _ Focused on identifying all
the genes that are expressed as RNA ( mRNA for protein synthesis)
DNA Sequencing by Sanger Method: The fragments were sequenced using
automated DNA sequencers that worked on the principle of a method developed
by Fredrick Sanger. Sanger is also credited for developing the method for
determination of amino acids sequence in proteins.
Salient Features:
1) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotides bases
2) The average gene consists of 3000 bases.
Applications: One of the greatest impact of having the Human genome
sequenced may well be enabling a radically new approach to biological research.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:
Bioinformatics: It is the branch of Biology / Science that deals with computing
biological data ( with the help of Computers and special software’s)
Methodology: DNA sequencing mainly includes two approaches_
i) Expressed sequence Tags(EST) it focusses on identifying all the genes which
are expressed as mRNA
ii) Sequence annotation (S.A) It focusses on identifying the whole set of Genome,
i.e. Coding & non-Coding DNA sequence.
Vector used for cloning of DNA:
i) The commonly used vectors / host are Bacteria & Yeast
ii) The Vectors are known as Bacterial artificial Chromosome (BAC) and Yeast
artificial Chromosome ( YAC)
DNA Sequencing by Sanger method: The DNA fragments prepared by
restriction endonuclease enzyme were sequenced using automated DNA
sequence which work on Principle similar to that of Sanger.
DNA sequence was arranged based on overlapping regions present in them.
Specialized computer based programme is prepared for it as it is not humanly
possible to analyze such huge amount of data.
SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
32
So far Scientists have identified about 1.4.million such locations
It is the difference a single base pair of the DNA sequence.
These are helpful to locate disease associated sequences and tracking human
history.
MISCONCEPTIONS:
Mega project: Ambitious Project, the reason being:
i) 13 yearlong Project
ii) Cost of sequencing
iii) Storage of Data
iv) Studying, analyzing and interpreting the Data
ELSI from the Project :
i) Ethical issues
ii) Legal issues
iii) Social issues
Storing information in Data base :
i) Computational devices
ii) Software
Cloning vectors _ BAC /YAC:
i) Role of Vectors
ii) Method of cloning
Role od snips in finding location of Disease associated sequence:
i) Importance of snips
ii) Difference in two human beings
iii) Cause of genetic diseases
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
Use of PPT
Use of animations
Use of Flowchart
Use of Concept map
Use of Questionnaires
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME
NAME OF K.V
REGION
1 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2 Bikaner Jaipur
2 Ms.Ranjana Singh Baikunthpur Raipur
3 Mrs.Prabhavati Vaidya No.1.Devlali Mumbai
4 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2 Kribhco Surat Ahmedabad
33
GLIMPES OF THE WORKSHOP
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