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Joseph Orbeli (Armenian: Յովսէփ Աբգարի Օրբելի, Hovsep Abgari Orbeli; March 20, 1887 – February 2, 1961)

A renowned Soviet orientalist and academician of Armenian descent who specialized in medieval history of Southern Caucasus

ÂÆô 938 Þ²´²Â, 9 ÚàôÈÆê 2012

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²Ø¾Üúðº²Ú ´²ÊàôØܺð вÚ-²îðä¾ÚÖ²Ü²Î²Ü ê²ÐزÜÆ ìð²Ú

вÚÎ²Î²Ü ÎàÔØ¾Ü Î²Ü âàðê ¼àкð

²ñËÇõ³ÛÇÝ Ýϳñª ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý å³ßïå³Ý³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏáõÝ íñ³Û ì»ñçÇÝ ûñ»ñáõÝ É³ñáõ³Í íÇ×³Ï ÏÁ ïÇñ¿ гÛ-³ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇÝ íñ³Û, áõñ ï»-

ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í µ³ËáõÙÝ»ñáõ ÁÝóóùÇÝ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÁ ïáõ³õ ãáñë ½áÑ»ñ áõ µ³½Ù³ÃÇõ íÇñ³-õáñÝ»ñ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ, ݳ˳۳ñÓ³Ï ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý µ³Ý³ÏÇ ÏáñáõëïÝ»ñÁ ß³ï ³õ»ÉÇ Ù»Í »Ý:

²é³çÇÝ ÙÇç³¹¿åÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³õ ÚáõÝÇë 3-4-Ç ·Çß»ñÁ î³õáõßÇ Ù³ñ½Ç âÇݳñÇ ·ÇõÕÇÝ Ù¿ç: ²Ûë ϳå³Ïóáõû³Ùµ г۳ëï³ÝÇ å³ßïå³Ýáõû³Ý ݳ˳ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»ó Û³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝ ÙÁ, áõñ Áëáõ³Í ¿ñ ÿ, ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇ ÑÇõëÇë³ñ»õ»É»³Ý ѳïáõ³ÍÇÝ íñ³Û ³ïñ-å¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÁ Ñ»ñÃ³Ï³Ý ³Ý·³Ù Ïáåïûñ¿Ý ˳Ëï³Í ¿ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ïáõ³Í Ññ³-¹³¹³ñÁ‘ ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ý»ñó÷³Ýó»É ÐÐ î³õáõßÇ Ù³ñ½Ç ´»ñ¹³õ³Ý »õ âÇݳñÇ ·ÇõÕ»ñáõ áõÕÕáõ-û³Ùµ ï»Õ³Ï³Ûáõ³Í ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý Û»Ý³Ï¿ï»ñ§:

гÕáñ¹³·ñáõû³Ý Ù¿ç ݳ»õ ÏÁ ÝßáõÇ, áñ Ó»éݳñÏáõ³Í ù³ÛÉ»ñáõÝ »õ Ñ³Û ½ÇÝáõáñ³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáÕÝ»ñáõ ù³ç³ñáõ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Çµñ»õ ³ñ¹ÇõÝù, Û³ñÓ³ÏáõÙÁ ϳë»óáõ³Í ¿ »õ ÏáñáõëïÝ»ñ ï³Éáí‘ Ñ³Ï³é³Ïáñ¹Á »ï ÙÕáõ³Í ¿: ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõû³Ý ǵñ»õ ³ñ-¹ÇõÝù ½áÑáõ³Í »Ý ½ÇÝáõáñ³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáÕÝ»ñ Ðñ³ã ê³ñ·ë»³Ý, ¼áÑñ³å ´³É³µ¿Ï»³Ý »õ γñ¿Ý ¸³õû³Ý: Î³Ý Ý³»õ íÇñ³õáñÝ»ñ:

âÇݳñÇ ·ÇõÕÇÝ Ù¿ç ³Ûë ÙÇç³¹¿åÁ Ï’³ñӳݳ·ñáõ¿ñ Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñáõ å»ï³Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ ÐÇÉÁñÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý »õ г۳ëï³Ý ³Ûó»Éáõû³Ý ݳËûñ¿ÇÝ:

ÚáõÝÇë 4 ÉáÛë 5-ÇÝ, ²ïñå¿Û׳ÝÇ ¼ÇÝáõ³Í áõÅ»ñáõ ëïáñ³µ³Å³ÝáõÙÝ»ñÁ, ß³ñáõݳϻÉáí ݳËûñ¿ÇÝ Ó»éݳñÏ³Í ë³¹ñÇã ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÁ, ÷áñÓ³Í »Ý ÏñÏÇÝ Ë³Ëï»É ÐÐ å»ï³Ï³Ý ë³ÑÙ³ÝÁ: î³õáõßÇ Ù³ñ½Ç àëÏ»å³ñ ·ÇõÕÇ Ù»ñӳϳÛùÇÝ ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý ÷áñÓ³Í ¿ ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Íù Ý»ñËáõÅ»É 15-20 Ñá·Ç¿ µ³Õϳó³Í ½ÇÝáõ³Í Û³ñÓ³ÏáÕ³Ï³Ý ËÙµ³õáñáõÙáí: Ð³Û ¹Çñù³å³ÑÝ»ñáõ ½·ûÝáõû³Ý ßÝáñÑÇõ, Û³Ûïݳµ»ñáõ³Í ¿ Û³ñÓ³ÏáÕ ËáõÙµÁ »õ Ó»éݳñÏáõ³Í Û³ïáõÏ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáí ËáõÙµÁ íݳ볽»ñÍáõ³Í ¿: ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙ¿Ý, Áëï ݳËÝ³Ï³Ý ïáõ»³ÉÝ»ñáõ, Ï³Û ÑÇÝ· ½áÑ, µ³½Ù³ÃÇõ íÇñ³õáñÝ»ñ: Ú³ñÓ³ÏáÕ ËáõÙµÇ ÙÇõë ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ Ïñó³Í »Ý ÷³ËãÇÉ, Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ï ï³Ý»Éáí ½áÑ»ñáõÝ ¹Ç³ÏÝ»ñÁ »õ íÇñ³õáñÝ»ñÁ:

²Ûë µ³ËáõÙÝ»ñáõ ÁÝóóùÇÝ Ð³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙ¿Ý ½áÑ»ñ »õ íÇñ³õáñÝ»ñ ãϳÝ: ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ²ä² ·áñͳϳÉáõÃÇõÝÁ, íϳ۳Ïáã»Éáí ²ïñå¿Û׳ÝÇ å³ßïå³Ýáõû³Ý

ݳ˳ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, Û³ÛïÝ³Í ¿, áñ ½áÑáõ³Í »Ý ²ÙÇÉ ²ÉÇ»õ, ʳÉÇï ²½Ç½áí, àõ³ÑÇï ä³·Çñáí, ¼áõÉýáõ·³ñ ²Ã³ßÉÁ, ¾ÉãÇÝ ÆëÙ³ÛÇÉáí:

ÚáõÝÇë 5-Ç ·Çß»ñÁ ³ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ½ÇÝáõ³Í áõÅ»ñÁ ÷áñÓ³Í »Ý ·ñ³õ»É È»éݳÛÇÝ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇ ä³ßïå³Ýáõû³Ý µ³Ý³ÏÇ Ù³ñï³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÁ: ²Ûë Û³ñÓ³ÏÙ³Ý ÁÝóóùÇÝ ½áÑ-áõ³Í ¿ Ù¿Ï Ñ³Û ½ÇÝͳé³ÛáÕ:

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ÆÝãå¿ë ÏÁ ï»Õ»Ï³óÝ¿ ÈÔ å³ßïå³Ýáõû³Ý ݳ˳ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, ѳϳé³Ïáñ¹Á »ñ»ù ï³ñµ»ñ áõÕÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí Ó»éݳñÏ³Í ¿ ÈÔÐ ä´-Ç Ù³ñï³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÁ ·ñ³õ»Éáõ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝ:

¦Ô³ñ³µ³Õ»³Ý áõÅ»ñÇ ³é³ç³å³Ñ ëïáñ³µ³Å³ÝáõÙÝ»ñÁ, ųٳݳÏÇÝ Ñ³õ³ëï³Ýß»Éáí ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³É ѳϳé³Ïáñ¹Ç ݳ˳۳ñÓ³Ï ·áñÍáÕáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ¹ÇÙ»É »Ý å³ßïå³Ý³Ï³Ý Ù³ñ-ïÇ »õ í»ñçÇÝÇë Ñ»ï ßåñï»É Çñ »ÉÙ³Ý ¹Çñù»ñ: ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý áõÅ»ñÇ íݳ볽»ñÍÙ³Ý ·áñ-ÍáÕáõû³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ½áÑáõ»É ¿ ä´ Ïñïë»ñ ë»ñųÝï ì³ñ¹³Ý èáµ»ñïÇ úѳݻ³ÝÁ:

Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ·»ñ³ï»ëãáõÃÇõÝÁ ÏÿÁݹ·Í¿ áñ, ³Ûë ÙdzÛÝ ÚáõÝÇë ³Ùëáõ³Û ÁÝ-óóùÇÝ, ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇÝ íñ³Û ϳï³ñáõ³Í ãáññáñ¹ ݳ˳۳ñÓ³Ï ·áñÍáÕáõû³Ý ÷áñÓÝ ¿, ÇÝã áñ áñÁ ÑÇÙù Ïáõ ï³Û »Ýó¹ñ»Éáõ, áñ å³ßïûÝ³Ï³Ý ä³ùáõÝ ³Ù¿Ý ÇÝã Ï°ÁÝ¿‘ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-Ý¿Ý Ý»ñë ѳëï³ïáõ³Í Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÁ ÷áË»Éáõ ѳٳñ:

è³½Ù³Ï³Ý ÷áñÓ³·¿ï ²ñÍñáõÝ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳Ý, ³Ý¹ñ³¹³éݳÉáí ³Ûë µ³ËáõÙÝ»ñáõÝ, Û³ÛïÝ³Í ¿, áñ Çñ ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ýáõû³Ý Ù¿ç ³õ»ÉÇ ß³ï ½áÑ»ñ ïáõ³Í ¿:

¦Ø»Ýù áõÝ»Ýù ÇÝýáñÙ³ódz, áñ Çñ»Ýù ³ñ¹¿Ý ÙÇÝã»õ 25 ½áÑ áõÝ»Ý, »õ ¹³ óùóÝáõÙ »Ý§, - Áë³Í ÷áñÓ³·¿ïÁ: î³õáõßÇ Ù³ñ½Ç ·ÇõÕ³å»ï»ñÁ ÏÁ ѳëï³ï»Ý ݳ»õ, áñ ³ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙ¿Ý ³Ù¿Ý ·Ç-ß»ñ Ïñ³Ï³Ñ»ñûñ Ïÿ³ñÓ³ÏáõÇÝ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ·ÇõÕ»ñáõ íñ³Û:

ÐÆÈÀðÆ øÈÆÜÂÀÜ ºðºô²ÜÆ Ø¾æ ¸ðàô²î²Î²Ü Êúêøºð ÎÿàôÔÔ¾ êºðÄ ê²ð¶êº²ÜÆ Ð²êò¾ÆÜ

ºñ»õ³ÝÇ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ѳݹÇåáõÙÇ ÁÝóóùÇݪ ÐÇÉÁñÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ »õ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³Ý µ³ñÓñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõû³Ý Ù¿ç

Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñáõ å»ï³Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ ÐÇÉÁñÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ ÚáõÝÇë 4-Ç, »ñÏñáñ¹ ³Ý-·³Ù ÁÉɳÉáí ³Ûó»É»ó ºñ»õ³Ý, áõݻݳÉáí ѳݹÇåáõÙÝ»ñ ݳ˳·³Ñ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÇ »õ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó ݳ˳ñ³ñ ¾ïáõ³ñ¹ ܳÉå³ÝﻳÝÇ Ñ»ï: øÝݳñÏáõÙÝ»ñáõ ³é³ÝóùÁ ϳ½-Ù»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ³å³Ñáíáõû³Ý »õ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõû³Ý ³éÝãáõáÕ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ:

ܳ˳·³Ñ³Ï³Ý å³É³ï¿Ý Ý»ñë ÁݹáõÝ»Éáí îÇÏ. øÉÇÝÃÁÝÇÝ, ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³Ý ç»ñÙ Ëûëù»ñ áõÕÕ»ó Çñ ÑÇõñÇÝ: ÜáÛÝù³Ý ç»ñÙ ¿ÇÝ å»ï³Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñÇ Ëûëù»ñÁª ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë-»³ÝÇ Ñ³ëó¿ÇÝ, ³Ýï»ë»Éáí ï³Ï³õÇÝ ß³µ³Ã ÙÁ ³é³ç ²Ù»ñÇϳÛÇ ä»ï³Ï³Ý ¶ñ³ë»Ý»³ÏÇ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï³Í Ïáßï áõ ùÝݳ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ½»ÏáÛó г۳ëï³ÝÇ Çß˳ÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ѳëó¿ÇÝ:

¦ä³ñá°Ý ܳ˳·³Ñ, ÇÝÍÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³ïÇõ ¿ ÏñÏÇÝ ·ïÝáõÇÉ ³Ûëï»Õ Ù»ñ ¹Çõ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ѳëï³ïÙ³Ý 20-³Ù»³ÏÇ ï³ñÇÝ: ì»ñçÇÝ 20 ï³ñÇÝ»ñáõ ÁÝóóùÇÝ ØÇ-³ó»³É ܳѳݷݻñÁ ë»ñïûñ¿Ý ѳٳ·áñͳÏó³Í ¿ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ºë »õ ܳ˳·³Ñ úå³Ù³Ý µ³ñÓñ ÏÁ ·Ý³Ñ³ï»Ýù Ò»½ Ñ»ï áõÝ»ó³Í Ù»ñ ß÷áõÙÝ»ñÁ: ºë »õ ¸áõù ß³ï áõ ß³ï ½ñáÛóÝ»ñ áõÝ»ó³Í »Ýù »õ ÇÝãå¿ë ¸áõù Ýß»óÇù, ³ÝáÝù »Õ³Í »Ý ß³ï ³ÝÏ»ÕÍ, ÇÝã áñ µÝáñáß ¿ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñáõ: ºõ »ë ·Çï»Ù, ÿ ¸áõù ³ÝÓ³Ùµ ÇÝãåÇëÇ ç³Ý³ëÇñáõû³Ùµ ³ß˳ï³Í ¿ù г-Û³ëï³ÝÇÝ ³éÝãáõáÕ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ËݹÇñÝ»ñáõÝ ÉáõÍáõÙ ·ïÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, Ïÿ³ÏÝϳɻÝù ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»É »ñÏËûëáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñÁ å³ïñ³ëï³Ï³Ù ¿ ûųÝ-¹³Ï»É »õ ³ç³ÏóÇÉ Ò»ñ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ¿áõû³Ý, áñå¿ë ÑdzݳÉÇ ³é³çÝáñ¹§,- Áë³Í ¿ å»ï³Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ ÐÇÉÁñÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ:

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ºñ»ÏáÛ»³Ý ݳ˳·³Ñ³Ï³Ý Ýëï³í³Ûñ¿Ý Ý»ñë, ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍáó ݳ˳ñ³ñ ¾¹áõ³ñ¹ ܳɵ³Ý¹»³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ϳ۳ó³Í Ùdzï»Õ Ù³ÙáõÉÇ ³ëáõÉÇëÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ÐÇÉÁÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ Çñ ·áÑáõ-ݳÏáõÃÇõÝÁ Û³ÛïÝ»ó سÛÇëÇ 6-ÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÁÝï-ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ϳå³Ïóáõû³Ùµ, Áë»Éáí ÿ ³ÝáÝù »Õ³Í »Ý ¦Ùñó³Ïó³ÛÇÝ áõ µ³ó§:

¦Ø»Ýù áõñ³Ë »Ýù ï»ëÝ»Éáõ, áñ г۳ëï³Ý ÏÁ ß³ñáõݳϿ ³ß˳ïÇÉ‘ ³Ùñ³åݹ»Éáõ Çñ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ϳéáÛóÝ»ñÁ, ³é³ç ï³Ý»Éáõ ѳٳñ ó÷³ÝóÇÏáõÃÇõÝÁ, ³½³ï Ù³ÙáõÉÇ Çñ³õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ, í»ñ³óÝ»Éáõ ÏáéáõåódzÝ, Û³ñ·»Éáõ ѳٳٳñ¹Ï³ÛÇÝ Çñ³õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ »õ ³½³-ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ§, - Áë³õ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ:

ÐÇÉÁñ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ³õ ݳ»õ Õ³ñ³µ³Õ»³Ý ѳϳٳñïáõû³ÝÁª Û³ÛïÝ»Éáí, áñ È»éݳÛÇÝ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇ Ñ³ñóÁ ãÇ Ïñݳñ ÉáõÍáõ»É áõÅÇ ÏÇñ³éٳٵ:

ºñ»õ³Ý ųٳݻɿ »ïù, Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñáõ ¹»ëå³Ý³ï³Ý Ù¿ç îÇÏ. øÉÇÝÃÁÝ Ñ³Ý-¹ÇåáõÙ áõÝ»ó³õ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³Ïáõû³Ý Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï »õ ³ÝáÝóÙ¿ áÙ³Ýó, Û³ÝÓÝ»ó Ùñó³Ý³ÏÝ»ñ:

²Ûë ³éÃÇõ Çñ áõÝ»ó³Í »ÉáÛÃÇ Ù¿ç øÉÇÝÃÁÝ Áë³õ,- ¦Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñÁ ѳÙá½áõ³Í ¿, áñ ѳßáõ»ïáõ ϳé³í³ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Û³çáÕ³Ï Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ³Ù»-ݳϳñ»õáñ ï³ññ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿ÏÝ »Ý: ²ÛÝå¿ë áñ ٻͳñ»Éáí ³Ûë Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýóª Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ å³ßïå³Ý»Éáõ ѳٳñ, Ù»Ýù ݳ»õ ÏÁ ׳ÝãݳÝù ½Çñ»Ýùª áñå¿ë ³é³õ»É áõÅ»Õ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³õ³ï³ñÇÙ Û³é³ç³ï³Ù³ñïÇÏÝ»ñ: Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñÁ ÏÁ ß³ñáõݳϿ ÙÝ³É ³ÝáÝó ÏáÕùÇÝ, áñáÝù ÏÁ å³ßïå³Ý»Ý Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÛÇÝ Çñ³õáõÝùÝ»ñÁ »õ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ: Ødzó»³É ܳѳݷݻñÁ »õ »ë ³ÝÓݳå¿ë Ëáñ³å¿ë ÏÁ ѳõ³ï³Ù, áñ г۳ëï³Ý ÏñÝ³Û ß³ï å³ÛÍ³é ³å³·³Û áõݻݳɑ ÉÇ Ñݳñ³õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáí Çñ áÕç ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ç ѳٳñ§:

вڲêî²Ü ÎÆê²ØƲäºî²Î²Ü ºðÎÆðܺðàô Þ²ðøÆÜ

¦²½³ïáõû³Ý îáõݧ (Freedom House) ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Çñ³õ³å³ßïå³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõ-ÃÇõÝÁ ÚáõÝÇë 6-ÇÝ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»ó Çñ Ñ»ñÃ³Ï³Ý ½»ÏáÛóÁ: ¦ä»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ³ÝóáõÙ³ÛÇÝ ßñç³-ÝÇݧ ÏáãáõáÕ ³Ûë ÷³ëï³ÃáõÕÃÁ Ïÿ³Ù÷á÷¿ ²ñ»õ»É»³Ý ºõñáå³ÛÇ, ä³Éù³ÝÝ»ñáõ »õ Û»ï-ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³ÍùÇ 29 å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç í»ñçÇÝ Ù¿Ï ï³ñáõ³Û ÁÝóóùÇÝ ³ñӳݳ·ñ-áõ³Í ÙÇïáõÙÝ»ñÁ:

¦Ð³Û³ëï³Ý ÏÁ ß³ñáõݳϿ ÙÝ³É ÏÇë³Ùdzå»ï³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñáõÙ áõÝ»óáÕ å»ïáõÃÇõÝ-Ý»ñáõ ß³ñùÇݧ, - Áëáõ³Í ¿ ½»ÏáÛóÇÝ Ù¿ç: Àëï ¦²½³ïáõû³Ý îáõÝǧ-Ç, ÄáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõ-û³Ý ٳϳñ¹³ÏÁ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ù¿ç ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõ³Í ¿, 1-7 ³ëïÇ׳ÝÇ íñ³Ûª 5.39, ÇÝã áñ ³ÝÝ-ß³Ý Ï»ñåáí ³õ»ÉÇ É³õ ¿, ù³Ý ݳËáñ¹ ï³ñÇ ³ñӳݳ·ñáõ³Í 5.43-Á: ÄáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõû³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý »õ ϳ۳óÙ³Ý ³éáõÙáí г۳ëï³Ý¿Ý ³õ»ÉÇ í³ï íÇ׳ÏÇ Ù¿ç »Ý ÙdzÛÝ ²ïñå¿Û׳-ÝÁ, λ¹ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëdzÛÇ µáÉáñ ÑÇÝ· å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå¿ë ݳ»õ èáõë³ëï³ÝÝ áõ ä»É³éáõ-ëÁ:

²Ý¹ñ³¹³éݳÉáí ³é³ÝÓÇÝ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÝ, ½»ÏáÛóÇ Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ»ñÁ áñáß µ³ñ»É³õáõÙÝ»ñ ÏÁ Ýϳï»Ý ÏáéáõåódzÛÇ ¹¿Ù å³Ûù³ñÇ ³éáõÙáí: ØÇõë áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç, ݳËáñ¹ ï³ñáõ³Û ѳٻٳï íÇ׳ÏÁ ÏÁ ÙÝ³Û ³Ý÷á÷áË:

ÀÝïñ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñáõ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳Ýáõû³Ý ³éáõÙáí, г۳ëï³ÝÇ óáõó³ÝÇßÁ ³õ»ÉÇ í³ï ¿, ù³Ý Ùdzå»ï³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ß³ñùÇÝ ¹³ëáõ³Í ÔñÕÁ½ëï³ÝÇ Ù¿ç:

Èñ³ïáõ³ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ ³ÝϳËáõû³Ý ³éáõÙáí »õë Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÁ ÙËÇóñ³Ï³Ý ã¿: ²Ûë-ï»Õ г۳ëï³ÝÁ ÝáÛÝ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ íñ³Û ¿, ÇÝã áñª î³×ÇÏëï³ÝÁ:

²Ù»Ý³É³õ óáõó³ÝÇßÁ ³ñӳݳ·ñáõ³Í ¿ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³Ïáõû³Ý ϳ۳óÙ³Ý áÉáñï¿Ý Ý»ñë, áõñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ³ñӳݳ·ñ³Í Û³é³çÁÝóóÁ ѳٻٳï»ÉÇ ¿ ìñ³ëï³ÝÇ »õ å³Éù³Ý»³Ý ß³ñù ÙÁ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõ Ñ»ï:

Ðñ³å³ñ³Ïáõ³Í ½»ÏáÛóÇ Ï³å³Ïóáõû³Ùµ, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý »õ ÁÝïñ³Ï³Ý ѳñó»ñáõ Ù³ëݳ·¿ï ²ñÙ¿Ý ´³¹³É»³Ý ¦²½³ïáõÃÇõݧ é³ïÇáϳ۳ÝÇÝ Ï³ñÍÇù Û³ÛïÝ»ó, áñ سÛÇëÇ 6-Ç ËáñÑñ¹ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÝ ³É »Ï³Ý óáÛó ï³Éáõ, áñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ù¿ç ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõ Û³ïáõÏ ÁÝïñ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñ ï»ÕÇ ã»Ý áõݻݳñ:

¦Ø³ÛÇëÇ 6-Á áã ÿ ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ, ³ÛÉ` ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ɳÛݳٳëßï³µ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ·áõÙ³ñÁ µ³õ³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ù»Í ¹»ñ ˳ճó` ³Û¹ ÁÝïñ³Ï³ß³éù Ïáãáõ³ÍÁ§, - Áë³õ ´³¹³É»³Ý:

5

êºðÄ ê²ð¶êº²ÜÀ вܸÆäºÈ ¾ Ö²äàÜƲÚÆ ì²ðâ²äºîÆ Ðºî

ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³Ý »õ í³ñã³å»ï ºáßÇÑÇÏû Üá¹³ ÂáùÇáÛÇ Ù¿ç ϳ۳ó³Í ѳݹÇåÙ³Ý ÁÝóóùÇÝ Ö³åáÝdz å³ßïûÝ³Ï³Ý ³ÛóÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÝ

ÚáõÝÇë 6-ÇÝ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ³Û¹ »ñÏñÇ í³ñã³å»ï ºáßÇÑÇÏû Üá¹³ÛÇ Ñ»ï: ܳ˳·³ÑÇ Ù³ÙÉáÛ ·ñ³ë»Ý»³ÏÇ ÷á˳Ýóٳٵ‘ ѳݹÇåÙ³Ý ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÁ ó³õ³Ï-

óáõÃÇõÝ ¿ Û³ÛïÝ»É ³ñù³Û³½Ý îáÙáÑÇïû ØÇϳë³ÝáÙÇÛ³ÛÇ Ù³Ñáõ³Ý ϳå³Ïóáõû³Ùµ: г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÁ »õ Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ í³ñã³å»ïÁ ùÝݳñÏ»É »Ý »ñÏÏáÕÙ Û³ñ³µ»ñáõ-

ÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý »õ ï³ñµ»ñ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõ٠ѳٳ·áñͳÏóáõû³Ý ÁݹɳÛÝÙ³Ý Ñݳñ³õá-ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ: Üñ³Ýù Áݹ·Í»É »Ý, áñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ »õ Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ ÙÇç»õ ¹Çõ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Û³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÇó Ç í»ñ Ñ³Û - ׳åáÝ³Ï³Ý Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³ó»É »Ý µ³ñ»Ï³Ùáõû³Ý »õ ÷á˳¹³ñÓ íëï³Ñáõû³Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñïáõÙ:

ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÁ »õ ºáßÇÑÇÏû Üá¹³Ý Ýᯐ »Ý, áñ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç»õ ·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ù»Í Ý»ñáõŠϳÛ: Ú³ïϳå¿ë ϳñ»õáñáõ»É ¿ µÝ³Ï³Ý ³Õ¿ïÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ý˳ñ·»ÉÙ³Ý, ¹ñ³Ýó Ñ»ï»õ³ÝùÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³óÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõû³Ùµ ѳٳ·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ »õ ÷áñÓÇ ÷á˳ݳÏáõ-ÙÁ: гٳ·áñͳÏóáõû³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ñ»é³Ýϳñ³ÛÇÝ »Ý ѳٳñáõ»É ݳ»õ ·ÇõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõû³Ý »õ ³ñ¹Çõݳµ»ñáõû³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ:

Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ í³ñã³å»ïÁ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ Çñ »ñÏÇñÁ Ùï³¹Çñ ¿ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ýñáõû³Ý Ñ»ï ÏÇëáõ»É ³ïáٳϳ۳ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõû³Ý µ³ñÓñ³óÙ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåáõ³Í ÷áñÓáí, »õ ³Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí »ñÏáõëï»ù ϳñ»õáñáõ»É ¿ Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ Ñ»ï г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ:

ºñÏáõëï»ù ·áÑáõݳÏáõû³Ùµ ³ñӳݳ·ñáõ»É ¿, áñ Ñ³Û - ׳åáÝ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý »ñÏ-ËûëáõÃÇõÝÁ í»ñçÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³ÏïÇõ³ó»É ¿, ÇÝãÇ íϳÛáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ ݳ»õ îáÏÇáÛáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇ ¹»ëå³Ýáõû³Ý µ³óáõÙÁ, ϳñ»õáñáõ»É ¿ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ »õë Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ ¹»ëå³Ý³ï³Ý ÑÇÙ-ÝáõÙÁ:

¼ñáõó³ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ùÝݳñÏ»É »Ý ݳ»õ гñ³õÏáíÏ³ë»³Ý »õ ²ëdz-ʳճÕáíÏdzÝáë»³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹Ç ÑÇÙݳѳñó»ñÁ, ³ñӳݳ·ñ»Éáí ¹ñ³Ýó Ë³Õ³Õ »õ µ³Ý³Ïó³ÛÇÝ ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí ÉáõÍÙ³Ý »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ùûï»óáõÙ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝñáõÃÇõÝÁ:

гݹÇåÙ³Ý ³õ³ñïÇÝ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÁ »õ ºáßÇÑÇÏû Üá¹³Ý Ñ³Ù³ï»Õ Û³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝ »Ý ëïáñ³·ñ»É:

ºñ»ÏáÛ»³Ý Ç å³ïÇõ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÇ Ö³åáÝdzÛÇ í³ñã³å»ïÇ ³ÝáõÝÇó ïñáõ»É ¿ å³ßïûÝ³Ï³Ý ×³ß:

§´²øàôÜ ºô ºðºô²ÜÀ Þ²ðàôܲÎàôØ ºÜ ¼ÆÜàôºÈ¦

¦Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ »õ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó í»ñçÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óáõ³Í‘ ½¿Ýù áõ ½ÇݳÙ-ûñù Ó»éù µ»ñ»Éáõ ·áñͳñùÝ»ñÁ, å³ïáõ¿ñÝ»ñÝ áõ Ýáñ ½Çݳï»ë³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñÏñÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»-ñÁ ٻͳóÝáõÙ »Ý »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç»õ È»éݳÛÇÝ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇ ßáõñç ѳϳٳñïáõû³Ý í»ñëÏëÙ³Ý Ñ³õ³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÇõÝÁ§, - ÝßáõÙ »Ý êïáÏÑáÉÙáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ Ê³Õ³Õáõû³Ý áõëáõÙݳ-ëÇñáõû³Ý ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ‘ SIPRI-Ç Ù³ëݳ·¿ïÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ½»ÏáÛóáõÙ:

6

è³½Ù³Ï³Ý ËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ‘ Ù³ëݳõáñ³µ³ñ ½¿ÝùÇ áõ ½ÇݳÙûñùÇ Ñ³Ù³ß˳ñѳÛÇÝ ßáõϳ-ÛáõÙ ³ñӳݳ·ñáõáÕ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÁ ¹Çï³ñÏáÕ áõ í»ñÉáõÍáÕ ³Ûë Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ Ù³ëݳ·¿ï-Ý»ñÇ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï³Í ½»ÏáÛóáõÙ ÝßáõÙ »Ý. - ¦²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÝ áõ г۳ëï³ÝÁ å³ñµ»ñ³µ³ñ ëå³-é³½ÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùñó³í³½ù ëÏë»Éáõ ÷á˳¹³ñÓ Ù»Õ³¹ñ³ÝùÝ»ñ »Ý ÑÝã»óÝáõÙ§:

²Ý¹ñ³¹³éݳÉáí å³ßïûÝ³Ï³Ý ´³ùáõÇ‘ í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ áñ¹»·ñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ýáõ-û³ÝÁ, SIPRI-Ç Ù³ëݳ·¿ïÝ»ñÁ ÝßáõÙ »Ý. - ¦²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÁ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý áõÅÇ ÏÇñ³éÙ³Ý Ù³ñ-ï³ßáõÝã Ñé»ïáñ³µ³Ýáõû³Ý ýáÝÇÝ ½·³ÉÇûñ¿Ý ³õ»É³óñ»É ¿ Ý»ñÏñáõáÕ ½¿ÝùÇ Í³õ³ÉÝ»ñÁ§:

ÆÝã í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ó»éù µ»ñáõ³Í ½¿Ýù»ñÇÝ, ³å³ ëïáÏÑáÉÙóÇ í»ñÉáõ-ͳµ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ ѳÝñáõû³ÝÝ ³Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõáÕ ï»Õ»Ï³ïáõáõÃÇõÝÁ ¦ë³Ñ-ٳݳ÷³Ï µÝáÛà ¿ ÏñáõÙ§:

âÝ³Û³Í ³Û¹ ѳݷ³Ù³ÝùÇÝ‘ SIPRI-Ç Ù³ëݳ·¿ïÝ»ñÁ ÝϳïáõÙ »Ý, áñ 2010 »õ 2011 Ãáõ³-ϳÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ Û³Ûï³ñ³ñ»É ¿ ³õ»ÉÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ½Çݳï»ë³ÏÝ»ñ ·Ý»Éáõ Ùï³¹-ñáõû³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ‘ ¦²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ ëå³é³½ÇÝáõû³Ý ·ÝáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³×áÕ Í³õ³ÉÝ»ñÇÝ Ç å³ï³ë-˳ݧ:

²ñӳݳ·ñ»Éáí, áñ ï³ñÇÝ»ñ ³é³ç º²ÐÎ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó ë³ÑÙ³Ýáõ³Í ½¿ÝùÇ Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñáõÙ-Ý»ñÇ ¿Ùµ³ñ·áÝ áõÅÇ Ù¿ç ¿, SIPRI-Ç ½»ÏáÛóÁ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿. - ¦Î³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõû³Ý ³Ý¹³Ù å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ, ï³ñµ»ñ Ï»ñå »Ý Ù»Ïݳµ³ÝáõÙ ³Ûë ¿Ùµ³ñ·áÝ‘ ß³ñáõݳϻÉáí ëå³-é³½ÇÝáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñ»É ÿ° г۳ëï³ÝÇÝ »õ ÿ° ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇÝ: èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ »ñÏáõ å»ïáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ¿É ½¿ÝùÇ ÃÇõ Ù¿Ï Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñÝ ¿§:

¦Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ ½¿ÝùÇ Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ³õ»ÉÇ ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï ßñç³Ý³Ï áõÝÇ »õ Éñçûñ¿Ý ϳËáõ³Í ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇó§, - åݹáõÙ »Ý ½»ÏáÛóÇ Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ»ñÁ‘ Ýß»Éáí, áñ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÝ ³Ûë ³éáõÙáí ÁÝïñáõû³Ý ³ÝÑ³Ù»Ù³ï ³õ»ÉÇ É³ÛÝ Ñݳñ³õáñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ áõÝÇ:

¦²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÁ í»ñçÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ½¿ÝùÇ ³ñï³¹ñáõû³Ý ÉÇó»Ý½Ç³Ý»ñ ¿ Ó»éù µ»ñ»É Æëñ³Û¿-ÉÇó, ÂáõñùdzÛÇó »õ гñ³õ³ÛÇÝ ²ýñÇϳÛÇó: ¸³ ´³ùáõÇÝ Ñݳñ³õáñáõÃÇõÝ ÏÁ ï³Û ³ñ-ï»ñÏñ»³Û ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É Ñ³Ûñ»Ý³Ï³Ý é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ³ñ¹Çõݳµ»ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí§, - ÝßáõÙ »Ý ʳճÕáõû³Ý áõëáõÙݳëÇñáõû³Ý ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÇÝë-ïÇïáõïÇ Ù³ëݳ·¿ïÝ»ñÁ:

ÂàôðøÆ²Ü Ð²ÚÎ²Î²Ü êöÆôèøÆ ÜزÜàôº²Ø´ êöÆôèø ÎÀ Òºô²ôàðÆ

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ ³õ»ÉÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõ³Í ¦Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ë÷Çõéù§ Ó»õ³õáñ»-Éáõ ѳٳñ å»ï³Ï³Ý ٳϳñ¹³Ïáí ³é³çÇÝ ù³ÛÉ»ñÝ ¿ ³ÝáõÙ: ²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³åñáÕ 6 ÙÉÝ Ãáõñù»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÝ ³é³çÇÝ ³Ý·³Ù ѳõ³ùáõ»Éáõ »Ý ²Ýϳñ³ÛáõÙ:

ÆÝãå¿ë ï»Õ»Ï³óÝáõÙ ¿ ¦²Ý³¹áÉáõ§ ·áñͳϳÉáõÃÇõÝÁ ÂáõñùdzÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï è»ç¿÷ ³ÛÇ÷ ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÇ áñáßٳٵ‘ ÷áËí³ñã³å»ï ´»ùÇñ ´á½¹³ÕÁ ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõ³Í ë÷ÇõéùÇ ÝÙ³Ýáõû³Ùµ ë÷Çõéù Ó»õ³õáñ»Éáõ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ ¿ ÉÍáõ»É:

ÚáõÝÇëÇ 7-8-ÇÝ ²Ýϳñ³Ûáõ٠ϳ۳ݳÉÇù ѳõ³ùÁ »õë ´á½¹³ÕÝ ¿ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñå»Éáõ: ¸ñ³Ý Ù³ëݳÏó»Éáõ »Ý ÂáõñùdzÛÇó ¹áõñë ·áñÍáÕ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý »õ ¦»Õµ³Ûñ³Ï³Ý§ 500 ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÇõÝ áõ ÑÇÙݳ¹ñ³Ù: øÝݳñÏáõ»Éáõ »Ý ÂáõñùdzÛÇÝÙ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáÕ Ñ³ñó»ñáõ٠ѳٳËÙµ-áõ³Í ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ׳ݳå³ñÑÝ»ñÁ:

üñ³ÝëdzÛáõÙ ûñ³Ï³ñ·³ÛÇÝ Ð³Ûáó ó»Õ³ëå³Ýáõû³Ý ÅËïáõÙÁ ùñ¿³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ ûñÇ-ݳ·ÍÇ ¹¿Ù å³Ûù³ñÇó ÙÇÝã»õ ÂáõñùdzÛÇ‘ ºõñáå³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõû³ÝÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÇõÝ, íǽ³ÛÇÝ é»ÅÇÙÇ í»ñ³óáõÙ »õ ³ÛÉÝ:

¦Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ë÷Çõéùǧ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñÁ å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³Ý µÝáÛà »Ý Ïñ»Éáõ: ²Û¹ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ Ý»ñ·ñ³õáõ»Éáõ »Ý ݳ»õ ï³ñµ»ñ ݳ˳ñ³ñÝ»ñ: ܳ˳ï»ë-õáõÙ ¿, áñ Ýñ³ÝóÇó Çõñ³ù³ÝãÇõñÁ Çñ áÉáñïÇÝ ³éÝãáõáÕ Ñ³ñó»ñáõÙ Çõñ³ù³ÝãÇõñ »ñÏñÇ ë÷ÇõéùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³é³ÝóÇÝ é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÇõÝ »Ý Ù߳ϻÉáõ:

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7

{AÞÐUZNWBR ÜRDPR UPÇRDÐZÞÐTZ EUÐQÞUL >NDÐG ANÝRL ÝMÝUD´

(tkarwt Vtkrz Fþðuznðnüþj Rð Sþ, S+ðg Aþðuznwbr Ürdprz Upçrdðzþðz Nd Auwmumuz Btz=þðg

Wuwýzr aðuhuðumuürð Otzmrö U=kuð {Kuðu)´ kþðkr st< uðquüuzü mg auzeriuzuw þpþlndkþuz sg^ nð yuiýuçuz (tkarwt Vtkrzr sþ, þðuözþðtz stmndz rðumuzujndsz t! Rzvhti hrýr wrbndr^ (tkarwt Vtkrz uxu<rzz tð nð =u<ndkrdz ndzþjud aðuhuðumud üðþlnd nð rð s+ðþzumuz sþ, suwðg Auwndar sgz t^ Aufudr Muýuðþuz gzýuzr=tz Rimndarrz nd Wnfauzztirz endiýðg Aþðuznwb^ nð 1915rz nðeþürð ýðndu, t Kndð= gzýuzr=r =nf! (tkarwt Vtkrzr {S+ðþzumuz sþ, suwði´ .nðuüðþul ürð=g buý luwz uðquüuzü wuxu<ujndju, tð çnfuzeum ub.uðar st< þd rzv nð udþlr muðþdnð tð^ uwz tð nð ndðrbzþð ul imiuz uzfu. mþðhnf .niýnfuzrl nð rðþzj sþ, suwðg Auwndar sgz tð!

Uwi Auwndarzþðg usçnp< mþuz=r sg gzkuj=rz rðþzj iðýrz st< huaþjrz mrörv ob-suðýndkrdzg þd rðþzj suanduz s+ý t sruwz nð uwe üupýzr=g endði ýndrz rðþzj knxzþðndz!

Rð üð=rz aðuýuðumndkþztz fþð< (tkarwt Vtkrzr a+ðþzumuz ürdptz^ Aufudtz &nð ürdprz auwmumuz uzndzz tð^ þd nð arsu mg mnvndr Auhuh mus T=rzt+örd/^ ürdpujrzþð imiuz huauz<zþð zþðmuwujzþl! Uznz= m'ndötrz nð rðþzj ürdpr st< szuju, Auwmumuz fþð<rz btz=þðg^ suizudnðuçuð buý uðct=udnð çuösu,nðum upçrdðzþðg znðnündrz nd auzðuwrz ihuiuðmndkþuz ýum eðndrz!

(tkarwt Vtkrz rðþz ausuð mþuz=r zhuýum euðqndj uwe upçrdðzþðg znðnüþl nd uzjþul +ð muýuðndþjud fþðuznðnündu, upçrdðzþðndz çujndsg! Uwlþdi çujndu, trz Auhubr upçrdðzþðg nd þðmðrz zþðitz nd endðitz cusuzu, çuösndkrdzzþð znwz fuwðmþuzrz <ndð .sþjrz Auhuhr upçrdðzþðtz!

Lndðg ndzr rð wndörv nd suðeuirðumuz mnpsg! Uwi uxrknf erýþl ýðndþjud nð rzvhrir fuwðuü norðzþð ünð,ndu, trz 1915-rz^ kt rzvhti usçnp< þðmrð sg udþðum euðqndu, tð^ kt rzvhti uwe anpþðnd fðuw euðþðt r fþð uhðnpzþð ihuzzndu, trz fuwðuü+ðtz! Auhuhr Auwþðg^ nðnz= uwz=uz üþpþjrm upçrdðzþð muxndju, trz^ vmðjuz .sþl uwe upçrdðzþðndz <ndðg^ çuwj arsu cnpnfndðeg mndbý nd mndx mg .stð nd +ðazndkrdz mg muðeuð Aþðuznwbzþðndz^ Suðruszþðndz^ :nðtzzþðndz þd ýumudrz çuösukrd knxzþðnd anüdnwz!

XNDÝUÝIUZ USTZ ÜZNF MG HUBIHUZT HTBUÐ TÝUIG

Srzv usçnp< Uðþdsýþuz ub.uðag .iýrd mg hu.uðumt Ýndðrnw Zu.uüua Htbuð Tiuýg^ Xndiuiýuz mg buðndzumt hubýhuz muzüzrl Ýndðrnw Zu.uüua Tiuýrz nð arsu =zzueuýndkrdzzþðnd mröumtýrz fðuw mg üýzndr 25 Suwrirz Andlu bð<uzr st< muýuðndu, þd 100 Ýndðrujrzþðnd suandusç fþð<uju, ihuzer huýouxud!

Xndiuiýuzr Uðýu=rz Zu.uðuðndkrdzg rð aðuýuðumu, aupnðeuüðn-dkþuz st< hzeþj nð uwi ihuzeg muösumþðhndu, tð nv kt Htbuð Tiuýr mnpst^ uwl Tiuýr gzeersuerð srlrkuzzþðndz mnpst! Gzeersuerð srlrkuzzþðg lud muö-sumþðhu, trz uwi eudueðndkrdzg^ gindþjud Xndiuiýuzr Uðýu=rz Zu.uðuðndkþuz aupnðeuüðndkþuz st<!

Xndiuiýuzr Uðýu=rz Zu.uðuðndkrdzg nv sruwz hubýhuzþj Htbuð Tiuýg^ uwlþd sþpueðþj Uðþdsýþuz þðmrðzþðg^ nðnz= arsu rðþzj uxuz<zuaþðk huðýumuzndkrdz mg zmuýþz ýuhulþl Htbuð Tiuýr fuðmuvuðüg!

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ÞÐÞ? (ÐUZÝUJR ;ÞÐUMNDIUMUZZÞÐ PUÐUHUP UWJÞLÞLNF ÖUWÐUJNDJRZ HU?NDR RB:UZNDKRDZZÞÐG

(ðuziuwr znðgzýrð Zu.uüua Anluzýr ülnd.g uðetz judrl imiu, t auw-mumuz auðjr uxgzvndkþusç! (ðuziujr þðþ= ;þðumndýumuzzþð^ nðnz= uzj-þulzþðg Puðuhup üuju, þd auwuzhuiý wuwýuðuðndkrdzzþð gðu, trz^ sþ, öuwðnwk huýouxu, þz Hu=ndr rb.uzndkrdzzþðndz^ nðnz= mg hzeþz kt (ðu-ziujr ;þðumndýumuzzþðg uxuzj Uýðhtwouztz uðý+zndkrdz ndöþlnd üuju, trz Auwþðnd mnpst çxzuüðudndu, Puðuhup! Þkt uirmu uwi mþðh buðndzumndr^ Puðuhup uwjþlnp çnlnð (ðuziujr =upu=uütýzþðg Hu=ndr mnpst hrýr ax-vumndrz {Uzçupqulr uzq´!

Uýðhtwouzr Uðýu=rz Zu.uðuðndkrdzg wndbuürð pðmþj Zu.uüua An-luzýrz nd giud nð (ðuziujr ;þðumndýumuzzþðndz srumnpsuzr wuwýuðuðn-dkrdzzþðg euýuhuðýþlr þz þkt zmuýr uxzndr nð (ðuziu Srzi=þuz :sçumr uzeus t þd htý= t uzmnpszumul mþjndu,= huat Puðuhupþuz auðjr st<!

Ecünandkþuz ýndz ýndnp ;þðumndýumuzzþðz þz (rlry Suðrzr^ Ý+)r þd Htðzuð (ndðzrt Önduitz! Mnfmuiþuz Lðuýnd Ünð,umulndkþuz ausuquwz^ ;þðumndýumuz Suðrzr gðu, t aþýþdþul wuwýuðuðndkrdzg:

{Þðç =zzþjr Puðuhupr huýsndkrdzg^ ýþiuw nð euðþð buðndzum srbý anz uhðu, þz ?ðriýnzþuw Auwþðg! Ecçu.ýuçuð :nðaðeuwrz Srndkrdzg^ {Çu-cuzt þd ýrðuhþýt´ imöçndz=nf uwi anpusuiþðg eðu, tð Uýðhtwouzr ýrðuh-þýndkþuz ýum! Þi mg ö+ðumjrs Puðuhupr Auwþðnd uðeuð euýrz»:

Uýðhtwouzr Uðýu=rz Zu.uðuð Tlsuz Uhýndlluwþd üuzüuýþjud giþl-nf nð srzv Puðuhupþuz aumusuðýndkþuz ausuð lnd,nds mg yzýxndr^ auwþðndz {sþz= qþör aþý þz´ m'giþz ,þðumndýumuzzþðg þðmðr sg nð htý= tð szuju, glluð uzmnpszumul! Þkt buðndzumndrz ethr Puðuhup zsuz+ðrzum uwj-þlndkrdzzþð^ uwe uwjþlndzþðg Uýðhtwouzr st< {Uzçupqþlr uzq´ hrýr axvumndrz^ giud Zu.uðuðg!

Rim (ðuziuwr ;þðumnwýg^ huýui.uzþlnf Hu=ndr uwi aumuöeþjndkþuz^ giud nð þðþ= ;þðumndýumuzzþðndz byndszþðg vþz jnlujzþð (ðuziuwr hþýnd-kþuz ýþiumtýzþðg þd uinz= uzqzumuz uwjþlndkrdzzþð þz!

îƶð²Ü ê²ð¶êº²ÜÀ ÎÀ Þ²ðàôܲÎÆ ÔºÎ²ì²ðºÈ βè²ì²ðàôÂÆôÜÀ

ÐÐ í»ñ³Ý߳ݳÏáõ³Í í³ñã³å»ïª îÇ·ñ³Ý ê³ñ·ë»³Ý

9

ܳ˳·³Ñ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÁ, ջϳí³ñáõ»Éáí г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõû³Ý ê³ÑÙ³-ݳ¹ñáõû³Ý 55-ñ¹ Ûû¹áõ³ÍÇ 4-ñ¹ Ï¿ïáí, Ññ³Ù³Ý³·Çñ ¿ ëïáñ³·ñ»É îÇ·ñ³Ý ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõû³Ý í³ñã³å»ï Ý߳ݳϻÉáõ Ù³ëÇÝ:

Ðñ³Ù³Ý³·ÇñÁ ëïáñ³·ñáõ»É ¿ ÇßËáÕ Ð³Ýñ³å»ï³Ï³Ý Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý ·áñͳ¹Çñ Ù³ñÙ-ÝÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ áõ ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý å³ï·³Ù³õáñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ËáñÑñ¹³Ïóáõ-ÃÇõÝÇó Û»ïáÛ:

îÇ·ñ³Ý ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÇÝ í³ñã³å»ï Ý߳ݳϻÉáõ ³é³ç³ñÏÁ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÝ ¿ ³ñ»É: ²ÛÉ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ, ÇÝãå¿ë ¦²½³ïáõÃÇõݧ é³¹Çáϳ۳ÝÇÝ ÷á˳Ýó»óÇÝ ÐÐÎ-Ç Õ»Ï³í³ñ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ, ã»Ý »Õ»É:

¦²½³ïáõÃÇõݧ é³¹Çáϳ۳ÝÇ Ñ³ñóÇÝ Ç å³ï³ëË³Ý îÇ·ñ³Ý ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÝ ³ë³ó, áñ í»ñ³Ý߳ݳÏáõÙÝ Çñ ѳٳñ ëå³ë»ÉÇ ¿ñ: ܳ Û³õ»É»ó, áñ Ýáñ ϳé³í³ñáõû³Ý ϳ½ÙÁ Ý»ñ-ϳ۳óáõ»Éáõ ¿ ÙÇÝã»õ ÚáõÝÇëÇ 15-Á, »õ áñ ³å³·³Û ϳé³í³ñáõû³Ý Íñ³·ñÇ ÑÇÙùáõÙ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿ ÐÐÎ-Ç Ý³ËÁÝïñ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ÇñÁ. - ¦²ÛÝ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñ Ù»Ýù Ëáëï³ó»É »Ýù Ù»ñ ÁÝïñáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, ³Û¹ µáÉáñ ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñ³éáõ³Í »Ý ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ù»ñ Íñ³·ñáõÙ§:

²½·³ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíÇ ÷áËݳ˳·³Ñ ¾¹áõ³ñ¹ Þ³ñÙ³½³ÝáíÁ Éñ³·ñáÕÝ»ñÇÝ ³ë³ó, áñ ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³ÝÁ Ýáñ ϳé³í³ñáõû³Ý Íñ³·ÇñÁ ÏÁ ùÝݳñÏÇ ³Ûë ³Ùëáõ³Û ÁÝóóùáõÙ:

ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÁ, ê³Ñٳݳ¹ñáõû³Ý ѳٳӳÛÝ, í³ñã³å»ïÇ ³é³ç³ñÏáõû³Ùµ ÚáõÝÇë 4-ÇÝ Ýß³Ý³Ï»É ¿ ϳé³í³ñáõû³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇó »ñ»ùÇÝ:

ܳ˳·³ÑÇ Ù³ÙÉáÛ ·ñ³ë»Ý»³ÏÇ ÷á˳Ýóٳٵ‘ ê»ñÅ ê³ñ·ë»³ÝÇ Ññ³Ù³Ý³·ñ»ñáí ¾¹-áõ³ñ¹ ܳɵ³Ý¹»³ÝÁ, ê¿Ûñ³Ý úѳݻ³ÝÁ »õ ²ñÙ¿Ý ºñÇó»³ÝÁ Ý߳ݳÏáõ»É »Ý, ѳٳå³ï³ë-˳ݳµ³ñ, ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ, å³ßïå³Ýáõû³Ý »õ ³ñï³Ï³ñ· Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÝ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñ-Ý»ñÇ å³ßïûÝÝ»ñáõÙ, áñáÝù ½µ³Õ»óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³»õ ݳËáñ¹ ϳé³í³ñáõû³Ý ϳ½ÙáõÙ:

βڲò²ô §Ä²è²Ü¶àôº²Ü¦ 8-ð¸ вز¶àôزðÀ ¦Ä³é³Ý·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ ÚáõÝÇë 2-ÇÝ ¶ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõû³Ý ¹³ÑÉÇ×áõÙ ³Ýóϳó-

ñ»ó Çñ 8-ñ¹ ѳٳ·áõÙ³ñÁ: ܳ˳·³ÑÇ å³ßïûÝáõÙ í»ñÁÝïñáõ»ó Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý ÑÇÙݳ¹Çñ ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÁ:

гٳ·áõÙ³ñÝ ÁÝïñ»ó Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý Ýáñ í³ñãáõû³Ý 10 ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇÝ, ³Û¹ ÃõáõÙª ²Ý³ÑÇï ´³Ëß»³ÝÇÝ, Úáíë¿÷ Êáõñßáõ¹»³ÝÇÝ, ¼³ñáõÑÇ öáëï³Ý绳ÝÇÝ, ²ñÙ¿Ý Ø³ñïÇñáë-»³ÝÇÝ, êï»÷³Ý ê³ý³ñ»³ÝÇÝ »õ ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÇÝ:

гٳ·áõÙ³ñÇ ³õ³ñïÇÝ Ï³Û³ó³Í ÝáñÁÝïÇñ í³ñãáõû³Ý ÝÇëïáõÙ Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý í³ñãáõû³Ý ݳ˳·³Ñ ¿ ÁÝïñáõ»É ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÁ, ²ñÙ¿Ý Ø³ñïÇñá뻳ÝÁ ÁÝïñ-áõ»É ¿ ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ýáõû³Ý ѳٳñ å³ï³ë˳ݳïáõáõû³Ý ѳñó»ñáí ¦Ä³é³Ý-·áõÃÇõݧ Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý ÷áËݳ˳·³Ñ, ÇëÏ êï»÷³Ý ê³ý³ñ»³ÝÁ‘ ·É˳õáñ ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ݳïáõ:

ì³ñãáõÃÇõÝÁ ݳ»õ áñáᯐ ¿ Édz½ûñ»É ¦Ä³é³Ý·áõû³Ý§ ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ËÙµ³Ïóáõ-û³ÝÁ í»ñëÏë»É ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÁ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõÙª ³é³ç³ñÏ»Éáí èáõµ¿Ý Ú³Ïáµ»³ÝÇÝ ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý ջϳí³ñ »õ ¼³ñáõÑÇ öáëï³Ý绳ÝÇݪ ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ: ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÇ Ù³ëݳÏóáõû³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñ»³É áñáßáõÙ ÏÁ ϳ۳óáõÇ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ Ù»ÏݳñÏáÕ ²½·³ÛÇÝ Äá-ÕáíÇ Ýëï³ßñç³ÝÇÝ Áݹ³é³ç:

гٳ·áõÙ³ñÇ Çñ »ÉáÛÃáõÙ ð³ýÇÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÁ Û³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó, áñ ÙÇÝã»õ ³ßáõÝ å¿ïù ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»É ³Ýݳ˳¹¿å Ýáñ³ñ³ñ, ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ áõÅ‘ г۳ëï³ÝÁ Ñ»ï µ»-ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ. - ¦Ø»ñ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Á å³ñï³õáñ ¿ áõÝ»Ý³É ÙÇÝã»õ ³Ûë ï³ñáõ³Û ³õ³ñïÁ Çñ»Ý å³ïϳÝáÕ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ³Ï³Ý ûÏݳÍáõ: ²Û¹ ûÏݳÍáõû³ÝÁ Ù»Ýù ÙdzëÇÝ å³ñï³õáñ »Ýù Ù³ëݳÏó»É, áñáíÑ»ï»õ »Ã¿ Ù»Ýù ÙdzëÇÝ áõݻݳÉáõ »Ýù ¹» Ûáõñ¿ ݳ˳·³ÑáõÃÇõÝ, ¹» Ûáõñ¿ ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÇõÝ, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù µáÉáñë åÇïÇ Ýáñ ϳÝáÝÝ»ñáí, Ýáñ å³ï³ë˳ݳïáõáõû³Ùµ ÁÝóݳÝù§:

гٳ·áõÙ³ñÇ ³õ³ñïÇÝ ¦²½³ïáõÃÇõݧ é³¹Çáϳ۳ÝÇ Ñ³ñóÇÝ, ÿ ï»ëÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ»Ý ݳ-˳·³ÑÇ Ã»ÏݳÍáõ ³é³çÇÏ³Û ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÁ å³ï³ë˳ݻó. - ¦ºë ã»Ù ϳñÍáõÙ, áñ áñ»õ¿ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝ Çñ ûÏݳÍáõÝ ³é³ç³¹ñ»Éáí ÏÁ ¹³éÝ³Û Û³çáÕ³Ï, Û³ÕÃ³Ï³Ý ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù г۳ëï³ÝÇ ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç ÏáÕÙÇó§:

àõÕÕ³ÏÇ Ñ³ñóÇÝ, ÿ å³ïñ³ëïõáõÙ ¿ Çñ ûÏݳÍáõÃÇõÝÝ ³é³ç³¹ñ»É, ݳ å³ï³ë˳ݻó. - ¦ºë ݳËÁÝïñáõÙ »Ù ÉñÇõ áõñÇß Ã»ÏݳÍáõÃÇõÝ å³ßïå³Ý»É§:

вÎ-À ºô §Ä²è²Ü¶àôÂÆôÜÀ¦ ÎÀ زêܲÎòºÜ

²Ä Ú²ÜÒܲÄàÔàìܺðÆ ²Þʲî²ÜøÆÜ Üáñ ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³ÝÇ ³é³çÇÝ ÝÇëïÁ µáÛÏáï³Í »ñÏáõ Áݹ¹ÇÙ³¹Çñ ËÙµ³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ‘

Ð³Û ³½·³ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ¿ëÝ (вÎ) áõ ¦Ä³é³Ý·áõÃÇõݧ-Á, ºñ»ùß³µÃÇ, ÚáõÝÇë 5-ÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ ¹éÝ÷³Ï ÝÇëï»ñÝ ³Ýóϳóñ»óÇÝ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíáõÙ: ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÇó ³é³ç

10

Áݹ¹ÇÙ³¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ ݳ»õ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåã³Ï³Ý ѳñó»ñ ÉáõÍ»óÇÝ‘ Ýáñ ³ß˳ï³ë»Ý»³ÏÝ»ñ ëï³-ó³Ý ³é³çÇÝ Ñ³ñÏÇ ï³ñµ»ñ ûõ»ñáõÙ:

вÎ-Á ùÝݳñÏ»ó »õ áñáß»ó, áñ ÏÁ Ññ³Å³ñáõÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÅáÕáíÇ 12 Ùßï³Ï³Ý Û³ÝÓݳÅá-ÕáíÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÇ ÷áËݳ˳·³ÑÇ å³ßïûÝÇó:

¦ÎáÝ·ñ¿ëÁ áñáᯐ ¿, áñ ÷áËݳ˳·³ÑÇ ï»Õ Çñ»Ý ѳñϳõáñ 㿧, - ¦²½³ïáõÃÇõݧ é³¹Çáϳ۳ÝÇÝ ÷á˳Ýó»ó вΠËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý å³ï·³Ù³õáñ ÜÇÏáÉ ö³ßÇÝ»³ÝÁ:

¿»õ вÎ-Á Ññ³Å³ñõáõÙ ¿ Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÇ ÷áËݳ˳·³ÑÇ Çñ»Ý ѳë³Ý»ÉÇù å³ßïûÝÇó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇÝ ÏÁ Ù³ëݳÏóÇ: вÎ-Á ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³ÝáõÙ »ûà å³ï·³Ù³õáñ áõÝÇ. ù³ÝÇ áñ Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ÃÇõÁ ³õ»ÉÇ Ù»Í ¿ вΠå³ï·³Ù³õáñÝ»ñÇ ÃáõÇó, Áݹ¹ÇÙ³¹Çñ ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý Çõñ³ù³ÝãÇõñ ³Ý¹³Ù, ö³ßÇÝ»³ÝÇ Ëûëùáí, »ñÏáõ³Ï³Ý Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíáõÙ Ïÿ³ß˳ïÇ: ¿ áí áñ Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíáõÙ Ïÿ³ß˳ïÇ, ¹»é ùÝݳñÏõáõÙ »Ý:

¦Ä³é³Ý·áõû³Ý§ ÝÇëïÇÝ ã¿ñ Ù³ëݳÏóáõÙ ð³ýýÇ ÚáíѳÝÝÇ뻳ÝÁ: ØÇõë ãáñë ³Ý-¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ (Ýñ³ÝóÇó »ñÏáõëÁ‘ ʳã³ïáõñ øáùᵻɻ³ÝÁ »õ ²É»ùë³Ý¹ñ ²ñ½áõٳݻ³ÝÁ ¦²½³ï ¹»ÙáÏñ³ïÝ»ñ§ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÇó »Ý) ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý ջϳí³ñ ÁÝïñ»óÇÝ èáõµ¿Ý Ú³Ïáµ»³-ÝÇÝ, ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ‘ ¼³ñáõÑÇ öáëï³Ý绳ÝÇÝ: Üñ³Ýù »õë ùÝݳñÏ»óÇÝ Û³ÝÓݳÅáÕáíÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó Ý»ñϳ۳óáõ³Íáõû³Ý ѳñóÁ:

¦Ä³é³Ý·áõû³Ý§ ÝÇëïÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏóáÕ µáÉáñ å³ï·³Ù³õáñÝ»ñÁ »ñÏáõ³Ï³Ý Û³ÝÓݳÅá-ÕáíáõÙ Ïÿ³ß˳ï»Ý. Ýñ³Ýù ÷áËݳ˳·³ÑÝ»ñ ã»Ý ϳñáÕ áõݻݳÉ, ÙdzÛÝ‘ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñ:

öáëï³Ý绳ÝÝ ³ëáõÙ ¿‘ ÝáÛÝ á·áí »Ý ß³ñáõݳϻÉáõ ³ß˳ï»É. »Ã¿ Çñ»Ýó ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ³ÛÉ ËÙµ³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ å³ßïå³Ý»Ý, ݳ»õ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ÏÁ ѳٳ·áñͳÏó»Ý:

¦ÜáÛÝ á×Ç Ù¿ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÇõÝ ¿ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ³ÛÝ ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý, áñÁ ÑÇÙݳ¹ñáõ»ó ÑÇÝ· ï³-ñÇ ³é³ç, ãÝ³Û³Í Ýñ³Ý áñ Ç٠ѳñ³½³ï ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ³Ûë ËÙµ³Ïóáõû³Ý Ù¿ç ³Ûë å³ÑÇÝ ãϳÝ, µ³Ûó ¹³ ųٳݳϳõáñ ÉáõÍáõÙ ¿: 2013 Ãáõ³Ï³ÝÇÝ »Ýù å³ïñ³ëïõáõÙ, áñå¿ë½Ç Û³-ñáõó»Ýù ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ, ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ËݹÇñÝ»ñ, áñáÝù µ»ñ»Éáõ »Ý ³ñï³Ñ»ñà ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñÇ, »õ ³Û¹ ³ñï³Ñ»ñà ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÇõÝùáõÙ Ù»ñ ËÙµ³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ áã ÙdzÛÝ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¿ ³ÛÝ ÑÇÝ Ï³½Ùáí, ³ÛÉ Ý³»õ ѳٳÉñáõ³Í Ýáñ ¹¿Ùù»ñáí, Ýáñ ßÝãáí »õ á·áí§, - ³ë³ó öáëï³Ý绳ÝÁ:

ØƲôàðàô²Ì è²Î-À Êàêî²ÜàôØ ¾ ²è²ôºÈ ²ÎîÆô ÈÆܺÈ

è³Ùϳí³ñ ²½³ï³Ï³Ý Îáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý г۳ëï³ÝÇ ³ï»Ý³å»ï Ú³Ïáµ ²õ»ïÇù»³Ý

г۳ëï³ÝÇ è³Ùϳí³ñ ²½³ï³Ï³Ý Îáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ (Ðè²Î) »õ ²ñٻݳϳÝ-è²Î Ïáõ-

ë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ, áñáÝù ÚáõÝÇëÇ 3-ÇÝ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ѳٳ·áõÙ³ñÇÝ í»ñ³Ï³½Ù³õáñáõ»É »Ý

11

è³Ùϳí³ñ ²½³ï³Ï³Ý Îáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝ (г۳ëï³Ý) ³Ýáõ³Ùµª ³é³çÇϳÛáõÙ Ëáëï³ÝáõÙ »Ý ÉÇÝ»É ³é³õ»É ³ÏïÇí:

ÚáõÝÇëÇ 5-ÇÝ Éñ³·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳݹÇåÙ³ÝÁ è³Ùϳí³ñ ²½³ï³Ï³Ý Îáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý (г۳ëï³Ý) ÝáñÁÝïÇñ ³ï»Ý³å»ï Ú³Ïáµ ²õ»ïÇù»³ÝÁ Ýß»ó, áñ ãÝ³Û³Í ³Ýó³Í ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ¹Åáõ³ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, 90-³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ëï»ÕÍáõ³Í г۳ëï³ÝÇ è²Î ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇó ß³ï»ñÁ å³Ñå³Ý»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó é³Ùϳí³ñ³ñáõÃÇõÝÁ, áõëïÇ í»ñ³ÍÝáõݹ ³åñáÕ Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý ·áñ-ÍÇÝ Ýñ³Ýù ÝáÛÝå¿ë ÏÁ ÉÍáõ»Ý:

Ú³Ïáµ ²õ»ïÇù»³ÝÁ, Ëûë»Éáí ³éÏ³Û ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇó, Ýß»ó, áñ 2003-Çó ³Ûë ÏáÕÙ è²Î-Á ãÇ Ù³ëݳÏó»É áñ»õ¿ ѳٳå»ï³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ, ÇëÏ å³ï׳éÝ»ñÇó ¿ Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý µ³½Ù³ÃÇõ ϳéáÛóÝ»ñÇ µ³ñÓÇ ÃáÕÇ íÇ׳ÏÁ:

¦ØÇõë ËݹÇñÁ ·ñ³ë»Ý»³ÏÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»ÉÝ ¿, Ù»ñ 6 ·ñ³ë»Ý»³ÏÝ»ñÇó 5-Á í³×³éáõ»É ¿, »Õ³Í ÙdzÏÝ ¿É ºÕí³ñ¹áõÙ ¿§,- ³ë³ó ݳ »õ ³õ»É³óñ»ó, áñ ÏáñáõëïÝ»ñ Ï³Ý Ý³»õ Ïáõë³Ï-óáõû³Ý ß³ñù»ñáõÙ. ¦Ø»ñ ϳéáÛóáõÙ ·»ñ³ÏßÇé Ù³ëÁ áõëáõóÇãÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ: ²Ûëûñ Ýñ³ÝóÇó ß³-ï»ñÁ ϳٳõáñ ëϽµáõÝùáí ³ÛÉ Ïáõë³Ïóáõû³Ý »Ý ³Ý¹³Ù³·ñáõ»É§:

¦²Ûëûñ Ï³Û ³ÛëåÇëÇ µ³Ý, Ù¿Ï ³ÝÓÁ 2-3 Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ ¿ å³ïϳÝáõÙ, Ù»Ýù, ³Ý-ßáõßï, ¹ñ³ÝÇó ÏÁ Ëáõë³÷»Ýù, µ³Ûó Ïÿ³ß˳ï»Ýù í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý»É µ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý Ï³åÇï³ÉÁ§,-³ë³ó ݳ »õ Ýß»ó, áñ Çñ»Ýù ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ѳٳÏÇñÝ»ñÁ ß³ï ÉÇÝ»Ý, ³ÛÉ áã ÿ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ:

Ú³Ïáµ ²õ»ïÇù»³ÝÁ Ûëï³Ï»óñ»ó, áñ »ñµ 1990Ã-ÇÝ ëï»ÕÍáõ»ó г۳ëï³ÝÇ è²Î-Á, ¹³ ÝáÛÝ ¹ñëÇ è³Ùϳí³ñ ³½³ï³Ï³Ý Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ ¿ñ, áñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ 1921Ã-Çó: ÆëÏ ³ÛÉ ³ÝáõÝ í»ñóñ»ó, ù³ÝÇ áñ ¹³ ûñ¿ÝùÇ å³Ñ³Ýç ¿ñ:

¦Î³ñ ³ÛëåÇëÇ µ³Ý. ã¿ñ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¹ñëÇó ջϳí³ñáõ»É: ¸ñ³ ѳٳñ ¦Ð³Û³ëï³Ý§ µ³éÁ ³õ»É³óñ»óÇÝù:

Îáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³ÙdzõáñáõÙÁ, Áëï ³ï»Ý³å»ïÇ, ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³-Ï³Ý ÷á÷áËáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñ:

¦Ø»Ýù ÙÇßï »Õ»É »Ýù å»ï³Ï³Ý³Ù¿ï, Ïÿ³ß˳ï»Ýù ³Û¹ ·ÇÍÁ ï³Ý»É ³é³ç§,- ³ë³ó ݳ »õ Ûëï³Ï»óñ»ó, áñ áã ÿ Çß˳ݳٿï, ³ÛÉ å»ï³Ï³Ý³Ù¿ï: âÝ³Û³Í ¹ñ³Ýª Çß˳Ýáõû³Ý áã Ýå³ëï³õáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ýáõû³Ý ¹¿åùáõÙ Çñ»Ýù Ïÿ³ñï³Û³Ûï»Ý Çñ»Ýó ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ:

Îáõë³ÏóáõÃÇõÝÝ ³é³çÇÏ³Û Ý³Ë³·³Ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ãÇ Ù³ëݳÏóÇ, µ³Ûó ûÏ-ݳÍáõÝ»ñÇó Ù¿ÏÇÝ ë³ï³ñ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ Ïÿ³ñï³Û³Ûï»Ý, »ñµ áñ ³ñ¹¿Ý ³é³-ç³¹ñáõ»Ý ³Û¹ ûÏݳÍáõÝ»ñÁ:

§Ð²ô²Ü²´²ð ²äðÆÈ 24-ÆÜ ÂàôðøÆ²Ü ÜàÚÜä¾ê Ú²Úî²ð²ð¾,

àð ÎÀ ÎÆê¾ Ð²ÚºðàôÜ ò²ôÀ¦. غÜêàôð ²ø¶ÆôÜÆ

ºñ»õ³ÝÇ Ù¿ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ¦ÏÉáñ ë»Õ³Ýǧ Ù³ëݳÏÇóÝ»ñÁ гÛ-Ãñù³Ï³Ý ¹Çõ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝÙ³ÝÝ áõÕÕáõ³Í ÷áñÓ»-

ñÇ Ó³ËáÕÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÁ ³ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ·áñÍûÝÝ ¿: ²Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ÚáõÝÇë 4-ÇÝ ºñ»õ³ÝÇ Ù¿ç Ññ³õÇñáõ³Í ¦ÏÉáñ ë»Õ³Ý§ ùÝݳñÏÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Áë³õ гٳß˳ñѳÛÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñáõ Ï»¹ñáÝÇ ïÝûñ¿Ý Ø»Ýëáõñ ²ù·ÇõÝÇ:

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¦²Ûá, ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý Ù»Í ³½¹»óáõÃÇõÝ Ó·»ó ³ñӳݳ·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ »ï ϳÝã»ÉáõÝ íñ³Û‘ ß³ï å³ñ½ å³ï׳éáí. ²ïñå¿Û×³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý »ñÏÇñ ¿, µÝ³Ï³Ý ϳ½Á ³ÝÏ¿ ÏÁ ëï³Ý³Ýù, ù³-ñÇõÕ ÏÁ ëï³Ý³Ýù, Ãñù³Ï³Ý Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ ϳÛ, ÝáÛÝ É»½áõáí ÏÁ ËûëÇÝù§,- µ³ó³ïñ»ó Ãáõñù µ³Ý³ËûëÁ »õ Ýϳï»ó, áñ ÈÔ ËݹñÇ ÉáõÍáõÙÁ åÇïÇ Ýå³ëï¿ »ñÏáõ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõÝ ÙÇç»õ Û³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ϳñ·³õáñÙ³Ý Û³é³çÁÝóóÇÝ:

¦Èñ³ïáõ³ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõ ¹»ñÁ ѳÛ-Ãñù³Ï³Ý Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ³ñ¹Ç ÷áõÉÇݧ ûٳÛáí »ñÏûñ»³Û ùÝݳñÏáõÙÁ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñå³Í ¿ÇÝ ºõñ³ëdz ѳٳ·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝ ÑÇÙݳ¹ñ³ÙÁ »õ гٳß˳ñѳÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñáõ ѻﳽûïÙ³Ý Ï»¹ñáÝÁ:

Ø»Ýëáõñ ²ù·ÇõÝÇ ÙÇ»õÝáÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ýϳï»ó, áñ ³Ýáñ ½áõ·³Ñ»é ³é³õ»É ³ßËáÛųó³Í ¿ »ñÏáõ ѳë³ñ³ÏáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝÁ,- ¦ä¿ïù ¿, áñ Ï»³ÝùÇ ÏáãáõÇÝ ³ñÓ³-ݳ·ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ÏÁ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝ»Ý »ñÏáõ »ñÏÇñÝ»ñáõÝ ß³Ñ»ñÁ, ÇëÏ »Ã¿ ³ÝáÝù å³ï-Ùáõû³Ý ·ÇñÏÁ ³ÝóÝÇݪ ß³ï í³ï åÇïÇ ÁÉɳÛ: Ú³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ëÏëÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ å¿ïù ¿ ÷³ëï³ÃáõÕûñ ëïáñ³·ñáõÇÝ: ÚáÛë áõÝÇÙ, áñ »ñÏáõ ÏáÕÙ»ñÝ ³É ù³çáõÃÇõÝ åÇïÇ áõݻݳݧ:

Ø»Ýëáõñ ²ù·ÇõÝÇ, µ³óÇ ³ïñå¿Û×³Ý³Ï³Ý ·áñÍûÝ¿Ý, ѳÛ-Ãñù³Ï³Ý Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñáõ ãϳ۳óÙ³Ý ÙÇõë å³ï׳éÁ ѳٳñ»ó гÛáó ò»Õ³ëå³Ýáõû³Ý ËݹÇñÁ:

²Ûë ѳñóáí ³Ý ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ù¿ç ÏÁ ÝÏ³ï¿ Ù»Í Û³é³ç˳ճóù: Àëï ³Ýáñ, ݳ˳å¿ë‘ ò»-Õ³ëå³Ýáõû³Ý ѳñóÁ µ³ó³ñӳϳå¿ë ÷³Ï ûٳ »Õ³Í ¿:

¦Ø»Ýù ·Çï¿ÇÝù, ÿ ѳۻñÁ ëå³ÝÝ³Í ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù»ñÁ, ÇëÏ ³Ûëûñ ³ñ¹¿Ý ɳÛÝûñ¿Ý ÏÁ ùÝݳñÏáõÇ Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ï»ë³Ï¿ïÁ, áñ Ðñ³Ý¹ îÇÝùÁ ÏÁ ï³ñ³Í¿ñ »õ áñáõÝ å³ï׳éáí ³É ÷áñ-Ó³ÝùÇ Ù¿ç ÇÝϳõ§,- Áë³õ ³Ý:

¦ä³ïÙ³µ³ÝÝ»ñ¿Ý Ù¿Ï Ù³ëÁ ϳëϳÍÇ ï³Ï ÏÁ ¹Ý¿, ÿ‘ ³ñ¹»û±ù, ϳï³ñáõ³ÍÁ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ó»Õ³ëå³ÝáõÃÇõÝ áñ³Ï»É, Ù¿Ï Ù³ëÝ ³É Ï’Áë¿‘ ϳï³ñáõ³ÍÁ ó»Õ³ëå³ÝáõÃÇõÝ »Õ³Í ¿§,- Áë³õ ³Ý »õ ³õ»Éóáõó, áñ ³Ûë ѳñóáí, Û³ïϳå¿ë, гÛáó ò»Õ³ëå³Ýáõû³Ý 100-ñ¹ ï³ñ»ÉÇó¿Ý ³é³ç, ÂáõñùÇáÛ Ýϳïٳٵ ½ûñ³ó³Í ¿ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ×ÝßáõÙÁ, áñ å»ïáõû³Ý íñ³Û Ý»ñ³½-¹»Éáõ ϳñ»õáñ ѳݷ³Ù³Ýù ¿:

Âáõñù µ³Ý³Ëûë Ø»Ýëáõñ ²ù·ÇõÝ Ýß»ó, áñ Ý»ñÏ³Û ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÃáÛÉ Ïáõ ï³Ý »Ýó¹-ñ»Éáõ, áñ, ѳõ³Ý³µ³ñ ß³ï ßáõïáí, ²åñÇÉ 24-ÇÝ‘ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÝáÛÝå¿ë åÇïÇ Û³Ûï³ñ³ñ¿, áñ ÏÁ ÏÇë¿ Ñ³Û»ñáõÝ ó³õÁ:

ºõñ³ëdz ѳٳ·áñͳÏóáõÃÇõÝ ÑÇÙݳ¹ñ³ÙÇ ïÝûñ¿Ý ¶¿áñ· î¿ñ ¶³µñÇ¿É»³Ý, Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ýß»ó, áñ ÙÇÝã ³Ûë Ó»éݳñÏÁ ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý »õ Ãñù³Ï³Ý Éñ³ïáõ³ÙÇçáóÝ»ñáõÝ ËáõÙµÁ »ñÏáõ ³ÙÇë ßñç³Í ¿ ÂáõñùÇáÛ »õ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ß³ñù ÙÁ í³Ûñ»ñáõÝ Ù¿ç:

²Ý ϳñ»õáñ ѳٳñ»ó‘ ²ØÜ å»ï³Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñÇ Ð³Û³ëï³Ý ϳï³ñ»ÉÇù ³ÛóÇÝ Ý³-˳߻ÙÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý Ó»éݳñÏÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ, Áëï î¿ñ ¶³µñÇ¿É»³ÝÇ, ³Û¹ Ï»ñåáí ÐÇ-ÉÁñÇ øÉÇÝÃÁÝ åÇïÇ ï»Õ»Ï³Ý³Û, áñ ÿ»õ г۳ëï³Ý- Âáõñùdz Û³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÇõÝÝ»ñÁ, ¹Çõ³Ý³-·Çï³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí, ë³é»óáõ³Í »Ý, µ³Ûó ÏÁ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÇÝ Ù»Í ÃÇõáí Ó»éݳñÏÝ»ñ:

¦´áÉáñÇÝ Û³ÛïÝÇ ¿, áñ ³Ûë ѳñóáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç ß³Ñ³·ñ·éáõ³ÍáõÃÇõÝÁ Ù»Í ¿, ÇëÏ øÉÇÝÃÁÝÁ ï»Õ»Ï³Ý³Éáí ³ÛëåÇëÇ ³ÏïÇõ, µ³½Ù³ù³Ý³Ï ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñ»³É, ÏÁ ß³ñáõݳÏÇ ³ç³ÏóÇÉ ³Ûë ·áñÍÇݧ,- Áë³õ ¶¿áñ· î¿ñ ¶³µñÇ¿É»³Ý:

Deadly Fighting Between Armenian and Azerbaijani Forces Armenian Units Neutralize Azerbaijani Saboteurs Killing Five

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YEREVAN -- One Armenian soldier was killed and two others wounded while repulsing an at-tack by an Azeri unit trying to infiltrate Nagorno-Karabakh positions at around 4 a.m. Wednesday morning from the contact point in Horadiz.

The press service of the Karabakh Defense Army reported that the aggression was stopped, with Azeris also suffering losses. It added that this is the fourth attempt in June alone by Azeri forces to penetrate the borders with Armenia and Karabakh.

A day earlier, an Azeri unit of 15 soldiers reportedly tried to infiltrate the Armenian border near the village of Voskepar in the Tavush province but withdrew after incurring heavy losses.

The Azerbaijani Defense Ministry said five of their soldiers were killed in what it described as an Armenian commando raid on its frontline positions in the western Gazakh district bordering Ar-menia’s Tavush province.

Armenia’s Defense Ministry confirmed deadly fighting in the area but denied any cross-border incursions by its forces stationed there. It said they only “neutralized” an Azerbaijani “sabotage group.” “Nobody was killed or wounded on the Armenian side,” added a ministry statement.

A similar attempt was foiled on June 4 when Azeri forces tried to infiltrate the Armenian bor-der near the Berdavan and Chinari villages in Tavush. Three Armenian soldiers were killed during the incident and several others were wounded.

The Armenian Defense Ministry said the soldiers -- Hrach Sargsian, Zohrab Balabekian and Karen Davtian -- died while fighting back a cross-border incursion by Azerbaijani forces into the northern Tavush region.

“The sabotage advance was halted and the enemy was repelled, suffering casualties,” read a ministry statement. “The Armenian Armed Forces control the situation along the line of contact, carrying out actions commensurate with the situation,” it said without elaborating.

The escalation of tensions along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border and near Karabakh comes amid a continuing regional tour by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton whose itinerary included Baku, on Wednesday.

Clinton said she was very concerned about “the danger of escalation of tensions and the sense-less deaths of young soldiers and innocent civilians” she warned of possible “disastrous conse-quences” of escalating violence in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone.

Speaking after talks with Azerbaijan’s President Ilham Aliyev in Baku, Clinton said she is “deeply concerned about the danger of escalating tension, which could have unpredictable and dis-astrous consequences.”

“This cycle of violence and retaliation must end, she said,” according to the AFP news agency. Armenian military authorities, meanwhile, reported continuing tension in the northeastern bor-

derlands in Tavush where they said more shelling took place overnight.

Secretary of State Clinton: Armenian-Turkish Relations Should be Normalized

Without Preconditions

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YEREVAN -- United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton arrived in Armenia Monday afternoon for a quick visit as part of her seven-day seven-nation European tour also including the South Caucasus and Turkey.

The short trip was the opening leg of Clinton’s second tour of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in two years. It involved talks with President Serzh Sarkisian and Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian as well as an address to Ar-menian civil rights activists.

“We are pleased to see Armenia continue to work to strengthen your democratic institutions, to promote transparency, advance the rights of a free press, root out corruption, respect universal rights and freedoms,” Clinton told a joint news conference with Nalbandian.

Clinton again endorsed official Yerevan’s view that Turkey should stop linking parliamentary ratification of the U.S.-brokered normalization agreements signed with Armenia in 2009 to a resolu-tion of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

“We strongly support ratification of the Turkey-Armenia protocols without preconditions,” she said. “We commend Armenia and President Sarkisian for the leadership they have shown on this is-sue.”

“As I said when I was here two years ago, the ball remains in Turkey’s court,” stressed the chief U.S. diplomat.

Clinton further made clear that the United States will remain “very actively involved” in inter-national efforts to improve Turkish-Armenian ties and end the Karabakh conflict. “There is no link-age between the protocols process and the Nagorno-Karabakh negotiations as they are separate,” she said. “But we are equally engaged and pushing hard to try to achieve a peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh matter.”

Armenia and Japan Sign Agreement on Nuclear Safety TOKYO -- President Serzh Sarkisian met with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda on

Wednesday during an official visit to Japan that focused on the development of bilateral ties and nuclear safety.

A joint statement signed by the two leaders after the talks said the Armenian government will use “the Japanese experience” in boosting the safety of operations of the nuclear power plant at Metsamor. It said Yerevan will specifi-cally look into the “knowledge and lessons” learned from Japan’s response to last year’s explosions at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant that followed a powerful earthquake.

“The prime minister of Japan pointed out that his country intends to share with the interna-tional community its experience in enhancing the safety of nuclear plants and the two sides stressed the importance of Armenia’s cooperation with Japan for that purpose,” Sarkisian’s press office said in a separate press release.

The Fukushima disaster sparked renewed calls in and outside Armenia for Metsamor’s closure. Local environmentalists argued that just like Japan, Armenia is situated in a seismically active re-gion prone to catastrophic earthquakes.

Armenian government officials and nuclear experts dismissed such concerns, saying that Met-samor’s Soviet-era reactor design is different from Fukushima’s and that the facility is reliable enough to withstand a powerful earthquake.

Still, the Yerevan government responded to the Fukushima blasts by deciding in March 2011 to initiate a comprehensive international review of Metsamor’s safety. The International Atomic En-ergy Agency (IAEA) subsequently sent ad hoc Operational Safety Review Team (OSART) to Arme-nia for a two-week inspection of the plant. The OSART concluded in June 2011 that the plant poses an “acceptable” level of risk to the environment.

The statement signed by Sarkisian and Noda said an Armenian government delegation will par-ticipate in an international conference on the fallout from the Fukushima disaster which Japan plans to hold in December.

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Freedom House Annual Report: Armenia Ruled by Semi-Consolidated Authoritarian Regime

NEW YORK -- Armenia has semi-consolidated authoritarian regime, says newly released Free-dom House’s repot Nations in Transit 2012.

Nations in Transit is Freedom House’s comprehensive, comparative study of democratic devel-opment in 29 countries from Central Europe to Eurasia.

Special attention in the report is drawn to electoral processes, civil society, independent media, local democratic governance, corruption and other factors.

The ratings of states are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of de-mocratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year.

Armenia’s democracy score in 2011 is 5.39. The authors note improvements in combating cor-ruption.

“E-government services reduced opportunities for bribery, while new regulations and stricter enforcement led to higher numbers of corruption lawsuits and fines against senior officials and large companies,” the report says.

As regards other aspects, Armenia underwent no changes as compared with the last year.

Iran, Armenia Reach Agreement on Building Meghri PowerPlant

YEREVAN -- Iran and Armenia have reached an agreement for the construction of Meghri hy-droelectric power plant over the Aras River which forms the common border between two countries.

The agreement was reached during Iranian Energy Minister Majid Namjou’s one-day trip to Armenia on Saturday.

During the trip, Namjou conferred with his Armenia counterpart, Armen Movsisian, and the two sides agreed to begin the construction of the joint power plant on August 22, 2012.

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According to the agreement, the hydroelectric power plant, which will straddle the border riv-er, will have the capacity to produce 130 megawatts (MW) of electricity. The project is estimated to cost $350 million.

Construction of the power plant will begin simultaneously in Armenia’s Meghri and Iran's Qarachilar regions.

Earlier in January, Mir Fattah Ghareh Bagh, the managing director of Iran Grid Management Company (IGMC), said the country's electricity exports to Armenia would increase upon the com-pletion of the 400-kV power transfer line, which will connect Iran's electricity network to the Ar-menian city of Agarak.

According to Iranian Deputy Energy Minister Mohammad Behzad, the new power transmission line will take Iran's electricity to Georgia, Russia and Europe.

U.S. Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin

Visits Armenia

YEREVAN -- Senator Dick Durbin, a Democratic leader in the U.S. Congress, visited Armenia on Friday for talks with the country’s top leaders that reportedly focused on regional security.

Durbin, who is currently the Senate majority whip, held separate meetings with President Serzh Sarkisian and Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian. He was also scheduled to meet Armenian female politicians and civic activists involved in Turkish-Armenian cross-border programs funded by the United States.

“The president and the U.S. senator discussed issues relating to the development of U.S.-Armenian relations and current affairs and challenges in the region,” Sarkisian’s press office said in a statement. It gave no details.

A separate statement by the Armenian Foreign Ministry said Nalbandian praised Durbin for his desire to “famil-iarize himself with Armenia’s approaches to regional issues.” Nalbandian also briefed him on recent developments in the Nagorno-Karabakh peace process.

As well as being the second-highest ranking member of the upper house of Congress, Durbin is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He also sits on its Subcommittee on European Affairs.

Both Sarkisian and Nalbandian were reported to thank the Illinois senator for supporting congressional draft resolutions on Armenian Genocide.

The Armenian president also commended “Armenia’s friends in the U.S. Senate” for advocating financial and other assistance to his country which he said has had a “great significance for Armenia’s development.”

The U.S. Embassy in Yerevan said earlier in the day that “domestic issues” will also be on the agenda of Dur-bin’s talks. The official Armenian sources reported no such discussions, however.

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Tigran Sarkisian Reappointed Prime Minister of Armenia

YEREVAN -- President Serzh Sarkisian has reappointed Tigran Sarkisian as Prime Minister and head Armenia’s new government that will be formed later this month.

The presidential press service said in a terse press release on Saturday that the head of state signed the reappointed decree “based on paragraph 4 of Article 55 of the Constitution of the Repub-lic of Armenia.”

Tigran Sarkisian (no relation to President Sarkisian), 52, has led the Armenian government since April 2008. Before that he headed the country’s Central Bank for 10 years. Tigran Sarkisian joined the ruling Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) in November 2009.

The Prime Minister and all members of his cabinet submitted their resignations to President Sarkisian as the new Armenian parliament elected on May 6 held its opening session on Thursday. Under the Armenian constitution, the head of state has ten days to appoint a new prime minister. The new government is to be formed within the following 20 days.

President Sarkisian will begin on Saturday consultations with senior lawmakers from the RPA and the Orinats Yerkir Party, its junior partner in the new ruling coalition, on the government’s composition.

The two parties signed a new power-sharing deal earlier this week. Orinats Yerkir is expected to retain control of three ministerial portfolios.

Hürriyet Daily:

Turkey Rebuffs US Call to Normalize Relations with Armenia

ANKARA / YEREVAN -- Ankara has rebutted a statement by the United States calling on Turkey to take steps to normalize its relations with Armenia, citing the Armenian Constitutional Court’s previous rulings on the two countries’ diplomatic protocols.

“Turkey’s position on the issue is clear,” a Turkish diplomat told the Hürriyet Daily News, adding that the Armenian court’s Jan. 12 decision established that the protocols conformed to the country’s constitution.

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton urged Turkey to normalize relations with Armenia, speaking to journalists in Yerevan on June 4, saying “the ball is in Turkey’s court.”

In the Armenian court’s decision about the constitutionality of protocols that could pave the way for diplomatic relations with Turkey, the Armenian Constitutional Court’s reference to the 1915 killings of Armenians at the hands of the Ottoman Empire has drawn ire from Ankara. The ref-erence to the killings in the ruling was against the spirit of the normalization process with Yerevan, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said after the Armenian court’s 2010 ruling. “We have never taken the protocol to our Constitutional Court. We took it directly to our Parliament, without mak-ing changes. We didn’t employ a mediator on the text. We didn’t carry out any read-between-the-lines operations. This is proof of our sincerity. Armenia has tried to change the text,” Erdogan said.

The fifth article of the court’s ruling makes reference to Armenia’s declaration of independ-ence in a manner that angered Turkey, while the document’s 11th paragraph says, “The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 genocide in

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Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia.” The accords, signed by the foreign ministers of Turkey and Armenia in October 2009, need parliamentary approval in both countries for ratification.

Turkey and Armenia currently have no diplomatic relations, as Ankara closed its border with the country in 1993 because of its war with Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh.

In 2009, the Turkish and Armenian foreign ministers signed protocols to establish diplomatic ties and reopen their shared border. The protocols also called for a joint commission to examine the two countries’ shared history. Along with the Armenian court’s decision, the normalization process stalled after Turkey faced a backlash from its traditional ally, Azerbaijan, and opposition at home.

Joyce Philibosian Stein Awarded Ellis Island Medal of Honor

NEW YORK -- Joyce Philibosian Stein, an ex-officio member of the Armenian Missionary Association of America (AMAA) Board of Directors, Co-Chair of the AMAA National Orphan and Child Care Committee, Trustee of the Stephen Philibosian Foundation and ex-officio member of the Board of Trustees for Haigazian University, was honored on May 12 by the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO), sponsors of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. The Ellis Island Medal of Honor was presented to Mrs. Stein on Ellis Island, where 12 million immigrants en-tered the United States from 1892 to 1954.

Each year since 1986, NECO has honored the nation’s diverse past by sponsoring the Ellis Island Medals of Honor. The Medals of Honor pay tribute to the ancestry groups that comprise America’s unique cultural mosaic. The Medals are presented on Ellis Island, in a dramatic ceremony, to American citizens from across the country for their outstanding contributions to their communities, their nation and the world.

Past Ellis Island Medal of Honor recipients include six Presidents of the United States, Nobel Prize winners, athletes, entertainers, and leaders of industry, education, the arts, government, media and others whose work has made a lasting impact on humanity. They are awarded to outstanding American citizens, from all walks of life, who have distinguished themselves through their significant contributions to this country. The Ellis Island Medal of Honor ranks among the nation’s most prestigious awards. The United States Senate and House of Representatives have offi-cially recognized the Medals of Honor, and each year the recipients are listed in the Congressional Record. To date, over 1,800 American citizens have received Ellis Island Medals of Honor.

Mrs. Stein is the daughter of the late Sirpuhe Philibosian Conte and Stephen Philibosian, a philanthropist, entre-preneur and a co-founder of Haigazian University in Beirut, Lebanon. Both having crossed the Ellis Island threshold, would be amazed to know their daughter was awarded this medal of honor. They were true Americans who in that spirit encouraged the very American pursuits of giving of oneself.

Mrs. Stein was born in New York City and attended Colby/Sawyer College, Southern Methodist University and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. She also holds an honorary degree from Haigazian University (LLD). She lived in St. Andrew’s Scotland while her husband, Joe, attended St. Mary’s College. She now resides with her

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husband in Indian Wells, CA. In keeping with her father’s legacy, Mrs. Stein has wholeheartedly supported the AMAA and Haigazian University in leadership positions. Among her many other contributions to philanthropic caus-es, she served as a volunteer and major fundraiser for the Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia and as Chair of the “Daisy Day” Fund, when President Dwight Eisenhower was the Honorary Chairman. She has also served as a mem-ber of the Support Committee of the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Her husband, Joe, represents AMAA in the United Armenian Fund and is involved in numerous other Arme-nian organizations and projects. Her daughter, Stephanie Landes, is a current member of the AMAA Board of Direc-tors and her daughter, Tina Segel, is a member of Haigazian University Board of Directors. She also actively serves on the LA Child and Orphan Committee and has sponsored the annual Luncheon and Fashion Show. Mrs. Stein is ac-tively involved in the lives of her six grandchildren.

“The AMAA congratulates Joyce on this very prestigious award,“said Levon Filian, Executive Director of the AMAA. “Joyce is a true leader who puts her heart and soul into each and every project to make the world a little bet-ter than how she found it.”

Dr. Aslanian Installed as Hovannisian Chair in

Modern Armenian History

LOS ANGELES -- The Society of Aarmenian Studies has installated Dr. Sebouh David Aslanian as the Rich-ard Hovannisian Chair in Modern Armenian History (endowed by the Armenian Educational Foundation) at the Uni-versity of California, Los Angeles. Aslanian was selected for the chair in April 2011 and is the author of From the In-dian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants From New Julfa (Univ. of California Press, 2011), which has received the PEN literary award for outstanding first book of the year from UC Press and the Houshang Pourshariati Iranian Studies Book Award from the Middle East Studies Association. Aslanian is currently gathering material for a book on the history of diasporic Armenian print culture.

Born and raised in Ethiopia, Aslanian is the grandson of Armenian immigrants who fled the Ottoman Empire in the 1890s. His maternal grandfather, George Djerrahian, co-founded the first privately owned printing press in Ethio-pia in 1931. The family emigrated to the United States in 1976, on the heels of the Ethiopian Revolution, and then settled in the United Arab Emirates, where Aslanian attended middle school, before moving to Canada.

After completing his undergraduate degree at McGill University in Montreal, Aslanian received his Ph.D. with distinction from Columbia University. Before joining UCLA's faculty, he taught at California State University, Long Beach; Cornell University; the University of Michigan; and Whitman College. From 2009 to 2010, Aslanian was a Mellon Foundation postdoctoral fellow in world history at Cornell.

Able to conduct research in a range of European languages (French, Italian and Spanish) as well as classical Armenian, Aslanian is fluent in the western and eastern dialects of modern Armenian. In addition, he is one of the

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few scholars active today who is able to conduct research in the dialect of Julfa — the home, until the early 17th cen-tury, of a group of Armenian merchants near today's republic of Armenia.

With the goal of illuminating the little-told history of French expansion into the Indian Ocean, Aslanian is now working on a microhistory of an Armenian merchant from Julfa, Marcara Avachintz, who in 1666 was appointed by Louis XIV and his minister of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, as the first regional director in the Indian Ocean and Iran of the newly created French East India Company.

He also is working on the history of the Santa Catharina, an Armenian-freighted ship that was seized by the British navy in 1748 against the backdrop of the War of the Austrian Succession. Using more than 2,000 pieces of family and mercantile correspondence that were on the ship at the time of its capture, Aslanian plans to illuminate the larger history of globalization in the Indian Ocean arena during the 17th and 18th centuries.

In addition, Aslanian is gathering material for a third book, on the history of diasporic Armenian print culture across a range of areas, including Venice, Amsterdam and Madras. In a related activity, he is organizing a two-day in-ternational conference at UCLA on the history of Armenian print culture. Entitled "Port Cities and Printers," the Nov. 10–11 conference will celebrate the 500th anniversary of the printing of the first Armenian book in Venice.

All Three Branches of US government Recognize the Armenian Genocide By Harut Sassounian Publisher, The California Courier

While readers are generally aware that the Executive and Legislative branches of the US government have recognized the Armenian Genocide, it is not as widely known that the US Judiciary has also reaffirmed the facts of the Armenian Genocide on several occasions. Indeed, all three branches of the US government have gone on record confirming that the Armenian Genocide was indeed a genocide.

The first time that the Executive branch made reference to the Armenian Genocide was back in 1951 in a key document filed by the US government with the International Court of Justice (World Court). It stated: "The Genocide Convention resulted from the inhuman and barbarous practices which prevailed in certain countries prior to and during World War II, when entire religious, racial and national minority groups were threatened with and subjected to deliberate extermination. The practice of genocide has occurred through-out human history. The Roman persecution of the Christians, the Turkish massacres of Armenians, the ex-termination of millions of Jews and Poles by the Nazis are outstanding examples of the crime of genocide."

The second reference by the Executive branch to the Armenian Genocide was made by Pres. Ronald Reagan when he issued Presidential Proclamation 4838 on April 22, 1981, in which he stated: "Like the genocide of the Armenians before it, and the genocide of the Cambodians which followed it -- and like too many other such persecutions of too many other peoples -- the lessons of the Holocaust must never be for-gotten."

The Legislative branch of the US government adopted two resolutions confirming the historical facts of the Armenian Genocide. The first resolution, approved by the US House of Representatives on April 8, 1975, designated April 24, 1975 "as a day of remembrance for all the victims of genocide, especially those of Armenian ancestry who succumbed to the genocide perpetrated in 1915." A second resolution was adopted by the House of Representatives on September 10, 1984, designating April 24, 1985 "as a day of remembrance for all the victims of genocide, especially the one and one-half million people of Armenian ancestry who were the victims of the genocide perpetrated in Turkey between 1915 and 1923." In addition, the House adopted two amendments on the Armenian Genocide in the 1996 and 2004 Foreign Operations Appropriation Act.

However, most people are unaware that the Judiciary, the third branch of the US government, has issued at least three federal court rulings concerning the Armenian Genocide:

The first judicial reference to the Armenian Genocide was the unanimous ruling of a three-judge panel of the First Circuit Court of Appeals on August 11, 2010. In a decision written by former US Supreme Court Justice David Souter, the court rejected a claim by an American-Turkish group that a curricular guide is-sued by the Massachusetts Education Commissioner explicitly referring to the Armenian Genocide should have included "contra-genocide" references.

The second court case involving the Armenian Genocide was the ruling of federal Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly on January 26, 2011, in the lawsuits regarding the Armenian Genocide Museum & Memorial in Washington, D.C. In the opening paragraph of her decision, Judge Kollar-Kotelly quoted the chilling words of Adolf Hitler: "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" She explained that Hitler was referring to "the largely successful efforts by the Ottoman-Turkish government to eliminate the Armenian population living on its historical homeland during the World War I era, known today as the

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Armenian Genocide." The Judge stated in a footnote that "the Court’s use of the term ‘genocide’ is not in-tended to express any opinion on the propriety of that label."

The third judicial reference to the Armenian Genocide was made on May 3, 2012, by a three-judge panel of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, denying the claim of the Turkish Coalition of America against the University of Minnesota. In a unanimous opinion, the judges referred unambiguously and without qualifi-cation to the Armenian Genocide, describing it as "the Turkish genocide of Armenians during World War I."

With all three independent branches of the US government going on record reaffirming the Armenian Genocide, the United States has gained its rightful place in the list of righteous nations that have recognized the Armenian Genocide. In fact, in many respects, the United States has compiled a more extensive record of acknowledging the Armenian Genocide than most other countries that have merely adopted a legislative resolution on this issue.

Joseph Orbeli (Armenian: Յովսէփ Աբգարի Օրբելի, Hovsep Abgari Orbeli; March 20, 1887 – February 2, 1961) was a renowned Soviet orientalist and academician of Armenian descent who specialized in medieval history of Southern Caucasus and administered the State Hermitage Mu-seum in Leningrad from 1934 to 1951. He was also the founder and first President of the Armenian Academy of Sciences (1943-47).

Early life and education Born into a medieval noble family in Kutaisi, Russian Georgia in 1887, Joseph Orbeli comple-

ted his secondary education at a classical gymnasium in Tiflis. In 1904, he was accepted to St. Peters-burg University. He studied history and philology (with a particular emphasis in Latin and Greek) and graduated from the university in 1911. During his student years, Orbeli accompanied his professor, Nicholas Marr, to Russian Armenia, where he took part in excavations of the ruins of the medieval Armenian capital of Ani. Marr pushed his pupil to fully immerse himself in the fields of archaeology, literature, lithography and linguistics; otherwise, Marr reasoned, he would find himself unprepared in his research and his studies.

Archaeological studies Following his graduation, Orbeli departed for Armenia once more. He became the director of

an on-site museum that was established at Ani and, during Marr's absences, frequently headed the ex-cavations himself. He also traveled to Nagorno-Karabakh (more precisely, to the historical region of Khachen), gathering and categorizing lithographic material. Orbeli also managed to travel to Turkish Armenia, where he was able to study Armenian, Seljuk, and Urartian monuments and conduct research on Armenian and Kurdish dialects.

Gradually, Orbeli was emerging as the leading authority on Armenian antiquities in the world. In 1912, he became a member of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society and in 1914, he began teaching Armenian and Kurdish studies at Saint Petersburg University. In 1916, he participated in a Russian archaeological expedition around the Lake Van region; it was here where he discovered an inscription attributed to the Urartian king Sardur II. He continued his work at St. Petersburg University (in 1917, he was appointed an assistant professor of Armenian-Georgian studies), but occasionally taught at Moscow's Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages as well. In the years leading up to the Russian Revolution, Orbeli published a number of books, including a catalogue of artifacts found at Ani and a series of studies dealing with classical philology, Armenian history, archaeology and art.

Academic work This led to his appointment to the Hermitage Museum, which he would steer through the hard-

ships of Joseph Stalin's purges and the Siege of Leningrad. Orbeli considerably enhanced the museum's holdings of Oriental art, making it one of the top oriental art museums in the world. No less important was Orbeli's role as head of the national school of Caucasus studies. Orbeli underscored the importance of linguistic studies for proper understanding of historical processes. In 1955-60, he was in charge of the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the Leningrad University. He was buried at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery in Leningrad.

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