© metpenstat i - fpsiui langkah-langkah penelitian research process 1 the research process
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© Metpenstat I - FPsiUI
Langkah-langkah Penelitian Research Process
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The Research ProcessGravetter & Forzano: The process of planning and conducting a
research study involves using the scientific method to address a specific question.
During the research process, researcher moves from a general idea to actual data collection and interpretation of the result
Along the way, the researcher is faced with a series of decision about how to proceed each choice has disadvantages as well as disadvantages
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Formulatinga research
problem
Formulatinga research
problem
Conceptualizinga research
design
Conceptualizinga research
design
Constructing an instrument for
data collection
Constructing an instrument for
data collectionSelectinga sample
Selectinga sample
Writing aresearchproposal
Writing aresearchproposal
Collectingdata
Collectingdata
Processingdata
Processingdata
Writinga research
report
Writinga research
report
Variables andhypotheses:
definitionand typology
Considerationsand steps informulating a
research problem
Literaturereview
Research design:functions
Methods andtools of data
collection
Sampling theoryand designs
Study designs
Validity andreliability of theresearch tool
Field test of theresearch
tool
Editingof thedata
Developinga codebook
Coding
Contents of theresearch proposal
Methods of dataprocessing;
Use of computersand statistics
Principles ofscientific writing
What How Conducting of the study
Operationalsteps
RequiredtheoreticalknowledgeRequiredintermediaryknowledge
The Research ProcessThe Research Process
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Writing aresearch
report
Processing data
Collecting data
Writing aresearch proposal
Selecting a sample
Constructingan instrument
for datacollection
Conceptualizinga research
design
Formulating a research
problem
Step I
Step II Step
III StepIV
Step VStep
VIStep VIII
Step VII
RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS
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The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)
1. Find a Research Idea:Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis
2. Define and Measure Variables
3. Identify Participants or Subjects
4. Select a Research Strategy
5. Select a Research Design6. Conduct the Study
7. Evaluate the Data
8. Report the Result
9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
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Step I
Formulating a research
problem
Step II
Step III
StepIV
Step V
Step VI
Step VIII
Step VII
Considerations & research steps in formulating research problem
Variables & hypotheses: definition and typology
Literature review
What How Conducting of the study
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Step 1:Formulating a Research
Problem Is the first step in the research process, tell
about what you intend to research Main Function: to decide what you want to find
out about menentukan arah penelitian: study design, measurement procedures, sampling strategy, etc.
Masalah penelitian ditentukan oleh: sumber dana, waktu yg tersedia, keahlian dan pengetahuan peneliti mengenai bidang yang diteliti
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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a
hypothesis Typically involves two parts:
○Selecting a general topic area○Reviewing the literature in that area to
find a specific research question or hypothesis
Gravetter & Forzano
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Finding an idea for research study involves 2 parts:
1) Selecting a general topic area sources: everyday experience, books, journal articles, or class work (i.e.: human development, perception, social interaction, etc).
○ Without intrinsic interest to sustain motivation, it is very easy for a researcher to get tired or bored, and give up before the research is completed
○ Original topic area will guide you through the literature and help to decide which research studies are important and which are not relevant
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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis “what is questions are still unanswered”○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
• Logical establish a connection between your research and the research result that have been obtained by others
• Testable It must be possible to observe and measure all variables involve. It must involve real situations, events, and individuals; not imagery or hypothetical events/situations JFK
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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
• Refutable must be possible to obtain results that are contrary to the prediction. The hypothesis allows the potential for the outcome to be different from the prediction
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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
• Positive hypothesis must make a positive statement about the existence of something: existence of relationship, existence of a difference, existence of treatment effect the basic nature of science is to assume that something does not exist until there is enough evidence to demonstrate that it actually does exist.ex. If we fail to find relationship = we fail to find convincing evidence (not conclude that relationship doesnot exist)
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Exercise:
Is the following hypothesis testable, refutable, and positive?
Hypothesis: Married couple who are regularly attend to religious services have more stable relationship than couples who do not.
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Step 2: Define and Measure Variables
The variables identified in the research hypothesis must be defined in a manner that makes it possible to measure
By defining the variables so they can be observed and measured, we are transforming the hypothesis into a specific well-defined that can be tested by making empirical observations
Example: aggressive behavior how it will be measured? fighting, mock, etc (Consider the characteristic of the participant to be measured)
Gravetter & Forzano
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Step II
Conceptualizinga research
design
Step I
Step III
StepIV
Step V
Step VI
Step VIII
Step VII
Literature review
Research design: functions
Study designs
What How Conducting of the study
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Step 2:Conceptualizing a Research
Design Desain penelitian: rancangan tentang
berbagai hal untuk melaksanakan penelitian, misalnya cara pengumpulan data, sampel, teknik analisis dll.
The strength of what you find largely rest on how it was found
Main function: to explain how you will answer to your research questions
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Step 4: Select a Research Strategy
Choosing research strategy involves deciding on the general approach you will take to evaluate your research hypothesis
Usually determined by one of two factors:
○The type of question askedEx: a) Is there a relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for preschool children?b) Will increasing the level of sugar consumption for preschool children cause an increase in their activity level?
○Ethics and other constraints
Gravetter & Forzano
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Step 5: Select a Research Design
Involve making decisions about the specific methods and procedures you will use to conduct the research study○One individual vs one group of
individuals?○Make a series of observation of the same
individuals over a period of time vs compare the behaviors of different individuals at the same time?
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Constructingan instrument
for datacollection
Step I
Step II
StepIV
Step V
Step VI
Step VIII
Step VII
Methods & tools of data collection
Validity & reliability of the research tool
Field test of the research
tool
Step III
What How Conducting of the study
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Step III:Constructing an Instrument for Data
Collection
Research Instrument/Research tool= a means of collecting information for your study
Metode pengumpulan informasi antara lain:- Observation forms- Interview schedules- Interview guides- Test
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Step III:Constructing an Instrument for Data
Collection
Steps to be followed:1) how are you going to collect data
primary data, or secondary data?2) construct a research instrument, or select
an already constructed one
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StepIV
Selecting a sample
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step V
Step VI
Step VIII
Step VII
Sampling theory & designs
What How Conducting of the study
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Step IV:Selecting a Sample
Sampel dan populasi Sampling: is the process of selecting a few (a
sample) from a bigger graoup (the sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of unknown piece of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group (Kumar, 2005, p. 164)
Tujuan sampling: untuk mendapatkan subjek yang merupakan sebagian dari populasi yang dapat mewakili karakteristik populasi
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Step 3: Identify Participants or Subjects
The individuals who take part in research studies are called participants tf they are human and subjects if they are nonhuman
You must decide whether you will place any restriction on the characteristic of participants
Example: Preschool children OR 4-year-old boy from two-parent, middle-income household who have been diagnosed with a specific learning disability
Determine: number of participants/subjects, where and how to recruit them
Gravetter & Forzano
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Step V
Writing aresearch proposal
Step I
Step II
Step III
StepIV
Step VI
Step VIII
Step VII
Contents of the research proposal
What How Conducting of the study
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Step V:Writing a Research Proposal
Proposal penelitian: overall plan tells a reader about the research problem and how you are planning to investigate and the argument to choose them
Main function: to detial the operational plan for obtaining answers to your research questions
○ What you are proposing to do○ How you plan to proceed○ Why you selected the proposed strategy
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Step V:Writing a Research Proposal
Content of research proposal: Pernyataan tentang tujuan penelitian Permasalahan dan hipotesis penelitian yang akan
diuji Desain penelitian yang digunakan Lokasi penelitian Alat ukur yang digunakan Besar sampel dan teknik pengambilan sampel Prosedur pengolahan data Sistematika penulisan laporan penelitian Masalah dan keterbatasan dari penelitian
(feasibility of the study) Jadwal pelaksanaan penelitian
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Step VI
Collecting data
Step I
Step II
Step III
StepIV
Step V
Step VIII
Step VII
Field test of the research
tool
Editing of the data
Developing a code book
Coding
What How Conducting of the study
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Step VI:Collecting Data
Mengumpulkan data untuk dapat menarik kesimpulan penelitian, misalnya melakukan wawancara, menyebarkan kuesioner, melakukan FGD atau diskusi kelompok, melakukan observasi
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Step 6: Conduct the Study Ready to collect data
○Laboratory or in the field (real world)?○ Individually or in groups?
= Implement the decision about manipulating, observing, measuring, controlling, and recording the different aspects of the study
Gravetter & Forzano
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Step VII
Processing Data
Step I
Step II
Step III
StepIV
Step V
Step VI
Step VIII
Methods of data processing; Use of
computers & statistics
What How Conducting of the study
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Step VII:Processing Data
Merupakan tahap mengolah data dan menganalisis hasil
Cara mengolah data yang dikumpulkan tergantung pada 2 hal yaitu:○Type of information – descriptive,
quantitative, qualitative or attitudinal )○The way you want to communicate your
findings to your readers
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Step 7: Evaluate the Data Once the data have been collected
use various statistical methods to examine and evaluate the data○Drawing graphs○Computing means or correlation○Determine whether the results can be
generalized to the rest of population
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Step VIII
Writing aresearch
report
Step I
Step II
Step III
StepIV
Step V
Step VI
Step VII
Principles of scientific writing
What How Conducting of the study
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Step VIII:Writing a Research Report
Melaporkan tentang apa yang telah dilakukan, apa yang telah ditemukan, dan kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian
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Step 8: Report the Results One important aspect of the scientific
method is that observations and result must be public
Two reasons to report result are:○The result become part of general
knowledge base that other people can use the answer questions or to generate new research ideas
○The research procedure can be replicated or refuted by other researchers
Gravetter & Forzano
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The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)
1. Find a Research Idea:Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis
2. Define and Measure Variables
3. Identify Participants or Subjects
4. Select a Research Strategy
5. Select a Research Design6. Conduct the Study
7. Evaluate the Data
8. Report the Result
9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
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Step 9: Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
Most research studies generate more questions than they answer
If the results support the original hypothesis, it does not mean that we find a final answer
Result that support a hypothesis lead to new questions by one of following route:○Test the boundaries of the result○Refine the original research question