行動商務與無所不在的運算 (mobile commerce and pervasive computing)

行動商務與無所不在的運算(Mobile Commerce and

Pervasive Computing)

淡江大學資管系所侯永昌 2

Mobile ComputingMobile commerce (m-commerce, m-

business) Any business activity conducted over a

wireless telecommunications network Connect a mobile device to a computing

network or to another computing device, anytime, anywhere

Offer a computing environment suitable for workers who travel outside the boundaries of their workspace or for anyone on the move


The Mobile Commerce Landscape


Mobile Computing

However, the small screen size and limited bandwidth of most computing devices have limited consumer interest

Instead, it is intrabusiness applications that are receiving most of the attention and that offer the best short-range benefits for business


Mobile Computing Devices (1)Make computers small enough

Personal digital assistant (PDA) Smartphone Blackberry: A handheld device principally used

for e-mail OQO: full-featured Windows XP computer that

fits in your pocket Ogo: instant messenger, e-mail, text messaging

Replace wires with wireless communication


Mobile Computing Devices (2)Synchronization

The exchange of updated information with other computing devices

Docking stations Recharge their batteries Connect to attachable keyboards or larger

display screen Provide for fast Synchronization

Attachable keyboards and/or desktop display screen


The Wireless Mobile Environment


Challenges for Mobile Computing SoftwareThere are a number of competing

standards for application development on various devices

Software applications have to adapt to match the requirements of the device

Small display screens Reduced bandwidth Limited input capabilities Restricted memory


Mobile Computing Software (1)Mobile operating system

e.g., Palm OS, Windows CE, EPOC

Mobile application user interface Touch screen Mini-joystick Jog dial Thumb wheel

Microbrowser Wireless Web browser designed to operate

with small screens, limited bandwidth and minimal memory requirements


Mobile Computing Software (2)Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

A suite of network protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to access WAP-readable files on an Internet-connected Web server

Wireless Markup Language (WML) A scripting language used to create content in

the WAP environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed


Mobile Computing Software (3)Compact Hypertext Markup Language

(cHTML) A scripting language used to create content in

i-modeExtensible Hypertext Markup Language

(xHTML) A general scripting language; compatible with

HTML; set by W3 ConsortiumVoice XML (VXML)

An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice


WAP Architecture


Mobile Computing Services (1)Short Message Service (SMS)

A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones

Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) An extension of SMS that can send simple

animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted text

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) The next generation of wireless messaging;

MMS will be able to deliver rich media


Mobile Computing Services (2)Micropayments

Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10), e.g. text messaging, graphic-ring download

Global positioning system (GPS) A worldwide satellite-based tracking system

that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth

It can support location-based services


Mobile Computing Services (3)The most natural mode of human

communication is voice. Advantages are: Hands- and eyes-free operation Better operation in dirty or moving environments Fast input Ease-of-use for disabled people

Increased use of voice-support service exploits the built-in audio capabilities of many mobile devices and reduce the device’s dependence on less-than-satisfactory input solutions


Mobile Computing Services (4)Interactive voice response (IVR)

A computer voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone

Voice portal A Web site with an audio interface that can be

accessed through a telephone call

Mobile services is a rapidly developing area as increased bandwidth (e.g. 3G) becomes widespread, and as mobile commerce becomes more commonplace


Wireless Telecommunications Networks

Personal Area NetworksWireless Local Area NetworksWireless Metropolitan Area NetworksWireless Wide Area Networks


Personal Area Networks (PAN)A wireless telecommunications network for

device-to-device connections within a small range, typically a single room

Bluetooth A set of telecommunications standards (IEEE

802.15) that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances of up to 10 meters

Use low-power radio technology in the 2.4GHz Up to 7 connections can be made


Limitations of BluetoothThe communication range is very shortThe communication is very directional, objects

located in between can interrupt the connection2.4 GHz is a commonly used radio range,

interference can arise from other sourcesSecurity can be a problem, especially, if the

default low-level setting is usedInfrequent users sometimes have difficulty

finding the right profile and doing the necessary set-up procedures to make the initial paring


Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

A telecommunications network that enables users to make medium-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network

Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) The common name used to describe the

IEEE 802.11 standard used on most WLANs


Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)802.11b

The most popular Wi-Fi standard It is inexpensive and offers sufficient speed (11 Mbps)

for range up to 100 meters for indoor use and up to 275 meters for open space and outdoor use

However, interference can be a problem

802.11a This Wi-Fi standard is faster (54 Mbps) than 802.11b

but has a smaller range (maximum of 25 meters)

802.11g This fast (54 Mbps) and strong signal range like

802.11b but expensive Wi-Fi standard is mostly used in businesses


Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

Wireless access point An antenna that connects a mobile device to a

wired LAN

Hotspot An area or point, located in airports, hotels,

restaurants, and conference centers, where a wireless laptop or PDA can make a connection to a wireless local area network


How Wi-Fi Works


Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)

One obvious limitation of WLAN is the word local. A man traveling around a city will always have to search for another hotspot to make an Internet connection

Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)

A telecommunications network that enables users to make long-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network


WiMaxA wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband

network connections over a large area of up to 50 kilometers

Use a radio-based, ultrawide bandwidth, offering normal data transfer speeds of 70 Mbps and peaks of up to 268 Mbps

Wimax’s biggest impact may not be in cities with crowded airwaves, a Wimax service would have to use a costly spectrum. Competition from mobile telephone carriers and Wi-Fi also may tend to blunt its impact

Wimax seems ideal for the delivery of high broadband speeds to rural area without a mature communications infrastructure


Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

A telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage over a large geographical area, typically over a cellular phone network

Subscriber identification module (SIM) card

An extractable storage card used for identification, customer location information, transaction processing, secure communications, and the like


Cellular Telephone Network


WWAN Communication BandwidthsWhen a device is turned on, a SIM card inside the

device identifies itself to the networkAs the mobile phone user changes physical

location, the mobility management protocol in the mobile switching station directs each base station controller to make the handoff from one transceiver to the next

The size of a cell is determined by the number of objects that may interfere with the signal and the traffic volume. A cell in a dense urban area is likely to be few hundred feet wide, whereas in rural area may be over 6 miles in size


WWAN Communication Bandwidths1G. The first generation of wireless technology,

which was analog based, exclusively for voice2G. The second generation of digital wireless

technology; accommodates voice and text2.5G. An interim wireless technology that can

accommodate voice, text, and, limited graphics3G. The third generation of digital wireless

technology; supports rich media such as video4G. The expected next generation of wireless

technology that will provide faster display of multimedia


Comparison of 2G and 3G


Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

WWAN Communication Protocols Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): 1G Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): 2G Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): 3G

WWAN Network Systems Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM): most popular standard, use in over 170 countries and with 72% of the world’s market

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC): in Japan IS-95 and IS-136: in U.S.


Value-added Attributes of Mobile CommerceUbiquity

Available at any location at any timeConvenience

Increasing in functionality and usability while remaining the same size or becoming smaller

Interactivity Customer support and delivery of services are

immediate and highly interactive in MC environmentPersonalization

Delivery of information, products, and services designed to meet the needs of individuals consumers

Mobile devices are truly personal computing devicesLocalization

Knowing where a user is physically located at any particular moment is key to offering relevant services


Drivers of M-CommerceWidespread availability of more powerful

devicesThe handset cultureThe service-based economyVendor’s pushThe mobile workforceIncreased mobilityImproved price/performanceImprovement of bandwidth


Mobile Financial ApplicationsMobile Banking

Mobile access to financial and account information

Financial-alert applicationsWireless Electronic Payment Systems

Purchasing tool for food, beverages, tickets, parking garages, public transportation, …

The success of micro-payment applications depends on the cost of transactions and the willingness of the mobile service provider to accept the risk of potential nonpayments by customers


Mobile Financial ApplicationsE-wallet

A piece of software that stores an online shopper’s credit card numbers and other personal information so that the shopper does not have to reenter that information for every online purchase

M-wallet (mobile wallet) Technologies that enable cardholders to make

purchases with a single click from their wireless device

Wireless Bill Payments A number of companies now provide the option of

paying bills directly from a cell phone


Mobile ShoppingAn increasing number of online vendors

allow customers to shop from wireless devices

Enables customers to use cell phones or wireless PDAs to:

Perform quick searches Compare prices Use a shopping cart Order View the status of their order


Targeted AdvertisingMarketers send user-specific advertising

messages to wireless devicesLocation-sensitive advertising (using GPS)

informs buyers about shops, malls, and restaurants close to where the mobile device owner is located

Currently short message service (SMS) is the principal technology used to deliver advertising to cell phone


Content ProvisionMobile portal

A customer interaction channel that aggregates content and services for mobile users

i-mode: the best well-known mobile portal News Sports Entertainment and travel information Restaurants and event information Leisure-related services (games, TV and movie listing) E-mail Community services Stock trading; …


Mobile Intrabusiness Applications (1)

Support of Mobile Employees Sales force mobilization

The process of equipping sales force employees with wireless computing devices

• Increase employee productivity

• Improve customer service levels

• Increase employee morale and job satisfaction



Job Dispatch• mobile devices are becoming an integral part of

the groupware and workflow applications• Mobile computing can assist in assigning jobs

to mobile employees and provide workers with detailed information about the task

• A dispatching application for wireless devices allows improved response with reduced resources, real-time tracking of work orders, increased dispatcher efficiency, and a reduction in administrative work



Wearable devices• Mobile wireless computing devices for

employees who work on buildings, electrical poles, and other climbable workplaces

• Workers wear these devices on their arms, clothes, helmets or other parts of their bodies– Screen– Camera– Keyboard– Touch-panel display– Speech translator



Customer Support

Mobile access extends the reach of CRM to both employees and business partners on a 24/7 basis, to any place where recipients are located

Sales force mobilization Field services


B2B M-Commerce and Supply Chain ManagementUse of wireless communication to share

information along the supply chain and to collaborate with partners

By integrating the mobile computing device into supply chain communications, it is possible to:

Make mobile reservations of goods Remotely check availability of a particular item in the

warehouse Order a customized product from the manufacturing

department Provide secure access to confidential financial data

from a management information system


Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications

Mobile GamesWireless Telemedicine

Digital images and data transfer from one location to another

Video-conferencing used for real-time consultation

Other Mobile Computing Services for Consumers Providing news, weather, sports report, language

translator, information about tourist attractions, …

Non-Internet Mobile Applications for Consumers Mainly used in transportation industry, such as smart

cards used to pay transportation fees and road tolls


Location-Based Mobile CommerceDelivery of m-commerce transactions to

individuals in a specific location, at a specific time

The services provided through location-based m-commerce focus on five key areas:

Location: determine the basic position of a person / thing Navigation: plot a route from one location to another Tracking: monitor the movement of a person / thing Mapping: create maps of specific geographical locations Timing: determine the precise time at a specific location


Location-Based Mobile CommerceGlobal Positioning System (GPS)

A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth

Geographical information system (GIS) An information system that integrates GPS

data onto digitized map displays

An interesting application of GPS/GIS is now available from several car manufacturers and car rental companies


Location-Based Mobile CommerceEmergency Response Cell Phone Calls

Wireless 911 (e-911)

In the United States, emergency response calls from cellular phones

Automatic crash notification (ACN)

Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash


Location-Based Mobile Commerce

Telematics The integration of computers and wireless

communications to improve information flow It uses the principles of telemetry, the science

of measuring physical phenomena such as temperature, volume, or an on/off condition at a remote point and transmitting the value to a distant recorder or observer


Barriers to Location-Based Mobile CommerceAccuracy of devices

Not as accurate as people expectedThe cost-benefit justification

Benefits do not justify the cost requiredLimited network bandwidth

Will be improved as 3G spreadsInvasion of privacy

Have their whereabouts and movements tracked throughout the day


M-Commerce Security IssuesMalicious Code: VirusesTransaction Security:

Confidentially, authentication, authorization, and integrityWireless Communication:

Transmit in open-airPhysical Security of Mobile Devices

Because of their small size, devices are easily lost or stolen and provide the thief with valuable data

Ease of Use Ease-of-use factors work against fulfillment of security

goals; couple this with privacy and anonymity that personal computing devices provide, the opportunities for abuse rise dramatically


Technological Barriers to M-CommerceWeb sites are not designed for viewing by mobile

devices and thus are unviewable or unfriendly to mobile devices

It is difficult or impossible to download large files because of the limited storage capacity and information access speed

Navigation systems have to be fast and designed for mobile devices

Text-based and black-and-white graphics make mobile shopping difficult

Limited battery life and transmission interference with home appliances


Technological Barriers to M-Commerce


Ethical, Legal, and Health Issues in M-CommerceIsolation that mobile devices can impose on a

workforceDoes company have the right to monitor voice

communications on a company-owned cell phoneNeed for cell phone etiquettePotential health damage from cellular radio

frequency emissionsMonitoring staff movements based on a GPS-

enabled devicesMaintaining an appropriate work-life balance when

work can be conducted anywhere at anytime


Lessons learned from Project Failures in M-CommerceDo not start without appropriate infrastructureDo not start a full-scale implementation; use a small pilot

for experimentationPick an appropriate architecture (e.g., some users do not

need to be persistently connected)Talk with a range of users, some experienced and some

not, about usability issuesUsers must be involved; hold biweekly meetings if possibleEmploy wireless expertsWireless is a different medium from other forms of

communication. Remember that people are not used to the wireless paradigm


Overview of Pervasive Computing

Mobile computing is usually represented by devices that users hold, carry, or wear

Pervasive (ubiquitous) computing

Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us


Principles of Pervasive Computing (1)

Decentralization Computing devices in the future will not be

computers, but tags, sensors, badges, and commonplace objects all cooperating together in a service-oriented infrastructure

Diversification Computing device will evolve from a fully

functional one-computer-does-all paradigm to one in which specialized, diversified devices will suit the requirements of an individual for a specific purpose


Principles of Pervasive Computing (2)

Connectivity Open, common standards will be required to

achieve this level of connectivity and interoperability

Simplicity Intuitive interfaces Speech recognition One-handed operation Instant-on Always connected


Overview of Pervasive ComputingLocation can be a significant differentiator when it

comes to providing services; however, it is not enough to meet the user’s needs, we still need to know the information of relevant contextual attributes

Context awareness It refers to capturing a board range of contextual attributes

to better understand the consumer’s needs and to determine what products or services may be required to fulfill those needs

Contextual computing The enhancement of a user’s interactions by

understanding the user, the context, and the applications and information required


Pervasive Computing Initiatives

Radio frequency identification (RFID)Smart HomesSmart AppliancesSmart CarsSmart ClothesSensor networks


Radio frequency identification (RFID)Technology that uses radio waves to

identify itemsElectronic product code (EPC)

An RFID code that identifies the manufacturer, producer, version, and serial number of individual consumer products

Universal product code (UPC) The UPC is a 12-digit number that is

represented by bars and spaces of varying widths, readable by a bar code scanner


Advantages of RFIDRFID tag does not require line-of-sight

contact to be readRFID tags are not printed on paper, so they

are less likely to be ripped, soiled, or lostRFID tag identifies the item, not just

manufacturer and product. EPC will provide the ability to track individual items

Improving supply chain collaboration Eliminating human error from data collection Reducing inventories, loss, and waste Improving safety and security


Factors that Determine RFID FutureHow many companies will mandate that

business partners use RFID? So far, only Wal-Mart and the U.S. DoD have

required such use

Privacy issues raised by the use of the tagsThe cost of tags and the needed

information systems to support RFID use is still high and is likely to remain so


Smart HomesIn a smart home, the home computer, television,

light and heating controls, home security system, and many appliances within the home can “talk” to each other via Internet or a home intranet

Lighting: on/off/dim Energy management: heat, ventilation, air

condition Water control: by moisture-detection sensors Home security and communications: windows,

doors, smoke detectors Home entertainment: audio and video center


Smart AppliancesAn Internet-ready appliance that can be controlled by a

small handheld device or desktop computer via a home intranet or the Internet

A networked appliance potentially could provide the manufacturer, as well as the owner of the appliance, with information that could be used to monitor the appliance’s operation, performance, and usage

To date, however, consumers have shown little interest in smart appliances. As a result, manufacturers are focusing on improving people’s lives by eliminating repetitive, low-attention tasks

The biggest technical barriers is the fact that most homes lack a broadband connection to the Internet


Smart CarsAutomobile today contains at least 20

microprocessors that are invisible Control entertainment system Decide when to shift gear Control inside temperature Remember seat position for different drivers Improve safety such as collision avoidance, computer

vision for car, vehicle stability, and driver monitoring Provide emergency assistance, driving directions, e-

mail, and other services

Smart cars eventually will be able to drive themselves


Smart ClothesClothes with RFIDSmart jacket with MP3 player and hands-

free cell phoneSmart socks (conductive wire in wool socks

to warm up cold toe)Electrotextiles (antennas sewn into soldier’s

vests for communication)Body-sensing fabrics (cotton T-shirt that

can monitor the wearer’s heart rate, body temperature, and other vital signs)


Sensor network

A series of interconnected sensors that monitor the environment in which they are placed and report collected information to a network

Sensor networks can: Protect the environment Public safety Monitor business and agricultural areas


Barriers to Pervasive ComputingFor pervasive systems to be widely

deployed, it is necessary to overcome many of the technical, ethical, and legal barriers associated with mobile computing

Privacy is in great danger in a world of embedded internetworked devices


Managerial Issues (1)

1. What’s our timetable? Only a small number of large-scale m-

commerce applications have been deployed to date. This means that companies still have time to carefully craft an m-commerce strategy

2. Which applications first? For the near term, applications that enhance

the efficiency and effective of mobile workers are likely to have the highest payoff


Managerial Issues (2)3. Is it real or just a buzzword?

In the short run, m-commerce and location-based m-commerce may be just buzzwords due to the many limitations they now face. However, in the long run, both concepts will fly

4. Which system to use? Researching the vendors and products

carefully is important. An unbiased consultant can be of great help

Make sure an m-commerce strategy fits into the organization’s overall business strategy is most critical of all


Summary (I)1. What is m-commerce?

M-commerce is any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network

2. Characteristics of mobile devices Small screens, reduced memory, limited bandwidth,

and restricted input capabilities

3. Wireless software development is difficult M-commerce applications requires the software

adapt to the device rather than the other way around Lack of standards

4. M-commerce support services Short message service, micropayments, voice, and

location-based services


Summary (II)5. Wireless telecommunications networks

Mobile computing devices connect to networks or other devices at personal, local, metropolitan, or wide-area level

Bluetooth (personal) and cellular phone networks (wide area) are well known and well established in the marketplace

Wi-Fi (local) is new but increasing popular; WiMax (metropolitan) is still being tested

6. Value-added attributes of m-commerce Ubiquity, convenience, interactivity, personalization,

and localization


Summary (III)7. Drivers of m-commerce

Large numbers of users of mobile devices; a developing cell phone culture among youth; demands from service-oriented customers; vendor marketing; declining prices; a mobile workforce; improving performance for the price; and increase bandwidth

8. Finance, advertising, and content-providing applications

Location-based advertising and advertising via SMSs is expected to increase

Mobile portals aggregate and provide content and services for mobile users


Summary (IV)9. Intrabusiness applications

Sales force mobilization, inventory management, and wireless job dispatch offer the best opportunities for high return on investment for most organizations

10.B2B and SCM applications B2B applications integrated with SCM are facilitating

cooperation between business partners

11.Consumer applications Travel, gamming, information services, and health

care


Summary (V)12. Location-based commerce.

The delivery of services using the location of the device, as determined by GPS, is emerging in advertising, emergency response, and transport industries

13. Limitations of m-commerce. The need to secure transmission over open air and

through multiple connected networks The biggest technological changes relate to the

usability of the devices Ethical, legal, and health issues can arise from the

use of m-commerce, especially in the workplace


Summary (VI)14. Pervasive computing

This is the world of invisible computing in which virtually every object has an embedded microprocessor that is connected in a wired or wireless fashion to the Internet

Smart homes, smart appliances, smart cars, and other applications of pervasive computing will provide a number of life-enhancing, consumer-centric, and B2B applications

行動商務與無所不在的運算 (mobile commerce and pervasive computing)

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