高 三 英 语Module 10 Unit 1Building the future

Grammar-1

Linking words授课教师：黄 长 泰

Links are needed between sentences to connect the ideas of the sentences to each other. Without these links, it is easy for readers to get confused. These links help readers work out what is going to happen next in a text.

Linking words

The World Food Program, set up in 1963, has three polices: , to save lives in times of crisis by sending grains such as rice; to improve nutritional standards and the quality of life in poor countries; , to help develop the resources of these countries and to help unemployed people because independent.

firstlySecondly,

and thirdly

Passage 2 on page 2

Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, now, in the end, etc are time sequence words, which show the order of ideas or actions. They are linking words.

1. Time sequence words ( 时间顺序关联词语 )

They show reasons and results of

doing something. Common

expressions that show cause and effect

include for one thing, therefore, so, as

a result, etc.

2. Cause and effect words ( 因果关系词语 )

Reporter: Why did you organize the

concert?

Bob: Well, I wanted to raise money for

the hungry people.

Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to

raise money for the hungry people.

It rained, and the football match

was postponed.

It rained, and therefore the football

match was postponed.

They are also important links between sentences and introduce an idea that is in contrast to the idea mentioned before. Common examples include however, in contrast, instead, on the

contrary, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc.

3. Contrasting words ( 对照关联词语 )

He is tired; let me go instead.

The news may be unexpected; it is true.

He is tired; let me go.

The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it is true.

They introduce additional information.

Common expressions that show

addition include also, on top of

something, above all, besides,

furthermore, in addition, moreover, etc.

4. Addition words ( 附加关联词语 )

He has made up his mind to go to the

countryside, and I also.

Also present at the meeting are the

president himself and his wife.

The task is difficult; besides, time presses.

1) Linking words that draw a conclusion, such as to conclude, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in short, etc.

To conclude, you should eat healthily and exercise if you want to be fit.

6. Some more linking words.

My son has a good job. My daughter has a good job. In brief, my wife and I do not have to support them financially any longer.

2) Linking words that give an example, such as for example, for instance, in this / that case, etc.

I have always been interested in sport, for instance, when I was at school I was in the swimming, running, and tennis teams.A: There’s no milk in the fridge.B: In that case, I’ll drink water instead.

3) Linking words that show differences or similarities, such as likewise, yet, despite, in spite of, etc.

Tom comes home for lunch twice a week, and his sister Jane does likewise.I have given her a lot of useful advice, yet she has never taken any.Despite the heavy rain, they left to search for the missing boy.

Read the following sentences (correct wrong sentences)

1. Although he is young, but he knows a lot.去掉 Although 把 he 改成 He; 或去掉 but.

2. Since the day went on, the weather got worse.

Since 改为 As, 或 : With the day going on,…

3. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listener’s curiosity unless he reaches the end of story.

4. Roses need special care because they can live through winter.

把 unless 改成 until

把 because 改成 so that

5. We wouldn’t give up even if we could fail 10 times.

6. You should try to get a good night’s sleep whatever much work you have to do.

√

whatever 改成 however

Correct

Exercises1. Finish part A on page 9.

Time sequence

Cause and effect

Contrasting

Addition Other

during the 1970s and 1980s;as

therefore;as a result

however;instead;but

moreover in fact;as long as;still

2. Finish part B on page 9.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

so

Firstly

Secondly

Thirdly

However

For one thing

3. Finish part C1 on page 100.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

for one thing

Nevertheless

On top of thisFurthermore

However

Fill in the blanks with proper linking wordsYou will usually encounter new words _____ you read. ___ there are too many new words for you, then the level is too high ___ you should find something simpler. ___ if there are ,say, a maximum of five new words per page, you will learn this vocabulary easily. You may not even need to use a dictionary ________ you can guess the meaning from the rest of the book ___ article (from the context). ________ do you learn new words, but you see them being used naturally.

whenIf

andBut

because

or Not only

4. Write a passage ‘Living In The City’ using proper linking words according to the chart below.

Advantages Disadvantages找工作容易 生活消费高交通便利 人口多 , 拥挤有公园、饭店等休闲场所

空气污染、居住环境差

Living in a city has advantages and disadvantages. _________, it is easier to find work in a city. ________, there are always many choices of public transport. ________, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, go to cinemas and go to parts whenever you want to relax.

First of allSecondly

Besides

________, living in a city is often very

expensive. You must find a well-paid job,

_________, you will not be able to afford

the things you will do. ___________, the

city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It

is very difficult to find a good place where

people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in

the countryside.

However

otherwise

What’s more

1. Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ____ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.

A. because B. though C. unless D. if

2. ____ everyone knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more.

A. For B. Even C. Since D. However

A

C

3. We were in ____ when we left that we forget the airline tickets.

A. a rush so anxious

B. a such anxious rush

C. so an anxious rush

D. such an anxious rush

C

4. The WTO can’t live up to its name ____ it dose not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.

A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though5. John may phone tonight, I don’t want to go out

_____ he phones. A. as long as B. in order that C. in case D. so that

C

C

6. The shop doesn’t open until 11 a.m., ____ it loses a lot of business.

A. for B. or C. but D. so

7. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem ____ they themselves couldn’t.

A. once B. then C. while D. if

D

C

8. Paul had to write history paper, ____ he couldn’t find time to do it.

A. but B. so C. because D. if

9. Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercises. ____ our minds are developed by learning.

A. Probably B. Likely

C. Similarly D. Generally

A

C

10. Start out right away, ____ you’ll miss the first train.

A. and B. but C. or D. while

11. Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active process ____ it requires attention as well as memory and imagination.

A. until B. but C. unless D. for

C

D

12. ____ I can see, there’s only one possible way to keep away from the danger.

A. As long as B. As far as

C. Just as D. Even if

13. We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.

A. when B. while C. until D. before

B

A

14. Stand over there ____ you’ll be able to see it better.

A. or B. while C. but D. and

15. There are a lot of spelling mistakes; ____ it’s quite a good article.

A. even so B. even though

C. though D. instead

D

A

5. catch up on (P9)to do something you did not have time to do earlier 弥补

She's staying late at the office to catch up with / on some reports.

我必须尽快写完我的回信。 I must catch up on my correspondence. 我有许多工作需要补做。I have got much work to catch up on.

Homework

1. Write down the composition after

class.

2. Read the points on Page 8 and finish

C1 on Page 100 in the workbook.