˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/teikoohtsuka... · tence...

25
膇膤臦膈膞臸膰臞腣腍腓腮 膈臈臨臉腹腻腺腳腴腱臵臲腤 膊臥臅腣腝腊腞 i 1. ῎ῌ῏῍ 膬膝腟腥膇膤臦膈膰臞臲腣膎臦腖腯腚臱腢腹腻腺腳腴腱腰臲腊腮腕 腠腏膊臥腣腢腜腞腊腮腁腇腣致腮膰臞腤膢膍腰膧腌腮腠腕腤腫腋腢腹腻 腳腴腱腰臦膈膞臸膰臞腣臰臷腞腮自膮腰臊膚臛腣膲腨腮腕腠腥臬膓腤 膇膤膙膅腣腠腜腞臑腊腣膂臭腤腉腮腕腠腠膧腌腬腯腮臠腣臩膈腤臦膈腰 臆膑腣膹臟腘腮腕腠腥“natural” 腢臦膈腰臁腣腝腓腮腚腩腤膺至腢至臎腟 腉腭膏膩膤膹臟腣腍腊腞腥臧臃腤至膠腟腉腮腙腕腟膓臇腤膇膤臩膈腤 臦膈腰膸腭膿腔膈臈臨臉腻腾腄腹腻腺 Speech Analyzer 腣腫腮臨臉腰臲腊 腀腇腟臏腌腚腛腓腟腥臮膑腣臋臮腗腣腑腊臩膈腤膈膉腤膪膃腰膈臈腸 腼腶腺膀腷腽腻腣腫腭膱膒臛腣膳腗腞腫腭腐腩膭腎腊臦膈膰臞腣臰臷腞腮 膊臥臅腰臒腜腚 ii 臬膦腟腥臩膈腤臔腤 /i/ />/ 腤膪膃腰膸腭膿腔腞臖膫腗腚腕腤臢腝 腤膄腊腥臤臬臂膇膤膓膹膷腣腠腜腞腥腗腦腗腦 腲腄腠腊腋 膈腤 臗腖腤膪腠腗腞腤腨臏腌腬腯腮腕腠腏臐腊臐腑腤膓臇腣腠腜腞膇 膤膈臈膓腤膙膋膼腢腡腟臄膳腖腯腚臌腤膨臙臍膣腤膁臓臀腤膟臖膈膗 膔腤膛臣腤膜臕臝 (tense, lax) 腢腡腠膖臹腗腚 膈膶腤膄腊腰臶膌腗腞臦 膈腘腮腕腠腥臡腗腊腧腚/>/ 腥腗腦腗腦 腲腠腵腤臔膕腤膈腠腊腋腫腋 腢臋臮腏腢腖腯腞腊腮腏腕腤腫腋腢膰臞腥 />/ palatalize 膥膐膈腠腗 腞臦膈腖腯腮腕腠腰臫腒膂臭腥腉腮腪腤腤膓膹膷腏腕腯腣腫腜腞膵臨腤 臦膈腤臖膈臜腏臆腗腊腎腡腋腎腰膡膚腩腮腚腩腤膘膻腠腥腢腬腢腊膆自213

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Page 1: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

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Page 2: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

���������� ����� ���� ������������

���� !" #$%&'()*�+(�,-./0�1�2 Gimson’s

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Page 3: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

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Page 4: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

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Page 5: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

4. /i/� /I/�������������� �����

(1) /i/� /I/����������

/i/��������� (1980: 24�25)�� �������� ��

����������������������� ��� !"#$%�

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A� />/������� ������B CD��5EFG(����H�I

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�V��W� X�Y�#��K /i/� />/���Z�V�S1,��.[

\]5�[���"&#��X^_5Y���,�

/i/����`������B��K� Gimson (2008: 106�107)5a�b

!Zc�de?,�

The front of the tongue raised to a height slightly below and behind

the front close position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with

the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars. (106)

fg�B />/����`������h� X�QL���,�

The short RP vowel />/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue

nearer to centre than to front raised just above the close-mid

position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax (compared

with the tension for /i:/), with the side rims making a light contact

with the upper molars. (107)

ijk������l�m�n�o�pqS high. low.B "#� front

. back.�r���B As��h� X�tKYuv,�

�217�

Page 6: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

������������� ����������������

�� ����� !"#$%&'�() (Tense)*�+, (Lax)$-./

0#1�#���2314 56����7�81��$291:

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jklmne�o����p!1N��#0� qrQst/0uvZ14 7

w� �xy��#0 Ladefoged (1993: 191)�z����uv/0#14

� 3 International Phonetic Alphabet (1989)�H

�218�

Page 7: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

The quality of a sound such as a vowel depends upon its overtone

structure. Putting this another way, we can say that a vowel sound

contains a number of di#erent pitches simultaneously. There is the

pitch at which it is actually spoken and there are the various

overtone pitches that give it its distinctive quality. We distinguish

one vowel from another by the di#erences in overtones that are

audible.

����� pitch����� ����������������

�� pitch����� !��� �"���#� (overtone)�$%�

&'�('���) �*� ��#��(��&'� ������ [a] [e]

[i] [o] [u]�+�(,�-*�����.-���).�!/!�#��

�012345678�� 9 1�:�*��9 2�;<�=�&,�>�

?@-*�=AB�) .A�9���C�DEF�&,�GHIJ

K4LM�N�O*�=�) .�>�?@PGHIJK4 (formant)-�

� �C Q�RSTUA V 1GHIJK4 V 2GHIJK4 V

3GHIJK4-WX���) .A�GHIJK4��U�� Y�V

1�*��V 2GHIJK4�&'����Z"�[\]^A�)

_�������`aPbc�V 1-V 2GHIJK4-de����

fgP Ladefoged (2005: 41�43)�h�&,�ij*���)

As we saw when we first discussed formants, the first formant has a

low pitch for i (heed), a high pitch for (hod), and a low pitch again

for u (who’d). This is the opposite of what the tongue does (high in

heed, low in hod, and high again in who’d). So if we want to make a

chart that shows both the vowel formants and an approximation of

the tongue positions, we have to make the scale for the first formant

go downwards, with low values at the top and high values at the

�219�

Page 8: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

bottom.�� We also saw that the second formant is high for i (heed)

and lower for u (who’d). Tongue is in the front of the mouth for i

(heed) and the back in u (who’d).�� So it is apparent that the

frequency of the second formant is related to something else as well

as tongue position. The answer is that a major part of the lowering

of the second formant is due to the increase in lip rounding.

����� ��� ���� 1������������������

���� ������� ���������� !"#$��%& '

�()�������� ��� ��*��+"�%, �-.�/

01#%& 23� 456���789:;�<=�� 2������

���� >��� ?;�<=���>�% �@& A$�B57

CDEF� 2�������GHI#3)"�"� J�7�CD$�% �

� 2��������>�%&

(3) �������� /i/� /I/ � 1, � 2��������� �

KLMNOP1#% /i/ />/5QRST�UVWX�� Native

Speaker1�YJ@�Z�A�%1#[@\] ^ 11_$�%J@�

������`�abc�Y���ad�#%\ �@, �ef

�+">%& Ladefoged (1993: 193)1�American English vowels�g�

"� /i/� 1������ hi? F1 j�k� � 2������ hi? F2

j�k� � 3������ hi? F3 j�k ��� !"l�m��

280 Hz, 2,250 Hz, 2,890 HzIno!� pE� />/�g�"� 400 Hz, 1,920

Hz, 2,560 Hz�qInr"�%& Catford (1977: 59)�� st /i/ F1,

F2�l�m�� 310 Hz, 2,790 Hz� />/�g�"� 430 Hz 2,480 HzIu

!"�%& 23v��wxyz (1996: 117)�{twstw|}B5�

��~�IM�"��� l��J% � /i/st���������

��� !"� F1� 300 Hz� F2� 2,800 Hz��I#r"�%& ��

� />/5�g�"�st�������������g�"� F1�

�220�

Page 9: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

430 Hz� F2� 2,500 Hz����� ���� �����������

���������������������� !�����"��#

��� $%&'()*+,-.���� �/0�1234�,�56�

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Native Speaker��J��KLM��$%&'()*+,FN�� OP�Q

R@S�T�U(VWXY(�E-�J��6Z���[\�F]0/�

��^0�� _��`a�bcd)&56����� ����e(f(bg

h�P<bcd)ijkl�mno(�pq56���Frs����t�

���7u� Gimson (2008: 20)Fv�wxFy� /i/� F1�z{�|{�

$%&'()*+,F 280�330 Hz}0�-��� K~ F2�$%&'()*

+,� 2,200�2,700 Hz}0�����# ����-� �/5��-Z�

� Native Speaker ������P<bcd)ijkl5������ �

I� />/�|{�P<� F1-����� Gimson-� 384 Hz� �()��o

�� 430 Hz� F2-���� 2,174 Hz, 2,500 HzFS/�/# 0/���

�/0�,�5�-Z��� /i/-.��� F1� 500 Hz��@@��I�

-���� � F2� 2,750 Hz���-���� />/-.��� F1� 500 Hz

�I�-���� F2� 2,500 Hz���-���56�2}��-��

5. ������

���OP�P<bcd)ijkl5� �� F1, F2-��������

��,����� Native Speaker���OP����52����I �

��-" �# IA, B, Cj&o��P<Von���� /i/�OP5G}�

��� ¡¢� 2��£¤ “Please believe that sweet peas and beans are

good to eat.” (sentence1�1), “Eat them at least twice a week.” (sentence 1�

2)�� />/�OP5�� 2��£¤ “Tim’s sister swims a little bit.” (sen-

tence 2�1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2�2)5¥�¦I��

5§�Ivii

�221�

Page 10: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

(1) /i/����Native Speaker����� ��������

(a) Native Speaker ��� NS� ����� ���

� 4� Native Speaker� “PleasePlease believelieve that sweetsweet peaspeas and beansbeans

are good to eateat.” (sentence 1�2)������� 6�� /i/�����

�� ������� ����� !� F1� F2"#$%&'(��)*

� 4 NS (Female) Please believe that sweet peas and beans aregood to eat.

� 5 NS (Female) Eat them at least twice a week.

�222�

Page 11: ˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/TeikoOHTSUKA... · tence 2 1), “It keeps her fit, slim, and trim.” (sentence 2 2) 5¥‹ƒI 5§I vii

��������� ������������ ����������

� �!"����# $%&���'�� F1� 318 Hz�( 433 Hz�)

*��# F2� 2,425 Hz�( 2,912 Hz+,�)*��� - *. 4� “EatEat

them at leastleast twice a weekweek.” (sentence 1�2)�/0�1��# 3�2� /i/

������ �$%&���# F1� 380 Hz�( 415 Hz+,# F2

� 2,701 Hz�( 2,833 Hz+,�3456��

. 6�7�89�:;*. 4� Speech Analyzer�.�<=$%&�>

?@A�B��C����# 500 Hz� 2,750 Hz*D�E��F�,�

�� /i/�<*G��B� (please, believe, sweet, peas, beans, eat)� F1�

500 Hz:�H*��# F2� 2,500I2,750 Hz*���,# Gimson (2008)

JK�L!����MM:N�OP�������'�Q��,���

-R:;*. 7,�# . 5�<=$%&�>?@A�B��C�S��'

�1��# /i/�<*G��B� (eat, least, week),� F1� F2*T��

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bridge University Press.Catford, J. C. (1977) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh

University Press.Clark, J, Yallop, C. and Fletcher, J (2007) An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonol-

ogy. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing.Cruttenden, A. (Revised). (2008) Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. London.

Hodder Education.Davenport, M. and Hannahs, S. J. (1998) Introducing Phonetics and Phonology.

London, Arnold.Dale, P and Poms L. (2005) English Pronunciation Made Simple. New York,

Longman.Fant, G. (1973) Speech Sounds and Features, Massachusetts, The MIT Press.�� � (2007) ������� �������� ��������� (2009) �� ���!"���#$� %&'()*+�Holland, V. M. and fisher, F. P. (eds.) (2008) Visualization of Speech patterns for

language Learning The path of Speech Technologies in Computer AssistedLanguage Learning from Research toward Practice.

,-./0�� �12 345/06789:; (1983) �<=>?@���A�BC?DB� EFG<HIJKLML B. NOPQ/RSTUV N KWXWY (The Speech Chain by Peter B. Denes and Elliot N Pinson: 1963)&Z()*+�

[\]^_ (1980) ���?`a� bc defgh.i (2j���Ladefoged, P. (1993) A Course in Phonetics. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,

Inc.Ladefoged, P. (2007) Phonetic Data Analysis. Carlton, Blackwell Publishing.Ladefoged, P. (2005) Vowels and Consonants. Orlando, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Lodge, K. (2009) A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. London, Continuum.

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