系統工程管理. outline system definition what is systems engineering? system engineering...

系統工程管理

Outline

System Definition What is Systems

Engineering? System Engineering

Process

System Definition

Hardware Software

Equipment

Facilities

Technical Data

Personnel

An integrated set of equipment, computer program, facilities, human and logistical support resources, and procedures which are assembled to accomplish a single purpose or mission. (NSA/CSS)

A system is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce results not obtainable by elements alone. (NASA)

A complete solution to a defined need(s) in its full environment over a prescribed lifetime.

(Northrop Grumman)

CommandControl &

CommunicationsArchitecture

Space System

SpaceMissionConcept

Subject

SpaceSegment(P/L+S/C)

Orbit andConstellation

LaunchSegment

GroundSegment

MissionOperations



Process

What is the Systems Engineering ? (I)

The Orchestra Needs a Conductor and ...

What is the Systems Engineering ? (II)

Systems engineering is the art and science of developing an operable system capable of meeting requirements within often opposed constraints.

Systems engineering is a holistic, integrative discipline to produce a coherent whole that is not dominated by the perspective off a single discipline.

Systems Engineering (Basic Concept)

Mission(A Large Problem)

#1 #2 #3 #N

TO BE SOLVED & EFFECTIVELY MANAGED TO PRODUCE

ANOPTIMIZED SOLUTION

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS(TO BE DECOMPOSED INTO AN INTEGRATED SET OF SMALL PROBLEMS)

Relationships between System Engineering and Project Control

SYSTEMS EMGINEERING

• Requirement Definition– Requirement Definition– Technical Solution Definition

• Product Realization– Design Realization– Evaluation– Product Transition

• Technical Management– Technical Planning– Technical Control– Technical Assessment– Technical Decision Analysis

SYSTEMS EMGINEERING

• Requirement Definition– Requirement Definition– Technical Solution Definition

• Product Realization– Design Realization– Evaluation– Product Transition

• Technical Management– Technical Planning– Technical Control– Technical Assessment– Technical Decision Analysis

• Planning• Risk Management• Configuration Management• Data Management• Assessment• Decision Analysis

• Planning• Risk Management• Configuration Management• Data Management• Assessment• Decision Analysis

PROJECT MANAGEMENTPROJECT MANAGEMENT

PROJECT CONTROL

• Management Planning• Integrated Assessment• Schedule Management• Cost Management • Resource Management• Acquisition management

PROJECT CONTROL

• Management Planning• Integrated Assessment• Schedule Management• Cost Management • Resource Management• Acquisition management

Project Life-Cycle Phases (NASA)

Pre-Phase A :Concept Studies

Pre-Phase A :Concept Studies

Phase A :Concept & Technology

Development

Phase A :Concept & Technology

Development

Phase B :Preliminary

Design & Technology Completion

Phase B :Preliminary

Design & Technology Completion

Phase C :Final Design

& Fabrication

Phase C :Final Design

& Fabrication

Phase D :System Assembly Integration & Test

Launch

Phase D :System Assembly Integration & Test

Launch

Phase E :Operation &Sustainment

Phase E :Operation &Sustainment

Phase F :CloseoutPhase F :Closeout

Feasible ConceptFeasible Concept

Top-Level ArchitectureTop-Level Architecture

Functional BaselineFunctional Baseline

Allocated BaselineAllocated Baseline

ProductBaselineProductBaseline

As-DeployedBaselineAs-DeployedBaseline

Phase Phase

Configuration Configuration

OutputOutput

Feasible SystemConcepts

in the form of Simulations,

Analysis, Study Reports, Models, and

Mockups

Feasible SystemConcepts


Analysis, Study Reports, Models, and

Mockups

SystemConceptsDefinition


Analysis, Engineering

Models, Mockups,

Trade StudyDefinition

SystemConceptsDefinition


Analysis, Engineering

Models, Mockups,

Trade StudyDefinition

End Productsin the form of

Mockups,Trade Study

Results,Specifications,

Interface Documents, and

Prototypes

End Productsin the form of

Mockups,Trade Study

Results,Specifications,

Interface Documents, and

Prototypes

End ProductsDetailed Designs,

End Product,ComponentFabrication,

And Software

Development

End ProductsDetailed Designs,

End Product,ComponentFabrication,

And Software

Development

Operations-Ready System End Product

With Supporting Related EnablingProducts

Operations-Ready System End Product

With Supporting Related EnablingProducts

Product CloseoutProduct CloseoutDesired SystemDesired System



Process

Systems Engineering Engine

Requirements Flow Down From Level

Above

Requirements Flow Down From Level

Above

Realized Products to

Level Above

Realized Products to

Level Above

Requirements Flow Down to Level

Below

Requirements Flow Down to Level

Below

Realized Products From

Level Above

Realized Products From

Level Above

SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS

SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS

Requirements Definition Processes1. Stakeholder Expectations Definition2. Technical Requirements Definition

Requirements Definition Processes1. Stakeholder Expectations Definition2. Technical Requirements Definition

Technical Solution Definition Processes3. Logical Decomposition4. Design Solution Definition

Technical Solution Definition Processes3. Logical Decomposition4. Design Solution Definition

TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS

TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS

Technical Planning Processes10. Technical Planning

Technical Planning Processes10. Technical Planning

Technical Control Processes11. Requirements Management12. Interface Management13. Technical Risk Management14. Configuration Management15. Technical Data Management

Technical Control Processes11. Requirements Management12. Interface Management13. Technical Risk Management14. Configuration Management15. Technical Data Management

Technical Assessment Processes16. Technical Assessment

Technical Assessment Processes16. Technical Assessment

Technical Decision Analysis Processes17. Decision Analysis

Technical Decision Analysis Processes17. Decision Analysis

Production TransitionProcesses9. Product Transition

Production TransitionProcesses9. Product Transition

Evaluation Processes7. Product Verification8. Product Validation

Evaluation Processes7. Product Verification8. Product Validation

Design Realization Processes5. Product Implementation6. Product Integration

Design Realization Processes5. Product Implementation6. Product Integration

PRODUCT REALIZATION PROCESS

PRODUCT REALIZATION PROCESS

Interrelationships among the Systems Design Processes

Mission Objectives &Constraints

Mission Objectives &ConstraintsMission

AuthorityMission Authority

Stakeholder ExpectationsStakeholder

Expectations

OperationalObjectives


Mission SuccessCriteria

Mission SuccessCriteria

High-LevelRequirements


Functional andLogical

Decomposition

Functional andLogical

Decomposition

Design andProduct Breakdown

Structure

Design andProduct Breakdown

Structure

ConOpsConOps



Functional &Performance

Analysis

Functional &Performance

Analysis

SufficientDepth

SufficientDepth

Work ?Safe & Reliable ?

Affordable ?

Work ?Safe & Reliable ?

Affordable ?

Select BaselineSelect

BaselineBaseline

Requirements ?Baseline

Requirements ?

StartStart

Trade Studies and Iterative Design LoopTrade Studies and

Iterative Design Loop

NoNo

YesYes NoNoYesYes

YesYes

NoNo

Stakeholder Expectation DefinitionStakeholder Expectation Definition

Technical Requirement DefinitionTechnical Requirement Definition

Logical DecompositionLogical Decomposition

Design Solution DefinitionDesign Solution DefinitionDecision AnalysisDecision Analysis

Purpose of Stakeholder Expectations Definition Process

The main purpose is to identify who the stakeholders are and how they intend to use the product.

The early task is to understand the objectives of the mission.



SuccessCriteria

SuccessCriteria

Design DriversDesign Drivers

Mission AuthorityMission Authority

Mission ObjectivesMission

Objectives

Agency strategic plans

Announcements of opportunity

Road maps

Science Technology demonstration Technology development Programmatic

Operation Driver Integration and test Transportation Science data distribution …...

What measurements ? How well ?

Operation duration Environment ….

Stakeholder Expectations Definition Process

Initial CustomerExpectations

Initial CustomerExpectations

ValidatedStakeholderExpectations

ValidatedStakeholderExpectations

Other StakeholderExpectations

Other StakeholderExpectations

CustomerFlowdown

Requirements

CustomerFlowdown

Requirements

Concept of OperationsConcept of Operations

Enabling ProductSupport

Strategies

Enabling ProductSupport

Strategies

Measure of EffectivenessMeasure of

Effectiveness

Establish List of StakeholdersEstablish List of Stakeholders

Elicit Stakeholders ExpectationsElicit Stakeholders Expectations

Establish Operations Concept and Support StrategiesEstablish Operations Concept and Support Strategies

Define Stakeholder Expectations in Acceptable StatementsDefine Stakeholder Expectations in Acceptable Statements

Analyze Expectation Statements For Measures of EffectivenessAnalyze Expectation Statements For Measures of Effectiveness

Validate That Defined Expectation Statements Reflect Bidirectional Traceability

Validate That Defined Expectation Statements Reflect Bidirectional Traceability

Obtain Stakeholder Commitments to the Validated Set of Expectations

Obtain Stakeholder Commitments to the Validated Set of Expectations

Baseline Stakeholder ExpectationsBaseline Stakeholder Expectations

Operation Architecture

Technical Requirements Definition Process

BaselinedStakeholderExpectations

BaselinedStakeholderExpectations

ValidatedTechnical

Requirements

ValidatedTechnical

Requirements

Baselined Concept

Of Operations

Baselined Concept

Of Operations

Measures of EffectivenessMeasures of Effectiveness

Measures ofPerformanceMeasures ofPerformance

Technical Performance

Measures

Technical Performance

Measures

Analyze Scope of ProblemAnalyze Scope of Problem

Define Design andProduct ConstraintsDefine Design and

Product Constraints

Define Functional and Behavioral Expectation in

Technical Terms

Define Functional and Behavioral Expectation in

Technical Terms

Define PerformanceRequirements for EachDefined Functional and Behavior Expectation

Define PerformanceRequirements for EachDefined Functional and Behavior Expectation

Define TechnicalRequirements in Acceptable

“Shall” Statements

Define TechnicalRequirements in Acceptable

“Shall” Statements

Validate TechnicalRequirements

Validate TechnicalRequirements

Define Measure of Performance for Each

Measure of Effectiveness

Define Measure of Performance for Each

Measure of Effectiveness

Establish TechnicalRequirements Baseline

Establish TechnicalRequirements Baseline

Define TechnicalPerformance Measures

Define TechnicalPerformance Measures

Baselined Enabling SupportsStrategies

Baselined Enabling SupportsStrategies

Characteristics of Requirements

Technical Requirements – Allocation Hierarchically to PBSFunctional RequirementsPerformance RequirementsInterface Requirements

Technical Requirements – Allocation Hierarchically to PBSFunctional RequirementsPerformance RequirementsInterface Requirements

Operational Requirements – Drive functional RequirementsMission Timeline SequenceMission ConfigurationsCommon and Telemetry Strategy

Operational Requirements – Drive functional RequirementsMission Timeline SequenceMission ConfigurationsCommon and Telemetry Strategy

Reliability Requirements – Project Standards – Levied Across Systems Mission Timeline Sequence Mission Configurations Common and Telemetry Strategy

Reliability Requirements – Project Standards – Levied Across Systems Mission Timeline Sequence Mission Configurations Common and Telemetry Strategy

Safety Requirements – Project Standards – Levied Across Systems Toxic Substances Pressurized Vessels Radio Frequency Energy

Safety Requirements – Project Standards – Levied Across Systems Toxic Substances Pressurized Vessels Radio Frequency Energy

Specialty Requirements – Project Standards – Drive Product Design Producibility Maintainability Asset Protection

Specialty Requirements – Project Standards – Drive Product Design Producibility Maintainability Asset Protection

Flowdown Requirements

Mission ObjectivesMission

Objectives

Mission Requirements

Mission Requirements

System Functional Requirements

System Functional Requirements

•Cost•Schedule•Constraints

•Cost•Schedule•Constraints

System Performance Requirements

System Performance Requirements

Environmental and other Design Requirements

Environmental and other Design Requirements

Subsystem ASubsystem ASubsystem BSubsystem B Subsystem CSubsystem C Subsystem DSubsystem D

Allocated Requirements


DerivedRequirements

DerivedRequirements





AssumptionAssumption

……

NE

ED

SS

YS

TE

MS

UB

SY

ST

EM

Logical Decomposition Process

BaselinedTechnical

Requirements

BaselinedTechnical

Requirements

ValidatedTechnical

Requirements

ValidatedTechnical

Requirements

Measures of PerformanceMeasures of Performance

Logical Decomposition

models

Logical Decomposition

models

Logical DecompositionWok Products

Logical DecompositionWok Products

Define One or More Logical Decomposition modelsDefine One or More Logical Decomposition models

Allocate Technical Requirements to Logical Decomposition Models to Form

A Set of Derived Technical Requirements

Allocate Technical Requirements to Logical Decomposition Models to Form

A Set of Derived Technical Requirements

Resolve Derived TechnicalRequirements Conflicts

Resolve Derived TechnicalRequirements Conflicts

Validate the Resulting Set of Derived Technical Requirements

Validate the Resulting Set of Derived Technical Requirements

Establish the Derived Technical Requirements Baseline

Establish the Derived Technical Requirements Baseline

Product Breakdown Structure

SpacecraftSystemSystem

Structureand

Mechanism

ThermalControl

AttitudeDetermination

& Control

ReactionControl

Telemetry

Tracking &

Comm.

EnergyPower

Command &Data

Handling

•Structure Element•Deploy Mechanism•Solar Panel

•Radiator

•Heat Pipe

•Heater•MLI (multi-layer insulator)

• Gyros•Star Tracker•Momentum Wheels•Magnetic Torquers•Control Electronics

•Thruster•Tanks•Valves

• Antennas•Receivers•Multiplexers•GPS Receiver•TWTAs

•Solar Arrays•Battery•Regulator•Power Control

•On Board Computer•Solid State Recorder•Remote I/O Units

Subsystem

Component

Traveling-wave tubeTraveling-wave tube

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TWTA.png

Functional Breakdown Block Diagram

N2 Chart

G

A

B

C

D

E

F

M M, SS M, E, SS M, E, SS M, E, SS

M : Mechanical E : ElectricalSS : Supplied Services : Interface

Design Solution Definition Process

BaselinedLogical

Decompositionmodels

BaselinedLogical

Decompositionmodels

SystemSpecified

Requirements

SystemSpecified

Requirements

Baselined Derived

TechnicalRequirements

Baselined Derived

TechnicalRequirements

Subsystem SpecificationSubsystem

Specification

Product Verification

and ValidationPlan


and ValidationPlan

Define Alternative Design SolutionDefine Alternative Design Solution

Analyze Each Alternative Design Solution Analyze Each Alternative Design Solution

Establish Operations Concept and Support StrategiesEstablish Operations Concept and Support Strategies

Select Best Design Solution AlternativeSelect Best Design Solution Alternative

General Full Design Description of the Selected SolutionGeneral Full Design Description of the Selected Solution

Baseline Design Solution Specified Requirements and Design DescriptionBaseline Design Solution Specified

Requirements and Design Description

Initiate Development ofEnabling Products

Initiate Development ofEnabling Products

EnablingProduct Exist

EnablingProduct Exist

Need lowerLevel

Product?

Need lowerLevel

Product?

No

No

Yes

Yes

Initiate Development ofNext lower level ProductsInitiate Development of

Next lower level Products

End Product-Specified

Requirements

End Product-Specified

Requirements

EnablingProducts

Requirements

EnablingProducts

Requirements

Single Mission Operations

System Level Trades and Baseline

GROUND

Mission

PAYLOAD

IR Sensor

SAR

VIS + NIR

HSI

ORBITLow Inclination

Sun-Synchh=564 km h=891 km

i=97.650

i=98.990

Existing

TT&CTDRS

Receiving Station

New NCU

Upgrade RGS

COM ARCH

Imaging DataX-Band S-Band

TT&C

X-Band S-Band

Science Data

X-Band S-Band

MISSION OPS

Muti-Mission Operations

S/C STABILIZ.

Three- axis

Spin(or Dual Spin)

Gravity Gradient

LAUNCHER

Athena IITaurus-XL

Rocket

Athena I

X X

XXX X

: Baseline

: Alternatives

Requirements Verification Matrix

Requirements No

Document Paragraph Shall

Statement

Success Criteria

Method Phase Results

P-1 xxx 3.2.1.1

Capability: Support Uplinked

Data (LDR)

System X

Shall Provide

a Max.

Ground-to-

Station

Uplink of

System X Locks to forward Link at the Min and Max Data Rate

Tolerances

Test 5 Report xxx

Product Realization

Design RealizationDesign RealizationEvaluation ProcessesEvaluation ProcessesProduct

TransitionProcess

Product TransitionProcess

Product Implementatio

n

Product Integration


Product Validation

• Assembly • Functional Evaluation

• Assembly • Functional Evaluation

• Acquire• Make/Code• Reuse

• Acquire• Make/Code• Reuse

• Functional• Environmental• Operational Testing in Integration & Test Environment

• Functional• Environmental• Operational Testing in Integration & Test Environment

• Operational Testing in Mission Environment

• Operational Testing in Mission Environment

Product Transition

• Delivery to Next Higher Level in PBS

• Delivery to Operational System

• Delivery to Next Higher Level in PBS

• Delivery to Operational System

Product Implementation Process

Required RawMaterials

Required RawMaterials

Configuration Documentation


Subsystem SpecificationSubsystem

Specification

ProductImplementationWork Products

ProductImplementationWork Products

Prepare to Conduct ImplementationPrepare to Conduct Implementation

If Implementation by Buying :Participate in Purchase of Specified end Product

If Implementation by Buying :Participate in Purchase of Specified end Product

Make the Specified End ProductMake the Specified End Product

Desired EndProduct

Desired EndProduct

End Product Design

Specifications

End Product Design

Specifications

EnablingProduct EnablingProduct

If Implementation by Making :Evaluate ReadinessOf Product ImplementationEnabling Products

If Implementation by Making :Evaluate ReadinessOf Product ImplementationEnabling Products

If Implementation by Reuse :Participate in Acquiring the ReuseEnd Product

If Implementation by Reuse :Participate in Acquiring the ReuseEnd Product

Prepare Appropriate Product Support DocumentationPrepare Appropriate Product Support Documentation


Capture Product Implementation Work ProductsCapture Product Implementation Work Products

Product Integration Process

Lower LevelProducts to be

Integrated

Lower LevelProducts to be

Integrated



Product Documentsand Manuals

Product Documentsand Manuals

ProductIntegration

Work Products

ProductIntegration

Work Products

Prepare to Conduct Product integrationPrepare to Conduct Product integration

Assemble and Integrate the Received Products into the Desired End Products

Assemble and Integrate the Received Products into the Desired End Products

DesiredProductDesiredProduct

End Product Design

Specifications

End Product Design

Specifications




Capture Product Integration Work ProductsCapture Product Integration Work Products

Obtain Lower Level Products for Assembly and IntegrationObtain Lower Level Products for Assembly and Integration

Confirm That Received Products Have Been ValidatedConfirm That Received Products Have Been Validated

Prepare the Integration Environment for Assembly and IntegrationPrepare the Integration Environment for Assembly and Integration

Spacecraft Configuration

Battery

Thermal DoublerTMI

Wall

OBMU

IPUs

SSR

Rwheels(x4)

MTQs (x3)

DRU

GPS Rcvrs

TRSPs

Propulsion Module

MAGs(x2)

Ombilical IFW/ launcher

S-Band antenna (x2)

GPS antenna(x2)

BASS & radiator

Solar Side

Solar Array Connector Fixed panel

Product Verification Process

End Product To Be

Verified

End Product To Be

Verified


Plan


Plan


Results


Results

ProductVerification

Work Products

ProductVerification

Work Products

Prepare to Conduct Product VerificationPrepare to Conduct Product Verification

Analyze the Outcomes of the product VerificationAnalyze the Outcomes of the product Verification

Verified EndProduct

Verified EndProduct

Specified Requirements

Baseline

Specified Requirements

Baseline



Prepare a Product Verification ReportPrepare a Product Verification Report

Capture Work Products from Products VerificationCapture Work Products from Products Verification

Perform the Product VerificationPerform the Product Verification

ProductVerification

Report

ProductVerification

Report

Requirement Allocation, Integration, and Verification Process

Mission/SystemRequirements

SystemSegmentRequirements

SubsystemRequirements

UnitRequirements Test Units

TestSubsystems

Test SystemSegments

Test SystemVerification

Allocation Integration

Design and Build Units

Types of Verification

Analysis - The use of mathematical modeling and analytical

techniques to predict the suitability of a design.

Demonstration- Showing that the use of an product achieves the

individual specified requirement.

Inspection- The visual examination of a realized end product.

Test - The use of an end product to obtain detailed data

needed to verify performance, or provide sufficient information to verify performance through further analysis.

Products Forms of Verification

Simulated (algorithmic models, virtual reality simulator).

Mockup (plywood, brass board, breadboard) Concept description (paper report); Prototype (product with partial functionality); Engineering unit (fully functional but may not be

same form/fit); Design verification test units (form, fit, and

function is the same, but they may not have flight parts);

Qualification units (identical to flight units but may be subjected to extreme environments)

Flight units (end product that is flown, including proto-flight units).

EMC /EMI

EMEffect

S tatic Load TestV ibration Test

D ynam icLoads

Acoustic Test

AcousticLoads

Pyro-shock Test

ShockLoads

Therm al Vacuum TestTherm al C ycle Test

Therm alEnvironm ent

Environm enta lTests

Environmental Tests

Product Validation Process

End Product To Be

Validated

End Product To Be

Validated

Product Validation

Plan

Product Validation

Plan

Product Validation

Results

Product Validation

Results

ProductValidation

Work Products

ProductValidation

Work Products

Prepare to Conduct Product ValidationPrepare to Conduct Product Validation

Analyze the Outcomes of the product ValidationAnalyze the Outcomes of the product Validation

Validated EndProduct

Validated EndProduct

StakeholderExpectation

Baseline

StakeholderExpectation

Baseline



Prepare a Product Validation ReportPrepare a Product Validation Report

Capture Work Products from Products ValidationCapture Work Products from Products Validation

Perform the Product ValidationPerform the Product Validation

ProductValidation

Report

ProductValidation

Report

Product Transition Process

End Product To Be

Transitioned

End Product To Be

Transitioned

Delivered EndProduct withApplicable

documentation

Delivered EndProduct withApplicable

documentation

Realized EnablingProducts

Realized EnablingProducts

Prepare to Conduct Product TransitionPrepare to Conduct Product Transition

Prepare the End Product for TransitionPrepare the End Product for TransitionDocumentation To AccompanyThe DeliveredEnd Product

Documentation To AccompanyThe DeliveredEnd Product


Transition the End Product to be the Customer with Required Documentation Based on the Type of Transition Required

Transition the End Product to be the Customer with Required Documentation Based on the Type of Transition Required

Prepare Sites, as Required, where the End Product Will Be Stored, Assembled, Integrated, Installed, Used, and/or Maintained

Prepare Sites, as Required, where the End Product Will Be Stored, Assembled, Integrated, Installed, Used, and/or Maintained

Evaluate the End Product, Personnel, and Enabling Product Readiness for Product Transition

Evaluate the End Product, Personnel, and Enabling Product Readiness for Product Transition

ProductTransition

Work Products

ProductTransition

Work Products

Capture Product Implementation Work ProductsCapture Product Implementation Work Products

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