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Photon Counting20090002 Taekoo Oh06/17/2014PHYSEXPER06/17/2014CONTENTSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDO-THERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS2/18PHYSICS06/17/2014HISTORY OF LIGHT

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nihal.newton_father_of_gravity.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)ISAAC NEWTON:PARTICLETHOMAS YOUNG:WAVE

ALBERT EINSTEIN:QUANTAhttp://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/tag/albert-einstein/THE WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY OF LIGHT!3/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014LIGHT AS A PARTICLE-PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT-COMPTONSCATTERING4/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014PHOTON STATISTICSSUPER-POISSONIAN(BUNCHED)POISSONIAN(COHERENT)SUB-POISSONIAN(ANTI-BUNCHED)5/18

Mark Fox, in Quantum Optics: An introduction, Chapter 6.Fluctuation of the number of photon in very short time interval?PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSG(2)(t) second-order correlation function. Fluctuation quantify. detect time t .506/17/2014OPTICAL DEVICES

He-Ne LaserLight Amplified by Stimulated Emission of RadiationHeNeExcitation by Electric DischargeCollisionCollision to wallSpontaneous Emission6/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014OPTICAL DEVICES

Single Photon Counting Module (SPCM)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_photodiode#mediaviewer/File:Avalanche_photodiode.JPGAvalanche Photodiode7/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSIn electronics, anavalanche diodeis adiode(made fromsiliconor othersemiconductor) that is designed to go throughavalanche breakdownat a specified reverse biasvoltage. The junction of an avalanche diode is designed to prevent current concentration at hot spots, so that the diode is undamaged by the breakdown. The avalanche breakdown is due to minority carriers accelerated enough to create ionization in the crystal lattice, producing more carriers which in turn create more ionization. Because the avalanche breakdown is uniform across the whole junction, the breakdown voltage is more nearly constant with changing current compared to a non-avalanche diode.706/17/2014COHERENT LIGHTIn the State of temporally and spatially stationary interference!If we consider the statistics of themonochromatic coherent light,Poisson DistributionPOISSONIAN LIGHT!8/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014THERMAL LIGHTAt a certain temperature T, an object radiatesthermal light!Bose-Einstein DistributionIf we consider the statistics of themonochromatic thermal light,9/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014PSEUDO-THERMAL LIGHTRotating Ground DiskMonochromatic Coherent LightRandomly DistributedPhotonMonochromatic Pseudo-thermal LightPartially Bunched,But in long period,Randomly DistributedPhoton

That is, the light behaves as thermal light in coherence time!glass10/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014EXPERIMENTAL SETUPHe-NeLaserFor Coherent LightFor Pseudo-Thermal LightRotating Ground DiskPolarizersSingle PhotonCounting ModuleNI ELVIS11/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014RESULTSPhoton Number Distribution in coherent light at 0.1ms cutoff time12/18Average : 3.53PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014RESULTSPhoton Number Distribution in pseudo-thermal light at 0.1ms cutoff time13/18Average : 8.91PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014RESULTSPhoton Number Distribution in pseudo-thermal light at 0.1ms cutoff time14/18Average : 3.53Average : 16.67Average : 40.10PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014RESULTSPhoton Number Distribution in pseudo-thermal light from 0.01ms to 0.05ms cutoff time15/18

0.01ms Cutoff Time0.02ms Cutoff Time0.03ms Cutoff Time0.04ms Cutoff Time0.05ms Cutoff TimeAverage : 8.91Average : 13.84Average : 18.14Average : 24.02Average : 28.05PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014RESULTSPhoton Number Distribution in pseudo-thermal light with shorter coherence timefrom 0.01ms to 0.05ms cutoff time

16/18Average : 7.19Average : 13.33Average : 22.02Average : 26.27Average : 30.69PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe fluctuation of the photon number in the short time period is due to the quantum properties of the light.The statistics of the photon number of coherent light is Poisson distribution, without the relevance of the cutoff time.(Poissonian light)The statistics of the photon number of thermal light is Bose-Einstein distribution.(Super-Poissonian light)Pseudo-thermal light behaves as thermal light only in the case of the cutoff time within the coherence time.06/17/2014RECAPITULATION17/18PHYSICSLIGHT AS A PARTICLEOPTICAL DEVICESCOHERENT vs. PSEUDOTHERMALEXPERIMENTAL SETUPRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS06/17/2014REFERENCEMark Fox, in Quantum Optics: An introduction (Oxford University Press, 2006), Chap. 5.Rodney Loudon, in The Quantum Theory of Light (Oxford University Press, 2000), Chap. 5.Li Yuan et al., CHIN. PHYS. LETT., 26, 7 (2009).G. J. Troup, J. Lyons, PHYS. LETT. A, 29, 11 (1969).M. Rousseau, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 10 (1971).T. Gonsiorowski, J. C. Dainty, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 73, 2 (1983).Jed Rembold, in Statistical Mechanics (New Mexico Tech, 2011). W. Martienssen, E. Spiller, Am. J. Phys. 32, 919 (1964).F. T. Arecchi, PHYS. REV. LETT., 15, 912 (1965).18/18PHYSICSTHANK YOU!06/17/2014PHYSEXPER