防震减灾造福人民 prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster he yongnian china...

防震减灾造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster

He YongnianChina Earthquake Administration

Brief Introduction to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China


I Seismicity and Seismic Disaster in China

II Chinese Government Pays Great Attention to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster

III Working Contents for Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China


I Seismicity and Seismic Disaster in China

II China pays great attention to earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation

III Working contents for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China


China is an earthquake-prone country.

China is located between two major seismic zo

nes of the world (The Circum-Pacific seismic zone and Euro-Asian seismic zone). The seismicity in China is characterized by high frequency, large magnitude , vast distribution and severe disaster.

According to the historical records, of 31 provinces, municipalities and regions in China, 29 ones have been stricken by earthquakes with M= or > 6.5.


(B.C.780-A.D.1999)

Distribution of Seismic Activity in China


Seismic Regions in China

I. Taiwan seismic region

II. South China seismic region

III. North China seismic region

IV. Northeast China seismic region

V. Tibet-Qinghai seismic region

VI. Tianshan seismic region

VII. South China Sea seismic region


There were two destructive earthquakes caused death toll over 200,000 people in the last century in the world, unfortunately, both were occurred in China. One is the Haiyuan earthquake (Ms=8.5) in 1920, which killed more than 230,000 people. Another is Tangshan earthquake (Ms=7.8) in 1976, which kille

d more than 240,000 people. If we trace back to the earlier history, a large earthquake with M≈8.5 occurred in 1556, in Huaxian county, Shanxi Province, the earthquake caused death toll of 830,000. It is the largest death toll resulted from earthquake disaster in the world in the human history.

China created the world record of death toll caused by strong earthquakes in the past time


Earthquake Earthquake Disaster 54%Disaster 54%

Meteorological Meteorological DisasterDisaster 40%40%

Geological Geological DisasterDisaster 4%4%

Marine & ForestMarine & Forest DisasterDisaster 1%1%

OthersOthers1%1%

1/2 death toll caused by various 1/2 death toll caused by various natural disasters in China (1900-1996)natural disasters in China (1900-1996)


Seismic Zoning in China


Area Proportion for Chinese Territory with different seismic intensity

Intensity Area(km2)

Proportion(%)

≥Ⅵ 7,587,520 79.0%

≥Ⅶ 3,975,200 41.4%

≥Ⅷ 771,845 8.1%

≥Ⅸ 94,560 1.0%


I Facing Frequent Seismicity and Severe Disaster

II China Pays Great Attention to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster

III Working Contents for Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China


China has paid great attention to prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster

Facing frequent seismic activity and serious disaster, the central government and governments at different levels have shown solicitude for the earthquake prevention and disaster reduction as well as taken effective measures. The management organizations have been established from the national level till county’s level ; at same time, several institutions of earthquake science and technology have been established and enhanced.


Policy for Prevention and MitigationOf Earthquake Disaster in China

Based on the practice of preventing and mitigating of earthquake disaster for a few decades in China, and drawing on the experience of other earthquake-prone countries and regions in the world, the policy for Prevention and Reduction of earthquake disaster in China is as follows: “putting prevention first, combining prevention with relief, and protecting against and mitigating earthquake disaster in China in a comprehensive way.”

Ⅱ


Two combinationsTwo combinations ：： Combining earthquake science and technology with

administrative management

Combining professional work with public participation

Combining earthquake science and technology with administrative management

Combining professional work with public participation

Relying on three aspectsRelying on three aspects ：： The progress of earthquake science and technology

The administrative management, especially management based on legal system

The public awareness concerning earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation

The progress of earthquake science and technology

The administrative management, especially management based on legal system

The public awareness concerning earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation

Ⅱ


Dept. of Earthquake Monitoring & Prediction

General Office

Dept. of Personnel &Education, Science & Technology (Dept. of

International Cooperation

Dept. of Development and Finance

Dept. of Earthquake Disaster Emergency

Management

CEAHeadquarters

Dept. of Earthquake Disaster Prevention

(Dept. of Legislation )

Management System of China Earthquake Administration (Headquarters)

Ⅱ


Working Organizations of Prevention And Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China

Working Organizations of Prevention And Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China

Since its foundation in 1980, China Earthquake Administration (CEA) has established a multi-discipline professional contingent. Now, CEA has 31 provincial seismological organizations, 5 research institutes, 3 centers and nearly 20,000 staff members, including about 10000 scientists and engineers. There are 9 members of Chinese Academy of sciences, 4 members of Chinese Academy of Engineering, more than 2200 professors and researchers.Besides, there are around 10,000 engineers and technicians working in the organizations belonging to local governments and enterprises.


I Facing Frequent Seismicity and Severe Disaster

II China pays great attention to earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation

III Working contents for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China


Three Major Systems

Based on the policy for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China, CEA has conducted all works for reducing earthquake disaster at maximal extent. Among them, the following three aspects are most important:

★ Earthquake monitoring and exploration of earthquake prediction ★ Prevention of earthquake disaster ★ Emergency Response and Rescue for destructive earthquakes


I. Earthquake Monitoring and Forecast

In order to observe the seismic activity in China, the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) has carried out the construction of seismic observation system.

▲ Seismic observation network, including seismological

observation and precursory observation.

▲ Manufacturing of the seismometers and related

instruments

▲ Exploration and practice of earthquake forecast


There are totally 162 national seismic stations

National Seismic Network of China


▲ National seismic station, ● Regional seismic stations, ■ Seismic array

Regional Seismic Networks


Ⅲ


Exploration and practice of earthquake prediction

Based on observation of seismic activity and various precursors, Chinese seismologists have conducted the exploration and practice of earthquake prediction. At present, the exploration of earthquake prediction is mainly empirical based on a great volume of observational data and historical earthquake records in the ancient literature, combined with the geological background (tectonics, mainly active faults ).

The Chinese seismologists also use the observational data of various precursors to conduct the exploration and practice of earthquake prediction, for example, seismicity, gravity, geomagnetism, geo-stress and strain , geo-electricity, geothermal, ground deformation, underground fluids as well as animal behavior and so on.


Review on the Art of the State for Earthquake Prediction in China

Under the specific situation, including the favorable working Under the specific situation, including the favorable working condition and environment, the short-term and imminent predictcondition and environment, the short-term and imminent prediction of a few particular types of earthquakes may be realized to a ion of a few particular types of earthquakes may be realized to a certain extent. However, the seismogenic process is quite complcertain extent. However, the seismogenic process is quite complicated and the earthquake types are varied; Today, the mankind icated and the earthquake types are varied; Today, the mankind hasn’t understood the basic law of the seismogenic process. So, hasn’t understood the basic law of the seismogenic process. So, the earthquake prediction is still a scientifically unsolved problethe earthquake prediction is still a scientifically unsolved problem. On the basis of practice of earthquake prediction for several tm. On the basis of practice of earthquake prediction for several ten years, Chinese seismologists believe that the earthquake preden years, Chinese seismologists believe that the earthquake prediction should be realized sooner or later, even though there is a liction should be realized sooner or later, even though there is a long way. They will make a sustained effort on it.ong way. They will make a sustained effort on it.

Ⅲ


This is a fundamental aspect for earthquake disaster reduction. Its focus is put on prevention, in other words, we must take necessary measures to mitigate the earthquake disaster before occurrence of the destructive earthquakes. It includes several key points, such as the disaster management based on legislation, the seismic safety zoning of the territory, requirement of earthquake resistant design for various structures and building, the assessment of seismic safety for some major engineering sites, the forecast of earthquake disaster of structures and building in cities and earthquake insurance and others.

Ⅱ. Prevention of Earthquake Disaster


The important thing for prevention of earthquake disaster is to standardize the behavior of the governments ,communities and people by using the legislation. So, disaster reduction management based on legislation is our foundation of earthquake disaster reduction. The laws and regulations concerning the earthquake disaster reduction require our government officials to conduct the related duties.

Disaster management based on legislation


Management Based on Legal System Regarding Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation in China

Several major laws and regulations have been released:

《 The Protection Act for Facilities of Earthquake Monitoring and Environmental Condition of Earthquake Observation 》 (1994)

《 Emergency Response Act for Destructive Earthquakes 》(1995)

《 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting against and Mitigating Earthquake Disaster 》 (1997)

《 Stipulation for Issuing Earthquake Prediction 》 (1998)

Stipulation for Manage act for earthquake monitoring 》(2004)


The system of laws on protecting against and

mitigating the hazard of earthquakes in China


Main ChaptersMain Chapters

1. General1. General 2. Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction

2. Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction

3. Earthquake Disaster Prevention

3. Earthquake Disaster Prevention

4. Earthquake Emergency Response

4. Earthquake Emergency Response

5. Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation in

Disaster-Stricken Areas

5. Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation in

Disaster-Stricken Areas6. Legal Duty6. Legal Duty

7. Bylaws7. Bylaws

《 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting against and Mitigating Earthquake Disaster》

《 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting against and Mitigating Earthquake Disaster》


Based on the seismic zoning of the Chinese territory,

the houses and engineering should be constructed

following the construction code, and make the houses

and engineering have a certain capacity to resist the

earthquakes. Many earthquake cases show that only if

the buildings are of a certain earthquake resistant

capability, even though their standard is lower than the

intensity of the real earthquake, the buildings are able to

keep standing erect and people are able to avoid

causality.


In Wenchuan earthquake stricken region, there are seve

ral examples: For example, Chenjiaba primary school, loca

ted in Beichuan County, Sichuan province, still erected aft

er the earthquake (where the seismic intensity reached IX d

egree), even though the school buildings were designed wi

th earthquake resistance just for VII degree. The case indic

ated that the earthquake resistance design of buildings sh

ould be foundational for reducing earthquake disaster, of

course, the scientifically regionalization of potential earthq

uake risk and seismic intensity is necessary in spite of diffi

culty of such a regionalization.


The Chenjiba primary school basically remained intact after Wenchuan earthquake with M=8.0 , where the seismic intensity reached X degree, even though the school buildings had only earthquake-proof capacity for seismic intensity of VII degree.


Strengthening the requirement for fortification against earthquake on the rural housing

In China, especially in the western China with frequent seismicity, the earthquake-proof capability of the housing in rural area is relatively low, so the governments at different levels pay great attention to enhancement of earthquake resistant capability for housing of peasants and herdsmen there. A project , called <Earthquake safety Engineering for rural housing> has been launched before long. Central government, local government and owner of the houses share the expenses, and the related departments ,such as earthquake and construction administration provide the technical support.


In order to promote the project of “<Earthquake safety Engineering for rural housing> , several provinces have carried out the “Moderation Engineering of Earthquake Safety Housing”, providing the construction model of houses. The following pictures are cited from different regions:

Push forward <Project of Earthquake Safety Housing in Rural Area>


Picture showing the structures of the seismically safety houses


Appearance of a new-type house


The earthquake disaster prevention also includes some

other works. Among them forecast of earthquake disaster is

an important one, especially in urban areas, there are a lot of

pre-existed structures and building. To investigate the

earthquake-proof capability of those pre-existed structures

and building is quite useful for reducing the disaster when

they encountered destructive earthquakes. So, seismologists

in China have done some works on forecast of earthquake

disaster in some cities.

Another thing is to carry out the earthquake insurance to

enhance the capacity of self recovery and self-reconstruction

for disaster-stricken people and regions. Usually, the

insurance companies help the victims through indemnity.

Goal: Reducing the disaster during the destructive earthquakes


The historical experience indicates that the earthquake disast

er can’t be reduced without public participation. So, we have to

make a great effort to popularize the knowledge concerning the

reduction of earthquake disaster to raise the awareness of peopl

e ,including the government officials. Nowadays, the governme

nt officials in China are mostly well-educated, however, they are

not familiar with prevention and reduction of earthquake disast

er. It is a critical task to educate them with related knowledge co

ncerning earthquake disaster reduction because they are the po

licy-makers. Of course, the common people, including workers,

peasants, soldiers and students, are also the target to spread th

e related knowledge.

Experience: The disaster can’t be reduced without participation of the public


Popularization of Knowledge for Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction

This aspect includes the following contents:

I. Education concerning earthquake phenomenon, earthquake generation and potential disaster

II. Education concerning earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, including current situation of earthquake forecast exploration and practice, fortification against earthquake for structure and building, emergency relief and rescue, especially tell people not to believe the earthquake rumors and so on.

III. Spreading knowledge regarding emergency response for earthquake occurrence and self-rescue and mutual-rescue knowledge and technique after destructive earthquakes.

VI. Others


By using various approaches to widespread knowledge concerning earthquake and its disaster

By means of TV, radio broadcast, lecturing, posting posters and . so on, the knowledge concerning prevention and mitigation is extensively explained and publicized.


Ⅲ. Emergency Response and Rescue for Destructive Earthquakes

This aspect is one of the most important works for the China Earthquake Administration. Its main contents are emergency response just around destructive earthquake occurrence and rescue action after the destructive earthquake occurrence.

The emergency response is able to reduce the casualty and to be helpful for returning social order and keeping social stability. The rescue action is effectively to save the victims beneath the damaged or collapsed structures and buildings. Both are of great significance of humanitarianism, politics and economy.


Emergency response for destructive earthquakes is usually divided into two types:

A Emergency response after occurrence of destructive earthquake, that means, the regions or cities encountered attack of an earthquake, facing the damaged degree and social situation, according to the pre-plan, we need to start the emergency response action.

B Emergency response action will start in such situation: a region or city is affected by a strong earthquake, but the epicenter is far from the region or city. For such situation, it is relatively simple to conduct the emergency response, the main measure is tell people in panic the truth, including the magnitude, the epicenter location ,and ask people keeping calm through the television and radio broadcast and others.


Setting up urgent shelters in cities

Started from Beijing, the capital of China,

more and more large cities have set up the ur

gent shelters for evacuating people during ur

gent period or arranging victims after destruct

ive earthquake occurrence.


Emergency Shelters for suddenly occurred earthquakes in Beijing city (2005)


Emergency Shelters in Emergency Shelters in Southern CitySouthern City


Haidian Park is used an emergency shelter with area of 420,000 square meters, which is able to accept 210,000 victims


We are facing the modern concrete ruin, unarmed rescue team is powerless !

The State Council takes major measure:

The National Search and Rescue Team

for Earthquake Disaster is established in

Beijing on April 21, 2001

Rescue after destructive earthquakes


Primer Wen Jiabao handed over the Team BannerPrimer Wen Jiabao handed over the Team Banner


Structure of China International Search and Rescue (CISARCISAR )Team

通讯通讯 (Communication)(Communication)

医疗医疗 (Medical)(Medical)

营救营救 (Rescue)(Rescue)

搜索搜索 (Search)(Search)

技术支撑

Tec

hnol

ogy

supp

ort


Lifesaving search dog

Medical salvation equipMedical salvation equip

CommunicationCommunicationCarCar

Lifesaving search instrument


Ⅲ


Rescue Team has conducted several missions home and abroad

The International Rescue Team has well conducted several missions since its establishment

☆ Home mission: Jiashi, Xinjiang Region; Zhaosu, Xinjiang Region(24 Feb. 2004); Mengyuan, Qinghai Province (04 April 2005 for avalanche) Wenchuan, Sichuan Province (12 May, 2008) Yushu, Qinghai Province (14 April, 2010) Zhouqu, Gansu Province (07 August 2010 for debris flow)　

☆ Abroad mission: Algeria,(21 May, 2003) Iran (26 Dec. 2003), Indonesia (26 Dec, 2004; 27 May, 2006)) Pakistan (08 Oct. 2005) Haiti (12 Jan. 2010)


State training base of earthquake search and rescue ， located in beautif

ul western suburb of Beijing city


During 12-14 Nov. 2009, INSAARAG (the International Search and Rescue

Advisory Group ) and OSOCC (the On-Site Operations Coordination Centre)

evaluated and rated the China International Search and Rescue Team. Through

successive operation for 36 hours, the officers from UN organizations highly

appraised the team based on observation and inspection of four links:

preparation, mobilization, action and evacuation as well as five categories of

capabilities: management, ensuring, search, rescue and medical treatment. The

heavy type of rescue team has been granted to the China International Search

and Rescue Team.

Before this evaluation, there were 13 rescue teams in the world from 14

countries ,including U K, USA, Germany, Singapore, Switzerland and so on.

Among those teams, 11 teams were heavy ones and 3 were medium ones. The

China International Search and Rescue Team is 12th heavy one and second

heavy team in Asia.


Enhancement of Fundamental Earthquake Research

Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should be paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the gbe paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the goal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster. oal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster.

§ § Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, mechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tecmechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tectonophysics, neo-chronology, etc.tonophysics, neo-chronology, etc.

§§ Study on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquaStudy on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquake origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and tke origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and temporal distribution of geophysics field. emporal distribution of geophysics field.

§§ Observation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, anObservation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, and crustal deformation and stress observation and studies.d crustal deformation and stress observation and studies.

§§ Sounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with stuSounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with study of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environmedy of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environment and mechanism.nt and mechanism.

§ § OthersOthers

Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should be paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the gbe paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the goal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster. oal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster.

§ § Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, mechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tecmechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tectonophysics, neo-chronology, etc.tonophysics, neo-chronology, etc.

§§ Study on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquaStudy on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquake origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and tke origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and temporal distribution of geophysics field. emporal distribution of geophysics field.

§§ Observation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, anObservation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, and crustal deformation and stress observation and studies.d crustal deformation and stress observation and studies.

§§ Sounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with stuSounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with study of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environmedy of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environment and mechanism.nt and mechanism.

§ § OthersOthers


Conclusion

Earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation is a people’s common desire, especially for the countries and regions subject to frequent earthquake disaster. To investigate and explore earthquakes and their occurrence, to develop modern and practical technology for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation, including the emergency response and rescue technique, is an important task for the sustainable development of human society. Chinese seismologists cordially intend to cooperate and exchange ideas and techniques with other countries and regions in all important and mutually interested topics on prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster and make contributions to the mankind for a safer and better future.


Thank You!

防震减灾 造福人民 prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster he yongnian china...

Documents

防震减灾造福人民 prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster he yongnian china...