保護區 protected area for a better future or past? jackson hu

保護區 Protected Areahttp://140.137.70.88/class/c25PA/

For a better future or past?

Jackson Hu

你去過哪裡的自然保留區？印象最深的是？

Nodes and MUMs (Noss and Harris 1986)

世界保育聯盟 IUCN, 1994

• 1a, 嚴格的自然保留區• 1b, 荒野保護區• 2, 國家公園• 3, 天然紀念物• 4, 棲地及物種經營保護區• 5, 地景及海景保護區• 6, 經營資源保育區

Protected AreasBy IUCN, 1994

IUCN Category • Strict nature reserve or wilderness area• National Park• Natural Monument• Habitat/Species Management Area• Protected landscape/seascape• Managed resource protected area


Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992

United Nations on Biological Diversity

Each party must as far as possible

1. Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity

2. Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas

Protected areas and reserve design

Overview

Goals and limitations

Gaps in global protected areas

Systematic conservation planning

Surrogates for overall biodiversity

Reserve selection algorithms

Case study

terrestrial protected areas

105,000 protected areas18.4 million km2 land

Location of protected areas

12.65% of Earth’s land surface

marine protected areasC

um

ula

tive a

rea

pro

tect

ed (

ha)

but only 1.2% of the whole ocean!!!

Types of Protected Areas

BC ExamplesStrict nature reserve Wilderness area 1a Triangle Island 1b Campbell River Estuary

Protected AreasBy IUCN, 1994

IUCN Category • Strict nature reserve or wilderness area• National Park• Natural Monument• Habitat/Species Management Area• Protected landscape/seascape• Managed resource protected area


Area (km2) covered by protected areas 1-6

Global Canada

630,000 km2

6.3% land

1+2 72%

3-5 10%

6+ 18%

Types of protected area

6. Managed resource protected area

Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

Goals of Protected areas

Protect particular species 保護物種

Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism 保護生物多樣性整體

Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services 保護生態功能

Do protected areas work?

terrestrial protected areas

105,000 protected areas18.4 million km2 land

1956 (25yr) 1978 1987 1997 2003 1 … 34 481 926 1999 個保護區， 15

％ China


1983新疆，阿爾金山1984新疆，塔什庫爾干、羅布泊、卡拉麥里1987 甘肅，祁連山1988 西藏，珠穆朗瑪自然保護區 , 34, 000 Km2 （ 3.4 萬）1993 西藏，羌塘自然保護區 , 300, 000 Km2 （ 30.0萬）1995 青海，可可西里自然保護區 , 83, 000 Km2 （ 8.3 萬）2000 青海，三江源自然保護區 , 318, 000 Km2 （ 31.8 萬）Total 711, 000 Km2 （ 71.1 萬） = 80 times of Yellowstone

Nodes and MUMs (Noss and Harris 1986)


核心區緩衝區試驗區

1994自然保護區條例

Do protected areas work?Perc

en

t n

atu

ral veg

eta

tion

Amazon Atlantic coast forest

Congo forest West African forest

Joppa et al PNAS 2008

Do marine protected areas work?

Mosqueira Mosqueira et al. 2000et al. 2000Animal ConservationAnimal Conservation

(236)

Targetspecies

6543210-1

(110)

Non-targetspecies

Overall

(541)

Response ratio

More fishin reserve

More fishout of reserve

Overall effect of 12 reserves around the world

Limitations of protected areas

Land is often protected if it is “worthless”

BC1992 Stated Goal

- have 12% landbase “protected”2006 12.5% landbase is protected

BUTAlpine - over-representedCoastal lowland forest - under-represented

Limitation of protected areas

Protection is revoked if land is valuable”

Tasmania1939-1984 23 protected areas “unprotected”Why?forestry, mining, hydroelectric development

Yosemite National Park1904 Boundaries redrawnLand out - potential mining, logging, grazingLand in - low commercial value

What isn’t protected??

Global Gap Analysis ProjectDataWorld Database on Protected AreasDistributions of 11,633 spp vertebrates

x

xx

X - least protected biomes


Global Gap Analysis Project

Number of gap speciesAll species All PAs PA>1000ha+IUCN 1-4Mammals 258 (5.5%) 644 (13.5%)Turtles 21 (7.7%) 48 (17.6%)Amphibians 913 (16.7%) 1718 (31.5%)

Threatened sppMammals 149 (14%) 314 (29.6%)

Birds 232 (19.8%) 437 (37.3%)Turtles 12 (10.1%) 32 (26.9%)Amphibians 411 (26.6%) 767 (49.7%)

Where are the Gap Species?


% g

ap

sp

eci

es

The area protected in a country is a poor predictor of conservation needs

Countries with lots of endemics have more gap species


Local Gap Analysis - Hawaii - Essay 14.2 text

GIS parks +

Endangered finch distributions

--> Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge


COMPREHENSIVENESSReserve system contains

Many species Many habitatsMany ecological processes

REPRESENTATIVENESS Reserve contains populations/habitats that cover range of variation in that spp/habitat

9 principal factors to consider


IRREPLACEABILITYImportance of an area in meeting the objectives of the reserve system

hairy-nosed wombatLocated in one placeEpping Forest National Parkif criteria is a system that retains all mammal species the area is irreplaceable


ADEQUACYFeatures within reserve will persist

Q. How might this be assessed?

SHAPElarge with low edge:area ratios

Q. why?

Better than


if conservation goal is species representation

we should also consider urgency = threat


Priority sites for protected areas based on irreplaceability and threat

Fetish Culture in Transformation: Poached

Tigers in Exhibits and National Parks in Cambodia

and Yunnan, China

Jackson Hu, Zoe Ju-Han Wang,Yue Wang, Sun Hean

Why Study Tigers in a Choatic Era?

Tiger (Panthera tigris) is the famous fetish sign in the regional culture of Southeast Asia

A spiritually powerful being whose bones, teeth, furs, etc. both royals and the common people have desired to obtain for prestige and wealth.

A pivotal communicative means

Indochinese tigers occurring in Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam and Cambodia with a biologically “effective” population of 529-1059 individuals.

Story Series

• 1. Tiger hunting in Cambodia by Sun Hean

• 2. Cultural imagination of tiger in the Kham area (the pan-Tibetan region) by

Jackson Hu • 3. When the jungles become National

Parks in Yunnan, China by Zoe Wang and Yue Wang

Story 1

• Tiger Hunting in Cambodia

Wildlife Poaching in Cambodia

• Interviewed during April-August 1999 • 3 prime tiger areas, the Cardamom

Mountains, the Northern Plains, and South of Sre Pok.

• 2 trading centers of poached tiger parts: Phnom Penh ( 金邊 ) and Poipet ( 波貝 ).

Northern Plains

Pursat Sre Pok

Cardamom

What’s the Cultural Roots of Tiger Fetish?

• mountain protector (a deity) keeps the forest in balance– Send only old, sick animals to be killed

• Fetish spirits: embodied in white or ‘difficult’ tigers – Native hunters left them alone by

giving the jungle deities respect and offering prayers

Fetish Persists in Wartime?• Khmer Rouge fighters

– favored by the jungle deity because they respected the forest and save spiritual animals

– In 1975-78, a million people died in the civil war

• A holed tiger canine as a powerful means for avoiding miss-shooting

Traditional Beliefs in a Postcolonial Context

No Species Sci. Name Parts Used Khmer Term Khmer Beliefs

1 Tiger Panthera tigris corbetti

canine holed

Chamkom Khla Prahorng

to avoid dangerous animals, shots, and other evils

(Khla ) canine Chamkom Khla to protect holders from danger

floating bone

Chaeng Khla Andet

to seek good business and happiness

2 Wild Boar Sus scrofa canine solid

Khnay Tan 1) to defend holder himself or herself, 2) avoid dangers (shots), 3) bring in good lucks

(Chhruk )

canine Khnay Chhruk Prey

worn for avoiding shots and dangers during traveling

3 Elephant Elephas maximus

broken tusk left on a tree

Chai Kach 1) to defend holder himself or herself, 2) avoid dangers (shots), 3) bring in good lucks

(Damrey )

tusk Phluk Damrey 1) decorated for have good lucks with prosperity, 2) to avoid dangers

Busy Borderland Across Fetish Regions

Story 2

• How Fetish Desire Expands into the Kham area ( 康區 ), China?

Tiger Sales in China - The Becoming of a Luxury

Goods • The pan-Tibetan regions were supplied by tiger

skins poached in other range countries and smuggled into the China. (photo from EIA and WPSI, 2006)

Sentient Being in Tibet • tigers as a sentient embodiment of the fire deity • a local religious mimic, inheriting from the powerful

figure of lion in the Buddhist symbolism of India

Mystic Acient Image

• Lord Shiva kills the “tiger of desire ( 欲虎 )” and sit on tiger skins as mats, presenting the overcome of secular desire

Powerful Fetish in Shifting Context • 8th century: for an Kham tradition of the Tibetan

royal military, tiger skins are the “six indicators of bravery” that ancient Tǔbō kings praised soldiers by hanging tiger furs in shoulder.

• A governmentally promoted regional “cultural tourism” ( 文化搭台，經濟唱戲 ) has a sightseeing on “indigenous ecology” ( 原生態 ) in annual festivals among Tibetans.

A Hybrid Image of Exotic Desire, Wealth, and Conquers

• 19th century: tigers hunted by the colonial rich and English soldiers in India have strengthened tiger fur exhibitions in Tibet and Bhutan.

• 2006 individual pelts chuba sold: tiger at USD 3,307; leopard at 1,341

• Recent declines in use resulted from campaigns of environmentalists and religious groups, and the ban of the State Forest Administration of China

Story 3. National Parks

• When the jungles become National Parks in Yunnan, China

• First National Park-Pudacuo ( 普達措 ) in Shangri-La in 2007

• Include Bita Lake ( 碧塔海 ) provincial nature reserve, Shudu Lake ( 屬都湖 ) tourism area &

Nirutan ( 尼汝塘 ) range.• Meli Snow Mt. ( 梅里雪山 ), Laojun Mt. ( 老君山 ) N.P.• How has this western-oriented concept developed its faces in China? Pudacuo National

Park

http://www.chinatrekking.com/UserFiles/Image/Maps/Yunnan_map/map-of-yunnan-L.jpg

Location of Pudacuo, Shangri-La, Yunnan

Do NPs in China serve the role?

• Damaged environment in Pudacuo– No limit control on tourists– Not running “environmental-

friendly” toilets & buses– Polluted lake, endangered species

• Insufficient environ. education facilities

• Frequent conflicts between locals & the operating company of Pudacuo

• Modification of master plan of Laojun Mt., turning pristine area into a tourism spot.

http://travel.yninfo.com/subject/laojunmountain/images/1.jpg

Thousand Turtle Mt., Laojun Mt.

Why National Park for TNC?• An alternative to conserve a

land (no private land in China)

• Great American tradition (Yellowstone)

• A way to maintain relationship with the government.– “national” park emphasizes the

leverage of state on natural resources

– Supporting national park means approval of TNC’s work

Bison in Yellowstone National Park

Ideology Shaping the Parks• Tourists Orientation-

– N.P as strategy of developing tourism in Yunnan

– Administratively under management of tourism authority

• Over-Emphasis of Yellowstone Model

• Top-down ideology

Dilemma of TNC

• TNC initiate the whole process yet could dominate the direction of national park system in China.

• For TNC, N.P is more than just a conservation strategy, but a vector of development.

• As a foreign-funded NGO, TNC has to be more careful of its relationship with the government.

What is Missing in the Story?• Local community• National Park in China can be

seen as a product of negotiating power of the government & NGO.

• Future development of local power – will it become strong enough to

stabilise with other two forces? – Will the local Tibetan form a single

force or various voices due to the heterogeneity?

– key to understand how the N.P will influence the balance of the forces, and how the relationship between the three will be continuously shaping the N.P in China.

Villagers sold mushroom

Conclusion

This Prelim Combined Research Presents

1. a broad vision of the difficulty to restrict the growth of commercial markets on poached tiger furs

2. firmly-rooted traditional fetish cultures3. a socio-cultural analysis on

transformed social life of fetish/commodity, and jungle/park.

The Fittest Survive, Especially A Hybrid.

保護區 protected area for a better future or past? jackson hu

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