refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance.

term used to designate a multitude of trends—in the arts, philosophy, religion, technology, and many other areas—that come after and deviate from the many 20th-cent. movements

Lyotard’s view

An era in which people have rejected the grand, supposedly universal stories and paradigms such as religion and gender that have defined culture and behavior in the past, and have instead begun to organize their cultural life around a variety of more local and subcultural ideologies and myths.

Incredulity towards metanarratives

Various Definitions

A worldview that emphasizes the existence of different worldviews.

There is no single way to define postmodernism, and that is the single most postmodern thing about it.

Features of postmodern culture begin to arise in the 1920s with the emergence of the Dada movement, which featured collage and a focus on the framing of objects and discourse as being important, than the work itself

Another strand which would have tremendous impact on post-modernism would be the existentialists, who placed the centrality of the individual narrative as being the source of morals and understanding.

Postmodernism has manifestations in many modern academic and non-academic disciplines

philosophy, theology, art, architecture, film, television, music, theatre, sociology, fashion, technology, literature, and communications are all heavily influenced by postmodern trends and ideas, and are thoroughly scrutinised from postmodern perspectives

Exactly when modernism began to give way to postmodernism depends on the observer and the theoretical framework

GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION

It refers to the worldwide exchanges brought about by modern communication and infrastructure.It describes how human beings are becoming more intertwined.

CONTRIBUTION TO CONTRIBUTION TO POSTMODERNISMPOSTMODERNISM

Journalists, politicians & others use Journalists, politicians & others use the word to signify that something the word to signify that something profound is happening.profound is happening.

It is eroding local cultures and It is eroding local cultures and traditions through a global culture.traditions through a global culture.

ConsumerismConsumerism

The features of culture that have contributed to The features of culture that have contributed to postmodernism include consumerism, the postmodernism include consumerism, the fragmentation of authority, and the fragmentation of authority, and the commodification of knowledge commodification of knowledge

Consumerism is a term used to describe the Consumerism is a term used to describe the effects of equating personal happiness with effects of equating personal happiness with purchasing material possessions and purchasing material possessions and consumption.consumption.

In an abstract sense, consumerism refers to the In an abstract sense, consumerism refers to the belief that the free choice of consumers should belief that the free choice of consumers should dictate the economic structure of a societydictate the economic structure of a society

Since consumerism began, various Since consumerism began, various individuals and groups have consciously individuals and groups have consciously sought an alternative lifestyle through sought an alternative lifestyle through simple living.simple living.

While consumerism is not a new While consumerism is not a new phenomenon, it has only become phenomenon, it has only become widespread in the 20th century and widespread in the 20th century and particularly in recent decades, under the particularly in recent decades, under the influence of capitalism and globalizationinfluence of capitalism and globalization

A culture that is permeated by consumerism A culture that is permeated by consumerism can be referred to as a consumer culturecan be referred to as a consumer culture

"Overcoming Consumerism" is a growing "Overcoming Consumerism" is a growing philosophy. It is a term that embodies the philosophy. It is a term that embodies the active resistance to consumerism.active resistance to consumerism.

anti-consumerists tend to believe that anti-consumerists tend to believe that consumerism is an artificial creation consumerism is an artificial creation sustained by artificial social pressures, sustained by artificial social pressures, while libertarians tend to believe that while libertarians tend to believe that consumerism is natural and the only way consumerism is natural and the only way to eliminate it is through artificial social to eliminate it is through artificial social pressures.pressures.

Post-modernism

…or have we moved beyond modernism?

Epistemological Relativism

There is no such thing as objective knowledge. Everything is viewed through the lens of our values and

our culture. Question- How can we make judgements about the

world around us if all knowledge and truths are relative. This is a central critique of the epistemological

relativism generated in much of Postmodern thought.

PostmodernismPostmodernism in language in language It refers to the use of postmodern ideas in the field of It refers to the use of postmodern ideas in the field of

linguistics. linguistics.

An important concept in postmodernism's view of An important concept in postmodernism's view of language is the idea of "play" text.language is the idea of "play" text.

Play is the means by which the reader constructs or Play is the means by which the reader constructs or interprets the text, and the means by which the author interprets the text, and the means by which the author gains a presence in the reader's mind. gains a presence in the reader's mind.

In the context of postmodernism, play means changing the In the context of postmodernism, play means changing the framework which connects ideas, and thus allows the framework which connects ideas, and thus allows the troping, or turning, of a metaphor or word from one context troping, or turning, of a metaphor or word from one context to another, or from one frame of reference to another.to another, or from one frame of reference to another.

Roland Barthes argued this concept, and coined it Roland Barthes argued this concept, and coined it 'Death of the Author'; this allows for 'freedom of the 'Death of the Author'; this allows for 'freedom of the reader'. It is the reader's freedom which gives reader'. It is the reader's freedom which gives meaning to a text, not the author's intention. Barthes meaning to a text, not the author's intention. Barthes is well known for having stated, "It is language that is well known for having stated, "It is language that speaks, not the author".speaks, not the author".

In post modernistic view ,author shall choose words In post modernistic view ,author shall choose words which transmit the idea as transparently as possible which transmit the idea as transparently as possible to the reader. Thus postmodernism in language has to the reader. Thus postmodernism in language has often been identified with poor writing and often been identified with poor writing and communication skills.communication skills.

Postmodern literature ?

• arose as a series of styles and ideas in the post-World WarII period .

• explores subjectivism, turning from external reality to examine inner states of consciousness.

• explores fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction.

Some Attributes of Post-Modernist Literature

• the writing of reflexive or meta-fiction

• the use of paradox

• a crossing or dissolving of borders -- between fiction and non-fiction, between literary genres, between high and low culture

Gender

• The postmodern novel was also part of a larger social project: integration and ending discrimination against women.

• Perspective of postmodern writers on the life of women:

Other sub-genres?

• Excrement Literature

• Electronic literature

• Hypertext fiction

Some of the authors of Postmodern Literature :

• J.R.R. Tolkien

• Salman Rushdie

• C.S. Lewis

• Dan Brown

J.R.R Tolkien

• the author of The Hobbit and its sequel The Lord of The Rings another fiction The Silmarillion.

• The covers of the Lord of the Rings series:

Tolkien’s RNG:

Salman Rushdie

• an Indian-born British essayist and author of fiction.

• His novel, Midnight’s Children, however, catapulted him to literary fame and is often considered his best work to date.

• He is best known for the violent criticism his book The Satanic Verses (1988) inspired in radical Muslims.

Clive Staples Lewis

• an Irish author and scholar, of mixed Irish, English, and Welsh ancestry.

• work on medieval literature• Christian apologetics • fiction, especially the

children’s series entitled The Chronicles of Narnia and his science fiction Space Trilogy.

C.S.Lewis’s : The Chronicles of Narnia –The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe

Dan BrownDan Brown

• Dan Brown is an American author of thriller fiction, best known for writing the controversial 2003 bestseller, The Da Vinci Code

• Dan Brown is an American author of thriller fiction, best known for writing the controversial 2003 bestseller, The Da Vinci Code

Postmodern art (sometimes called po-mo) is a term used to describe art which is thought to be after or in contradiction to some aspect of modernism.

Postmodern art uses a vocabulary of media, genres or styles as parts of an extended visual language that goes beyond the boundaries of the modernist vocabulary

Postmodern art (and thought) favors reflexivity and self-consciousness, fragmentation and discontinuity (especially in narrative structures), ambiguity, simultaneity, and an emphasis on the destructured, decentered, dehumanized subject.

In his theoretical writings, Jean Baudrillard concludes that what motivates art's historical change is not any 'authentic' or 'original' impulse, but simply fashion, pivoting on the desire for novelty, which he sees as an organic and integrated process.

The basic premise behind postmodern art is that all forms of novelty and rebellion have already been explored,

Even if everything being done wasn't true the particular emphasis on rejection of that which is old or already done is only handicapping to an artists self-expression.

Artist Allison Hetter, when asked what post-modernism was, replied with the simple phrase: "Everything's been done already." Many observers feel that we are in the stage of the po-po-mo where: "Everything's been re-done already".

Some of the famous modern art pieces of sculpture, photography, architecture and painting

Judy Chicago’s ‘ Dinner Party’

Richard Serra's "Tilted Arc", 1981 (now destroyed)

Vietnam War Memorial (1982)

Hung Lui: Three Fujins, 1995 Pacita Abad’s

How Mali Lost Her Accent, 1991

Jesse Trevino: Senora Dolores Trevino, 1982

Faith Ringgold’s

Dancing at the Louvre, 1991

Sandy Scogland’s Revenge of

the Goldfish, 1981

Photo above from Larry Powell's book "Hunger of the Heart: Communion at the Wall"

Sculpture of Walking Man

by George Segal

A Ceramic Sculpture by

Joan Miro

POST MODERN MUSIC :POST MODERN MUSIC :

• MUSICAL STYLE - Tends to be self referential and ironic. Favours eclecticism in musical form and genre

• MUSICAL CONDITION - Simply state of music in post modernism .It does’nt have any particular style or characteristic

•

JONATHANJONATHAN KRAMER’SKRAMER’S VIEWVIEW ->->

•is on some level and some way ironic• challenges barriers between high and low styles• questions the mutual exclusivity of elitist and populist values• embraces contradictions• distrusts binary oppositions• includes fragmentations and discontinuities• presents multiple meanings and multiple temporalities

THEORIES :THEORIES : • it is a degenerate modernity, the critic Theodor Adonor

being an example of idea that trends of music after serialism represent banalization of and regression from modernity.

•It is a sign of late capitalism and decline of identity creating metanarratives such as nation states.

•As with modernity and postmodernism in general, modernity may be considered to not yet have ended, and thus there is no post modern condition.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODERN AND POSTMODERN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODERN AND POSTMODERN MUSIC:MUSIC:

• modern music was characterized by focus on musical fundamentals and expressions. however in post modern music, the commodity being sold by record companies and pop stars are not the fundamentals of the music, but the cultural image surrounding music, which reverbates through films, televisions, and other media.

ROCK MUSIC –(PINK FLOYD) POP MUSIC – (BEATLES)

‘DJING’ RAP

Postmodernism in urban design

Postmodernism in contemporary cities in terms of globalization.

Growing proportion of all economic activity Progressively organized at the international scale

This international scope induces economic patterns & induces multicultural ambience.

Postmodernism in Graphic design

Graphic design may be considered as the root of postmodernism.

Postmodernism in graphic design has been mainly a visual & decorative movement.

Graphic design saw a massive popular raising at the end of the seventies in form of Graffiti and Hip Hop culture's rise .

Postmodernism in Postmodernism in architecturearchitecture

As with many cultural As with many cultural movements, one of movements, one of postmodernism's most postmodernism's most pronounced and pronounced and visible ideas can be visible ideas can be seen in architecture.seen in architecture.

The functional and The functional and formalized shapes and formalized shapes and spaces of the spaces of the modernist movement modernist movement are replaced by are replaced by diverse aesthetics.diverse aesthetics.

Post-modernism is a Post-modernism is a rejection of strict rules set rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, of building techniques, angles, and stylistic angles, and stylistic references references

Architects generally Architects generally considered postmodern considered postmodern include: Peter Eisenmen, include: Peter Eisenmen, Philip Johnson, John Burgee, Philip Johnson, John Burgee, Robert Venturi, Ricardo Robert Venturi, Ricardo Bofill, and Frank Gehry.Bofill, and Frank Gehry.

A prime example of A prime example of postmodern architecture lies postmodern architecture lies along the Las Vegas strip along the Las Vegas strip which was glamorized by which was glamorized by Robert Venturi in the book Robert Venturi in the book ‘Learning from Las Vegas’.‘Learning from Las Vegas’.

Postmodern philosophy is an eclectic and elusive movement characterized by the postmodern criticism and analysis of Western philosophy. Beginning as a critique of Continental philosophy, it was heavily influenced by phenomenology, structuralism and existentialism, and by the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger. It was also influenced to some degree by Ludwig Wittgenstein's later criticisms of analytic philosophy and Søren Kierkegaard's attack on any type of systematic philosophy.

Within postmodern philosophy, there are numerous interrelated fields, including deconstruction and several fields beginning with the prefix "post-", such as post-structuralism, post-Marxism, and post-feminism. In particular postmodern philosophy has spawned a huge literature of critical theory.

Postmodern philosophy is generally characterized by a skepticism toward the simple binary oppositions predominant in Western metaphysics and humanism, such as the expectation that the philosopher may cleanly isolate knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, or presence from absence. This is anti-foundationalism. To some critics, this skepticism appears similar to relativism or even nihilism.

Defenders of post-modernism would argue that there is a distinct difference, however: while relativism and nihilism are generally viewed as an abandonment of meaning and authority, postmodern philosophy is generally viewed as an openness to meaning and authority from unexpected places, and that the ultimate source of authority is the "play" of the discourse itself. In addition, many view postmodern philosophy not as a purely abstract or logical argument, but as a historical occurrence.

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