广西医科大学人体解剖教研室 respiratory system. the respiratory system nose pharynx...
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广西医科大学人体解剖教研室
Respiratory system
The respiratory system
nose
pharynx
larynx
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
trachea
principal bronchi
branchesof principalbronchi
1. respiratory tract
2. lung/pulmo
The external nose
Nasal root
Nasal back
Apex of nose
Alae nasi
Nares Cartilages
Section 1 The Nose
External nose
Root of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares
Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavity
Reft nasal cavityNasal septum
Paranasal cavity
Frontal sinusesMaxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinuses
Section 1 The Nose
External nose
Root of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares
Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavity
Reft nasal cavityNasal septum
Paranasal cavity
Frontal sinusesMaxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinuses
Section 1 The Nose
External nose
Root of noseBack of noseApex of noseAlae nasiNares
Nasal cavityLeft nasal cavity
Right nasal cavityNasal septum
Paranasal cavity
Frontal sinusesMaxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinuses
Respiratory region
Olfactory regionPerpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer
Nasal cavity
The partnasal vestibule lined by skin
proper nasal cavity lined by mucosa.
The mucosa has two region: olfectory region and respiratory region.
The medial wall: Nasal septum
The lateral wall:
Superior, middle ,inferior nasal concha
Superior, middle ,inferior nasal meatus
Frontal sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess Frontal sinus
The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity.
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
ethmoidal sinus
anterior group
middle group
posterior group
sphenoidal sinus
middle nasal meatus
superior nasal meatus
sphenoethmoidal recess
The place of the oppenings of paranasal sinuses.
The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity.
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
ethmoidal sinus
anterior group
middle group
posterior group
sphenoidal sinus
middle nasal meatus
superior nasal meatus
sphenoethmoidal recess
The place of the openings of paranasal sinuses.
Section 2 The larynx
Laryngeal cartilages
Laryngeal joints
Laryngeal muscles
Laryngeal cavity
2. The composition
1. The position and relation
The sagittal section of the skull and neck
larynx
thyroid cartilage 1
cricoid cartilage 1
epiglottic cartilage 1
arytenoid cartilage 2
1. Laryngeal cartilages
Conus elasticus
Vocal ligament Conus elasticus
Vocal ligament
quadrangular membrane
vestibular ligament
Epiglottic cartilage
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoarytenoid joint
Cricothyroid joint
Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
Annular lig.
The laryngeal cavity and joint
2. The laryngeal joints
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricothyroid joint
Quadrangular membrane
Conus elasticus
Cricoarytenoid joint
Cricotracheal membrane
Conus elasticus extend upward from the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage.
Vocal ligament is the superior of the conus elasticus.
Vocal fold is the mucosa covering the vocal ligament.
Transverse arytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Oblique arytenoidcricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
3. The muscle of larynx
Crinothyroid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid can open the glottis.
Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid close the glottis.
Posterior cricoarytenoid and crinothyroid can tense and lenghten the vocal fold.
Thyroarytenoid can relax and shorten the vocal fold.
The fissure glottisConus elasticus
Laryngeal vestibule
Rima vestibuli
Vestibular fold
Ventricle of larynx
Vocal fold
Fissure of glottis
Infraglottic cavity
Tracheal cavity
Epiglottis
Aperture of larynx
Aryepiglottic fold
Interarytenoid notch
Oblique arytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Thyroid cartilage
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
4. The laryngeal cavity
The inlet: aperture larynx
The mucous fold
The parts
The vestibular folds
The vocal fold
The laryngeal vestibule
The intermedial cavity of larynx
The infraglottic cavity
The fissure glottis
Section 3 The trachea and bronchi
1. The trachea
The composition: The tracheal cartilages, smooth muscle, connective tissue and epithelium.
The position of the bifurcation of trachea:
the sternal angle or the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra
The carina of trachea:
2. The bronchi
Principal bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
The carina of trachea
R principal bronchus
Larynx
Trachea
L principal bronchus
Bifurcation
Larynx
Trachea
Right principal bronchus
Superior lobar bronchus
Middle lobar bronchus
Inferior lobar bronchus
Bifurcation of tracea
Left principal bronchus
Sup. lobar bronchus
Inf. lobar bronchus
Section 3 The trachea and bronchi
1. The trachea
The composition:
The position of the bifurcation of trachea:carina of trachea:
2. The bronchi
Principal bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi
bronchioles terminal bronchioles.
The differences of right and left principal bronchus:
shorter, wider, more vertical
Apex of lung
Oblique fissure
Pulmonary a.
left principal bronchus
Posterior border
Right inf. pulmonary v.
inferior lobe
Hilum of lung
Superior pulmonary v.
Superior lobe
Cardiac impression
Cardiac notch
Oblique fissure
base of lung
Medial surface of left lung
Apex of lung
Superior lobar bronchus
Right principal bronchus
Posterior border
Right inf. pulmonary v.
inferior lobe
Pulmonary a.
Hilum of lung
Superior pulmonary v.
Superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Middle lobe
base of lung
Medial surface of right lung
Larynx
trachea
Apex
Superior lobe
cardiac notch
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
Apex
Superior lobe
Costal surface
Anterior border
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
medial surface
Inferior border
Section 4 lung/pulmo
1. The external features
Apex
Base or diaphragmatic suface
Two surface: costal and medial surface
Three border：
Hilum of lung
Root of lung:
The bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, nerves, bronchial vessels, lymphatics and lyph nodes
Larynx
trachea
Apex
Superior lobe
cardiac notch
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
Apex
Superior lobe
Costal surface
Anterior border
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
medial surface
Inferior border
2. The lobe
oblique fissure horizontal fissure
Right lung
Left lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
oblique fissure
3. The situation of lungs
4. The bronchopulmonary segments4. The bronchopulmonary segments
Section 5 The pleura
1. The parts
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphrgmatic pleura
Mediastinal pleura
Cupula of pleura
2. The pleural cavity and thoracic cavity
3. The pleural recess： costodiaphragmatic recess
4. The projection of inferior margins of lungs and pleura
The inferior margins of lungs and pleura ：
inferior margin of lungs
inferior margin of pleura
midclavicular line midaxillary line scapular line
6th rib 10th rib8th rib
8th rib 11th rib10th rib
Sernal angle
Anterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum
Heart
Diaphragm
Posterior mediatinum
Superior mediatinumSection 6 The midiastinum
Superior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum
anterior mediastinum
middle mediastinum
posterior mediastinum
The subsection:
Sum up the main point of respiratory system
1. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and pulmo. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx; and the trachea, principal bronchi with their branches belong to the lower tract. The primary function of this system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
2. The nose includes the external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Each nasal cavity is divided into nasal vestibule and proper nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is lined by skin, and the proper nasal cavity by mucous membrane. According to the function ,the mucous membrane is divided into two parts: olfectory and respiratory region.
The paranasal sinuses includes the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and
sphenoidal sinus. They all communicate with nasal cavity. The fronta
l, maxillary, the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open into the
middle nasal meatuses; and the posterior ethmoidal sinus into the upp
er nasal meatus; and the sphenoidal sinus into the sphenoethmoidal r
ecess. The positions of the opening the maxillary sinuses are higher t
han its floor.
3. The larynx consist of a framework of cartilages that connected toget
her by ligament, membrane and joint. There are five cartilages: one thy
roid, one cricoid, one epigrottic, and a pair arytenoid cartilage. The lar
yngeal cavity may be divided into three parts by the vestibular folds an
d the vocal folds: the laryngeal vestibule, the intermedial cavity of lary
nx and the infraglottic cavity.
Here, there are several names we must memorize:
The conus elasticus: the membrane between the upper of the cricoid ca
rtilage, the posterior of the thyroid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage.
The vocal ligament: the upper of the conus elasticus between the thyro
id cartilage and the vocal projection of the arytenoid cartilage.
The vocal fold: the mucosa covering the surface of the vocal ligament
and the arytenoid cartilage.
The fissure of glottis: the between the right and left vocal folds.
The glottis: consists of the vocal folds and the fissure of glottis.
4. Trachea and bronchi are all composed of C-shaped ring of cartilages,
smooth muscle and connective tissue.
The lower end of the trachea is called the bifurcation.
There is a carina of trachea on the inner surface of the bifurcation.
The carina of trachea is the marker to guide the bronchoscope to the left
or right bronchus.
The right principal bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical in
position than the left.
5. The lung/ pulmo is respiratory organ. The lung/ pulmo is conical and has an apex, a base, two surfaces and three borders. The apex of the lung extends to about 2~3 cm above the level of the medial one-third of the clavicle.The left pulmo is divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; and the right pulmo is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by oblique and horizontal fissuresThe branches of the bronchi in the lungs: the principal bronchus lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles the terminal bronchioles.A bronchopulmonary segment: a unit of lung tissue, where the branches / ramifications of a segmental bronchus distributes to. There are 10 segments on each side lung.
6. The pleura are serous membrane, divided into the parietal and visceral pleura.
The parietal pleura are divided into four parts: the costal pleura, the diaphragmatic pleura, the medial stinal pleura and the cupula of pleura.
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
The right and left pleural cavity is separated from each other by mediastinum.
The costodiaphragmatic recess is in the place of the reflection of the diaphragmatic and costal pleura.
When the body is standing or sitting, the costodiaphragmatic recess is the lowest place of the pleural cavity. So if the pleural cavity has liquid, for example the blood or the pus, the liquid always fills in this recess first.
The projection of the inferior margins of the lungs and the pleura, (on the midclavicular line, midaxillary line, and scapular line) are respectively in: The lung: 6th, 8th, 10th rib; the pleura: 8th, 10th, 11th rib
7. The mediastinum is divided into 4 regions by the level of ster
nal angle and the pericardium: the superior mediastinum, the ant
erior mediastinum, the middle mediastinum, and the posterior m
ediastinum.