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Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan

Features of Power System and Issues on International Connection

in JapanRyuichi YOKOYAMA

横山隆一

Waseda University早稲田大学

1

Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan 2

Features of Power System in Japan


Features of Power System in Japan

Energy savingEnergy security

Diversification of power sources Cost benefit

Energy Resources(Scarce)Self-sufficiency rate : 4%

Light & compact

High reliabilityHigh efficiency

Environmental issueEnvironmental countermeasures

Ambient temperature : -20～40℃Earthquake intensity : 8.2Instantaneous wind speed : 70m/s

- Underground S/S, - Underground Cable, - Insulated Wire

( Renewable energy, LNG, Coal, Hydro, Oil, Nuclear )

Natural Condition(Harsh) Population density : -Tokyo area: 5875 people/km2- Metropolitan area:1132 people/km2

Social Environment(Narrow, Crowded)

Reference: Development and Future of Japanese Power System, Takeshi Taneichi , Sept. 28,2009, CPTJ Symposium in Waseda University


Ten Electric Power Companies andInterconnected NetworkTen Electric Power Companies andInterconnected Network

50Hz60Hz


Available Transfer Capacity of Interconnection Lines


6

Reinforcement of Interconnection lines between 50Hz and 60Hz AreasReinforcement of Interconnection lines between 50Hz and 60Hz Areas

Higashi-Shimizu

60Hz Area

Sakuma

50Hz AreaShin-Shinano

EtsumiTrunk Line

Constriction Plan of 900MW HVDC Line toward Nagano

Reference: Proposal on reinforcements of Tokyo-Chubu interconnection, ESCJ, 2013

Current Situation of East-West Interconnection FacilitiesFrequency Converter Station■ Sakuma (J-Power EPCO) : 300 MW■ Shin-Shinano (Tokyo EPCO ) : 600 MW■Higashi-Shimizu (Chubu EPCO) : 300 MW■Total Capacity: : 1,200 MW

■ Reinforcement of interconnection between 50Hz and 60Hz areas by HVDC line■ Capacity of East-West interconnection will be increased from 1,200MW to 2,10MW (2,50MW in the future)■ The project is undergoing aiming at operation commencement in 2020

■ By the constriction of 900MW HVDC Line toward Nagano, the transfer capacity increases to 2,100 MW in 2020.

■ The Expert Committee on the Electricity Power Systems Reform requested further increase of capacity up to 3,000 MW under political support by the government in June 2016.


Generation Mix and Total Capacity of EPCOs in 2015 and 2020

Generation Mix in 2010 Generation Mix in 2013

Nuclear

CoalHydro

LNGOthers

Renewable

Before Disaster

2010 Oil

Nuclear

Oil

CoalHydro

LNG

Others

Renewable

After Disaster

20132011

Transmission Line (500kV)Transmission Line(154kV～275kV)DC Transmission LineSwitching Station or SubstationFrequency Converter Facility(F.C.)AC-DC Converter Facility


Reinforcements of Facilities for Large Scale Wind GenerationReinforcements of Facilities for Large Scale Wind Generation- Construction Unit Cost:

300,000 Yen/KW Estimated- Construction Period:

April 2014 to March 2019- Operational Capacity:

0.6GW (in 2014)0.3GW (in 2019) ExtensionTotal Capacity: 0.9GW

Hokuto Substation

ImabetsuSubstation

SeikanTunne

lNew Route

Existing Route

Nanae SubstationOhno

SubstationHokuto-ImabetsuTrunk Line

Nihisenndai

Minami-Soma Jyoubann Line

Soma-Futaba Line

Tokyo Area

TohokuArea ● Total Construction Cost :159 billion Yen

● Construction Period:7 years to 11 years

●Operational Capacity:5.7 GW (in 2021 Fiscal year)5.5 GW (Expansion)Total Capacity: 11.2GW

Large Scale Wind Generation Area

High Electricity Demand Density Area


Reinforcement Plans of Interconnection between 50/60 Hz AreasReinforcement Plans of Interconnection between 50/60 Hz AreasAreas

to be InterconnectedProjectName Voltage

Construction Commencement In Operation

Hokkaido-Tohoku Hokuto-ImabetsuDC Trunk Line HVDC 250 kV April 2014 March 2019

Tokyo-Chubu Tokyo-Chubu DC Trunk Line HVDC±200 kV 2017 Fiscal Year 2020 Fiscal Year

Chubu-Kansai Sekigahara-kitaoumi Line 500 kV Undecided Undecided

Reference: https://www.occto.or.jp/en/occto/about_occto/images/figureforOCCTO.pngReference: OCCTO, Summary of electricity supply plan in2015, June 2015

Construction rules: According to the recommendation by OCCTO, a related electric power utility are obliged to construct or expand the interconnecting line and subsequently the construction or expansion cost is collected by the wheeling charge from all users and customers.


Unit: 10 MWHokkaido

EPCO

ChugokuEPCO

KansaiEPCO

ChubuEPCO

HokurikuEPCO

TohokuEPCO

TokyoEPCO

ShikokuEPCO

KyushuEPCO

Undecided (120)Undecided (250)

90 (2019 In Operation)90 (2019 In Operation)

210 (2020 In Operation)300 (Recommended)500KV Line Planned but Undecided

Transfer Capacity after Reinforcement of Interconnection in 2024Transfer Capacity after Reinforcement of Interconnection in 2024


Deployment of Super Grid into Asian CountriesDeployment of Super Grid into Asian CountriesSuper Grid in Japan - Necessity of feasibility studies for international interconnection toward the targeted year, 2020 or 2030

- In the future, expansion to multi-national Super Grid including the North East Asian countries (ASEAN) and Australia- Creation of a platform for effective use of renewable energy such as solar and wind- As electric power companies in Japan have been protected by monopoly and regulation, even domestic transfer between areas was not sufficient because of poor tie line capacity.

Expansion of domestic tie lines


Reinforcement of Tie linesfor Cross-Reginal Operation

Toward Super Grid in Japan）

36

Reinforcements of Tie lines

between areas

Increase of Cross-regional electricity transfer

- To avoid blackout occurred by natural disasters by transferring electric power between areas

- To mitigate output fluctuation of large scale renewable energy installation by enhancement of nationwide demand and supply balancing capability

- Establishment of OCCTO: Organization for Cross–regional Coordination of Transmission Operators, Japan Reference: OCCTO, Summary of electricity supply plan in2015, June 2015

Import of Electricity2GW ～ 5GW


Issues on International Connectionin Japan


Disaster by Tohoku/Pacific Coast Tsunami


Current Situation of Nuclear PlantsAfter Disaster in Japan

：Decommissioning：Frozen/Suspended：Emergency Stop：In Maintenance

: In Operation: Under Const.: Planned

Capacity

In Operation In Operation


Paradigm Shift toward Best Energy Mix from Nuclear-Centered Generation Mix

Best Energy Mix based on Distributed Generation and NetworkGeneration with Fossil Energy- LNG Thermal Plant (1GW)- Gas Combined Cycle (0.3GW)- Gas Engine (10KW – 1MW)- IGCC (Clean Coal Generation)- Fuel Cell

GEGEGeneration with Sustainable Energy

Battery Energy Storage

EDLC

Lead Battery Ni-MH Battery負極負極正極正極

水素吸蔵合金オキシ水酸化ニッケル

放電

N iO O H

N i(O H ) 2O H －

H 2O

O H －

H 2Oe －↓

水素 H +

↑

e －

e － → e － →

← e －

e － →

負　極負　極

正　極正　極

炭素材料 (黒鉛層間化合物) 遷移金属酸化物

Li+

空のLi+サイト

放　電

電子 e－ →Li-Ion Battery

TransmissionNetwork

Distribution Substation

ResidenceFactory

Distribution Network

Storage

Thermal Plant

PV GenerationStorageNuclear Plant

Hydro PlantGeneration Mix based on Large Scale Plants

WindGeneration

Energy Saving Local Generation

Tsunami2011


○ By large scale installation of sustainable energy such as PV generation, new problems in power grids ;Excess energy, Voltage increase and Shortage of frequency control capacity occur.

○ Necessity of power stabilization control to keep their own functionality of power networks

１０７Ｖ

９５Ｖ

Voltage

Distance from Substation transformerNo Reverse

Power

Reverse powerPermissible Range(1016V)

LoadLoad

Reverse Power Reverse power : PV generated power flows into grids

DistributionSubstation ～－～－LoadLoad Load ～－

VoltageDisconnection

100/200V6６00V

Voltage Increase and Reverse Power in Distribution Networks

MEGA Solar

Issues in Power System Operation by Large Scale Instillation of Sustainable Energy

Output Deviation of PV Generation in Summer

Ratio

（

Gener

ationC

apacity

）

（％）

（Time)Cloudy

Fine Day

Rainy010

203040506070

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Dema

nd Ch

ange

（Co

mpone

nts un

der ２０

minute

s devia

rtion）

太陽

光

増加

LFC : Load Frequency

Control

Sum of demand and PV output fluctuations

±1～2 %of Total demand

Shortage of Frequency Control Capacity

One hour

Sum of demand and wind output deviations

Demand deviation

Excess of control limit

17

SmartMeter

HEMS

BatteryElectric Vehicle


Autonomous Micro Gridfor Effective Use of Sustainable EnergyIntelligent

Control System

Wind Generator

PV generation

Fuel Cells

Electricity/Heat Supply

Large Customers

Domestic Customers

Loop Network

GEGE

Gas Engine, CGS

Utility Grid

ICT-based Monitoring, Communication and Control

Battery Energy Storage System

Back Up


Changes of Power System Structureby Introducing Smart Technology


Toward Future Power Delivery NetworksStable Power Supply Low Carbon SocietyReasonable Price

Future Social Infrastructure

Super Grid

Anti-Disaster Network Power Transfer crossing the BorderLocal Government DrivenAutonomous Network Inter-regional Connection

Cluster-Oriented Distribution Network

Large Scale Power SystemRemote GenerationLong TransmissionVulnerability to Natural DisasterMicro Grid Smart Grid

Parasite Cost/Benefit

Smart & Eco Life

Smart CommunityEco City, Compact Town

Electricity, Heat,Transportation

20


Conclusion of MOU concerning Smart Community Projects 6 Demonstration Projects ; 4 in Implementation stage and 2 in

Construction stage

Java Island（Indonesia）

21

Oversea Smart Community Developments by NEDO

Reference : New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan


USALos Angels, HawaiiBoulder, Miami, Los Alamos, Albuquerque

KoreaCheju

EnglandOrkney,Glasgow

EU CountriesMiddle East North Africa DERRTEC IndiaDahej, Changodar,

Maharashtra, Haryana

SingaporeJurong, PulauUbin

GermanyBoden, Berlin, Aachen

HollandAmsterdam

UAEMasdar

JapanYokohama, Toyota, Kitakyusyu, Keihanna

ChinaTianjin, Sohiden, Bechuan, Turpan, Dezhou, Dalian, Hainan

Eco City Development in China

Chinese Government

Chinese and Singapore governments attained the agreement to corporate thedevelopment of Tianjin Eco City in 2007. Budgets are supplied by both sides by50% and development corporation was established. Singapore side utilized the government fund. Design has been undertaken by Singapore Government-own Corporation

International Deployment in the Future

1

Eco CityPVGeneration

Regional Air Conditioning Electricity SavingWater and Waste Treatment

Singapore Government

Eco City Project in Tianjin


Configuration of Single Cluster

Configuration and Components of Cluster–Oriented Smart Distribution GridEffective Use of Sustainable Local Energy

BatteryCVCF/PQ Control

Main Inverter GEGEInterconnection

InverterCluster for

Power SupplyUtility Grid(Power System）

Facilities

Biomass

Gas Engine

PV GenerationWind Generation

Micro Hydro

Wave Generation

Biogas

CustomersRapid

Charging of EV

23


Interconnection and Expansion of Cluster–Oriented Smart Distribution Grid

Main Inverter(CVCF-Mode)

ClusterＡ

GEGE

Power System

(Utility Grid）

GEGE

One Point Connectionto the Grid

ClusterB

ClusterC





InterconnectionInverter

(PQ-Mode)


(PQ-Mode)


EMS


欧州における北海スーパ-グリッド構想欧州における北海スーパ-グリッド構想The North Sea Countries’ Offshore Grid Initiative by EWEAThe North Sea Countries’ Offshore Grid

Initiative by EWEA


European Super GridDESERTEC Industrial Initiative

European Super GridDESERTEC Industrial Initiative


ASEAN Power Grid (APG) Initiative・ ASEAN Power Grid Connection for

Effective use of Energy Resources ・ Reconciliation of Neighboring

Countries through Power Transfer ・ Revitalization of these Regions

Reference:Jack CasazzaForgotten Roots: Electric Power, Profits, Democracy and a Profession

Philippine

Myanmar

Malesia

Vietnam

Burnie

Singapore

Indonesia

CambodiaThailand

Laos


Asian Super Grid

JapanKorea

Russia

HVDC Transmission lines

India

China

MongoliaThe Gobi Desert

Asian Super GridInternational Energy Interconnection

HVDC Cable

Substation

Transmission LinesWind Farm in Mongolia

The Gobi Desert

Solar Thermal Farm


Benefit of Asian Super GridDifference of Electricity Prices in Countries

WakkanaiTamari

Fukuoka

Mihama

KashiwazakiKariha

Total Transmission Length:3,800KmElectricity Price


Mandatory Conditions for realizing Super GridMandatory Conditions for realizing Super Grid

30

□ In the DESERTECH Project of European countries including the Middle East and the North Africa,- Solar Thermal energy in deserts of

the North Africa and the Middle East- Wind power energy in the coast of

the North-West Africa, the North and West Europe

- PV generation in strong solar radiation, such as Spain

- Hydro energy in mountain areas of the Alpsmountains, Pyrenees, Atlas Mountains

- Biomass energy in the middle of Europe, such as, Germany and France□ International interconnections between Africa, the Middle East and Europe by low

loss, long distance HVDC- Countries must be stable politically, Economically and Socially- Interconnecting countries have cordial relations each other- Diversification of energy resources in different areas


Thank you for your attention

Ryuichi YOKOYAMA横山隆一

Waseda University早稲田大学

[email protected]

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