@= s[lif cy{tgqsf] ablnfbf] k|j[lq · d:of}bfm s[lif ljsf; /0fglltsf] k|f?km jt{dfg cj:yf /...

d:of}bfM s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] k|f?kM jt{dfg cj:yf / lng'kg]{ af6f] d:of}bfM s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] k|f?kM jt{dfg cj:yf / lng'kg]{ af6f]

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] k|f?kM

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g]kfnsf] lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf gful/s ax;sf nflu k|:t't ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f / cu|udgsf] k|f/lDes ¿k/]vf 1111

s[i0f k|= kf}8]n 2222

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b:tfj]hx? tof/ ug{ cfly{s ;|f]t tyf ;do b'j}n] ;Dej ePg tyflk of] ax;kqn] o:tf] cfjZostfnfO{

dx;'; u/L eljiodf lj:t[t cWoog ug{ k|]/0ff lbg]5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{5f}F . of] ax;kq tof/ ug{ cfFlzs

;xof]u ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfn cS;kmfd g]kfn / kmf:6gf]km/nfO{ wGojfb lbG5f}F . ;fy} d:of}bfdf cfˆgf]

cd"No ;'emfj tyf l6Kk0fL ug'{x'g] o'j/fh ;'j]bL, g]q ltlD;gf, dw' ;'j]bL, od'gf 3n], ;f]dt l3ld/] / efiff

;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ljhof ;'AafnfO{ nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb . 2s[lifdf pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf kf}8]n km/]i6PS;g g]kfndf cfj4 x'g'x'g'x'G5, pxfF vfB tyf lbuf]

v]tLkftL cleofgsf] g]t[Tj ug{'x'g'x'G5 / cleofgstf{ x'g'x'G5 . 3e§/fO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf b[li6n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / lzIff If]qdf ljlzi6tf /fVg] :jtGq ljsf;sdL{

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cg';Gwfgstf{ x'g'x'G5 .

ljifo ;'rL

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@= s[lif cy{tGqsf] ablnFbf] k|j[lt @

#= u'h|Fb} u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfM Ps l;+xfjnf]sg (

$= k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdfly ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL !@

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%= lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu gful/s k|:tfjgf @!

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%=@=! ul/aL, vfBfGg cefj / s'kf]if0fsf] ;Daf]wg @& %=@=@ vfB ;+:s[lt / :yfgLo k|hflt k|j4{g @* %=@=# g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgsf] t'ngfTds nfe jf k|lt:kwf{ @* %=@=$ Ef"–ljt/0f, pkof]u / e"–:jfldTj @( %=@=% ls;fgsf] Ifdtf, nufgL / pBdzLntf ## %=@=^ e"–agf]6, kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / pko'Qm s[lif k|ljlw #$ %=@=& pko'Qm s[lif hgzlQm / lzIff #& %=@=* /fHo / ahf/sf] bfo/f #& %=@=( s[lifsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; #*

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^= cGTodf $@


1 2

!= kl/ro

PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í / cGo bh{g hlt5 bft[ lgsfosf] cfly{s tyf

k|fljlws ;xfotfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] g]kfnsf]

cfufdL s[lif /0fgLlt agfpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ag]sf] aL;jif]{

bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] -h;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf Agriculture Perspective

Plan-APP elgG5, h'g of]hgf ax';ª\Vos s[ifs ;fIf/ klg x'g afFsL b]zdf

g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ;d]t geO{_ o;} ;fn Dofb ;lsFb}5 .

ut b'O{ jif{b]lv tof/ kfg{ yflnPsf] cfufdL bz jif]{ sfo{of]hgf;lxtsf]

aL; jif]{ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof ;Lldt k/fdz{bftf /

k|fljlws sd{rf/LtGqeGbf dfly p7\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . d:of}bfdf ;d]6]lPsf

ljifoj:t'x¿ :yfgLo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0faf6 cfpg'eGbf lbdfuL, ;}4flGts /

sf]7fleqsf] sfNklgs lrqaf6 a9L k|]l/t b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf

ljleGg cfofddf ljleGg lsl;dn] ;+nUg ;fdflhs, k|fljlws ;+:yfx¿sf] t

s'/f k/} hfcf];\ :jo+ ;/sf/L s[lif ;+oGqdf b]zsf s'gfsfKrfdf / hg:t/df

sfd ul//x]sf k|fljlwsx¿ klg ;+nUg 5}gg\ .

clxn] of] /0fgLlt d:of}bfsf] ?kdf dfq k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 / /0fgLlt

agfpg] sfo{bnn] ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:t't u/]kl5 o;sf] kl/dfh{g x'g afFsL g}

5 . of] ax; kqdf pQm d:of}bfn] h]h:tf] cjwf/0ff / To;cg';f/sf

lqmofsnfkx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 To;sf cfwf/nfO{ lr/kmf/ u/L g]kfnL

s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu cfwf/e"t 9fFrf s:tf] x'g'k5{ / o;sf nflu

5Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if, o'/f]lkog o'lgog, vfB tyf s[lif ;Ë7g, P;=8L=;L=, hfOsf, o'P;P8, 8]lg8f, ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, l8lkm8 / ljZj a}Í

tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ;jfnx¿nfO{ p7fpg] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df

g]kfnsf] eljio;Fu hf]l8Psf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf cfofdx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf

Pjd\ k|:tfljt /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof, d:of}bf / o;sf ;Defljt

kl/0ffdsf]] ljZn]if0f ub}{ k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf af/]df

cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 ;fy} o; ax;kqdf g]kfnsf nflu pko'Qm

s[lifsf] 9fFrf / cEof;df /x]sf Psfw pbfx/0f ;lxt ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLlt

/ ;d]t k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

@= s[lif cy{tGqsf] ablnFbf] k|j[lQ

cfhef]ln s[lifdf cfwfl/t hLljsf]kfh{g ;Dej gePkl5 ls;fgx¿

cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ufpF 5f]8\g k|f]T;flxt ul//x]sf 5g\ .

kl/0ffdtM t/fO{ xf];\ jf kxf8 cyjf lxdfn, v]tLkftLsf] cfsif{0f 36]sf] 5 .

sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jf v]taf/Ldf b]lvFb}gg\ . lzIffk|lt cfdhgtfdf

a9\bf] hfu/0f / rf;f]n] k|fo ;a} 3/sf s]6fs]6L ljBfno hfG5g\ .

ax';ª\Vos g]kfnLx¿sf] d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t s[lif k]zf xf] . w]/} g]kfnL

kl/jf/sf] 3/kl/jf/ rnfpg Go"gtd gub cfjZos sdfpg] csf]{ pkfo

pgLx¿;Fu 5}g . clxn] w]/} ufpFx¿df To:tf j[4, ckfË / czQmx¿ dfq

afFsL 5g\ hf];Fu ;fwg–>f]t 5}g . ;Sg]x¿ k|fo cfˆgf] af6f] nflu;s] . !%–

$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf clwsf+z k'?if / s]xL dlxnfx¿ 3/ 5f]8]/ /f]huf/Lsf]

vf]hLdf ;x/L If]q tyf ljb]zL e"lddf knfog ePsf] ;To ca /x:o /x]g .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ljefusf cg';f/ @)^( c;f/ d;fGt;Dd k|To]s lbg

!,@)) b]lv !,%)) ub}{ s'n @$ nfv (@ xhf/ g]kfnL o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs

/f]huf/Ldf uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 -h;df cj}w ?kdf ljb]lzPsf tyf /f]huf/Lsf


3 4

nflu ef/t uPsf o'jfju{sf] tYofÍ ;fd]n /x]sf] 5}g_6 . o;/L x]bf{ clxn

v]tLkftL] w]/} g} pk]lIft k]zf ag]sf] 5 . cfhef]ln v]tLkftLnfO{ a9L d]xgt

ug'{kg]{ t/ sd gfkmf x'g] k]zfsf] ?kdf lng] ub{5g\ . :jb]zdf kof{Kt

/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ gePsf]n] pgLx¿ 7"nf] ck]Iff lnP/ ljb]z jf j}b]lzs

/f]huf/L vf]Hb} ljb]zsf] /f]huf/L ahf/df hfg tF5f8–d5f8 ul//x]5g\ .

o;/L ljb]lzg] o'jfzlQmsf] cefjdf g]kfnL s[lifsfdsf] gf/Ls/0f x'Fb}5 .

o;n] ubf{ v]tLkftL / 3/Jojxf/sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd dlxnfsf] yfKnf]df uPsf]

5 .

csf]{ s'/f, hLljsf]kfh{gsf cGo s'g} pkfo gePsf clwsf+z ;fgf

ls;fgx¿ eg] s'g} kmfObf geP klg v]tLkftLd} nfUg afWo 5g\ . w]/}h;f]

oL ls;fgx¿;Fu hLjg lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos Go"gtd hdLgsf] cefj 5 ha

ls v]tLkftL ub}{ gug]{ ;d"xsf] lgoGq0fdf v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] kmfF6 g} 5 .

o;n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf s;nfO{ ls;fg eGg] eGg] k|Zg;d]t plAhPsf] 5 .

;fy} w]/} pTkfbgzLn hdLg lsga]r u/]/ w]/} gfkmf sdfpg] ;Ëul7t

bnfnx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf k'u]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf s[lif of]Uo hdLgdf v]tL ug}{ kg]{

afWosf/L lgod–sfg'g cem} ag]sf] 5}g . To;}n] klg hdLg afFemf] /fVg]

rng Jofks ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf] xf]7 . ljz]ifu/L zx/–ahf/ glhs /x]sf]

hdLgsf] d"No crfSnL g} a9\b} uPsf]n] ls;fgnfO{ v]tL of]Uo hdLg lsGg

jf ef8fdf lng klg ;fx|} ufx|f] x'g uPsf] 5 .

6jflif{s k|ult a'n]l6g -@)^(_, >d tyf /f]huf/L dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ 7

Paudel KP, Dahal D and Shah R. 2012. Abandoned Agriculture Land in Mid Hills of Nepal, prepared

by ForestAction Nepal and IUCN Nepal for ACIAR/ICRAF 2012.

To:t}, hf] v]tLkftL u/]/ l6ls/x]5g\ pgLx¿ klg v]tLdf k|of]u x'g] dn,

aLp, ljiffbL tyf cGo s[lif ;fdu|L dxËf] ePsf sf/0f ufpF 5f]8\g v'§f]

prfn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . cTolws >d knfogsf] ;+o'Qm k|efj;d]tn] v]tLof]Uo

hdLg afFemf] /fVg] rng al9/x]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;'vL hLjgsf] cfzfn]

zx/ahf/ hfg]x¿ cfofltt vfBfGgdf lge{/ ePsfn] dxËLsf] df/df

lklN;g k'u]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs >dsf] cfDbfgLn] o;/L zx/df a:g ;Sg]

hg;ª\Vof XjfQ} a9fPsf] 5 . s0ff{nL nufotsf vfB ;Í6u|:t elgPsf

If]qx¿df jiff}{Fb]lv p8fP/ rfdn k7fOg] k|lqmof al9/x]sf] 5 . ufpF–zx/

b'j}lt/ vfBfGg cfoftdf cfwfl/t hLjgk4lt df}nfO/x]sf] 5 .

lrq !M g]kfndf vfB ;fdfu|L lgof{t / cfoftsf] cj:yf8

8

Pant, P.K. 2013. Organic Agriculture Workshop, Nepal Permaculture Group (NPG). Trade Opening

and Its Effects on Nepalese farming. [Workshop]. 9th February. Staff College Jwalakhel, Latitpur,

Nepal.


5 6

ufpFdf k|To]s kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf]] lx:;f b}lgs u'hf/f lglDt vr{

eO/x]sf] 5 . tYofÍcg';f/ Ps kl/jf/n] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLsf] ^) k|ltzteGbf

a9L /sd vfgfdf vr{ ug{] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 59 . art ug]{ t s'/} 5f8fF}+, ;fpF

vr{ u/]/ klg hLjg u'hf/f ug{ ufx|f] kl//xsf] 5 . gub cfDbfgLsf] nflu

cGo k]zf ckgfpg' kg]{ vfFrf] ;a}eGbf a9L ls;fgdfly g} cfOk/]sf] 5 .

kmn:j¿k, cg'ej / ;Lksf wgL ls;fg u}/s[lif If]qdf knfog eO/x]sf

5g\ .

:yfgLo vfB k|0ffnL / vfB ;+:s[ltaLr ;fOgf] 6'6\b} 5 . ahf/

cy{tGqsf] k|efjn] b]zel/ g} afXo vfB ;+:s[lt;Fu} vfBafnL klg b'|tultdf

kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL xb;Dd cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg ls;fgx¿ vfB

j:t'sf nflu cfˆg} pTkfbgdf e/ k5{g\ t/ of] pgLx¿sf] /f]hfOeGbf klg

afWotf xf] . w]/}yl/ vfBfGg afnLx¿ b]zdf pTkfbg ul/P h:tf] b]lvP klg

xfd|f] d'Vo vfgf eft g} xf] . eftn] xfd|f] vfB ;+:s[ltnfO{ w]/} k|efljt

u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s0ff{nLdf k'Ug] …p8'jf rfdnÚ -xjfOhxfh jf

x]lnsf]K6/df p8]/ k'Ug]_ n] ubf{ o; e]udf cfhef]ln eftafx]s k/Dk/fut

vfg] j:t'x¿ vfgfsf] ¿kdf ulgFb}gg\ . of] cj:yf b]z}el/sf] xf] hxfF

:yfgLo vfg]s'/fnfO{ eft / c¿ tof/L vfhf -vf;u/L rfprfp_n]

lj:yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . cfddflg;x¿ eftafx]s c¿ vfgf vfg' k¥of] eg]

ljkGg ePsf] cg'e"t ug]{ ePsf 5g\ .

9CBS. 2011. Nepal Living Standards Survey. Statistical Report, Volume 1. Central Bureau of

Statistics, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.

cfofltt vfBfGgsf] lsga]rn] :yfgLo vfBfGg k|0ffnLnfO{ afXo ahf/df

lge{/ agfPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ ls;fgn] 3/Jojxf/ rnfpg cfjZos gubsf

nflu cfˆgf s[lif pTkfbg ahf/df a]Rg] p2]Zon] kmfObfhgs PsnafnL

nufpg ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . of] tl/sf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] klg b]lvPsf]

5 lsgeg] ls;fgx¿n] ljljw pTkfbg, k||zf]wg / e08f/0fsf] nflu o:tf]

PsnafnL pTkfbg ubf{ w]/} lrGtf ul//xg' kb}{g .

v]tLkftLk|lt /fHo / gful/s b'j} pbf;Lg 5g\ . ul/Psf] v]tL klg

pTkfbgzLn x'g g;Sbf s[lif pTkfbg 36\bf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, clxn] c/af}F

d"No a/fa/sf] vfBfGg, df5fdf;' tyf kmnk"mn cfoft eO/x]sf] 5 .

ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf cfoft eO/x]sf ;fdu|L / To;sf] tYofÍ x]g]{ xf] eg] hf]

sf]xL 5Ss kg{' c:jfefljs xf]Og . cGgsf t s'/f 5f8f}F df;', df5f,

kmnk"mn, t/sf/Ldf g} xfd|f] k/lge{/tf crDd nfUbf] b]lvG5 . k]6«f]lnod

kbfy{ / ;jf/L ;fwg, nQfsk8f / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lkl5 s[lifk|wfg b]z

g]kfndf df;', df5f, u]8fu'8L / vfg]t]n cfoft ug{ ;a}eGbf w]/} ¿k}ofF

aflxl/O/x]sf] 5 .

cfw'lgs v]tLkftLsf ljs[ltx¿ clxn] cfP/ qmd};Fu b]vfkl//x]sf 5g\ .

xl/t qmflGtdf cfwfl/t s[lif ljsf;sf lglDt eg]/ /f;folgs dn,

sL6gfzs ljiffbL, aLp ga:g] gk'+;s aLpsf] k|of]u Jofks¿kdf a9\b} hfFbf

kof{j/0fLo tyf dfgjLo :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . hyfefjL

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm IfL0f x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ablnFbf]

df};d tyf hnjfo'df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] s[lif pTkfbgdf Jofks x|f;

NofPsf] 5 . s[lifnfO{ afXo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} n}hfFbf hn, hldg /


7 8

hËnaLrsf] k|fs[lts cGt/;DaGwdf Jofks x|f; cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{

lbuf] v]tLkftL tyf jg >f]t Joj:yfkg b'j} ;Í6u|:t x'Fb}5g\ . ;LdfGt

l:yltdf /x] klg ljZj el/ g} o:tf ;d:of k|ltsf] ;r]ttf a9]sf] 5 .

ls;fg / jftfj/0f b'j}sf] k/:k/ lxtdf /xg] s[lif k|0ffnLx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{

k|of; ljleGg txdf hf/L 5g\ . l5d]ss} e"6fg / l;lSsdsf] k|of;af6 o:tf]

b[li6sf]0f a[xt\ ?kdf g} cufl8 n}hfg] dxTjfsfª\Iff b]lvG5 . lkmlnlkG;sf]

dfl;kfu10, ef/tsf] gjbflgof11, OlhK6sf] ;]s]d12 a[xt txdf ul/Psf

cleofgsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . g]kfndf klg wg'iff, sfe]|, lrtjg, ;'v]{t

nufotsf lhNnfx¿df o:tf cEof; ul/Psf k|:f:t pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ .

s0ff{nL If]qnfO{ h}ljs ?kdf g} sfod ug]{ b[li6sf]0f cfO/x]sf] 5 /

h'DnfnfO{ h}ljs lhNnf 3f]if0ff klg eof] . t/ o:tf k|oTgx?sf] k|f]T;fxg /

cg's/0f ug{ s~h':ofO{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

b'O{ ;o jif{cl3 ! c/a dfq ePsf] ljZj hg;ª\Vof clxn] & c/a

k'u]sf] 5 . Tolt a]nf s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|lt:kwf{ dflg;x¿aLr dfq lyof] eg]

ljut ;o jif{b]lv k|lt:kwf{df kz'kIfL klg ylkP . ;g\ &) sf] bzsb]lv

;'? ePsf] vlgh t]n ;Í6kl5 t cGgkftsf k|of]u u/L To;sf t]naf6

rNg] oGqx¿ Kflg ylkPsf 5g\ . ljZjJofkL vfBfGgsf] cTolws d"No j[l4

o;}sf] Ps kl/0ffd xf] . lbgfg'lbg h}ljs >f]tx¿ klg IfL0f xF'b} uO/x]sf

5g\ . lbglbg} cfsfl;O/x]sf] d"No j[l4, cfly{sdGbL / cl:y/ ahf/efpn]

10

http://masipag.org/ 11

http://www.navdanya.org/ 12

http://www.sekem.com/

vfB c;'/IffnfO{ csNkgLo ¿kdf a9fO/x]sf 5g\ . cem o;dfly k|lts"n

hnjfo' kl/jtg{n] l:yltnfO{ emg} hl6n agfpFb} 5 .

hg;ª\Vofljb\x¿n] ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf !@ c/a x'g]

eljiojf0fL u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofn] klg ToltGh]n %

s/f]8 gf£g]5 . bf]Aa/ hg;ª\VofnfO{ v'jfpg g]kfnn] vfBfGg pTkfbg

slDtdf bf]Aa/ ug{'kg]{5 t/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] cg'kftdf vfBfGg pTkfbgsf]

cj:yf !) jif{ cufl8eGbf klg emg} lalu|Psf] 5 . tYofÍx¿n] g]kfndf

vfBfGg pTkfbg w/} ga9]sf] t/ hg;+Vof Xjft} a9]sf] b]vfpF5 .

lrq @M hg;+Vof a[l4 / vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] cj:yf13

13

World DataBank World Development Indicators http://databank.worldbank.org/data/

views/reports/tableview.aspx


9 10

clxn]s} hg;ª\VofnfO{ v'jfpg klg b'O{ bzsb]lv vfBfGg cfoft

ug{'kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf g]kfnsf] s[lifnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpFb}

a9\bf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ vfg k'Ug] agfpg s;/L ;lsPnf eGg] cxd\ k|Zg xfd|f

;fd' 5 .

#= u'h|Fb} u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfM Ps l;Fxfjnf]sg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu Pk|f];14 / hf]g d]n/ P;f]l;P6\;15n] b'O{ jif{

nufP/ tof/ kf/]sf] s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf -lj=;=@)%)–lj=;= @)&)_

tof/ ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í, ljZj a}Í / ljZj vfB ;Ë7gn] cfly{s

;xfotf pknAw u/fPsf lyP . /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 s[lifsf] ljsf;

u/L ;du| cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] of] of]hgfn]

lgDg p2]Zo cfTd;ft u/]sf] lyof] M

s_ s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ a9fpg]

v_ b'|tt/ pTkfbg j[l4 / /f]huf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ tyf

ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{

u_ lgjf{xd'vL s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0f u/L s[lifnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf Jofkfl/s

agfpg]

3_ ;du| cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu s[lif ljsf;df cj;/ a9fpg], /

ª_ TffTsflns, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg s[lif ljsf; of]hgfx¿ Tfof/ ug]{

14

APROSC (Agriculture Project Services) : Pk|f]; ;g\ !(&% df :yflkt cw{;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] .

of] g]kfnsf] s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] If]qdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;+:yf lyof] . 15

Hff]g d]n/ P;f]l;P6\; ;g\ !((! Dff :yflkt k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf xf] / of] jfl;+u6g,

cd]l/sfdf cjl:yt 5 . o;n] sd tyf dWo cfDbfgL ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu ;+:yfut

ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf k/fdz{ lbG5 .

kfFr v08df ljeflht of] of]hgf b:tfj]h @! Hfgf s[liflj1x¿n] tof/

kf/]sf / @^ j6f k|fljlws k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;df s[lif /0fgLlt,

k|fyldstfsf s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿ -l;+rfO, dn, k|ljlw, ;8s tyf pmhf{ ljsf;_,

k|fyldstfsf pTkfbg If]q -kz'k+IfL, pRRf d"Nosf s[lif pkh, s[lif Joj;fo

k|j4{g / jg Joj:yfkg_, s[lifn] k|efj kfg]{ If]qx¿ -ul/aL, vfB;'/Iff /

kof{j/0f_ / sfof{Gjogsf If]q -nufgL, s[lif gLlt / ;+:yfut ljsf;_ 5g\ .

of] of]hgf nfu" ug{ /fli6«o :t/sf] of]hgf ;xof]u ;ldlt, s[lif ;8s ljefu

/ s[lif ljsf; a}Ísf] cu'jfOdf s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg

kl/ifb\nfO{ d'Vo ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] .

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt agfpg] sfo{bnn] u/]sf] k|f/lDes d"NofÍgn] of]

of]hgfsf] ;kmntf cf+lzs ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljsf;

k|lqmof cWoog ul//x]sf a]nfotL k|fWofks hf]g Sofd?g16n] cg'dfg

u/]h:t} o;n] b]zdf vfB ;'/Iff a9fpg tyf sdhf]/ hLjg:t/

ePsfx¿sf] ;|f]t tyf ;fwgdfly kxF'r a9fpg, afnaflnsfx¿sf] vfB tyf

kf]if0f ;'/Iff ug{, dlxnf tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug{ ;s]g .

oBlk of] of]hgfsf] ;dLIff tyf ljZn]if0f ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Jofks

;xeflutfdf x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ To;f] ePg . k|fljlws sd{rf/L tyf

k/fdz{bftfsf] k|f/lDes ljZn]if0fn] ljutsf] /0fgLlt ;kmn 5 eg]/ bfaL

ug{;d]t ;s]sf] 5}g . of] ;dLIffn] bL3{sfnLg s[lif /0fgLlt c;kmn x'g'df

16

Cameron, J. 1998. The Agriculture Perspective Plan: Need for Debate, Himalayan Research

Bulletin XVIII (2).


11 12

nufgLsf] sdL, ;dGjosf] cefj, cg'bfg s6f}tL, aflemPsf sfg'gx¿df

;'wf/ ug]{tk{m pko'Qm Wofg gk'Ug' h:tf ;txL sf/0fx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/]

tfklg o:tf of]hgf agfpFbf ckgfOg] k|lqmof / of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf

;xeflutf / k|lta4tfsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\, hxfF ;d:ofsf] h/f] b]lvG5 .

pQm of]hgf agfpg] bftf / ltgsf ;xof]uLx¿af6 ul/Psf] of] ;dLIffsf]

lgisif{n] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] c;kmntfsf] sf/0fsf] ljZn]if0f /

o;af6 l;Sg' kg]{ kf7sf] jf:tljs ax;nfO{ t'xfPsf] 5 . vf;df g]kfnsf

nflu pko'Qm s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf / To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ckgfpg'

kg]{ /0fgLltsf af/]df Jofks ax;, 5nkmn / ;dLIff x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;'?df of] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLs} cWoIftfdf

pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] t/ lj8Dagf of] pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq

Psk6s a}7s;d]t ga;L lgliqmo eof] . o;sf] lgliqmotf;Fu} bL3{sfnLg

s[lif of]hgf nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf ;¥of] t/ o;n] klg

of] of]hgf nfu" ug{ kof{Kt kxn ug{ g;s]kl5 o;sf] lhDd]jf/L s[lif ljsf;

dGqfnodf x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . o;/L 7"nf] dxTjfsfª\Iff af]s]sf] s[lif

ljsf;sf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog lagf g} dGqfnodf ylGsof] .

g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf s:tf] x'g'kb{5 eGg]df Jofks ax; tyf

5nkmn geO{ tof/ ul/Psf] of] of]hgfdf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

ckgTj /x]sf] b]lvPg . ;fy} afXo pRr nufgLdf cfwfl/t dxTjfsfª\IfL

of]hgf tof/ ul/P tfklg bftfx¿sf] nufgLd} k|lta4tf gb]lvg'

c;kmntfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sf/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;n] bftfx¿

bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg dfq rfv /fV5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 .

oyfy{df !* jif{ klxn] agfOPsf] pRr nufgLsf] Jofkf/ cled'vL s[lif

of]hgfdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP klg of]hgf ag]sf] b'O{ jif{ glaTb}

bftfx¿s} bafan] cg'bfgdf s6f}tL u/];F+u} t'lxPsf] xf] . To;f] t pRr

nufgLsf] of]hgfsf k|:tfjgfsf cfwf/x¿ g} unt lyP . 9fFrf g} g]kfnsf]

;fdflhs tyf kof{j/0fLo cj:yfdf d]n vfg] lyPg . csf]{ cy{df cg'ko'Qm

s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrfdf tof/ kfl/Psf] s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf; /0fgLlt

c;kmn x'g' :jefljs lyof] / To:t} klg eof] . of] ax;sf] k|oTg ca aGg]

s[lif /0fgLltsf] eljio klg To:t} gxf];\, e"nx¿af6 l;sf}F, gbf]xf]¥ofcf}F

eGg] xf] .

$= k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdfly ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL

of] /0fgLlt tof/ ubf{ ljutsf s[lif of]hgfsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx¿nfO{

cfnf]rgfTds ?kdf ljZn]if0f u/L o;af6 kf7 l;Sb} eljiosf nflu pko'Qm

s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t /0fgLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfF6 ug'{kg]{

xf] t/ lj8Dagf o;f] x'g ;s]g . o;k6s klg /0fgLlt agfpg] sfd

ljutdf h:t} bftfx¿s} /0fg}lts k|efjdf ;'? eof] . o; v08df clxn]

aGb} u/]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf, ljifoj:t' / k|lqmofsf]

cfnf]rgfTds ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;dLIffn] of] /0fgLltsf] d:of}bf

k|:tfjn] g;d]6]sf jf k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{

cfofdx¿nfO{ l;+xfjnf]sg ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .


13 14

$=! k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ljifoj:t'

klxn] ag]sf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] c;kmntfsf sf/0fx¿sf]

ax'kIfLo / cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f gu/L clxn] k|:tfj ul/Psf] s[lif ljsf;

/0fgLltsf] d:of}bfdf cfTdlge{/, k|lt:kwf{Tds, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL s[lif If]qn]

cfly{s ljsf;, hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ / vfB tyf kf}li6s ;'/Iff a9fpg]

kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM agfpFb} u/]sf] /0fgLltsf] k|:tfj g]kfnL

cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] oyfy{ tyf s[lif ?kfGt/0fsf] j:t'ut cfwf/sf]

ljZn]if0faf6 geO{ v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf] cf8df s[lifnfO{ Jofkf/Ls/0f ug]{

;txL lrGtgsf] hudf tof/ kfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; /0fgLltsf] vfsf17n]

s[lifnfO{ ljz'4 k|fljlws / cfly{s lqmofsnfk clg g]kfnL ls;fgnfO{ s[lif

dhb'/sf] ?kdf lrq0f ub{}, ax'/fli6«o sDkgL / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf]] cfly{s

nufgL leq\ofP dfq g]kfnL s[lifsf] ljsf; x'g] 7f]s'jf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf]

s[lif ljsf;sf nflu k|ToIf jfXo nufgL leq\ofpg' kg]{ k|:tfjaf6 klg of]

s'/f k'li6 x'G5 .

o; /0fgLltdf s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf s] x'g] eGg] g} :ki6 5}g . d:of}bfdf

k|:t't s'n pTkfbsTjnfO{ s[lif ljsf;sf] k|fljlws 9fFrfsf] ?kd lng] xf]

eg] o:tf] 9fFrf clxn]sf] g]kfnL s[lifsf hl6ntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm

5}g . o;df k|:tfj ul/Psf $ j6f -;'zf;g, pTkfbsTj, gfkmfd'vL Jofkf/,

k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif_ /0fg}lts vDafx¿dWo] ;'zf;gafx]ssf cGo vDaf pRr

nufgLsf] Jofkf/d'vL s[lif k|j4{g ug]{ ;f]rsf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

17

;LdfGt pTkfbsTjsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t s'n ;+;fwg pTkfbsTj -Total Factor

Productivity -TFP) sf] k|fljlws 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t

xfd|f] h:tf] e"uf]n, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs cfly{s ljljwtfsf] kl/j]zdf o:tf]

Jofkfl/s s[lif 9fFrf cfkm}df cJofjxfl/s 5 / of] sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg]

;Defjgf b]lvFb}g .

x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] k|:tfljt d:of}bfdf s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf

klZrdL z}nLsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ahf/åf/f lgolGqt s[lif ljsf;sf]

;f]rdf cfwfl/t 5 . df]6fdf]6Ldf of] k|:tfjdf g]kfnL s[lif h}ljs If]qsf]

ljlzi6tf / o;df cfwfl/t s[lif pkhx¿, vfB ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf, l5d]sL

d'n'ssf] s[lifn] g]kfnL s[lif If]qdf kfg]{ k|efj, e"–pkof]u / ljt/0f, :jf:Yo

tyf kf]if0f / pko'Qm s[lif k|ljlw, ;]jf tyf nufgLsf] cj:yfsf af/]df st}

st} pNn]v eP tfklg logLx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf PsfTdstf e]l6Fb}g . o;

/0fgLltsf] Ps cËsf] ?kdf k|:t't vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f of]hgf18n] vfB

;'/Iffsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx¿df Jofjxfl/s k|:tfjx¿ k|:t't u/] klg

of] /0fgLlt:fFusf] tfbDotf st} e]l6Fb}g . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] g]kfnL s[lif

cfˆg} ef}uf]lns / kof{j/0fLo / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t 5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu clxn] k|:tfj ul/Psf] s[lifsf] 9fFrf g]kfnsf] t/fO{afx]s

cGo If]qdf nfu" ug{ sl7g 5 . To;f] t t/fO{d} klg P]ltxfl;s ;fdflhs /

;f+:s[lts hl6ntfx¿ 5g\ . bf];|f] s'/f, o:tf] e"–agf]6df 7"nf]] kl/0ffdsf]

pTkfbg ;+oGq tyf oflGqsLs/0f ug{ g;Sbf l5d]sL d'n'ssf] 7"nf]] s[lif

;+oGqn] 7"nf]] kl/0ffddf pTkfbg ug]{ s[lif pkh;Fu g]kfnL s[lif pkhn]

k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . 18

GoN. 2012. Multi-sectoral Nutrion Plan: for accelerating the reduction of maternal and child

under-nutrition in Nepal, National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal.


15 16

xfd|f] ahf/ t'ngfTds kmfObfsf pTkfbgn] dfq yfDg ;S5 h;sf nflu

xfd|f] s[lif of]hgf :yfgLo ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . o;f] gx'Fbf

kl/0ffdtM ahf/d'vL s[lifsf] ;f]r klg c;kmn x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu

s0ff{nL nufot cGo lxdfnL lhNnfsf :ofpeGbf rLgaf6 NofPsf] :ofp

;:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L e"efudf o:tf] Jofkf/d'vL s[lif

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu o;sf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g} ;Sb}g . k|:tfljt

d:of}bfn] g]kfnL s[lifnfO{ g]kfnsf] e"–;fdflhs k[i7e"ld Vofn gu/L

k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf dfq hf]8 lbFb} klZrdL z}nLsf] pRr afXo

nufgL;lxtsf] ahf/d'vL s[lif 9fFrfnfO{ lbuf] s[lifsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] xfd|f] h:tf] kxf8L e"–agf]6 / v]tLkftLsf] k/Dk/fut

k4lt /x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfn} k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{

;Dej g} 5|}g . xfd|f] h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf 7"nf]] kl/0ffdsf] Jofj;flos

pTkfbg / l5d]sL d'n's;Fusf] ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{ TfTsfn} ;xh 5}g t;y{

g]kfnL kl/j]zdf ;'xfpFbf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt / of]hgf xfd|f] ljlzi6tfsf]

ljZn]if0faf6 tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L e"–agf]6 ePsf] d'n'sdf klZrdf oflGqsLs/0fdf

cfwfl/t cf}Bf]lus s[lif ljsf; ug]{ lrGtg cfk}mdf plrt 5}g . ;fgf tyf

dfWolds :t/sf] oflGqsLs/0fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL s[lif sd{nfO{ ;xh /

;/n agfpg eg] h?/L 5 . ljutdf s[lifljb\ tyf o;sf lj4fgx¿ /

/fhgLlt1x¿n] Wf]/} pTkfbgs]lGb|t k|ljlwdf cfly{s nufgL ug]{ gLltx¿

agfP . To;}nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sf]l;; klg u/] . pgLx¿n] hlxNo} ;fwg

;|f]taf6 jl~rt nfvfF}nfv ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ s[lif ljsf;sf afwssf]

¿kdf dfq lrq0f u/] . /fd|f] s[lif pTkfbg lngsf nflu o; k]zfdf ;+nUg

7"nf] hg;+Vof 36fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf pgLx¿sf] c6n ljZjf; b]lvof] hals

ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ls;fgnfO{ u}/s[lif -v]tLkftL afx]s_ If]qdf n}hfg]

of]hgf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]uwGbfsf ;fy} c¿ If]qx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts

ljsf;df cfwfl/t lyof] . of] oyfy{nfO{ ga'emL clxn] klg w]/} lj1x¿ s[lif

If]qaf6 7"nf]] hgzlQm 36fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ;'uf /6fO ul//x]sf 5g\ t/

ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] xf] eg] v]tLsf] If]qkmn / ls;fgsf] pBdzLntf ga9fO{

of] ;Dej 5}g .

xfd|f]df k9]n]v]sf ljåfgx¿n] b]zsf] tfTsflns ljlzi6 cj:yfsf] Vofn

gu/L cf}Bf]lus rqmdf cufl8 /x]sf] o'/f]k]nL sfnv08sf] of]hgf gSsn ug]{

sfd u/] . s'g} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / of]hgflagf csf{sf] gSsn u/]/ ;dfwfg

glgsfNg] t lglZrt g} lyof] . To;n] emg s[lifnfO{ yNofpFb} sNkg}

gul/Psf] vfBfGg ;Í6 d'n'sdf lgDTofof] .

d'Vo s'/f, g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfsf cfwf/df s[lif

h}ljs If]q (agro-ecological niches)x¿sf] klxrfg u/L :yfgLo vfB

pTkfbg a9fpg'sf ;fy} t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif pkhx¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{

k|fyldstfdf /flvg'k5{ . xfjf kfgL / ;"Id hnjfo'sf cfwf/df dfq klg

g]kfndf bh{gf}F s[lif h}ljs If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . sd;]sd jiff{sf cfwf/df

dfq ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] klg :ki6 ?kdf g} jiff{ w]/} x'g] / z'is tyf cw{z'is

If]qx¿ g]kfnsf t/fO{, lxdfn / kxf8 htftt} e]]l6G5g\ . o:tf ljljwtfnfO{

Vofn ub}{ :yfgLo :t/df s[lif k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ ;f]r /fv]sf] e]l6Fb}g .


17 18

csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] cfd g]kfnL ls;fgn] cfKg} pTkfbgaf6 k]6e/

vfg gkfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df xfd|f] s[lif ljsf;sf] k|fyldstf s] x'g] eGg] g} xf] .

o;n] xfd|f] k|fyldstf cfGtl/s vktsf] nflu vfB pTkfbg a9fpg] /

t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif pkhx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ jf ahf/df n}hfg]

k|lt:kwf{sf s[lif pkhdf hf]8 lbg] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6tf dfu u5{ . s[lif

9f+Frfsf] ax; oxLFaf6 ;'? x'g'k5{ . ;fy;fy} :yfgLo :t/df pkef]Uo s[lif

pkh / ahf/df n}hfg] s[lif pkhsf] k|fyldstf / o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf

nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ pko'Qm /0fgLltsf af/]df oyfy{k/s 9Ën] ljrf/

k'¥ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . of] ax;n] dfq g]kfnL s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0f cfTdlge{/

tyf lbuf] agfpg] af6f] klxNofp5 t/ To;sf nflu vfg]s'/fdf cfTdlge{/

x'g] eg]sf] lgjf{xd'vL s[lif xf] eGg] n3'tfefifaf6 dfly gp7];Dd g]kfnL

s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0f ;Dej 5}g eGg] s'/f a'‰g h?/L 5 t/ lj8Dagf,

d:of}bfsf] ?kdf k|:t't s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] kl/sNkgfdf cfTdlge{/

k|lt:kwf{Tds, lbuf], vfB;'/Iffsf nflu s[lif eGg] zAbfjnL pNn]v eP klg

o; k|ltj]bgleq sfo{qmddf ef]sf] k]6df /ft latfpg] nfvf}F g]kfnLsf] k]6

eg]{ s'/fsf] rrf{;Dd ul/Psf] 5}g .

ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] afXo pRr nufgLdf cfwfl/t s[lifn] g}

clxn]sf] dfgj :jf:Yo / kof{j/0fLo ;d:of yf]kb{} ;fgf tyf ul/a b]zsf]

s[lif cy{tGqnfO{ tx;gx; agfPsf] xf] . of] s'/f ef/tLo ls;fgn] ljut

ljut jif{x¿df u/]sf cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kms]{/ x]/] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

of] cjlwdf dnvfb / ljiffbL clg s[lif oGqx¿ lsg]sf] C0f ltg{ g;s]/

b'O{nfv eGbf a9L ef/tLo ls;fgx¿n] cfTdxTof u/]19 . ;fgf tyf ul/a

b]zsf s[lifsf] eljio hf]ufpg ;fgf ls;fgd}qL s[lif ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kg]{

ljZjJofkL ax; rln/xFbf NofOPsf] o:tf] k|:tfj ls;fgd'vL x'g} ;Sb}g\ .

s[lif vfB pTkfbg / ls;fgsf] cfDbfgL a9fpg] Joj;fosf ?kdf

lnOg'k5{ . clxn] h:tf] s[lifJoj;fonfO{ cfDbfgL a9fpg] ;fwgsf] ?kdf

x]/]/ k|fljlws s[lifsf ?kdf dfq lng] xf] eg] o;sf] ?kfGt/0f k|fo c;Dej

x'G5 . bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] c;kmntfnfO{ dl;gf];Fu gs]nfOsg

xr'jfsf] e/df tof/ kfl/g] s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrfn] g]kfnL s[lifsf]

?kfGt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0f agfpg ;lsFb}g t/ lj8Dagf clxn] klg s[lif ljsf;

/0fgLltdf oxL s'/f ul/Fb}5 . b]zsf] d""n s[lif ;d:of /x]sf] e""ld;''wf/ / e""–

pkof]u, pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, s[lif If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL h:tf

dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx¿sf] Vofn gu/L ul/Psf] of]hgf nfu" x'g ;Sg] b}lvFb}g .

o;/L x]bf{ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt s]jn gLlt agfpg d} /dfpg] bft[ lgsfo /

k/fdz{bftfsf] Pp6f cEof; x'g] dfq b]lvG5 .

$=@ /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof

g]kfnsf] ;du| gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;dfj]zL / a[xt ;xeflutfdf

cfwfl/t 5}g . k/Dk/fut ?kdf bft[lgsfosf] ;lqmotfdf ;/sf/ ;fIfL a;]/

k/fdz{bftfx¿n] gLlt b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf b:tfj]hsf]

:jfldTj s;}n] lnFb}g / kl/of]hgf ;lsP nut} oL k|ltj]bg dGqfnosf

b/fhdf ylGsg k'U5g\ . clxn]sf] of] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt klg oxL

19

yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu http://www.voltairenet.org/article159305.html


19 20

k/Dk/fut z}nLd} alg/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L lg0f{oaf6 tof/ ug{ nfluPsf]

elgPsf] s[lif /0fgLlt agfpg] k|lqmof clxn];Dd klg cg'bfgbftf /

k/fdz{bftfsf] u7aGwgaf6 aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g .

;Qfsf] cl:y/tfn] NofPsf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] a]k''m;{bLsf] bftf /

sd{rf/LtGqn] pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] s[lif, jg, phf{, lzIff, :Jff:y

;a} If]qdf /0fgLlt agfpg] xf]8 g} rn]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd pknAw

k|ltj]bgx¿ Gf]kfnL efiffdf gx'g'n] klg slt g]kfnL ls;fg / hg;d'bfodf

o;sf] kx'Fr xf]nf eg]/ ;lhn} c8\sn ug{ ;lsG5 .

gLlt lgdf{0fdf hg;d'bfosf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf nf]stGqsf] dd{ xf] t/

lj8Dagf clxn] klg gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg

/fHon] vf; rf;f] /fv]sf] b]lvFb}g . gLlt lgdf{0fsf k/Dk/fut stf{ ;/sf/L

sd{rf/L / k/fdz{bftfx¿ o:tf of]hgf agfpFbf w]/} ;/f]sf/ jf ;dGjo

ug'{kg]{ 7fGb}gg\ eg] /fhg}lts g]t[Tj of] k|lqmofdf of t a]va/ 5 of

pgLx¿sf] rf;f]df ;d]t k/]sf] 5}g . o; k|:tfjn] s[lif ljsf;sf] c;Dej

dfu{lrq dfq k|:t't u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfnn] ckgfpFb} cfPsf] tLg vDa] -lghL,

;/sf/L / ;xsf/L_ cy{gLlt / g]kfnsf clwsf+z /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n]

cjnDag u/]sf] l;4fGt;d]t a]jf:tf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf af/]df pgLx¿ s]

eG5g\ ;'Gg afFsL g} 5 . 8/ s] 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ax;lagfsf] of] /0fgLlt

c;kmn ePkl5 dfq /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] yfxf kfpg] xf] ls <

s[lif If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt agfpg] k|lqmofdf ls;fg

;~hfnsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;sf/fTds lng ;lsPnf t/ xfd|f] s[lif ljsf;sf]

cfwf/e"t kl/sNkgf s] xf] < o:tf kl/sNkgfsf j:t'ut cfwf/x¿ s]] x'g\ /

g]kfnsf] ljljw tyf ljlzi6 cj:yfdf s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf s:tf] agfpg]

eGg] s'/fdf kof{Kt ax; / ;fd"lxs a'emfO geP;Dd o:tf] ;xeflutfn]

dfq kof{Kt cy{ /fVb}g . o;tkm{ ls;fg ;~hfn / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;dod}

Wofg gk'¥ofpg] xf] eg] b/fhdf yGsfpg] b:tfj]hdf ;lx5fk ug]{afx]s

o;n] g]kfnL s[lifsf] ljsf;df cfjZos of]ubfg k''¥ofpFb}g .

;du|df clxn] k|:tfljt d:of}bfnfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof,

gLlt k/fdz{bftfsf] z}nL / bftfx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] lr/kmf/ ug]{;d]t a]nf

cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @) jif]{ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf agfpg

k/fdz{ lbg] g]kfnL jl/i7 s[lif lj1n] !* jif{ kl5dfq Tof] of]hgf agfpFbf

bftfsf &) eGbf a9L ;t{ ePsf] v'nf;f u/]20 . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] lg/Lxtf

k|i6 x'G5 . clxn];Dd klg tL ;t{ s] lyP / lsg /flvP yfxf kfpg

;lsPsf] 5}g . of] /0fgLlt agfpFbf o:tf ;t{x¿ 5g\ ls 5}gg\ g]kfnL

hgtfn] slxn] yfxf kfpg] <

20@)^* ;fn df3df u};; dxf;+3 sfof{nodf cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf agfpg ;+nUg Ps lj1sf] egfOdf cfwfl/t


21 22

%= lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu gful/s k|:tfjgf

of] v08df dflysf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf] ;du| s[lif ljsf;sf nflu

ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGt / dfu{bz{g ;fy} bL3{sfnLg s[lif /0fgLltn] ;Daf]wg

ug'{kg]{ d'Vo kIfx¿sf] 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . Ps xb;Dd o;n] g]kfnsf]

bL3{sfnLg s[lif /0fgLltdf Ps lsl;dsf] gful/s b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug]{ 5 .

o;n] aGb} u/]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf / ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifoj:t'af/]

ax; rnfpg] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .

%=! s[lif ljsf;sf] ck]lIft 9fFrf

g]kfnsf] s[lifnfO{ a'‰g] b[li6sf]0faf6} s[lif ljsf;sf] /0fg}lts af6f]

5'l§G5 . dfly pNn]v ul/;lsP h:t} o:tf] b[li6sf]0f g]kfnsf] ;du|

j:t'l:yltsf] d"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf / /0fgLlt

lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] s[lifIf]qsf] cj:yfsf] dfq ljZn]if0feGbf dfly p7]/

g]kfnsf] ;du| e"–/fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts

cfofdx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ h?/L 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/L ;+/rgfx¿ tyf gLltx¿

ljifout ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t ePsf x'gfn] logLx¿ aLrsf] ;dGjo

/ ;xsfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos ;dfof]hg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{

cfjZos 5 . o; cy{df s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ s[lif dGqfnosf] ljifout

/0fgLlts of]hgf dfq gagfO{ ;/sf/sf] ljsf; sfo{of]hgfsf] ?kdf k|:t't

ug'{kb{5 . cGo d'n'sdf eP÷u/]sf s[lif ljsf;sf ;sf/fTds cg'ejx¿nfO{

;d]t ;d]6\b} g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfdf oL l;sfOx¿sf] pkof]u a9fpg

cfjZos 5 .

oBlk t'ngfTds ?kdf of] /0fgLltn] s[lif ljsf;sf w]/} cfofdx¿sf]

n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tyflk xfdLn] ljutsf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif

of]hgf nfu" x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfaf6 l;Sg' kg]{ kf7 w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . nufgL

/ ;+of]hg gk'u]sf]n] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf nfu" x'g ;s]g eg]/ ;txL ljZn]if0f

ul//xFbf pQm gLltsf] 9fFrf rflxF 7Ls 5 eGg] e|d w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{

k/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnL s[lifsf] pko'Qm 9fFrf aGg g;Sg' g}

clxn]sf] d"n ;Df:of xf] h'g clxn]sf] s[lif /0fgLltdf k]ml/ bf]xf]l/g] vt/f

b]lvPsf] 5 .

tTsfnLg s[lifsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg], lbuf] s[lifsf

l;4fGtx¿nfO{ k5\|ofpb} kfl/l:yltsLo Joj:yfkgdf k/Dk/fut / j}1flgs

1fgsf] ;dGjofTds k|of]u u/]/ ;du| pTkfbg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL k'g:yf{kgf

ug}{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To;sf nflu b|'tultdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf k|ljlw /

cGj]if0fnfO{ pTkfbg j[l¢sf of]hgf;Fu hf]8\g ;Sg' k5{ . a9\bf] ;|f]t cefj

tyf s[lif If]qsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] kl/lwnfO{ km/flsnf]

agfpFb} s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ hLjGt agfpg' k5{ .

g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf agfpbf bL3{sfnLg ?kdf lbuf] s[lif

ljsf;sf] ;f]rdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] e"–/fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s,

ef}uf]lns tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;fy} ljZj tyf If]qLo cj:yfdf cfPsf

cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ltgsf ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds k|efjx¿sf]

uxg cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

xl/t qmflGt21 s[lifsf ;Df:ofx¿nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ agfOg] pRr

nufgLsf] s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;f]rn] s]xL 7"nf s[lif nufgLstf{ tyf

pBdLx¿n] Joj;flos nfe lng ;Snfg t/ ;fgf ls;fg tyf l;Ëf] s[lif

21

;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf ef/tdf ;'? ePsf] pRr afXo ;|f]t / j0f{;Í/ aLpdf cfwfl/t s[lif k|0ffnL


23 24

If]qsf] ljsf;df o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{5 . ;fy} afXo pRr nufgLsf]

/;fogdf cfwfl/t s[lif k|0ffnL dflg; tyf df6f]sf] :jf:Yodf a9\bf] c;/sf]

sf/s xf] eGg] s'/f klg plQs} dgg ug'{ kb{5 .

vfB pTkfbg k|0ffnL s[lif kof{j/0fdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . h}ljs

ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf k|:t't gu/L cj;/sf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 . o;f]

ug{ ;s]df dfq k|fËfl/s, kof{j/0fLo / :yfgLo >f]tx¿sf] pkof]udf

cfwfl/t v]tLkftLaf6 dfq s[lif kof{j/0fnfO{ lbuf] agfpFb} ls;fgsf]

hLjgdf ;d]t ;Df[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . :yfgLo df}lnstfdf cfwfl/t lbuf]

v]tLkftLsf nflu ;xsfl/tf, Jofj;flostf / cfTdlge{/tfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{

sfo{of]hgf agfpg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLljsfsf ;fy} /fli6«o

cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ vfB tyf s[lif k|0ffnLdf ;fd"lxs cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL,

of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf lqmofsnfk / k|:tfjgfx¿ ljsf; u/]/ lbuf]

v]tLkftLnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/Ljxg ug]{ bfloTj cfhsf]

k':tfsf] sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 . of] Tolta]nf dfq ;Dej 5, hlta]nf h}ljs

k|fb]lzstfsf cfwf/df /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgf agfpg

yflng]] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df, Pp6f dfq 9fFrfsf] Jofjxfl/s s[lif of]hgf agfpg

;Dej 5}g . xfd|f] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ h}ljs If]qsf cfwf/df

s[lif ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt agfpg' k5{ . csf]{ s'/f, xfd|f] h:tf] kxf8L e"–

agf]6df pRr nufgLsf] /f;folgs s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj b'j} lx;fan]

nfebfos 5}g . o:tf] s[lif k|0ffnLn] pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf nfut a9\g uO{

:yfgLo ahf/df g]kfnL s[lif pkhn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg] x'g hfG5 . ef/t

tyf cGo l5d]sL d'n'saf6 ;:tf]df vfBfGg, t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mn lelqg'

o;sf] Pp6f HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .

vfBfGgdf j~rgf / cefj, ef]sd/L tyf s'kf]if0f g]kfnel/ b]lvg]

ul/aLsf ;Í]t x'g\ h;nfO{ t'?Gt ;Daf]wg ug{' cfjZos 5 t/ lj8Dagf

vfB tyf kf]if0f c;'/Iff ef]lu/x]sf nfvf}F ul/a ls;fgsf] k]6 eg]{ s'/f

Jofkfl/s s[lifdf cfwfl/t of]hgfn] ;d]6\g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] s[lif

pTkfbg k|0ffnLn] s[lif pTkfbg gfkmf / ahf/sf nflu dfq eGg] ;Gb]z lbG5

h;n] ubf{ Jofj;flos s[lifsf gfddf g]kfnL ls;fgn] ckgfpg g} g;Sg]

s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cJofjxfl/s sfo{lbzf k|:t't x'G5 t;y{ xfd|f] s[lifsf]

k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ :ki6 klxrfg u/L vfBd'vL s[lif tyf cfoft

k|lt:yfkgsf nflu t'ngfTds nfesf] s[lifsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t s[lif

/0fgLlt agfpg' k5{ .

of] Tolt a]nf dfq ;Dej 5, hlta]nf xfdL lbuf] vfB tyf s[lif k|0ffnL

lgdf{0fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u5f}{F . s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg / ef]sd/L 6fg{

g;ls/x]sf, ;|f]t / ;fwg sd ePsf ls;fgsf] hLljsf]kfh{g rnfpg],

k|s[ltsf] pTkfbs Ifdtf lbuf] agfpg] kfl/l:yltsLo rqmsf] ;+/If0f ub}{

a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] vfBfGg dfunfO{ k'/f ug{ u'0f:t/Lo vfB pTkfbg ug{]

d'2fx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L 5 .

o;sf nflu s[lif 1fg, k|ljlw cGj]if0f, ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;+:yfut sfo{k|0ffnL

tyf ;a} If]qnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug{ ;lsg] e"–;|f]tsf] lbuf] k|of]u, pko'Qm

k|ljlwx¿sf] cg's"ng tyf ls;fg ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9fpg

cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu pko'St gLlt / b[9 ;]jf cfjZos k5{ .


25 26

xfd|f] h:tf] ;fgf ls;fgsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] d'n'sdf s[lif ;xsf/Lsf]

;+:yfut ljsf; u/L ls;fgx¿sf] pBdzLntf, d"No >[Înf / cfTdlge{/

s[lifsf] af6f] klxNofpg ;lsG5 . ;xsfl/tfdf cfwfl/t pBdzLntf /

pTkfbgd'vL s[lif k4ltn] dfq xfd|f] h:tf] s[lif cy{tGq tyf ;fgf :t/sf]

v]tLkftLdf cfwfl/t hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg d2t k'U5 . /fHosf]

s[lif ;DaGwL gLlt ls;fgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos / cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} :yfgLo

cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg]tk{m pGd'v x'g cfjZos 5 .

Psflt/, pTkfbg nfut, ls;fgsf] nufgL Ifdtf, /fHon] s[lifdf pknAw

u/fpg ;Sg] ;|f]tsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L Jofjxfl/s /0fgLlt agfpg

;lsFb}g eg] csf]{tk{m :yfgLo lgoGq0f / :jfldTj ePsf] :yfgLo cy{tGqdf

cfwfl/t s[lif ljsf;sf] of]hgf / ;f]rlagf s]Gb|Ls[t tj/df tof/ ePsf]

Pp6} of]hgf ;a}lt/ nfu" x'g ;Sb}g .

:yfgLo lgoGq0f / :jfldTjsf] k|Zg ;'zf;g / ahf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .

clxn]sf] ahf/s]lGb|t cy{tGqnfO{ s[lif h:tf] sd gfkmfd"ns ;fdflhs

pBddf cfsif{0f ug{ s[lifsf hf]lvdx¿ 36fpg] :yfgLo ;+oGqlagf ;Dej

5}g . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] xfd|f] h:tf] cj:yfdf s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf

nflu /fHo / ahf/sf] e"ldsf / bfo/f :ki6 kfl/g'kb{5 .

cg'ejx¿n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg gx'Fbf cGo

cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t gx'g] 3/ kl/jf/sf] vfB c;'/Iff emg} a9\5 . o;sf] HjnGt

pbfx/0f xf] s0ff{nL / g]kfnsf b'u{d If]qx¿ hxfF lt;fF}+ jif{{b]lv vfBfGg

9'jfgL ul/P tfklg vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf cem lauF|bf] 5 / 3/

kl/jf/ rnfpg] cfwf/x¿ emg} sdhf]/ ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} vfBfGg pTkfbg /

vfB ;'/Iff :yfgLotf / ;+:s[lt;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/g' kb{5 . h}ljs If]qsf

cfwf/df pko'Qm :yfgLo afnLx¿sf] k|j4{gn] cGgkftsf] ahf/Ls/0f /

:yfgLo pknAwtfdf ;xhtf NofpF5 ;fy} :yfgLo ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t

pTkfbg k|0ffnLn] clxn] a9\b} uPsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g hf]lvd /

clglZrttfdf lg/Gt/ pTkfbg lng ;Ifd agfpF5 . o;f] elg/xFbf lap

tyf aLh j[l4 / o;sf] pTkfbgzLn u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / :yfgLotf

cg's"ngtf sfod /fVg cfjZos j0f{ ;'wf/sf cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'Fb}g . a9\bf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf]

clglZrttf / hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 . hnjfo' hf]lvd If]qdf

PsnafnLaf6 ax'afnL, Psjif]{af6 ax'jif]{ / aflxl/ofsf] ;§f /}yfg] afnLsf]

pkof]u / PsLs[t v]tL k|0ffnL oL hf]lvdx¿ 36fpg] d'Vo cfwf/x¿ x'g\

h;tkm{ :yfgLo ls;fg / ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] Jofjxfl/s sfo{ of]hgf

agfpg Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 .

oxfF k|:tfj ul/Psf 9fFrf / b[li6sf]0f lgtfGt gofF xf]Ogg\ . o;df k|:tfj

ul/Psf ljifo af/] b]zdf hfgsfl/ / cEof; gePsf] xf]Og . o:tf

ljifoxx?n] of]hgfsf/ / /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] k|>o gkfPsf x'g\ . xfdLdf

7"nf l;rfO{, aflx/L k|ljlw / nufgLaf6 dfq s[lif ljsf; x'G5 eGg] wf/0ffn]

h/f] uf8]sfn] o;f] x'g uPsf] xf] . of] ls Tof] h:tf ljk/Lt w|'jLo k|Zgx?n]

efFhf] xfNg vf]lhgfn] ljljwtfk"0f{ pkfox?n] df}nfpg] cj;/ kfpFb}gg\ .

b]zsf] Jofks w/ftnLo ljljwtf / ax';FVos ls;fgsf w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{

cufl8 /fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] 9fFrfn] xfdLnfO{ w]/} cndNofpFb}g .


27 28

%=@ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ d'Vo kIfx¿

g]kfnL s[lifsf] bL3{sfnLg ?kfGt/0fsf nflu tTsfn s[lifsf] ;+qmd0fsf]

Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf agfpg cfjZos 5 . o:tf] sfo{of]hgfn] dfq tTsfn}

kl/dfh{g, lgdf{0f tyf k'g{u7g ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfsf] klxrfg u/L

cfjZos gLltx¿sf] ;+zf]wg, th'{df / ;dfof]hg u/L bL3{sfnLg s[lif

ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df tn pNn]lvt s[lif

ljsf;sf cfofdx¿df /fhg}lts k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f agfO{

tof/ ul/Fb} u/]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos 5 .

%=@=! ul/aL, vfBfGg cefj / s'kf]if0fsf] ;Daf]wg

Gf]kfn h:tf] d'n'ssf] s[lif ljsf;sf] k|fyldstf ul/aL, vfBfGg cefj /

s'kf]if0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ x'g'kb{5 . :yfgLo :t/df vfBsf nflu s[lif k|j4{g

ug]{ ;f]rlagf clxn]s} cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ef]s / /f]usf] ;dfwfg

;Dej 5}g . o;y{ vfBfGg cefj ef]lu/x]sf nfvfF} g]kfnL ls;fgx¿sf]

klxnf] cfjZostf k]6el/ vfgkfpg] s'/fsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu vfBd'vL s[lif

/0fgLltsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ;fy} clxn] b]lvPsf] ljs/fn vfBfGg

cfoftnfO{ k|lTf:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd s[lif k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8

lbg'k5{ . vfBfGg afx]ssf cGo s[lif pkhsf] k|j4{g ubf{ t'ngfTds nfesf

cfwf/df oL pkhx¿sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L k|j4{g sfo{of]hgf agfpg'

kb{5 .

vfBsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ljljlws/0f / k|zf]lwt vfB kl/sf/sf] ljsf;df Wofg

k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . clxn] k|zf]lwt :yfgLo afnLx¿sf] kl/sf/sf] dfu

Jofks b]lvPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo ds}sf] sg{ˆn]S; / kmfk/ tyf

hf}sf kfp/f]6L, s]s agfP ljb]zaf6 oL lrhx¿ cfoft ug'{kg]{ lyPg xf]nf .

%=@=@ vfB ;+:s[lt / :yfgLo k|hflt k|j4{g

vfB clwsf/ / vfB ;Dk|e'tf Ps cfk;df cGof]Gofl>t ;jfn x'g\ .

lognfO{ Jojxf/df ;Daf]wg ug{ :yfgLo vfB k|j4{gsf] ;f]rlagf ;Dej

5}g . a9\bf] cfofltt vfBfGgn] xfd|f] vfB ;+:s[ltdf dfq k|efj kf/]sf] 5}g .

o;n] vfB clwsf/ / ;Dk|e'tfsf] ;jfnnfO{ s'l07t agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 t;y{

of] s'/f cfTd;ft ug{ vfB ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df Jofks hgrf;f] a9fpg' klxnf]

cfjZostf xf] . Knfli6s kf]sfdf cfpg] u'0f:t/xLg tof/L vfg]s'/fn] dfgj

tyf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;fy} c/af}+sf] wg/fzL

o:tf vfg]s'/fdf vr{ ePsf] 5 . sDtLdf /fHon] o:tf cfoftnfO{

lg?T;flxt ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg] ;f]r ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sf] nflu

:yfgLo pTkfbgsf] cg';Gwfg, vfB kl/sf/sf] k|zf]wg / :yfg ljz]ifsf

vfB kl/sf/sf] pkef]udf hf]8 lbFb} o;sf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws tyf

;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu /0fg}lts cfwf/ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .

%=@=# g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgsf] t'ngfTds nfe jf k|lt:kwf{

Dffly eg]e}mF Gf]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, s[lif hdLgsf] pTkfbgzLntf /

h}ljs ljljwtfn] cGo ;dtn d}bfgL s[lif k|0ffnL;Fu o;sf] pTkfbsTj /

Jofj;flos kl/0ffd b'j}df k|lt:kwf{ x'g ;Sb}g . :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] :yfgLo

ahf/df x'g] k|lt:kwf{ eg] a]Un} s'/f xf] . o:tf] pTkfbgzLntfn] cGt/f{li6«o

ahf/df d'gfkmfsf cfwf/df ul/g] k|lt:kwf{ ug}{ ;Sb}g t;y{ g]kfnn] s[lif

ljsf;nfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf] cfwf/df k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf]

eg] g]kfnsf] ljljw t/ ljlzi6 s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|j4{gsf] /0fgLlt a]Un} 9Ën]

x]l/g' k5{ . g]kfnsf :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g lbuf] s[lifsf dfkb08df

tof/ kfl/g' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ :YffgLo pkef]ueGbf a9L ePsf o:tf


29 30

pTkfbgx¿n] ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df t'ngfTds ?kdf /fd|f] /fli6«o tyf

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ kfpg ;S5g\ .

Gf]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ l5d]sL d'n'ssf] s[lif

cy{tGq / o;n] g]kfnL s[lifdf kg]{ k|efjnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ ;lsFb}g .

clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ef/t tyf rLgn] u/]sf] s[lifsf] ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0flagf

a9\bf] s[lifsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f / If]qLo Jofkf/sf] ;Gt'ng a'‰g ;lsFb}g .

g]kfnsf] s[lif cy{tGq oL 7"nf l5d]sLsf] s[lif cy{tGqsf] t'ngfdf lgs}

sdhf]/ ePsf]n] o;n] pgLx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g t;y{ g]kfnL s[lif

cy{tGqsf] 9fFrf ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwf{df eGbf :yfgLo ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t

t'ngfTds nfe lng] ;f]raf6 ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 .

Jofkfl/s s[lifsf] 9fFrfdf lgof{t a9fpg] s'/f u/]/ dfq o;df ;Gt'ng

ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:fsf nflu g]kfnd} pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] s[lif pkhx¿n] cfoft

k|lt:yfkg ug]{ / t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif pkhsf] lgof{t a9fpg] ;f]rdf

cfwfl/t /0fgLlt agfpg' k5{ . clxn] vfBfGgsf ;fy} u]8fu'8L / t]nxgsf]

Jofks cfoft a9]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf t'ngfTds ?kdf ;lhNf} pTkfbg x'g]

oL afnLx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . oL vfB

pkhsf] k|lt:yfkgn] dfq c/afF} ?k}ofFsf] art x'g] b]lvG5 .

%=@=$ Ef"–ljt/0f, pkof]u / e"–:jfldTj

s[lif pTkfbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ s[lifof]Uo hdLg xf] . s[lif of]Uo

hdLgsf] ljt/0f / :jfldTjsf] ;jfnnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ s[lif ljsf;sf]

/0fgLlt agfpg] s'/f ;Dej 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df lj=;=@)@! ;fndf ;'?

ul/Psf] e"ld;'wf/sf] of]hgf clxn];Dd klg k'/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n]

clxn]] g]kfndf e"–:jfldTj, e"ld;DaGwL ;'wf/ / s[lif ljsf;sf d'2fx¿

k]lrnf] ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ .

k/Dk/fut ¿kdf e"ld ;'wf/sf] ax;nfO{ vfnL e"ldsf] k'glj{t/0f a'‰g]

;fF3'/f] lrGtg xfaL eof] t/ e"ld;'wf/sf] k|ZgnfO{ e"ld;'wf/sf cg]sg

;jfn / s[lif ljsf;;Fu hf]8]/ x]g'{k5{ . e"ld / s[lif ljsf; 5'§ofpg

g;lsg] ljifo x'g\ . o;/L e"ld / s[lifnfO{ ;Fu} glnFbf g} g]kfnsf ls;fgx¿

k]6el/ vfg gkfpg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf @M g]kfndf e'–:jfldTjsf] cj:yf

kl/jf/ ;d"xsf] :t/

kl/jf/ ;+Vof k|ltzt E"f :jldTjsf] cfsf/ -x]S6/df_

e"ldxLg tyf ;LdfGt s[ifs kl/jf/

(,%&,!)) ##=&

)—)=# eGbf sd

;fgf tyf dWod s[ifs kl/jf/

!&,&(,%^) ^@=*

)=#—#=) eGbf sd

7'nf s[ifs kl/jf/ (&,%)) #=%

#=)—!)=) eGbf Hofbf

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @))^

o;cl3 x'Fb} cfPsf ax;df h:tf] e"ld ;'wf/sf] d'2fnfO{ s]jn e"ldsf]

k'glj{t/0f dfq 7flgg' x'Fb}g t/ of] dxTjk"0f{ rflxF xf] . e"ld;'wf/ /

s[lif;DaGwL ;'wf/ b'j}sf] p2]Zo a9LeGbf a9L pTkfbg ug]{ / pTkfbgzLntf

a9fpg] tyf s[lif pTkfbgdf d'Vo zlQmsf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ ;fgf ls;fg

tyf e"ldxLgsf nflu clwsf/sf] Goflos ljt/0f ug'{ xf] . s[lifsf] ljsf; /

e"ld;'wf/sf If]qnfO{ l;Ëf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/ / If]q;Fu ufF;]/ x]g'{k5{ .


31 32

clxn]sf] s[lifsf] d'Vo ;d:of eg]s} v]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{ clws dflg;

h;sf] hLljsf]kfh{g o;}af6 x'G5 pgLx¿;Fu hUuf gx'g' xf] . hf];Fu hUuf

5 ltgn] v]tdf sfd ub}{gg\ t/ pgLx¿n] g} pTkfbgsf] w]/} lx:;f

n}hfG5g\ . cfh;Dd g]kfndf e"ld x'g]vfg] / dflyNnf] ju{sf ;Lldt ju{nfO{

cltl/Qm cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t a9fpg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ pTkfbgsf]

;fwg hdLg / pTkfbgsf] >d s[ifsnfO{ cnu /flvlbPsf] 5, o;sf] k|ToIf

c;/ pTkfbgdf k/]sf] 5 . pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj 36\g'df o;sf] e"ldsf

dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;sf/0f s[lifsf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] ls;fgn] hUuf kfpg] u/L

e"ld k'glj{t/0f x'g'kb{5 . o;f] eof] eg] dfq e"ld;'wf/n] ;+:yfut lx;fan]

cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] hu agfpgsf nflu s[lifdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|d'v e"ldsf

lgjf{x u5{ .22

ablnPsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s kl/j]zdf, e"–PsLs/0fsf nflu pko'Qm

;f]r;lxt Jofjxfl/s gLlt tof/ ug{] / s[lif e"ld ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L

9Ën] sfof{Gjog gu/L s[lif ljsf; of]hgf ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g\ . g]kfnsf] s[lif

of]Uo hdLgsf] ljt/0f / :jfldTjsf] k|Zg s[lif nufgL tyf pTkfbg;Fu klg

k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] 5 . @@ k|ltzteGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf e"ldxLg

ls;fgx¿sf] s[lif sd{;Fu hf]l8Psf] s[lif e"ld ljt/0f / e"–PsLs/0fsf]]

/0fg}lts cfwf/lagf s[lif nufgL a9fpg ;lsFb}g t;y{ o; s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf

u/L tof/ kfl/g] s[lif /0fgLlt Jojxf/df nfu" x'g} ;Sb}g .

csf]{ s'/f v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] u}/s[lifs/0f oltv]/ e"ldsf] k'glj{t/0f

hlQs} k]lrnf] ag]sf] 5 . dlnnf pkTosf / gbL lsgf/h:tf 7fpFdf ;x/

lj:tf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . clws pBf]uwGbfx¿ v]tLof]Uo / ahf/ ;'ne ePsf 22g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/, z'?jft / uGtJo, clk|n @))(

If]qdf lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . a9\bf] ;x/L If]qsf] a;fO;/fOn] ;x/L :yfg

vf;u/L dlnnf] hdLgnfO{ b'O{j6f c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 . klxnf] o;n] ubf{

dlnnf] hdLgdf 3/ w]/} aGg] ePsfn] o;sf] cltqmd0f x'g]5 . bf];|f] ;x/df

cj;/ a9L x'g] x'gfn] dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL klg To;} lsl;dsf] x'g hfG5 .

;x/df cfpg] ;a}n] cfˆgf] 3/ jf hdLg agfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;}n] pgLx¿

;'s'Daf;L ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs hUuf / gbL lsgf/df a:g yfN5g\ . o;n] ;x/,

v]tLof]Uo hdLg / ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;a}nfO{ g/fd|f] k|efj kf5{ . e"ld;'wf/n]

ufpFdf v]tL u/]/ klg ;'vL hLjg latfpg ;Sg] cj:yfsf nflu e"ld;'wf/ /

lbuf] v]tLkftL hf]8\g}k5{ .

To:t} kl5Nnf jif{x¿df hdLgsf] v08Ls/0f tLj| ePsf] klg b]lvG5 .

hg;+Vof j[l4 -kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df bf]Aa/_, tLj| ;x/Ls/0fh:tf s'/fn]

klg hdLg 6'qmfpg] sfd a9fO/x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ /f]Sg vf;} k|of; ePsf]

b]lvFb}g . o:t}, hdLgdf cg'kl:yt hdLgbf/sf hdLg, afFemf] hdLgsf]

pkof]u s], s;/L ug]{ ljifodf klg gofF gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] vfFrf] 5 .

csf]{ la;{g gx'g] s'/f s] 5 eg], k/Dk/fb]lv s[lifdf dlxnfx¿sf]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f;Fu} k'?ifd'vL s[lif

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] s[lif sd{df dlxnfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf xF'bfxF'b} klg

s[lif If]qsf] :jfldTj / kx'Frdf k'?if lgoGq0f a9\g uPsf] 5 t/ clxn]

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ s[lif If]qdf 7"nf] af]em cfOk/]sf]

5 . s]jn v]tfnfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] hldg tyf pTkfbgsf

;fwg dflysf] kxF'r tyf :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ ag]sf]

5 . s[lif sd{d} cfˆgf] hLjg latfpg] dlxnf s[ifssf ;jfnx¿sf] klxrfg

/ ljZn]if0f gu/L tof/ kfl/g] /0fgLlt ls;fgd'vL x'g ;Sb}g . ca aGg]


33 34

s[lif /0fgLltdf oL ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg geO{ k|efjsf/L gx'g] s'/fnfO{

cfTd;ft ul/g'kb{5 .

s[lif e"lddf eO/x]sf] cg'Tkfbs v08Ls/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{

s[life"ldsf pTkfbgzLntf a9fpg xbaGbL leqsf] gLlh e":jfldTjsf]

;'lglZrttf sfod u/L s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] rSnfaGbL ug{ cfjZos 5 .

o;sf nflu cGo d'n'sx¿df ul/Psf e"ld;'wf/sf cEof;x¿sf cg'ejsf

cfwf/df g]kfnL kl/j]zdf o;sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ vf]h tyf

cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgf agfOg' kb{5 .

%=@=% ls;fgsf] Ifdtf, nufgL / pBdzLntf

s[lif k]zf lgjf{xd'vL, lgd'vf / ug{ g;Sg]sf] sfd eg]/ lnOFbf of] b'Mvsf]

kof{o dfq ag]sf] 5 . t'ngfTds ?kdf >ddf cfwfl/t s[lif sd{ ;Ddflgt

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g h;n] ubf{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnLx¿ :jfledfg u'dfpFb} 5g\ .

clwsf+zsf] a'emfOdf >lds ju{nfO{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/df pk]Iff ul/g] /

sfd ubf{ ;fgf] eOg] dfgl;stf 5 . s[lif k/Dk/fut z}nLdf ePsf]n] klg

of] af]nLrfnLdf ufx|f] / si6s/ sfdsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif sfo{

;Ddflgt ;fdflhs pBdsf ?kdf ljsf; geP;Dd lbuf] s[lifsf] ljsf;

ug]{ s'/f ;Dej 5}g . gfkmf sdfpgsf nflu ul/g] klZrdL z}nLsf]

Jofkfl/s s[lif dfq ljsNksf ?kdf k|:t't eO/xFbf hLjgofkgsf nflu

ul/g] s[lifsf] ;'wf/ / ljsf;df plrt Wofg k'u]sf] 5}g ;fy} s[lif k]zf

;Ddflgt x'g g;Sg'df d'VotM s[lifnfO{ x]g]{ ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgsf] Jofks

k|efj /x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes lzIffdf s[lif ljifo ;dfj]z gx'g' / zf/Ll/s

>dnfO{ x]o b[li6n] x]g{] dfgl;stf gx6];Dd of] k]zf ;Ddflgt x'Fb}g .

g]kfnsf] s[lif k|j4{gdf o; If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] k|efj Pp6f dxTjk"0f{

;jfn xf] . s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu # k|ltzt klg nufgL gePsf] of]

cjlwdf g]kfndf hdLgsf] lsga]rdf c/af}F ?k}ofsf] nufgL ePsf] 5 .

ljz'4 gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zoaf6 k|]l/t o:tf] nufgLn] s[lif e"ldsf] d"No dfq

a9fPsf] 5}g, s[lif pTkfbgsf] nfut / s[ifs ;d'bfosf] hdLg dflysf] kx'Fr

36fpFb} nu]sf] 5 . csf]{ s'/f o;af6 ca v]tL u/]/ vfg ;lsGg eGg]

;fdflhs dgf]lj1fg;d]t ljsf; ePsf] 5 t;y{ o:tf] nufgLnfO{

lg?T;flxt ub}{ s[lif pTkfbgdf nufgL a9fpg] cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

clxn] ljz]if u/L Jofj;flos s[lif eGgf;fy aflx/af6 ;fdu|L yk]/ ul/g]

pTkfbg k|lqmof eGg] l;sfO tyf a'emfOn] o;nfO{ ls;fgn] k"/} gofF

l;Sg'kg]{ k|0ffnLsf ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ls;fgx¿n] cfkm}n] ul//x]s}

s[lifnfO{ pgLx¿s} cfTdlge{/tfdf o;sf]] pTkfbg k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]

cg'e"lt lbg cfjZos 5 .

%=@=^ e"–agf]6, kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / pko'Qm s[lif k|ljlw

lbuf] s[lifsf] k"jf{wf/ eg]sf] pko'Qm kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / :yfgLo

;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]udf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 t/ lj8Dagf xfn;Dd

g]kfndf g]kfnL s[lifnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ :yfgLo cj:yfdf pko'Qm s[lif

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xfn;Dd klg s[lifsf

of]hgf agfpg] sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd n}hfg] ;f]r gk'Ug' g} xf] . h}ljs

If]qsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :t/d} s[lifsf of]hgf agfpg] b[li6sf]0flagf

Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsg] s[lifsf] of]hgf agfpg ;lsFb}g t;y{ ca agfpg]


35 36

/0fgLltn] o; s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy o:tf k|ljlw ;fgf ls;fgsf

cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;f]rsf cfwf/df ljsl;t ul/g' kb{5 .

s[lif ljsf;df cg';Gwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'G5 . g]kfndf :yfgLo

cfjZostf / cj;/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L s[lif cg';Gwfg ug]{ s'/fdf vf;}

Wofg k'u]sf] 5}g . clxn];Dd s]xL afnLsf hftx¿ l;kmfl/; ug]{afx]s

:yfgLo afnLsf k|hflt, s[lif k|ljlw / df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu

cfjZos cg';Gwfg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ / s[lif lzIffsf] cGt/

;DaGwn] s[lif cg';Gwfgsf] k|efjsfl/tf s:tf] 5 eGg] ;xh} olsg ug{

;lsG5 . g]kfndf oL ltg}j6f If]qsf] aLrdf tfnd]n gePsf] / oL s'g} klg

k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfd gu/]sf] s'/f 5n{Ë} 5 . oL ;jfn dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ /

;aeGbf klxn] cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljifoj:t' logsf] pkof]lutf / dxTjsf] af/]df

dl;gf] n]vfhf]vf h?/L 5 .

o; cy{df ca ul/g] cg';Gwfgn] d'Vo u/L hdLgsf] pj{/f a9fpg],

hdLgdf cfjZos vfB tTj k'¥ofpg] / lbuf] tl/sfn] af]6la?jf tyf

kz'kIfLnfO{ cfjZos vfB tTj k'¥ofpg ljifout ;jfnx¿sf] cfwf/e"t

cg';Gwfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;/L ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] 9fFrf h}ljs If]qsf

cfwf/df juL{s[t u/L k|fylstfsf cfwf/df tof/ ug{ cfjZos 5 cGoyf

cg';Gwfgsf nflu lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ g;lsg] hl6n

k|s[ltsf x'g uO sxfFaf6 ;'? ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf g} cndlng k'Ub5 .

hnjfo' kl/j{tg s[lif If]qdf b]lvPsf] dfgjl;lh{t dxTjk"0f{ kof{j/0fLo

r'gf}tL xf] . s[lif k|ljlwx¿nfO{ hnjfo'df cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} cg's"ng gu/L

casf] s[lif arfpg sl7g 5 . clxn] ePsf s[lif k|ljlw / 9fFrfx¿nfO{

clglZrttf / hf]lvdnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ :yfgLotfdf cfwfl/t s[lif

k|0ffnLsf] ?kfGt/0f dfq Pp6f alnof] ljsNk xf] . o;f] ug{ g;Sbf

ls;fgx¿ v]tLkfltsf] ;Defljt gf]S;fgLsf 8/n] v]tL ug{ 5f]8\g afWo

ePsf 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ s[lif If]qdf cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf]

cem 68\sf/f] 5 . o;sf] nflu clxn] eP u/]sf] cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x¿ kof{Kt

dfq x}g pko'Qm klg 5}gg\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k'¥ofpg] c;/ jf

k|efjx¿sf] cfFsng gu/L ul/g] cg';Gwfgaf6 cfpg] glthfx¿sf] cfwf/df

sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg ;lsg] s[lif ljsf;sf] 9fFrf tof/ kfg]{ ;Defjgf Go"g

/xG5 . hnjfo' hf]lvdsf] pko'Qm d"NofÍg geP;Dd hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{ k|efjsf/L of]hgf / sfo{qmd agfpg c;Dej 5 . ;du| ?kdf,

clxn];Dd o;sf] k|efjsf/L d"NofÍg ePsf] klg 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf

hnjfo'sf] s[lifdf kg]{ c;/ 36fpg] of]hgfa]u/ Jojxf/df nfu"ug]{

sfo{of]hgf aGg} ;Sb}g t;y{ cfufdL s[lif /0fgLtLdf o; ;jfnsf] ;Daf]wg

ckl/xfo{ 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tTsfn h}ljs If]qsf cfwf/df

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf u/L ls;fgx¿n] :yfgLo s[lif ;Dj4{g ubf{

ef]Ug' k/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ls;fg ;lDdlnt

;xefuLd"ns s[lif cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 5 . o;sf

;fy} :yfgLo afnLsf] k|zf]wg, vfB kl/sf/sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4sf nflu cfjZos

cg';Gwfg tyf :yfgLo vfBfGgsf] u'0f tyf kf}li6stfaf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4

ug{ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . To;sf ;fy} pko'Qm afnL k|0ffnL

tyf s[lif k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf pkof]u a9fpg' k5{ .


37 38

%=@=& pko'Qm s[lif hgzlQm / lzIff

g]kfnL s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df cg';Gwfg ;Fu;Fu} s[lif lzIff / k|;f/sf]

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . Jofjxfl/s s[lif lj1fg h;n] :yfgLo cj:yfdf

s[lif k|j4{gsf] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd s[lif k|fljlws hgzlQm tof/

kfg{ ;lsof];\ t/ lj8Dagf xfd|f] s[lif lzIff / cg';Gwfg o'/f]ks]lGb|t

nufgLsf] s[lif ;f]rdf cfwfl/t 5 . Psftk{m s[lif hgzlQmsf] Jofks

knfog eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tk{m pknAw s[lif hgzlQm pko'Qm / kof{Kt

5}g . s[lif lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, k|of]ufTds / :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{

;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] 1fg, ;Lk ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r;lxt kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos

5 . o;sf ;fy} ls;fgsf] v]tLaf/Ldf g} k|fljlws ;]jf k'¥ofpg] b[9tf /

;f]cg';f/sf] pko'Qm hgzlQm lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

%=@=* /fHo / ahf/sf] bfo/f

s[lif ;fdflhs pBdsf ;fy} kof{j/0fLo ;]jfsf] If]q xf] . o;nfO{ /fHon]

o;} ;Gbe{df kl/eflift u/L s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg pBdL / ls;fgnfO{ juL{s[t

ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] juL{s/0f;lxt /fHon] ;fgf tyf e"ldxLg ls;fgnfO{ s[lif

;]jf tyf nufgLdf ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . s[lif pBdL h;nfO{ 7"nf

ls;fg klg elgG5 pgLx¿sf nflu nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfO{ lgods /

;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . vfBfGgsf nflu /fHon] ahf/nfO{

:yfgLo lgoGq0fdf lgodg ug'{sf ;fy} s[lif ;xsf/Ldfk{mt ahf/ Joj:yfkg

ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 t/ vfBfGgafx]ssf t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif

pkhsf] k|j4{gsf nflu v'Nnf ahf/nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf cfwf/df

k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg' kb{5 .

%=@=( s[lifsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;

s[lif ljsf;sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / o;sf] k[i7kf]if0f ;+oGqn]

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, d"NofÍg / cg'udg h:tf dxTjk"0f{

v'6\lsnfdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf / of]ubfgsf] ;'lglZrttf a9fpF5 . o;

cy{df clxn]sf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;+/rgf ;dfj]zL 5}g . vf;u/L :yfgLo

s[ifsx¿sf] s[lif ljsf; cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ sfddf s'g} of]ubfg 5}g .

s[lif sfo{df ;+nUg ls;fg ;d'bfo / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cg'udg /

k[i7kf]if0fdf of]ubfg lbg] ;+oGq agfpg' cfjZos 5 . o:tf] ;+oGqn] clxn]

ePu/]sf sfo{x¿sf] ;xeflutfTds ;dLIff dfq xF'b}g a? o;n] :yfgLo

kof{j/0fLo 1fgk4lt / To;sf] cEof;x¿sf] bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb a9fpg of]ubfg

k'¥ofpF5 . h'g s'/f x'g g;Sbf clxn] aGb} u/]sf /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdx¿

lj1x¿sf lstfaL 1fgdf dfq e/ kg{ uO{ sfof{Gjog ug}{ g;lsg] aGg

k'u]sf 5g\ . s[lif h:tf] :yfgLo lqmofsnfknfO{ k|j4{g ug{ s]lGb|o :t/sf

of]hgfx¿n] dfq k'Ub}g . s]lGb|o :t/df tof/ ul/g] o:tf of]hgfx¿ :yfgLo

of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf :yfgLo ljljwtfaf6 Pscfk;df l;sfO

a9fpg pkof]uL 9fFrfsf] ?kdf dfq lnOg'kb{5 .

;fy} s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ :yfgLo ls;fgx¿sf] k|ToIf

Joj:yfkgdf ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 . o;n] dfq oL ;]jfs]Gb|x¿nfO{ ls;fgk|lt

pQ/bfoL agfpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L s[lif sfo{nfO{

k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t k'U5 . xfd|f] b]zsf ljBfno / :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿df

ePsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;dLIff u/L ls;fgsf] lg0ff{os ;xeflutf a9fpg' k5{ .


39 40

%=#=s[lif ljsf;sf] Kf|f¿k

%=#=! bL3{sfnLg ;f]r

cfwf/e"t lbuf]kgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ :yfgLo ;|f]t tyf

k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lbuf] s[lif k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . ;fy} o:tf]

9fFrf lgdf{0f ubf{ Ef"–/fhg}lts kl/l:ylt, h}ljs ljljwtf, vfB ;+:s[lt, vfB

tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff h:tf ;fdflhs cfofdx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L vfB

;Dk|e'tfsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ vfBsfnflu s[lif / t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif

pkhsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg a9fpg]df hf]8 lbOg]5 .

%=#=@ p2]ZoM

• ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t vfB j:t'sf] :yfgLo txd} pTkfbg

j[l4 ug]{,

• t'ngfTds nfesf s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbg j[l4 / lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{,

• lbuf] kof{j/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / ax';+Vos ls;fgsf Jofjxfl/s

;d:ofx¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{ s[lif lzIff / k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ug]{, /

• ax';ª\Vos ljz]ifu/L ;fgf ls;fgsf lxtsf] ;+/If0f / To:tf

ls;fgd}qL s[lif;]jf ;+oGq lgdf{0f / ;'b9Ls/0f ug]{ .

%=#=# /0fgLlt

• e"ld nufot cGo pTkfbgzLn k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt k'glj{t/0f

ug]{, o;f] ubf{ s[lif e"ldsf] cfsf/ j[l4 tyf gLlh :jfldTj sfod

/xg] u/L cfjZos gLltut lg0f{o / sfof{Gjogsf k|efjsf/L

;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . s[lifof]Uo e"ld afFemf] g/xg] gLltut Joj:yf

ug]{, ljz]ifu/L cGg pTkfbgzLn e"ldsf] cGo pkof]udf k|of]u

lg?T;flxt ug]{ .

• g]kfnsf s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]qsf] cfFsng / ljz]iftfx¿ kl/eflift

u/L To;sf cfwf/df :yfgLo s[lif of]hgfx¿ agfO{ k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog ug]{ . h}ljs If]qcg';f/ cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{tsf]

b[li6n] pko'Qm afnLx¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f u/L afnL ljz]ifcg';f/

pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• ;lhnf] k|ljlw / sd nfutn] wfGg] afnL tyf j:t'efpsf] pTkfbg

a9fO{ cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg] . ;fy} ;fgf ls;fg ljz]if u/L

dlxnfsf] sfo{af]em sd x'g] ;fgf tyf dfWolds k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df

hf]8 lbg] .

• :yfgLo tyf k/Dk/fut 1fgdf cfwfl/t s[lif lzIff, cg';Gwfg /

k|;f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L Jojl:yt ug]{ .

cfjZos pko'Qm s[lif hgzlQm tof/ kfg{ s[lif lzIffnfO{

:yfgLotfdf cfwfl/t s[lif 1fg, ;Lk / wf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ k4ltsf]

?kdf kl/df{hg ug{] . PsLs[t v]tL k|0ffnL, s[lif jg k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf;, :yfgLo afnL tyf j:t'efpsf] aLhj[l4 / gZn ;'wf/,

df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4, h}ljs dn tyf PsLs[t /f]u tyf ls/f

lgoGq0f h:tf k|fljlws ljifosf] cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg], ljz]if u/L

kz' Joj:yfkg / To;sf] pkfbsTj, 3'DtL afnL / 3';'jf afnL

k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .


41 42

• g]kfnsf] s[lifdf ls;fgsf txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf 7f]; c;/x¿sf]

cWoog u/L cg's"ng k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .

• Psn afnLsf] ;§f ax'afnL tyf Ps jif]{ afnLsf] ;§f ax'jif]{, /}yfg]

afnL tyf :yfgLo kz' k|j4{g ug]{ . ;fdfGot lgDg afnL tyf

j:t'efpsf] aLh j[l4, gZn ;'wf/ / pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg]

- /}yfg] vfB, t/sf/L afnL / j:t'efp

- ax'jif]{ vfB tyf kmnk"mn afnL

- sd :ofxf/df pTkfbg lbg] afnL tyf j:t'efp

- cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ s[lif pkhx¿

• ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ s[lifdf nufgL ug{ yk k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / s[lifof]Uo

e"ldsf] cGo k|of]u x'g] nufgL lg?T;flxt ug]{ .

• x}l;ot lalu|Psf jg If]qsf] k'g:yf{kgf ;d]t x'g] u/L s[lif jg

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L pkof]u ug{ e"ldxLg tyf jl~rt ;d'bfonfO{

k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / hg:jf:Yodf x'g ;Sg]

xfgL;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;Dej eP;Dd sd aflx/L ;|f]t nufgL x'g]

s[lif k|0ffnL / sfo{qmdx¿ ckgfpg] .

• s[lifsf] ;+/rgfsf x/]s txdf ls;fg k|ltlglwx¿ /xg] k[i7kf]if0f

k4ltx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

• ljBfno txsf] pko'Qm kf7\oqmddf g]kfnsf s[lifsf ljz]iftf,

;Defjgf / cfk"mn] pTkfbg 1fg lng'sf] dxTj / vfg]s'/fsf] ljifo

;dfj]z ug]{ .

• pTkfbgkl5sf k|lqmofx¿ h:t} k|zf]wg, e08f/0f / :yfgLo ahf/

;+oGqnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

• pbfx/0fLo k|oTgx?sf] k|j4{g / ;'?jft ug]{x?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .


43 44

^= cGTodf

g]kfnL s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu s[lif /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf / o;df

cfwfl/t /0fgLltsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf]

t/fO{sf] s]xL ;dy/ d}bfgdf afx]s pRr nufgLsf] slyt xl/t qmflGtdf

cfwfl/t s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . To;df klg PsltxfO h:tf]

e"ld z'is s[lif k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] / *& k|ltzt kxf8L e"–efu ePsf] /

6'qmf6fqmL / ;fgf] cfsf/sf] hldg ePsf Go"g cfo /x]sf ;fgf ls;fgx¿

ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf pRr nufgLsf] ;3g v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ;kgf afF8\g'

eg]sf] g]kfn / g]kfnL ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;Fw}sf nflu C0fsf] ef/L af]sfP/

k/lge{/ agfpg' dfq xf] .

g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu s:tf] 9fFrf pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf

kof{Kt ax;sf] vfFrf] 5 . o:tf] ax;df ;a} vfn] ljrf/ ;d"xx¿sf]

;xeflutf / j:t'ut ljZn]if0faf6 dfq g]kfnsf] ljZj;gLo s[lif /0fgLltsf]

9fFrf klxNofpg ;lsG5 . of] b:tfj]hdf Pp6f b[li6sf]0faf6 o;nfO{

sf]§\ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf gLlt–lgdf{tfx¿n] ljutsf ;sf/fTds k|of;af6 l;Sb} pRr

afXo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t v]tLkftLsf] ;+/rgfeGbf Go"g afXo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t

s[lif k4ltaf/] ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 . ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, k|ljlw, ahf/ tyf

;Lldt s[lifof]Uo hdLgdf lbuf]¿kdf w]/} vfB pTkfbg ug{ ls;fgx¿nfO{

gofF ljrf/ lbg ;Sg'k5{ . ;do ;'xfpFbf] s[lif gLlt, cg':fGwfg / k|;f/sf

Jofjxfl/s of]hgfx¿ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .

g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;df PsLs[t >f]t Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff ckgfpFb}

;+/If0fdf cfwfl/t s[lif k|0ffnL ljsf; u/]/ dfq s] arfpg ;lsG5 < o:tf]

s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; >f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f / hLjgsf] ;du| ljsf;df hf]8

lbg] :yfgLo cy{tGqdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . o:tf] k|0ffnLn]] dfq k|fs[lts /

;fdflhs d"Nox¿df cfwfl/t s[lif cy{tGqnfO{ Jojl:yt agfp5 . o;n]

h}ljs, :yfgLo / 3/kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt / :jR5 Jofkf/, ;d'bfosf]

g};lu{s clwsf/sf ;fy}, s[lif hdLg, jg / vfB clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug'{sf

;fy} kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ;Dej agfpF5 .

lgZro g} s[lif If]q Jofks / lj:tfl/t 5 o;sf ;fdflhs / k|fljlws

k|Zgx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L ljsNkx¿sf] k|:tfj cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd 5 .

oL k|:tfjgfx¿n] g]kfnL s[lifn] lng'kg]{ lbzfsf] dfq ;Í]t u5{g\ / g]kfnL

s[lifsf] eljiosf af/]df yk lrGtgdgg a9fpg / Jofjxfl/s s[lif

/0fgLltsf nflu k|f/lDes 5nkmn÷ax; rnfpg pTk|]l/t u?g\ eGg] ck]Iff

/fv]/ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . o;df ;a}sf] ;'ema'em / lqmofzLntf cfdlGqt

5 . of] s'g} ;}4flGts wf/0ff jf ljrf/sf] kIfdf geP/ g]kfnL ls;fg /

g]kfnL s[lifsf] clg kof{j/0f / lbuf]kgsf] kIfdf 5 .

@= s[lif cy{tgqsf] ablnfbf] k|j[lq · d:of}bfm s[lif ljsf; /0fglltsf] k|f?km jt{dfg cj:yf /...

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