sucrose fructose polyols generally recognized as safe(gras) provide energy
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Sugars and syrups added to foods or used in food processing
Not naturally occurring as in foods like milk and fruit
The body cannot differentiate between naturally occurring and added sugars
Brown sugar
Corn sweetener
Corn syrup/corn syrup solids
Dextrose
Fructose
Fruit juice concentrate
Glucose
Invert sugar
Lactose
‣ High Fructose Corn Syrup
‣ Honey
‣ Malt syrup
‣ Maltose
‣ Molasses
‣ Raw sugar
‣ Sucrose
‣ Syrup
‣ Table sugar
Soft drinks
Cakes, cookies, pies
Drinks such as fruit punch and lemonade
Dairy desserts such as ice cream
Candy
Scientific studies conclude that sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children
Foods high in sugar but low in nutrients provide primarily calories to the diet but alone do not promote obesity
Extra calories can contribute to weight gain
Sugar can promote tooth decay
Intake should not exceed 25% of total calories
Composed of glucose and fructose
Provides 4 kcal/g
Comes from the processing of sugar cane and sugar beets
Molasses is the least refined form of sucrose
Made by modifying corn starch so that it contains a higher level of fructose
Tastes sweeter than sugar
Enhances flavor, color and product stability
Money saver for manufacturers
Found mostly in foods with “empty” calories◦ Soft drinks◦ Fruit drinks◦ Jams/Jellies◦ Baked goods
U.S. consumption increased from 1.5 lbs per person in 1970 to 62.7 lbs per person in 2000
Negative effect (primarily on cholesterol and triglyceride levels)seen at intake levels of 20-40% of total calories which is not typical
More research is needed
Do not promote tooth decay
Not fully absorbed
Low glycemic response
Lower in calories – 2 kcal/g
Possible prebiotic effect – may serve as “food” for bacteria in the colon
May cause diarrhea and/or GI distress in large amounts
Often combined with non-nutritive sweeteners
Sorbitol Mannitol Xylitol Erythritol D-Tagatose Isomalt Lactitol Maltitol Trehalose Hydrogenated Starch
Hydrolysates
Do not provide energy (calories)
Often combined with bulking agents ◦ Polydextrose ◦ Maltodextrin◦ Polysaccharide polyols
Do not immediately impact blood glucose or insulin levels◦ Can have an effects ~3-4 hours later
Do not promote tooth decay
Sucralose ◦ Splenda
Aspartame◦ Nutrasweet, Equal, Sugar Twin
Neotame
Acesulfame-K ◦ Sunett, Sweet & Safe, Sweet One
Saccharin ◦ Sweet’n Low, Sweet Twin, Necta
Stevia (Reb A)
◦ TruVia, PureVia
Brazzein◦ Cweet(not yet approved)
How is it made?
What are the properties of the sweetener?
How much will be consumed?
Is the sweetener safe?
Does it cause adverse effects to individuals, or their offspring?
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) = the amount per kilogram of body weight that a person can safely consume every day for a lifetime without risk
ADI usually reflects the amount 100x less than the maximum level at which no effect occurred in animal studies
Made from sugar; chlorine is added which is present naturally in many foods
Safety proven in over 110 studies over 20 years
Safe for adults, children, pregnant and nursing mothers
Has no effect on blood glucose levels
Does not promote tooth decay
Heat stable
Composed of amino acids, phenylalanine, and methanol which are found naturally in foods
Safety proven in over 200 studies over 30 years in over 100 countries
Safe for adults, children and pregnant and nursing mothers
Must be avoided by those with PKU – a rare genetic disease
No scientific basis for allegations relating aspartame to leukemia, lymphoma, or brain cancer
Allergic reactions not supported in double blind studies
95% is excreted in urine; therefore, no impact from potassium(K)
Heat stable
Little added to foods as it is intensely sweet
Often used in combination with other sweeteners
Partially absorbed
Methanol is a by-product
Phenylalanine is not significant enough to require a restriction in PKU patients
Recently made the GRAS list based upon 95% purity
Part of the Stevia leaf
Licorice flavor
No calorie sweetener
Safe for children and pregnant women
May provide calorie/energy savings and aide in improving diet quality
Safe for people with diabetes
Do not promote cavities
No associations with mood or behavior changes have been validated