الدليل الكامل tcp/ip بروتوكول - · pdf fileray 51 : 2 א א א א א ip...

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RAY ]‚Âý]æ<gé’ßjÖ] Installation and Configuration : 1 . TCP/IP DHCP WINS DNS . 2 . TCP/IP . 3 . (scopes) DHCP Manager . 4 . ) WINS ( WINS Server . 5 . LMHOSTS WINS . 6 . WINS Multihomed Computer . 7 . WINS . 8 . WINS . 9 . (subnet masks) . 10 . Windows NT (IP router) IP . 11 . DHCP relay agent . 12 . Microsoft DNS server NT Server . 13 . DNS name servers . 14 . DNS Server DNS root server . 15 . DNS Server . 16 . HOSTS LMHOSTS . 17 . NT TCP/IP . 18 . SNMP . 2

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Page 1: الدليل الكامل TCP/IP بروتوكول -  · PDF fileray 51 : 2 א א א א א ip א ˘ˇˆ ˙ ˝ ˛˚ א 16,777,214 254 1

RAY

�]‚Âý]æ<gé’ßjÖ]

Installation and Configuration

������� ����� �� �� ��� ����:

1. ���� �� ������ ���� �TCP/IP ������ ������� DHCP� WINS� DNS.

2. �!"�#�� ����"TCP/IP.

3. $%�&� '�(�)(scopes) ����* DHCP Manager.

4. ����" '�(�)� ) ,(-WINS (WINS Server.

5. $� 0� '�1���LMHOSTS 2) WINS.

6. ���3"WINS 40� Multihomed Computer.

7. 5 67��� $��08� '�(�)WINS.

8. $����* 9(��; 5 ��<�"��7�� $����=��� '�(�)WINS.

9. ���> �� �<?3�� �@�;� '�(�)(subnet masks).

10. '�(�)Windows NT A� BC8! �8@�� (IP router) IP.

11. '�(�)� ����"DHCP relay agent.

12. ��(D '�(�)� ����"Microsoft DNS server ���E� 40� NT Server.

13. �0��<�DNS F�GH� $��(- �� name serversI>DH� .

14. �J�DNS Server �� DNS root server.

15. K��'� '�(�)DNS Server.

16. $� 0� '�(�)HOSTS� LMHOSTS.

17. ,(- '�(�)NT LM� ���?��� ��(��TCP/IP.

18. '�(�)SNMP.

2

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2 : Installation and Configuration 50

Key Concepts 2.1íé‰^‰_<Üéâ^ËÚ<

TCP/IP Addressing <íÞçßÂTCP/IP

�!"�>* '�(�N* ,O" P�TCP/IP Q��� '�(�) R� S%�� T� (*% IP (IP address) U��;� ���> �� �<?3��(subnet mask) 40� V WXY�ZC 5 9(��� �<?[ �;��?� �;H� ,O" Q� S�\�� R<

Q��� �0�*IP ���> �� �<?3�� U��;� ,(- R�DHCP S���(� �]�D'N* �O" ^ Q) . �<3�� _?�2.1 Q��� R� �! IP���> �� �<?3�� U��;� .

<ØÓ�Ö]1<{<2<<V<<á]çßÂIPäÖ<ÐÊ]ç¹]<íé†ËÖ]<íÓf�Ö]<Å^ßÎæ<

Q��� `�a��IP R�32 bit 2) �87O� 4 40� ��8b �! c�d e����*� $��8b 8 bit �f� ��>3� ,�;Ka* �Z0�fg ���131 . 107 . 2 . 100 T0�g ��8b �! Q� �h� 8 bit Q� R<8�M

��&� �Da" ��>3� ��; 40� ��8b �! c�d0 → 255.

Q��� ��7O" ��i�J� �<3* R<V �8!IP R�� W���E� Q���� �<?3�� Q��� 2) Q��� �7O� I>D� �ZCIP �"�>� jik 2) �?">� l�� R� A, B, C #@" �"�>� m�� R� �!

��<8� ����E�� $�<?3�� '(� R�.

Q��� �! �?">� �M>@� R<VIP l�� B�� 2�H� ��8&� �iD R� ��(n� o�� 1 A 2�?">� �<� �*�O� ��<8� ����E�� $�<?3�� ,�;K� 2) �M��p�* R����@0� �kif�� �"�>� .

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2: ������� ����� 51

��������������������א�� א����� �א����� א��א��א�����IP ���� א�

16,777,214 254 126<{<1 A

65,534 65,534 191<{<128 B

254 16,777,214 255<{<192 C

<Ùæ‚¢]1<{<2<V<<á]çßÂ<gi]†ÚIP

<á]çßÃ×Ö<ífŠßÖ^e127<êi]„Ö]<“vËÖ]<íé×ÛÂ<Øq_<àÚ<‡çr¦<çãÊ<(loop-back test)J

�?">� R� Q��@�� Q�! �q)A 2�H� ��8&� �fg ��(�� )K�7��� 2) 4�;H� ( �<?3�� Q���(net ID) $��8&� ��� 2� 3� 4 r��E� Q��� �f8�M (host ID).

�?">� R� Q��@�� Q�! �q) ���B _��8&� �fg ��(�� 2 � 1 �fg� �<?3�� Q��� 4 � 3 ���E� Q���.

�?">� �q Q��@�� 5�C $��8&� �fg 3� 2� 1 �;K 91DH� ��8&� ��� �<?3�� Q��� 4 ���E� Q��� �?���* �f8�M.

���> �� �<?3�� U��O� �?7���* ���(subnet mask) Q��� $��8b ��7O�� ,(=�7�M IP �qNM W �;>�� 40� ���� $��?�� ��s t��!1) �8�O�� c�255 ( U��O�� R� �� ��8b 5(subnet

mask) W���> �� �<?3�� 5 _@� ���� Q��� (�(d (�� �@�O� $��?�� ��s K�?��� u@� ��ZM �8�O�� t��! �q) ���0�O" ,(� u@� ��ZM �Z@� .��f� ��?� 40�:

�?">� R� Q��@0� Q<��C e���� 192.123.234.xxx U��O�� ���>�M� �<3* 255.255.255.0 $��8&� 5 9'C� �8�O�� Qv� �fg l��1, 2, 3 c� )192.123.234 ( e����*� W�<?3�� �;K �<?3�� 40� 9'C� ����E� ��s Q<��)192.123.234 (! �Da��� S�J�D S�8;K ���� �

_* �� w��>�� B*1 P�� 254 . Q��� 5 B�� c�IP �;K 1��� �8��* S��*�k �<?3�� �;K Q<� S���' xOM ���E�.

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2 : Installation and Configuration 52

�0� �� LM� I>D� 2) �?">� R� ����>�M%� �@�;H� `0�y:

255.0.0.0 • �?">�A

255.255.0.0 • �?">�B

255.255.255.0 • �?">�C

‚e÷<<<<<<<<<<ífi†Ú<ØÒ<á_æ<íé•]�Ê]<ÜéÎ<àÚ<ì…^fÂ<êâ<íÏe^ŠÖ]<ÜéÏÖ]<á_<±c<å^fjÞ÷]<àÚ<

<<<<<̂�<Øe^ÏÚ<ë†Ç‘_<Å^ßÎ<Ô×j³<J<<<<<ífi†Û×Ö<àÓµ<ğønÚB<<<<<<<<<ífi†¹]<Å^ßÎ<^�<áçÓè<á_<C<

E<<< á]çßÃÖ]131.107.2.200<<<<<<<<<<Å^ßÏÖ]<„}`è< á_< àÓµ<255.255.255.0< D<<<<àÓµ<÷<àÓÖæ

<ífi†Û×ÖB<àÚ<ØÎ_<ğ̂Â^ßÎ<Ô׳<á_<255.0.0.0J

<íÛéÏÖ]<°e<^Ú<|æ]�è<á_<Å^ßÏ×Ö<àÓµ0<îjuæ<255<íÛéÏÖ]<æƒ<Å^ßÏÖ]<^ßè‚Ö<á^Ò<ádÊ<

255.255.240.0<<<<<<<<<<< �çqçe< xÛŠè< ]„ãÊ<1,048,575<<<<<<<<æ< íÓf�< á]çßÂ<4,096<<<á]çßÂ<

^ãßÚ<íÓf�<ØÒ<î×Â<hç‰^uJ

<<<<<<ÜÎ…<äéÊ<‚qçè<á_<àÓµ<÷<Å^ßÏÖ]<ÜÎ…<á_<í¿uøÚ<àÚ<‚e÷æ0<ÜΆÖ]<àÚ<…^ŠéÖ]<±c<

1E<éñ^ßmğ̂JD

<ÙçÒçiæ�×Ö<íÃe^jÖ]<l^Ú‚¤]TCP/IP<

�!"�#�� ����" F��k�TCP/IP � 0�=� $��(z� R� (�(@�� ,�(=���� '�(�) T�<V �������:

• Internet Information Server (IIS)

�!"�#�� ,(=�7" {��� ����E� R� � 0�- U��� �� $����?�� �!K�3� R� T�<VTCP/IP . c�|(IIS) $��(- 40� WWW � Gopher� FTP.

• Line Printer server daemon

$� �\� R� � 0�- U��� �� T"�@*�} �!K�3� R� T�<V(hosts) ����� T�q 5 �h mainframe $� �\�� UNIX (UNIX-based hosts).

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

�p ��<�"��"��� �0Z� �O�>} ,(O� �!"�#�� '�(TCP/IP WI>DH� ����E� 40� �~�* 9K�') ��08� �Z7� e����*�TCP/IP.

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2: ������� ����� 53

• DHCP relay agent

��(D $�K(; R� ���DHCPI>DH� ���> �� $�<?3�� �� ���@��� _<g #� .

• Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

,(- R���WINSF�GH� 9K�'p ���!>�� �0Z� �O�>} .

• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent

T��(=��� (�� B?���" 2) ������SNMP Manager F�'� �?;�>� 5 ��>" ��(�� �� $%!"�>*TCP/IP.

• Domain Name Server (DNS)

,(- Q�! �q)WINS F�G� '��) R� T�<V NetBIOS) ,����� 5 ����E� F�G�NT ( QNM ,(-DNS � $� �\� F�G� �� ���@�(host names) �� T���� �0��<� ����<�) u@� ���� �<?[Internett�>��p� �<?[ 40� $� �\� F�G� ��d� .

R� ��� ���* l�?�� ��� 5 j(����DHCP� WINS� DNS.

2.1.1<ÙçÒçiæ�Ö]<<(DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

��>!q �8! �!"�#�� '�(�) ���| S�O*��TCP/IP R� K�H� R� (�(@�� �M>@� 2) $�'�(�)TCP/IP Q��� �M>@� R� (*% �'� (�! IP (;� W`�\80� ���> �� �<?3�� U��;�

$��(- R����� �M>@� 2) S�\�� ���dWINS � DNS . �!"�#�� K�' �a��DHCP R� T|1� R� ���(��� $�'�(�p� ��D') ��s '�(�p �0Z� �O�>} R��� l�� W`�\� �! �C�

�!"�#��* �O0@�� $�>���K�?��TCP/IP���O0" �<3* .

$� �\� Q<�� %)� W`�\� �! 40� ������� $�>���K�?�� '�(�) R� (*%:

• ���"%� 40� 9K'�; 1�.

• ��Z��� 40� 9K'�; 1�(initialize).

• I>DH� ����E� ���@" 5 �??7���<?3�� 40� .

�!"�#�� #�@�DHCP �!"�#� ����O0��� $�'�(�p�* o87� S��� � S�����J S�K��@� TCP/IP R��*��� ����� 40� (client computers) c��� F��@�� R� ` y ��(z� m�� QNM e����*�

����� 9K�')� '�(�) �C� R� >�(� m(?<��TCP/IPW ,(- Q� �8! DHCP o87� �!>E�*

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2 : Installation and Configuration 54

�<?[ 40� ����@�� ���>��TCP/IP o��J �<3* B��(=��� � �q)� W�<?3�� F�K(� �D(" Q�' �!"�#0� R<VDHCP A* �O0@�� �!�3� ��s �Z�� Q� TCP/IP.

'�(�) ��� P��DHCP R����� ��D'N* ,O� Q� �<?3�� >�(� 40� �� IP I>�H�*� R����@� ��bIP) 4�(�Scopes( ,(- $����* 9(��; R8� DHCP ,(- ,O� mK�(*� WDHCP

_�@�*)1Ca" �� ( R�����IP R��*Y �� $� �\� 2) DHCP.

'�(�) $�>���K�* ��s R��y Q)TCP/IP ,(- 40� DHCP������� (�� �� ,(O� :

• R����� R� ��>7* (!a�� Q� �<?3�� >�( R<VIP �C�E� Q�' I>DH� $�'�(�p�� 2) �;� 5 ��" '�(�p� $�>���K�* ��D') 9'��) Q� �8! `�\� �! 2) ��O��%�

9(� 40� `�\� �! 5 $�>���K�?�� ��D') 9'��p �C�� %� (��� c�!>�.

• o87� %DHCP Q��� � � 1Ca�* IP ��b R� (scope) � � 5 _ �\� 2) (��� t;��.

<<<<< ÄéŞjŠè< ÷DHCP<<<<<<<<àèæ^ßÂ< àÂ<Ì�ÓÖ]<IP<jŠ¹]<<<<<<<l^Ëé–¹]<íŞ‰]çe< ğ̂ÏfŠÚ<íÚ‚~

<<<<<<< {Ö< íÃe^jÖ]< �ÆDHCP<<<<<<<<<<á]çßÂ<�]‚Âde<kÛÎ< ]ƒdÊ< HIP<<<<<<<<<^Ú<Ìé–Ú<î×Â<ëæ‚è<ØÓ�e<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Ý‚§<ÝçÏè< ^²†Ê<á]çßÃÖ]<ÔÖƒ<‹ËÞ< î×Â< ëçj¬< Ù^]< á^ÒæDHCP<<�q`je<

<<<<<<<Ìé–Ú<±c<á]çßÃÖ]<ÔÖƒDHCP<†}a<<< J<<<<<<<<<°Þ]çßÂ<^ßè‚Ö<áçÓé‰<íÖ^£]<å„â<»IP<<»<

<<<<<<â<ØnÚ<Äß¹< HíÓf�Ö]<‹ËÞ<<<<<<<<<àèæ^ßÂ<Äé¶<ð^ßnj‰]<êÇfßè<íÖ^£]<å„IP<<<ğ̂èæ‚è<ì‚ù]<

<Ý‚§<î×Â<�çqçÚ<Ù^¥<ë_<àÚDHCPJ

• >�(� �<���DHCP Q��� �! _�@�* IP ,(=�7� W_@� r��E DHCP l?�� ,��� R����� 1Ca�� ��0�� �<?3�� 40�IP $� �\� 2) )R��*��� ( �<?3�� 40� . Q�! �qNM

,(- X���DHCP 5 >D� R��*�� R<V ��(�� ��0�� �<?3�� � � DHCP ���" Q� R����� ,i��% $��(=� R� ca*IP�Z�� c� (�(d Q�' .

• '�(�) $�>���K�* �! QH 67���� �*��<�� F��D�� �!�3� �;���"TCP/IP 9'C� ,(- $����* 9(��; 5DHCP.

• R<V 40� ��b �! �C� R� � 0�- $�K��D '�(�) 9(� ) �� $%�b ��8nDHCP ( Q��� LM� Sif� '(� `�\ �?7���*IPR������ ����>�M%� K?@�� �*�*� ,(- WINS

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2: ������� ����� 55

• Q��� 1Ca" R<VIP `�\� �� Q*Y �! 40� �� ��] Wt;�� R� ���@� 9>� � DHCP K��p� 9>�M F�Z��� �?; mK��~��� (�@� Q� I>DH 9>�M R�� . (@� ^ �qNM

=�7� `�\� Q��� ,(IP) ,(=�7� (@� ^TCP/IP � �� ���E� Q� �� ( (;� Q��� _�@" R<V ��(�� WK��p� 9(� tZ���IP `�\ TCP/IP >�H� ���� >D�

R����� �0��" {�� $� �\� R� '(� 'C� ���� 5 S�(C (� �IP R� 1f<* #!� R����� '(�IP ����� ) �<?[ �� ���@��� � �q) �J�DInternet( S���' o���� W

Xi���* R����� R� '(� IPT�(� 9'C� ����E� '(� R� >f!� .

• ,(- ��(�� ,O�� WI>D� ���>M �<?[ 2) S�������M `�\� �O� � �q)DHCP $�'�(�) LM� `�\� ��� '�(�) 9'��N* S����O0" ���> �� �<?3�� T0" 40� 'C�

(�(n� �<?3��* �J�D 9(�(C9.

What DHCP Servers Can Do? <Ý‚§<ØÛÂ<çâ<^ÚDHCP[

,(- �8� Q)DHCP �!"�#� ���O0��� '�(�p� � �7��>�� TCP/IP ,�(=���* DHCP.

>�(� 40� ��?��DHCP R����� ��D'N* S%�� ,O� Q� IP ��&� 5 (scope) 9(��O� �*���� ,(- $����*DHCP * W��&� T�q ��@ �* ,O� � >�(� ,O� T�q (@DHCP $��0@� ��D'N*

$�'�(�N* �J�D I>D�TCP/IP >�(� ��@ � � R�� W���' �<3* $� �\80� �Z���@" ���� {��� K��D ,(=�7� ��Enable Automatic DHCP Configuration �<3�� 5 >Z�� �8! `�\� 40� R�

L*�7��2.1.

`�\� �(?� ��(���DHCP ~�� ��� �8@��* �!"�#�� �TCP/IP Q*��� �0��� )`�\� ( Q���IP ,(- R� DHCP ��YK ���KN* T�q� DHCPDISCOVER ��Y>�� m�� �fg W

Q��� K��~��% Q*��� �0}IP.

,(- �0�7� Q� (@*�DHCP ��YK DHCPDISCOVER L0�� DHCPOFFER R� 9K�?� �� R����� (��IP ��&� R����� R� Y��� 1� .� _?��� 'C� ,(� ��� (!�" ��08@�� m�� A� _ �\�DHCP Q��� � � Q�<0�V ���> �� �<?3�� � � 40� IP . $��0@� ���K) ���DHCPOFFER ,(- R� >f!� T0�g T�<?[ t��! �qNM `�\� 2) DHCP �0�7�� ��(�� (���

$�K�[) 9(� `�\�DHCPOFFERS ��� `�\� �?O�� ���H� �0�� 5� 9K�[) DHCPOFFERS ��YK `�\� ��>� � R�� B0�" DHCPREQUEST Q��� 40� c�d IP ,(O�

,(- �?; R� B�DHCP.

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,(- ��(@* ��>�DHCP �;'��� 9K�[) (DHCPACK) c�d 9K�[p� m��� `�\� 2) Q��� 40�IP R���� R� 9'�(� 9>� � T�q� Q��@�� T�q K��) B@� ��>�� W�0JH� 40��

K��p� 9(� F�Z��� �?; Q��@�� T�q K��~��� (�@� Q� `�\�.

�!"�#�� �O* ��} S����O0" B���K) ��� K��~��%� 9'��) �0} Q)TCP/IP �<3* S�~�Z� ,(- �� ���"%� 40� S�K'�; Q�!� `�\� 40� ���'DHCP ���>M �<?[ 2) �O��� ^ T��!�

I>D� . (@*�%50 Z��� t;� R� ,(- R� K��~��%� 9'��) `�\� ������ K��p� F�DHCP $�'�(�) _�@�* ,�; c���TCP/IPB� . K�>� (�� ���%87.5 ����7� R� K���� ��@ �� t;�� R�

,(- R� K��~��%� 9'��)� ���"%� `�\�DHCP c� �� ���"%� ������ e����*� W�0JH� ,(-DHCP @� '�(�) 9'��p >D� R� ca* ���"%� `�\� ���7� ^ QNM B* �J�z� $��0

$��(-DHCP Q��� ,�(=��� R� `�\� R<8�� R0M K��p� 9(� tZ��� (;� IP e����*� ��Y>�� ���KN* (�(C R� ,O��DHCPDISCOVER.

Limitation of DHCP <íè�悦DHCP

• ����7� %DHCP R����� ��3�!� IP � ����E�* �J�z� A� �@*���� 1DHCP (*%� ,(- 40� m'�(�) ��� c��� ��&� R� R����@�� m�� F��f��� R�DHCP.

• ,(- ���� %DHCP $��(- �� DHCP R����� ��M ����7� %� I>D� IP 9>C�� ���(= ��?�� % T��� I>D� $��(- �?; R�DHCP R����� � � ��(=�7� Q� IP 5

Z�� �<� �*���� ��&��8.

• $��(- ����7" %DHCP $�ZC� #� $� �\� �� ���" Q� (routers) ��� P� _<gBOOTP forwarding _<g ��� Q� �� BC� 40� DHCP relay agent �<?3�� 40� ���> ��.

• '�(�) (��TCP/IP ,(- 40� ��'�(�) � {�� �~}�z� ��O�� �?7�� WS���(� DHCP � 40� �0��� >}�-�<! �<?3�.

R����� 1� I>DH� ��O0� �?7���*IP ���! �<3* �ZM�� R� (!a��� R� (* % �@�;H�� _<g QH T�q�DHCP ��1��" � Q) �J�D� �O*�7�� ��O�� ��s o7� u@� % `�\� �! 40�

��7� R� �� �<���� ��� R�(Registry).

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Planning a DHCP Implementation ý<¼éŞ~jÖ]<�]‚ÂDHCP

Network Requirements íÓf�Ö]<l^fתjÚ

�!"�#�� L�?�" ��� �! W������� $�?0��� 'C� R� (*%Microsoft TCP/IP ,�(=���* DHCP.

• ��(D ���3" ��DHCP Service ���� 40� Windows NT Server.

• Q��� '�(�) ��IP ,(- 40� S���(� DHCP.

• ,(- Q<� Q� ��DHCP� $� �\ ���> �� �<?3�� � � 5 S�'CDHCP �� %)� A! �8@� ���� 40� $� �\80� ���> �� �<?3�� c�d Q�DHCP relay agent Q� �� W

�M' 40� 9K'�; Q<" Q� �� $�ZC� m��� W_�<?3�� x*>" $�ZC� (C" $���@� �!���BOOTP DHCP (DHCP BOOTP datagrams).

• R� ��8b '�(�) R�����IP) �fVScope ( ,(- 40�DHCP.

L�?��� �O�>} �Z�� Q)DHCP ,(- 'C� �� DHCP ���> �� �<?3�� 40� (��� ) ��O� ��0�� �<?3��( WB�H ,(- R� >f!� (C� �q) DHCP R<V �8Z�� c� QNM ���> �� �<?3�� � � 40�

R����� '��� Q�IP $� �\ DHCP O�>} 'C� ,(� �?7* T�q� W �8Z�� c� (�(��� ���@� � �8@�� ��� ,O�) A� `��- �<3*WINS .( ���(- ���"� ����<�) ,(@� ������DHCP �8Z\@?*

Q��� 1Ca" R� (!a��� �8Z�� (�� ����7� R� �@?��IP>Dv� ,(=� �?; �� `�\ .

���(- ��DHCP Q��� � � _�@" R� IP (!a��� �� (��� t;� 5 _ �\ Q� R�>Dv� (�� 'C� 1� ��(�a* ��z� ��&� 5 w��� Q��@��.

,(- c� (C��� ^ �qNMDHCP Q��� 1Ca�* ,O� �! �<?3�� 40� w��� IP) ��� �?7*������M ( �8@�� R� `�\� R<8�� R0M . ,(- 2) ���dDHCP ���� `��- ��b LM� >D�

(�� �08@�� �;��� 40� L?�� >�H� ,(- Q<� ��DHCP I>D� ���>M �<?[ 40� S�'C� ��f�� >�>8�* ,O� BC� ����* �*>��DHCP datagrams.

`�\� �0�7�� ��(���DHCP Q��� ��� IP ,(- R� DHCP R� U>�� B�H �0�� ,(- Q�! �q) ��� WI>D� �<?[ 40� 'C� ,(=�DHCP �?O��� �8@�� R� S� ;�� �0��

� Q��� `�\IP(@* R� BC� #� ,'�O�� .

,(- 40� �� S�1D��DHCP ��b 40� c�| Q� (scope) ,�(=���* T�q� >f!� �� ����#��DHCP Server Manager (Start > Pragrams > Administrative Tools > DHCP Manager) .

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��&� `�>@" R<V(scope) R����� R� ��b B�a* IP ����� $� �\� �?; R� K����DHCP R� ��f� ��?� 40�200.20.5.1 P�� 200.20.5.20 ��� W���@� ���>M �<?3� ��b �fV

200.20.6.1 P�� 200.20.6.50I>D� ���>M �<?3� ��b �f8�M .

Client Requirements Ìé–¹]<l^fתjÚ

Q*Y Q<� Q� R<V)`�\� (TCP/IP DHCP $� �\� R� S�(��� TCP/IP������� :

• Windows NT Server 3.5 ,(- ��� B�<�� 40�� �� DHCP.

• Windows NT Workstation 3.540�� �� .

• Windows 95.

• WFW 3.11 ��3" Microsoft TCP/IP-32 �>O�� R8� 'C� NT Server CD-ROM.

• Microsoft Network Client for MS_DOS 3.0 �>O�� R8� 'C� NT Server CD-ROM.

• LAN Manager for MS_DOS 2.2c �>O�� R8� 'C� NT Server CD-ROM.

,(=�7" % {�� $� �\� �@* ���� 5DHCP Q��� $�'�(�) �C� R� IP) ��(" % ��HDHCP $�>���K�* '�(�) �� B�� �� TCP/IP S���(� �� �J�z� ( m�� ,(=�7" Q� S�8��' ��

R����� $� �\�IP � ��*�k $��(- ���(� $�O�?���� m�� R� ��f8!WINS � DNS $��(-� DHCPI>DH� .

Using Multiple DHCP Servers <l^Ú‚§<Ý]‚~j‰]DHCPì�‚ÃjÚ<

_�(- 'C� �i}p� 40� �\ � %DHCP T�<V % B�H W���> �� �<?3�� � � 5 Q��� F���N* ,O�� _�(=� R� c� K���D�* �<����IP � `�\ ,(- c� Q) q) W�DHCP

`�\� �0} �0�7�DHCP ��>� Q� B� R<V DHCP offer ��� `�\� �?O��� T�q (��� Q���IP ,(- c� R� B80�7� DHCP.

���>M �<?[ R� >f!� T�(� Q�! �q)(subnet) �<?[ �! c�d Q� �\ � ��(�� 9(��� ,(- 40� ���>MDHCP �� ��D . �8@� ���� 'C� (�� ��� $�K�[) ����� (��78!

DHCP (DHCP relay agent) BC� 'C� (�� �� (router) l?�� $�K�[) >�>8�* ,O� BOOTP ,(- ����7� ��(��DHCP R����� $�?0} ��s ��@� Q� (��� DHCP.

,(- �! Q)DHCP R����@� ��b T0�V IP ,(- �0��� �qNM W'(� DHCP �0} DHCP � �(relayed DHCP) R����� $�K��) ¡(O�* ��(�� ,O�� 9(�@* ���>M �<?[ R� IP ��&� R�

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���> �� �<?3�� T0�� �*���� . `�\� ,i��� R� (!a�0��DHCP Q��� K��p IP Q�! �q) P� ,(-DHCP Q��� '�(�) T�0� �� W�8@� % IP ,(- R� >f!H ���@� ���>M �<?3� �*�" DHCP . ���7� ^ �q) T��� `�\� DHCP ,(- R� K��p� 40� ��| Q� DHCP ,O�� �0�� ��(��DHCP relay agent BC� �� (router) ,(- 2) �0��� >�>8�* DHCP �<?[ 40� 'C�

$�K��) ¡(O" B� R<V 9(�@*DHCPR��*��� 2) .

��f� ��?� 40� : - �Z�� �<�� _���>M _�<?[ 40� c�d �<?[ 'C� ¢>�M� ,(DHCP BC� #� _�<?3�� ���" RFC 1542-Complient router.

�!>[ o��"Microsoft ,(- �! c�| Q� ���E� m�� �f� 5 DHCP 40� S�?�>O" %75 R� R�����IP 40�� �Z�0� 'C� ���> �� �<?30� ����� %25 R����� R� IP �<?30� �����

9(�@?�� ���> ��.

��@� Q) e����*� R�����IP ,(- R� �Z��) �J�� R<V ���> �� �<?30� ����� DHCP ,(= R<V ��(�� w��� 1� �0�� ,(=� Q�! �qNM W�0��DHCP K��p� $�?0} ,(O� Q� (�@?��

R����@� >�JH� ��&� R�IP ,(- 40� 'C� ��&� R� T�q� ����� DHCP(�@?�� .

R����� ��b Q�! �q)IP R� � 120.50.7.10 P�� 120.50.7.110 ���> �� �<?30� A R�� 120.50.8.10 P� 120.50.8.110 ���> �� �<?30� B ,(- �<� ��b '�(�) ����7" WDHCP LM�

��(n�2 A 2e���� :

DHCP Server B DHCP Server A א�������� א��

120.50.7.110<{<120.50.7.85< <<< <120.50.7.84<{<120.50.7.10<< A

120.50.8.84<{<120.50.8.10 <120.50.8.110<{<120.50.8.85< B

<Ùæ‚¢]2<{<2<V<<àèæ^ßÂ<Äè‡çi<íÏè†�IP<°Ú‚§<î×Â<DHCPJ

<<<<<<<<<<<<á]çßÂ<ë_<…]†Ói<Üjè<÷<äÞ_<‚Ò`jÖ]<g«IP<<<<<Ý‚§<»<DHCP<<<<<<ïçju]<]ƒc<äÞý<H†}a<

<<< á^Ú‚§DHCP<<<<<<<<<< á]çßÂ< ‹ËÞ< î×Â<IP<<<<<<<<á]çßÃÖ]< ]„�< àÓµ< ^â‚ßÂ<<<<<<<<±c< †qöè< á_<

<<< °Ëé–ÚDHCP<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< àèæ^ßÂ< Ù^¥< Ø’Ê< g«< ÔÖ„Ö< kÎçÖ]< ‹ËÞ< »<IP<<<<<°e< ^Ú<

Ðe^ŠÖ]<Ù^n¹]<»<^ÛÒ<ì�‚Ãj¹]<l^Ú‚~¹]J

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How DHCP Works <ØÛÃè<ÌéÒDHCP

`�\� '�(�) ��08� Q)DHCP���>� �*K� 2) �7O" :

1. `�\� �~�� ��� ��(��DHCP Q��� K��~��� �0} l?* ,O� IP ,(- 2) DHCP A* 4�(�DHCPDISCOVER.

2. $��(- ��s ,O"DHCP Q��� K��) �0} �0�7" {�� IP �0��� ��] �*����%�* ��>"�DHCPOFFER $� �\� 2) DHCP R� �! $��(=� ��8£ (�O��

9(�@?��� ��0�� $��(=�.

3. `�\� ,O�DHCP �p K���D� ����K ��>� � R�� �Z80�7� 9K�[) ��� K���D�* K� Q���IP Q��� �Z�M '(| l�� IP A* ����>�� m�� 4�("� mK���D� � c���

DHCPREQUEST.

4. ,(- ����7�DHCP ���K) L�>} R� mK���D� � c��� K��p� ¡(O�* ,�; c��� A* 4�(" �;'��� 9K�[)DHCPACK ,(- ,O� T�q (�� DHCP 9(��; l�(��*

9Y��� R����@�� (�(��� B"����*.

DHCPACK Phase <í×u†ÚDHCPACK

����>0� K��p� ¡(O�* ,�; c��� ,(=� ,i��� (@*DHCPREQUEST 9(��; �� * ,O�� $����*DHCP ,O� S����� r0�� K��p� Q�! �qNM WS����� ��Y�� Q��@�� ��� Q� R� (!a�0�

,(-DHCP Q��� ��0@�* T�q (�� IP q L�?��* ,O�� >C�� B�� 40� $����* 9(��; 40� T�DHCP 9K�[) ��(�� ��>�� DHCPACK `�\� 2) Q��@�� ��� K��) 40� �;'��80� DHCP .

9K�[) c�dDHCPACK 5 9'C� $��0@� � � 40� DHCPOFFER c� 2) �M��p�* A* �J�D ��M��) $��0@�DHCP ��&� T��� ��'�(�) � (scope).

� Q��@�� R<� ^ Q) ��� ,(- ��>� ��(�� S����� r0�DHCP �?��� �;'��� 9K�[) (DHCPNACK) `�\ ������ �� Q��@�� 40� c�d {��� DHCP m�] `�\� ,i��� (���

(�(C �0} F(* ��(�� B�0� �� 9K�[p�DHCPOISCOVER . 9K�[) B�i��� (�� ���DHCPACK �~�� ��8!) R� R<8��7MTCP/IP l�(��* ,O�� ��7� (Registry) ���� $��0@� LM� IP

K��p� 9(� F�Z��� P� Q��@�� T�q ,(=�7� `�\� ��� 4O?��� K��p� (O� 5 9'C�.

>�H� ¢>� ���� T�q (@*ipconfig/release 9K�[) �0�7�� B�� �� >���H� l� R� DHCPNACK ,(- R� DHCPK��p� (�(¤ 9'��) �3M (@* .

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DHCP Lease Renewal <…^«c<‚è‚ŸDHCP

`�\� ,O�DHCP Q��� K��) (�(¤ �����h IP �\� (@* %50 K��p� t;� R� ) �� >�H� ����* c�(��� �0��� (��ipconfig/renew.(

`�\� ,O� K��p� (�(����DHCP ���KN* DHCPREQUEST c��� ,(=� 2) 9>[�?� W�0JH� K��p� B����N* ,�; c�| l�� DHCPREQUEST ������ �� Q��@�� 40� 9>� m�� 5

Q��� 2) �M��p�* `�\80�IP Q��� ,(=�7� ��� B�<�� r0�� IP ,(= �*���� DHCP R� Q���� �(]� �C�IP `�\ �*���� DHCP Q��� �C� R� IP $��0@� m�� �!� WK(��

��>� $���@� �<�� 5 9'C� .NM ,(- Q�! �qDHCP Q��� Q�!� S����� IP r0�� S�\�� S�����) ��&� R� B���Y) ��� ^ ( ,(- ����7��DHCP ���KN* DHCPACK 2) 9>[�?�

`�\�DHCP Q��� R<�� S����� ,(=� Q�! �q) ��� WIP �8��; 5 S�'C� (@� ^ r0�� ��&�(scope) ���K) ���� DHCPNACK `�\� 2) DHCP �0} ��08� F(* B�0� ��?�� c����

����* (�(C R� K��p�DHCPDICOVER.

9K�[) ���K) R<VDHCPNACK�0�� ����� :

• Q��� (@� ^IP B���@" �� ,(=� 40� S���(� K��p� F��) � B�H S����� r0�� >D� `�\.

• Q��� ���Y) �IP,(- 40� w��� ��&� R� r0�� DHCP.

• `�\� �O� �DHCP ,(- 40� `0�- ��b ,(=�7" I>D� ���>M �<?[ 2) S�������M DHCP Q��� 1��" � T���� W���> �� �<?3�� T0�� �*���� IP �?O�� w��� Q��� 2)

9(�(n� �<?3�� 40� . 9K�[p ,(=� ���7� ^ �qNMDHCPREQUEST (�� �0�>� F�Z���%50 ��p� t;� R� `�\� >8�7�� KDHCP P� �0JH� K��p� ,�(=���* �Z���%87.5 �0} Q<� ��(�� WK��p� t;� R� DHCPREQUEST 2) BC� 1� ,(-DHCP ,(- cH R<V e����*� _@� DHCP 9K�[N* ����7� Q� DHCPACK ��

DHCPNACKK��p� �?; ,(� �� K��p� (�(��� .

Installing the DHCP Server Service <íÚ‚}<gé’ßiDHCP Server

�!"�#�� ��3� ���� 40� ��(z� m�� ����" R<VMicrosoft TCP/IP ,���� ���3���Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.540�� �� .

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2 : Installation and Configuration 62

1. �<���� ��� R� �<?3�� ��K >�D�.

2. K�� ��(�J R�Network Settings ��?��� >�D� Services (�� �M��) >�D� � �� �<3�� >Z���2 A 2.

<ØÓ�Ö]2<{<2<<V<<íÚ‚}<íÊ^•cDHCP Server

3. >�D�Microsoft DHCP Server�8��O�� R� .

4. 40� >O��OK � CloseUi;p� (��� .

,(- '�(�) (��DHCP �� ������� ��O�� _�@" :IP Address � Subnet Mask � Default

Gateway Q��� _�@" R<V %� c�(� �<3* IP ,(- �?; R� DHCP P� >D� ��� � Q)� Q���IPB* ��D .

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<á^vjÚ÷]< »< íÛã¹]< íÚç×ù]< å„â< îŠßi< ÷< á_< g«< V<<<< Ý‚§<ácDHCP<<<<<<á_<àÓµ<÷<

<Ìé–Ú<áçÓèDHCPJ

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Configuring the DHCP Server <Ý‚§<�]‚ÂcDHCP

��(D ����" (@*DHCP�0��� '�(�) 2) Qv� ������ :

• $%�&� R� >f!� �� (��� (scopes) A R����� R� '(� � ��&�IP��1Ca" ���� {�� ,(- 40� ��(�(d �� ADHCP .

• R����� F��f��� ��IP A� �@*�" 1��� $� �\�* �J�z� DHCP&� R� �M>@� $%�.

• ����>�M%� K?@�� �*�* Sif� W��&� $�K��D '�(�) ��(default gateway) �<?30� ���> ��.

• R����� �@* ��� ��IP $� �\ DHCP R����� �0��" {�� IP���@� .

• _<g ��Automatic DHCP Configuration $�'�(�p� ��� ��� `�\� 40� 0� �O*�7�� ���(��� �!"�#TCP/IP.

Understanding WINS 2.1.2<ÝçãËÚ<h^Ãéj‰]<<WINS

�!"�#�� ,(=�7�TCP/IP R����� I>DH� �<?3�� ����� �� B���"� (�� IP ,��O0� I�7� 40� ��Fi� �iD R� I>D� ����� �� ���" {�� $�O�?��0� �?7���* ��� WT��*

�8� �70CNetBIOS E� F�G� ,(=�7" �ZM R����� ���� ����IP �� x��y �� T��� W R����� 2) ���E� ��� ��dIP �] �0*�O� . ������ ��08@* ,��O0� �>��� R� (�(@�� (C"

��(n� 5 �8!3 A 2.

������א������ ������א�� א�

NetBIOS Name Queries IP Broadcast

íèæ‚è<l]�]‚Âc Host Files

íèæ‚è<l]�]‚Âc LMHOST Files

íèæ‚è<l]�]‚Âc DNS Configuration

íéÓéÚ^ßè�<l]�]‚Âc WINS Configuration

<Ùæ‚¢]3<{<2<V<ð^�ù]<Øèç <ц�

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,(=�7"WINS ����E� F�GH �<�����(�� x��=��� ��08� 5 ) F�G�NetBIOS ( �Z0�d� R����� 2)IP ,(- 'C� ,(� (�� ��� WINS (�� ,�(=���* R<V �J�D� �O*�7�� �>���

$� 0� LMHOSTS R����� 2) ����E� F�G� ��d IP . ,(- ,O�WINS �D�(� �8£ S����O0" (entries) Q*Y x*K� '�(�) ��08� (�� WINS ,(- Q��� �� WINS �8@��* Q*��� �(?� ��(���

,(- 2) ���7��� $�?0} ��1�WINS.

���7�* Q*��� ,O� Q� (@*� ���NetBIOS ,(- 5 B� �*���� WINS Q*��� Q<�� ,(- ��� W���7��� 9'��) R� S%��7�WINS ��08@�� T0" R� ���7� 1� ZM . �O�OE� 5�

t;� F�Z��� I(�� ���7��� 9'��) ��� ^ �q) ���7��� >�>d ����TTL `���" ��� R� R<� W _�;�� R� �! �Z��� P� �D�(� ����Extinction Interval� Extinction Timeout.

,O"WINS ,����� j�(�� ��� 5 �Z���D� ����K �*��<* Windows NT QH �hK WWINS $���@� 9(��; ,(=�7"Joint Engine Technology (JET) ��iD(� ¦ E . ����>0� �?7���* ���

,����� ��� R� S%(* $�O�?���� ��� R8� ��<�M.

<g S�\�� T�<V A� �@*�" 1� R��*Y _WINS ,(- ,�(=��� R� WINS F�G� ����� NetBIOS A� ��!� (��78! �8@� ���� ����" L�>} R� T�q� WINS (WINS Proxy

agent) . A� �@*�" 1��� R��*��� ����7" % �O�OE� 5WINS ,(- ,(=�7" Q� WINS ����� F�G�NetBIOS F�0�� L�>} R� T��* ,O" �ZM U��� R� l?�� ��08� 2) (b-node) �q) R<� W

�����* t8;WINS proxy agent ,(- 2) l* c� ¡(O�* ,O�7M WINS A� (* %� WINS

proxy agent R��*Y �Z�0� (C��� {�� ���> �� �<?3�� � � 5 (C���� R� WINS.

A� �*�" 1� Q*Y ,O� ��(��WINS E� QNM ��� ��d �0} ���KN* ���proxy agent �0�0� �8�7� c���)l?�� ( B� �@*���� �8��O�� �� �* ,O��(cache) F�G� 40� c�d {���

NetBIOS �?; R� ����0� t?0} . �<[ 40� �8��O�� 2) �0��� ��� `�\� B�NM ��(� ^ �qNM ���E� LM� �D(�pending ���E� ��>� T�q (@* Wproxy agent�*�O� ��d �0} ��%� � ��

,(- 2)WINS . ,(- �*����� (@*�WINS ����� �8��O�� 2) �D(� �M��N* (��7� ,O� B� ����pending L*�7�� �D(� R� .% ��!�� (��7� ,O�(proxy agent) ����N* �*����%�

���E� (��� I>D� 9>� l?��* Q*��� T�q ,O� ��(�� R<� �0JH� Q*�0�proxy agent ������ �0} 40� �OM��* Q*��� T��� ����7� T�q (��� �8��O�� 5 B7 � ��%�.

��!�� (��7 R<V(proxy agent) ,(- 2) ���7��� $�?0} BC� Q� S�\�� WINS l�� W A� �@*�" 1��� R��*�0� B0��7" $�?0} �M��) ��� %WINS ,(- $����* 9(��; 5 WINS W

,(- ,(=�7��WINS �� $����?�� 9(��; 5 rK�\" c� �� � �ZC� ���7��� $�?0}

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$����* 9(��; 5 ��*�k �D�(� �M��) S�\�� T�<V Wr0�� F�GH� ���7"WINS R<V e����*� A� �@*�" 1� R��*Y F�GHWINSS�\�� �Z0�d ��� Q� .

��!� (��7� ���� ��� ��(proxy agent) ��>M �<?[ �! R8� R��*Y 40� c�d � A� �@*�" 1�WINS (non-WINS) QH T�q� ����* xOM �Z��G� ����* ,O" R��*��� m��

�ZZ�C" ��� % {�� l?�� ��08�) $�ZC� #�routers I>D� $�<?[ 2) ( % l?�� ���� W S�(*� I>D� $�<?[ 2) B0O� R<V . ���� R� >f!� (C� Q� R<Vproxy agent� 5 �<?3�� �

���� �! QH '�(E� Y����" % Q� ��?�� R<�� ���> ��proxy agent �<?3�� 2) B�M��) ��� ,(- 40� 1?! �<3* �8@�� R� (��� ���> ��WINS $�?0} B�C�* ,O� �Z�� Si! Q� q)

,(- 2) S�\�� ���7��� $�?0}� ������WINS ,(- 40�� WINS R� >f!H ����7� Q� ���� proxy agent���E� m�� 5 .

Q*Y ���� cH R<VWINS ,��� td �8@� Windows K�' �Da� Q� WINS proxy agent W ���E R<V % WxOM ��7� 5 >���K�* ���3" T�0� �� T��* ,��O0��WINS proxy agent Q�

,(- Q<�WINS ���3��� ������ �?7���*� Wt;�� $�q 5 Windows 95 � WFW 3.11 �O�>�M 2) �Z0�dproxy agent $�'�(�) 5 K��D ��@ " xOM ��?�� q) ����0� �0Z� TCP/IP�� �J�z� .

Configuring a Client for WINS <<àñ^e‡<�]‚ÂcWINS

,(- Q��� (�(d �� S���(� T��* ,��O0�WINS $�'�(�) R� F��! TCP/IP . o� * �; �!"�#�� ����DTCP/IP � ��?" >�D� WINS ,(- Q��� '(�� WINS �7��>�� . �q) ,(- ,(=�7" t�!WINS c��k ) R� >f!� 'C� (�� xOM B* o���10,000 Q*Y ( T�0@M

S�\�� B���� �*��!.

Q*Y '�(�N* ,O" P��DHCP A� S��*Y o?�� �! WINS ��b 2) _�J�D �M��) �� DHCP (DHCP scope) - 40� 'C� ,(DHCP . $�K��D tdDHCP Scope �M��N* �;

_������ R�>���K�?��:

• 044 WINS/NBNS Servers

,(- Q��� LM� >���K�?�� ��� '�(�N* �;WINS ,(- Q���� �7��>�� WINS(C� Q) c��f�� .

• 046 WINS/NBT Node

�8�O�� >���K�?�� ��� �Da� WS����>�M�1 (b-node broadcast) R��*Y R<� WINS ,(=�7" (h-

node broadcasts) o?��� �Z�8�; 1��" �� T��� 8.

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Files Used for WINS <{Ö<íÃe^jÖ]<l^Ë×¹]WINS

$���@� 9(��; Q�yWINS >8� R8� \WINNT\System32\WINS `�a�" 9(��O�� m��� �0��§:

• WINS.MDB: $����* 9(��; �fV WINS.

• WINSTMP.MDB: B�(=�7" t;�� `0� WINS ��(�� S����O0" `0� ��� ��| l�� ,(- ,O�WINS 4O?�� ,(=80� �C� � F� }) j�(� (�� ��� W���3��� ��O�N*

`0� ��� R� �=7�.

• J50.LOG: �0�� ��� ��7�� `0� (transactional) $����* 9(��O� WINS.

• J50.CHK: �?; R� ,(=�7� ��M `0� WINS 40� �=7�� �M�<� R� 9K�?� �� ��>O�� �;�.

Backing Up the WINS Database <l^éŞÃÚ<ì‚Â^ÏÖ<ê�^éju÷]<�ŠßÖ]WINS

���3" ��O�) (�� S����O0" $����?�� 9(��O� �}����%� 67���* ,��O�� R<VWINS �8! W �}����%� 67��� ��08� �(?" Q� S�\�� R<V� W�}����%� 67�0� ���@� (���� _�@" T�<V

�08� ��" WS���(� R<V� ��(O�� '�(�p� $�K��D 5 m(�(d ��� ¨>ZM 2) �}����%� 67��� � �8��; R� S���(� �}����%� 67��� ��08� F(*Mappings ����#�� 5 WINS Manager.

T�q (@*� �}����%� 67��� ¨>ZM >§ '�(�N* �; ����O0��� 67��� ��08� ��@ " �C� R� ,(- ,O��WINS 67��� ��08@* �! ���O0" �<3* B"(��O� �}����%�24���� .

��7� 5 ��>M w�� ��}����� �=7� ¦ � T�0� ��?�� �8!(Registry) A� �*�" WINS $�'�(�) 40� c�| ��> �� w�� � ����WINS $����* 9(��; R� $����* c� c�| % B�<�

WINS�; 67�* ,O" {�� �� ��K�(�� 67��� ��08� Q� l�� $����?�� 9(�.

Restoring the WINS Database <l^éŞÃÚ<ì‚Â^Î<Å^q�‰]WINS

K���D�* �;Restore database �8��O�� R� Mappings ����#�� 5 WINS Manager.

��(D `3�<" _�M W���O0" �<3* 9(��O�� U�C>��� R<VWINS $����?�� 9(��; ��@" ,O�� Ui;p� F(* F��k�WINS S����O0" 67��� ¨>ZM 5 9'(�� ��}����%� �=7��� U�C>���*

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��(D ��O�) ��(�� T�<V �0�@� $����?�� 9(��; Q� 5 T3" t�! �q) R<� W�}����%�WINS ��>�� ,�(=���*Services�<���� ��� R� .

Compacting the WINS Database <l^éŞÃÚ<ì‚Â^Î<¼Ç•WINS

�C� R� $����?�� 9(��; x�� T�<V ,����� 5� W�Z8�� ��O�)Windows NT 4.0 � ��8�"WINS �q) ��� W�Z��� 2) ���d R� T��� e� �<3* $����?�� 9(��; x�� ��� l�©

>�H� ,�(=��� T�<8�M c�(��� x�\�� 40� S�>�� t�!JETPACK 5 'C�\WINNT\SYSTEM32\WINS) $����* 9(��; U� Q� >!�"WINS U� � JET .(� S%�� T�0

��(D ��O�)WINSe���� >�H� �*��! � :

jetpack WINS.mdb temp.mdb

`0� 2) $����?�� 9(��; x�\* >�H� ��� ,O�temp.mdb �}�\� 9(��O�� 67�� � R�� 2)WINS.mdbt;�� `0� ��| T�q (@*� .

��(D F(* 9'��) T�<V $����?�� 9(��; x�� ��08� (@*WINS ��>�� �iD R� �?���*Services�<���� ��� R� .

Domain Name System (DNS) 2.1.3<ÝçãËÚ<<<DNS

�~�* 5 $� �\� F�G� ��d �>} (�� R� 9K�?� ��TCP/IP . cd % {�� $�~�?�� Q) ���3" �8��� 40�Microsoft ,�(=���* �Z�M $� �\� F�G� ����* ,O" DNS �� host files ��� W

$�~�* 5Microsoft S�\�� ,(=�7� WINS l?�� ,���� Broadcast.

Q)DNS �<?[ 40� $� �\� F�G� ��d 5 ,(=�7� �7��>�� ,����� � Internet.

�(* (O�DNS t��! ��(�� Internet 9K�') �Z�7�� ��(�� T�q� 91�J �<?[ ���" �� j�©H� ¢>�� ��!1�H� U�M(�� . m�� t��! �� ���<E� $%�!�� R� (�(@�� ��" �<?3��

`�\� `0� 5 �<?3�� m�� ����E $� �\� F�G� ���7" � (;� W$�@��n� �@*Host

file c�!>� ,(- 40� B���y � (��� . $� �\� F�G� ��d 5 ��>" {�� �;�� t��!� E� '(� Q�! �� W`0� ��� Q�y� ¦ �d �] �@*���� ��� l�(d �Z� R� R<� ^ S�1�J ����

cK�' �<3* `0� ��� ��8��* ,O" Q� I>DH� ����E� 40� R<� �8��' 9K�* `0�B�� �Z=7� l�(���.

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2 : Installation and Configuration 68

�<?[ 40� �;�� '(� 9'��Y (���Internet `0� #� F�GH� �! 9K�') �@��� R� o?J� D(� '(� '��'Y� �?7* T�q� (��� c�!>� `�\� �?7*� ���� �<3* `0� T�q 5 $i

�80! 1?! �<3* `0� ��� 2) �D(�� $��08� $'�'Y� e����*� WB�0� 9>8�7� $i�(@��� 40� �;�� '(� '�'Y�Internet.

¡(O" �DNS ,�� 1984 `�\� `0� 40� '�8��%� Q�' $� �\� F�G� ����� �O�>�! L�?�" (�@M Wc�!>�DNS (C���� 40� �Z@�Y" R<V $����* 9(��; 5 $� �\� F�G�

9K�'p 9(�(� R!��� 'C* o87�� (��� ,(- R� �8E� ` =�� e����*� 9(�(� $��(- ��">�� B*�3� ��>�[ $���7� LM� �?">� F�G� 40� ��87��� ,��� (8�@� l�� W��87��� ,���

¨K�Z ��.

o87�DNS !� ���7�0� 9(�(� U��� 'C* ��d 5 ,(=�7� x�7?�� r0�H� R� >f R����� 2) $� �\� F�G�TCP/IP �C� R� Q�<� 'C* o87� �8! � �\� $� 0� �iD R� �?O�7� 5 �M>@� U��H�.

5 ��Y� $����?�� 9(��; Q� �h�DNS #!� �<3* $����* c�d Q� 9(��O�� m�] R<8�M �\� `0� 40� (C���� �§ '�(� 1� $����?�� 9(��; ��� Q<�� �O�OE� 5� (��� `

5��p� �8E� �� ���@�0� $��(=� R� #!� '(� �M��) ����<�) �?7* S��>��.

<<�è…^iMicrosoft DNS

¡(O" �DNS �~�* 5 9>� ��H Microsoft $�O�0� R� F��! Windows NT Server 3.51 ��� ^� $� 0� �� �Z�0��<� ,���0� ��0JH�Windows NT �=7��� KZª P� 4.0.

Q� ���DNS ����" $�K��D R� F��! ���>�M� �<3* B?���" ��� % Windows NT Server 4.0 W

,����� ����" F��k� B?���" T�<V B�� %)NT B�M��) T�<V l�� (@* �8�M T��* ,��O�� �� ,����� 5 ��(D ca!Windows NT.

(8�@�Microsoft DNS 40� 1035 � 1034 � 974 Request for Commentns (RFCs) (C�� A� ���[ L�?�"DNS � Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) 5 m>��" � (;� UC Berkeley

,��� �C� R�UNIX . #�@�BIND �� S�OM��� 1� DNS RFCs R<� WMicrosoft DNS �@* ��(� $���§BIND (8�@�� Microsoft DNS 40� RFCs 40� ���� BIND.

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<<<<<<l^Þ^éfÖ]< ìð]†Î<ÔßÓµRFCs<<<<<<<<<l^Ïé×Ãi<íè_< æ_< å„â<RFC<<<<<<̂ Ò†Ú<ÄÎçÚ<àÚ<ï†}_<<

<íÓf�<l^Úç×ÃÚ(InterNIC) Internetá]çßÃÖ]<î×Â<<V

http://ds.internic.net/ds/rfc-index.html

The Structure of DNS <géÒ†iDNS

�f� W$� �\� F�G� �8��� �@* Q) F�G� NetBIOS ��7?�� $����* 9(��; ,(=�7" W m�� B�?3" R<V� WF�GH� K�><�� ��b % e����*� I�7� � � 5 F�GH� ��s (C��" l��

���8�C%� Q�8\�� ,�;Ka* F�GH�) ��| Q� ���8�C%� Q�8\�� ���>* 5 �=[ �! 40� B* ��D �;K 40� ( s �83� ���8�C%� Q�8\�� Q� �h� 9(��� $��%�� 5 ��8@�� ��

5 '>M �<� S�J�D S�8;K _@� l�© ��=[«� `�>@" ,��� ,�(=��� R� B� (* iM ��<�>�H�9(��� $��%��.

F�GH �?7���* ���DNS Q� T�<V l�� W¨K�Z �� �?�!>" B?3" �?!�>�� $�>§ 5 UY��M ���* S� 0� �\"Test.txt (0&� 5 C:\ �\"� (0&� 5 ��%� $��* S� 0�C:\ASCII.

,(=�7" �<?[ 5DNS F�GH� m�� t��'�� ��%� $��* ,(- R� >f!� (¤ Q� R<V � 0�- $�>§ 5 ��Y��.

DNS Domains <l^Î^ŞÞDNS

�<?[ $��0@� �!>� �<���(InterNIC) Internet {��� 40�H� I�7� $�q $�;�����* � 0�- F�G� T0�g �f� com) ��K����� ��8�«� (�edu) $�@��n�! ��8�0@��� (��@80� (�gov

)���<E� $�8��80� (�org) ��'���;%� 1� $�8��80� (Q�(0?0� �J�D $�;��� (C"� �8!.

�;� 9K��Y T�<VInterNICQ��@�� 40� : http://www.internic.com

��(n� �=0�4 A 2 $�;��� Internet�@��3�� .

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����� א"�! ���א

íè…^rjÖ]<l^Û¿ß¹] com

íéÛé×ÃjÖ]<‚â^ù] edu

íè�^’jÎ÷]<�Æ<l^Û¿ß¹] org

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íè†ÓŠÃÖ]<�Æ<íéÚçÓ£]<l^Û¿ß¹] gov

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DNS Host Names <l^Ëé–Ú<ð^�_DNS

�0<�� �M�<� ������ ��� ,�(=���* _@� ���� 5 �� `�\� 2) 9K�[p� ���(FQDN) Fully Qualified Domain Name `�\� �;� ���! �<3* '(| c���� .

c� Q)FQDN � '(| `�\� B��) �8��� c��� ��> �� ������ �� ������ ���� `�\� �� K�n� ������ 2) ��� P� c>�3�� ��">��� LM� 40�� I�7� 5 $�;��� ��� S�\�� '(| �8!

�8��� 5 '(��.

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S�(C ���=� $��0@�* �(?� c��� c(�#�� Q��@��* : 2) Q��@�� 13� � ����>�� �0�7� ����� 5 � ���(� ���M UK�3�� �;K ��(@*� �¬� �;K(0?�� ��� ��<� Q��@�� ��.

Zone files ÜéÖ^Îù]<l^Ë×Ú

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