資訊隱藏技術之研究 the study of information hiding mechanisms

1

資訊隱藏技術之研究資訊隱藏技術之研究 The Study of Information Hiding MecThe Study of Information Hiding Mec

hanismshanisms

指導教授：指導教授： Chang, Chin-Chen (Chang, Chin-Chen ( 張真誠張真誠 ))研究生：研究生： Lu, Tzu-Chuen (Lu, Tzu-Chuen ( 呂慈純呂慈純 ))

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,National Chung Cheng University

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Information HidingInformation Hiding

Sender

Receiver

Internet

illegalInformation

3

Information HidingInformation Hiding

Sender

Receiver

Internet

illegal

Information

Information

4

Information Hiding - LSBInformation Hiding - LSB

Information1011010111101011H

00000101 00001010 00001011 00001100

00010100 00011111 00101000 00110011

00011011 00001010 00010001 00101101

00100101 01010101 00001111 00100010

34158537

45171027

51403120

1211105

Image

1 1 0 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

5 11 10 13

20 31 41 51

27 10 17 44

37 85 14 35

Least Significant Bit (LSB)

Stego Image

5


34158537

45171027

51403120

1211105

Image

35148537

44171027

51413120

1310115

Stego-Image

MSE = 222 353411105516

1 =0.4375

PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) =

MSElog

2

10

25510 =51.72

Payload = 1 (bit per pixel, bpp)

6


00000101 00001011 00001000 00001111

00010110 00011101 00101001 00110001

00011001 00001010 00010011 00101110

00100101 01010111 00001100 00100001

PSNR = 43.27Payload = 2 bpp

Trade-off: Image quality and Payload

Robustness

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•Pixel Domain

– Quantization-based Information Hiding Scheme

– A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme

8

Pixel Domain Pixel Domain

Quantization-based Information Quantization-based Information

Hiding SchemeHiding Scheme

9

Quantization-based Information Hiding SchemeQuantization-based Information Hiding Scheme

34158537

45171027

51403120

1211105

ImageInformation

1011010111101011H

0110101101011000K

1101110000000110S 35158538

45171027

51403220

1212106

Modified Image

6 12

10

8q

35158538

45171027

51403220

1212106

Modified Image

1101110000000110S

0 255

8 16 24 32 248240

1 2 3 32314

1 0 1 0 1 0

11

2

68116

2

1

AqA

AA

18

6

q

AA

6

0 8 16 24

1 0 111

11

35158538

45171027

51403220

12121011

Modified Image

1101110000000110S

8q0 255

8 16 24 32 248240

1 2 3 32314

1 0 1 0 1 0

13

2

108210

2

AqA

AA

28

10

q

AA

10

0 8 16 24

1 0 113

12


- Extraction Process- Extraction Process

37198643

50201333

53444026

14141311

Stego Image

8q0 255

8 16 24 32 248240

1 2 3 32314

1 0 1 0 1 0

S 00 00000110110111


0110101101011000K

1011010111101011H

13

otherwise.12

0if2

,qAA

s,qAAA i

37198643

50201333

53444026

14141311

Stego Image

1101110000000110S

688

111122

qAAA*

1088

13132

*A

6

0 255

8 16 24 48 24856

1 2 3 32314

1 0 1 0 1 0

51188

53532

*A

1

7

1051

14

35158538

45171027

51403220

1212106

Repaired Image

37198643

50201333

53444026

14141311

Stego Image




-Repairing Process-Repairing Process

15

37198643

50201333

53444026

14141311

Stego Image


-Robustness-Robustness

1101110000000110S

37228643

50181333

53444029

1014139

Stego Image

1101110000000110*S

8q0 255

8 16 24 32 248240

1 2 3 32314

1 0 1 0 1 0

16

Experimental ResultsExperimental Results

Modified Images

Stego Images4q

17


PSNR Lena Peppers Airplane Baboon

8

Modified Image 51.14 51.13 51.14 51.15

Stego Image 34.79 34.80 34.86 34.81

Repaired Image 51.14 51.13 51.14 51.15

4

Modified Image 51.15 51.13 51.14 51.12

Stego Image 40.71 40.72 40.74 40.73

Repaired Image 51.15 51.13 51.14 51.12

q

Payload: 1 bpp

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Pixel Domain Pixel Domain

A Difference Expansion Oriented A Difference Expansion Oriented

Data Hiding SchemeData Hiding Scheme

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A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme

Hiding Process Hiding Process

0 A AA

A A 0A

Au0 u1 u2

k

iiuk 1

1

20

Hiding ProcessHiding Process

h =1

Image

3 2 4 5

3 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

33

423

235 Ad 0 A

2

A

4 h=1

812232 hdA

8

255)1 2( d

21


Image

3 2 4 8

3 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

43

842

134 Ad

111242 hdA

A A 0

1

Expandableh =1

1- 20 d

22


Image

3 2 4 8

1 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

43

184

224 Ad

112242 hdA

A 0 A

Non-Expandable

h =1

1- 20 d

23


Image

3 2 4 8

1 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

224 Ad

112

224

22

hd

A A 0 A

Changeable

1

h =1

1- 2

20

d

24


Image

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

19190 Ad

3911920 A

Expandableh =1

03

011

d > Threshold = 10

1912

1920

A

Changeable

19

25


Image

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

000 Ad

112

020

A

A 0

A

Non-Changeable

0h =1

1- 2

20

d

26



Image

3 2 4 8

2 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

Location Map

PSNR: 44.99Payload: 0.56 bpp

27

33

423

583 Ad

52

153

2

hd

A

3 2 4 83 2 4 5

1 2mod52mod dh

A0 A

d

Extraction Process for ExpandableExtraction Process for Expandable3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

28

Extraction SchemeExtraction Scheme for Expandable for Expandable

43

842

314 Ad

32

134

2

hd

A

2 4 8 12 4 8 3

1 2mod52mod dh

A 0 A

d

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

29

43

184

314 d

22

1324

22

hd

A

4 8 1 14 8 1 2

1 2mod3 h

Extraction Process for ChangeableExtraction Process for Changeable

A 0 A

d

1 2

20

d

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

30

0

0d

0 0 0 00 0 0 0

Extraction Process for non-ChangeableExtraction Process for non-Changeable

-11 2

0201

220

d

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

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Image

3 2 4 8

2 2 0 19

0 0 0 0

4 3 1 4

3 2 4 8

1 1 0 19

0 0 0 0

9 2 0 6

0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

Location Map

PSNR: 44.99Payload: 0.56 bpp

0100101

32


33


0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69

Threshold (T)

Pay

load

(bp

p)

Lena Baboon Barbara Boats GoldHill F16

Pepper Tiffany Toy Zelda F14 Sailboat

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Experimental ResultsExperimental ResultsImage name Payload (bpp) PSNR (dB)

Barbara 0.651 33.840

Baboon 0.539 32.642

Boats 0.787 34.575

Gold Hill 0.794 32.939

F14 0.737 33.889

F16 0.850 35.818

Lena 0.857 34.794

Pepper 0.880 35.277

Sailboat 0.776 33.294

Tiffany 0.880 35.355

Toys 0.846 35.362

Zelda 0.921 36.343

15T

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0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0

PSNR (dB)

Pay

load

(bp

p)

Tian Celik Proposed

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Sender

Receiver

Internet

Compressed codes:1011101111…..

Information

?

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Sender

Receiver

Internet

Compressed codes:1011101111…..Information

Information

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• Index Domain

– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Switching Tree Coding

– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ

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Index DomainIndex Domain

Reversible Hiding Scheme Reversible Hiding Scheme

based on Switching Tree Codingbased on Switching Tree Coding

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Vector Quantization (VQ)Vector Quantization (VQ)

Original Image

Index table

VQ Encoder

7 7

9 10

41


Reconstructed Image

Index table

VQ Decoder

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Switching-Tree Coding Switching-Tree Coding (STC)(STC)

• Sheu proposed the STC algorithm in 1999• Re-encode the index table

the current index

U

L

Index Table

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• If A = 7, then A = U A’= 11

Switching-Tree Coding (STC)Switching-Tree Coding (STC)

• If A = 10, then A = L A’= 10

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If A = 14 A’=01 +‘00011’

Switching-Tree Coding Switching-Tree Coding (STC)(STC)

If A = 17 A’=00 +‘00010001’

• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …

A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)

Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)

Index table

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• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …

A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)

‘10’

0


47

• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …

A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)

‘10’

10+00+(128) …


1

48

A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)

10 00+(128) … 10

Extraction and ReconstructionExtraction and Reconstruction

10 25 21 100 10 17 17

Information:0

49

A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)

10+ 00+(128) … 10

Extraction and ReconstructionExtraction and Reconstruction

10 25 21 100 10 17 17 128

66 237 100

Information: 01

100

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Experiment ResultsExperiment Results

Image PSNR NSTCCompression

RatioPayload (bp

p)

Lena 29.87 11,129 0.39 0.04

Pepper 29.49 10,568 0.40 0.04

Baboon 23.079 4,771 0.55 0.02

Airplane 28.58 11,470 0.35 0.04

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Pixel Domain Pixel Domain Reversible Hiding Scheme Reversible Hiding Scheme

based on Side-Match VQbased on Side-Match VQ

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Original Image

Index table

VQ Encoder

7 7

9 10

53

Side-Match VQ (SMVQ)Side-Match VQ (SMVQ)Seed Block

Seed Block

Residual Block

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X = (81, 15, 53, 34, 51,?, ?, ?, 91, ?, ?, ?, 49,?, ?, ?)

Codebook

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No. Codeword SED

0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76

1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36

2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65

3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17

4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50

5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83

6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87

7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53

State Codebook

000

56

Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQReversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ

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No. Codeword SED

0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76

1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36

2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65

3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17

4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50

5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83

6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87

7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53

State Codebook

000

Message Type = 0

SC0

SC1

Message Type = 1

h = 0


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No. Codeword SED

0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76

1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36

2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65

3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17

4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50

5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83

6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87

7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53

State Codebook

100

Message Type = 0

SC0

SC1

Message Type = 1

h = 1


59

X = (81, 15, 53, 34, 51,?, ?, ?, 91, ?, ?, ?, 49,?, ?, ?)

Extraction phaseExtraction phase 100

No. Codeword SED

0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76

1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36

2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65

3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17

4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50

5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83

6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87

7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53

h = 1

60

Extraction phase Extraction phase

61

File name NC PSNR Payload Compression Ratio

Boats

256 23.17 14,063 0.35

512 24.33 14,186 0.35

1024 24.94 14,224 0.36

Jet(F16)

256 23.48 14,290 0.34

512 25.02 14,421 0.35

1024 25.36 14,371 0.36

Lena

256 24.05 14,703 0.34

512 25.12 14,737 0.34

1024 25.72 14,713 0.35

Pepper

256 23.44 14,528 0.34

512 24.74 14,591 0.35

1024 25.21 14,652 0.35


62


63

ConclusionsConclusions• Information Hiding

• Pixel-domain Hiding Schemes

– Quantization-based Hiding Scheme

– Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme

• Index-domain Hiding Schemes

– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on STC

– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on SMVQ

64

Future WorksFuture Works

• Information Hiding Applications

– Watermarking

• Reversible Information Hiding

– Audio, Video, HTML, Text, DNA Sequence

• Other Compression Methods

– JPEG, Wavelet, MPEG

65

Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention

資訊隱藏技術之研究 the study of information hiding mechanisms

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