بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

هى الذ خلق السوىات واالرض ف ستة أام

ثن أستىي عل العزش علن ها لج ف األرض وها خزج هنها وها نزل هي السوآء وها عزج

نوا كنتن واهلل بوا تعولىى ف ها وهى هعكن أ بصز

٤سىرة الحدد آة

Abstract

The field work for this academic year (2008-2009) was operated in

Shaqlawa District in Northeastern part of Erbil City. This work includes

the construct of geologic map, geologic cross-section, and columnar

section; these studies were done according to the lithology descriptions

and measuring the thickness, dip angle of the bed, slop angle and slop

distance and recording the notice about the sedimentary structures.

In this work the formations Kolosh, Khormala, Gercus, Pila Spi

and Avana were studied.

The area of the study (Shaqlawa) according to the tectonic divisions of

Iraq is located within High Folded Zone.

The stratigraphy in the studied area includes five formations these are “as

mentioned above” Kolosh consist mainly of shale's and sandstones;

Khormala consist mainly of dolomite and recrystallized limestones;

Gercus consist mainly of red and purple shales, mudstones, sandy and

gritty marls; Pila Spi consist mainly of Limestone, yellowish dolomitic

limestone; and Avana consist mainly of limestones.

At first Praise to Allah in order to achieve this

research.

Special thanks for Mr. Waleed Sinjari for supervising the project

and continuing guidance & Mr.Soran for their assistance of our

team.

Our thanks for dean of college of science, Head and

academic staff of Geology Department.

Extend thanks to all of Dr. Ahmed Aqrawi and Dr.

Mariwan A.Hama Saeed supervisors of field course.

We would like to extend my thankfulness also to Dr.

Mazin Y. Tamar–Agha and Dr.Abdullah A.Omer for gave us the

information abut the field work and writing reports. …..

We are also thanking my fellow students, for helping us in

providing references and previous research on the region during

writing this report.

Finally, we express from our hearts and soul thanks to

our family members, friends near and far, for their patience,

faith and just being around during this time of our life.

{Thanks everybody}

Students October 2009

List of Contents

Chapter One ---Introduction Page No.

1.1 Preface......……………………………….…….. 1

1.2 Geographic Location …………………………...1

1.3 Aim of the study ………………………………..3 1.4 Methodology ……………….………...……….5

Chapter Two--- Geology of studied area

2.1 Preface………………………………………….6

2.2 Tectonic Setting ………………………………..6

2.3 Structure………………………………………...8

2.4 Geomorphology …...……….………………….11

Chapter Three--- Stratigraphy

3.1 Preface………………………………………..13

3.2 Kolosh Formation…………………………….13 3.3 Khurmala Formation………………………….14

3.4 Gercus Formation…………………………….15

3.5 Pila spi Formation……...……………………..16 3.6 Avana Formation …….………………………17

Chapter Four---- Conclusion and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusion……………………………………20

4.2 Recommendation …………………………….22

References…………………………………………………..23

Appendix …………………………………...………………24

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface

Shaqlawa area geographically, located in the eastern part of Iraqi

Kurdistan Region. It is located at the limb of asymmetrical Safin anticline

within high folded zone. The exposed Formations in the study area are

extending from the Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary period.

1.2 Location Area

The study area (Shaqlawa) is located at the northeastern part of

Erbil City in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, it is about 55 Km. from Erbil city at

(36 17 56– 36 26 34" N) and (44 28' 24"- 44 37' 06" E). The location

was chosen for the study is showed in Fig. (1-1).

Erbil City

Study area (Shaqlawa)

Fig.(1.1): Location Map

1.3Aim of the study

Field geology offers students the opportunity to apply what has

been learned in the classroom to real geological problems. Unless you

already have fairly extensive field experience you should emerge from

the course with a much deeper and more realistic appreciation of

problems attending the collection, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis

of geological information. In the field, rocks look different than they do

in textbooks or on lab benches. A valuable aspect of the field course is

practice in approaching an outcrop and knowing what to do next. Even an

incorrect solution to a field problem or a faulty interpretation of a

geological event is of value because it prepares the way for a better

solution or interpretation next time. As you get better at your job through

practice, you gain confidence in your abilities. For this reason, a field

course must stress individual effort and personal initiative. Students

usually work in teams, primarily for safety, and we all realize that a good

deal of learning can be derived from discussing ideas with classmates.

But it is your own interpretation of the geology, developed from your

own investigation that will be of most value. Beside the field application

construction of curriculum course with in the geological department, that

the aims following:

1- Teaching students for using the geological field instruments practically

that are used in research and geological studies.

2- Showing students the geological feature in close distance especially

concerning the geological structure and different geological Formations

and the reconstruction and studying the lithologicl formations in detail in

the field.

3- Doing the complete geological survey throw preparing the geologic

map for the part of satin folds and also teaching students who to draw a

complete geological map.

4- Drawing the geological cross-section for the field by using the

instruments this paragraph requires a detail study a bout the litho logy and

the attitude of geological formation structure with the geological cross-

section pass throw it.

5- The summer field work is considered as a train for students to for how

to work correctively in all fields and also it is like the examination in

standing and potion that is needed to make such a kind of

geomorphologic feature and also contains the different variety on river

pattern.

1.4 Methodology

1.4.1 Field work

This work includes the construct of geologic map, geologic cross

section, and columnar section, this depend on the describing the lithology

and measuring the thickness, dip angle of the bed, slop angle and slop

distance and recording the notice about the sedimentary structures.

The tools which should be used in the field to draw cross-section like:

1- Geological compass.

2- Abney level.

3- Rod.

4- Foot meter.

5- Geologic hummer.

6- Pocket lens.

7- HCL.

8- Digital Camera

1.4.2 Office work

This work include:-

1. Drawing of geologic' cross section

2. Drawing of geologic columnar section of included Formations.

CAPTER TWO

GEOLOGY

2.1Preface

Shaqlawa located at high folded zone at unstable shelf according to

the tectonic divisions of Iraq. The fold of Safin is considered as a highest

fold in this zone, it is asymmetrical anticline. The western limb is steeper

than the eastern limb, and it have many drainage patterns. Surface is

inclined and extends in NW.SE direction, parallel to the Zagros thrust

zone.

2.2 Tectonic Setting of studied area

Iraq lies within the NE of Arabian shield, the north and the central

part of that affected by Alpine movement for forming folds, the strength

of the effect rises when ever we become close to the crash collide area of

the Arabian shield the Persian shield in the Northeastern part of Iraq .

According to the Buday and Jassim (2006) tectonic zones of Iraq are

divided in to three major zones (Fig. 2-1):-

1- The stable shelf.

2- Unstable shelf.

3- Zagros suture .

And the area where we made the applications lies under the unstable shelf

within high folded zone, according to this division . Safin anticline is the

more structure that is appearing in this area and it considered

asymmetrical fold (Fig. 2.2).

The dip amount of Northeastern limb of Safin anticline is between (20-

60) but the dip amount of Northeastern limb about (25-90), the length is

about 150krn. and (15) km. wide, and double plunging trending NW-SE,

parallel to the Zagros mountain range .

Study Area

2.3 Structure of Studied Area:-

Safin anticline is considerable that is of main anticline in the high

folded zone, and it is asymmetrical anticline and south part and it is

characteristic generally for folds that includes high folded zone, double

plunging, non plane, and axial surface is directed (NW) parallel to axial

surface other fold of the Zagros Thrust Zone.

2.3.1 Folds:-

In the study area appear the symmetrical secondary folds (M-shaped)

includes high zone of Safin anticline, and asymmetrical secondary folds

(S or Z- shaped) includes main limb of the fold. These secondary folds

are formed by shortening process along parallel beds by each other

(Daris, 1989 and William et al. 1999 in Doski, 2000). These secondary

folds formed during the primary stages of forming main folds. Two folds

are appearing in the study area which are:-

1- Safin anticline

2- Mawaran syncline

Fig. (2.3): Satellite image showing Attitude and 3D modeling

of Mawaran Syncline in the study area.

Fig(2.4) Mawaran Syncline

The Safin anticline structure consist of complicate arrangement which is

Formed of major fold and minor fold from eastern limb and many normal

strike slip fault could be noised like Khurmala Fn. as a sinistral strike slip

fault near shaqlawa (Fig.2.5) .

We noise two sets of orthogonal (hko) joint Figure(2.6). We noise

existing feature known as (Fissures) made from (bc) joint as throw a

development. (AI Siab, Dr. Abdullah ctal, 1982), and (AI-homery

Dr.Faruq Sanhu alia and Dr.Alle Sadiq J 977).

Fig. (2.5): Sinistral Strike Slip Fault (Khurmala Fn.).

Fig. (2.6): Two sets of orthogonal (hko) joint (Khurmala Fn.).

2.4 Geomorphology of studied area:

Shaqlawa is situated on the northeastern limb of Safin anticline in

the high folded zone. The Safeen anticline is a high topographic feature

(Fig. 2.7), double plunging asymmetrical ,about (50) Km in length ,and

(15) km wide, trending NW-SE, parallel to the Zagros Mountains range.

The north eastern limb dip (20-60), but the south eastern limb shows

greater Dips (25-90) and even is overturned in places. the core of the

anticline is composed of Competent Cretaceous layers , the Qamchuqa

and Bekhme limestone’ s, which attain high topographic levels at

Shqlawa sector in particular. While the tertiary sediments In general,

have been leveled down with out much resistance to erosion processes

there seems to be a direction difference up to (8) in the trend of the fold

axis at the cretaceous layers. and at those of the tertiary this may be taken

to indicate two different phases of deformation, one of the late

cretaceous, and the other in the late Miocene and there after .the

Cretaceous folded layer at shaqlawa traverse seem to be highly

asymmetrical though the the tertiary ones are moderately so both with

southwest vergency .

Fig. (2.7): Satellite

image of shaqlawa

show topographic

features.

A main longitudinal valley and several transverse ones at the Cretaceous

core of the anticline, where a parallel drainage pattern is developed, along

with karst valleys and caves. Encircling the elevated core of the Satin

anticline, are few longitudinal valleys for instance Shaqlawa valley at the

northeast, Tawska valley at the West, and Razga valley at the Northeast,

all being carved in the less resistant layer of the intermediate zone namely

Shiranish. Kolosh and Gercus Formations. 'Where they exhibit dendritic

drainage pattern.

Homoclinal ridges represented by the pila spi limestone, bound the

structure from both side forming the Sork mountain at the northeast,

Mizgawta at the south east these ridges have been transected by

transverse valleys, probably caused by major fractures that bad cut across

the whole structure. Darbandi Sork and the Shcraswar arc just two

examples of the V-shaped valleys that are formed as a result ofbrcaking

in the Pilaspi homocline ridge. Sarcand fault a dextral strike slip fault

trending NE-SW cuts a cross the Tertiary beds at the Zebarok sector, with

horizontal displacement of few hundred meters, and is thought to be

related to the Hadhr-Bekhrne fault.

The core syncline, at the southwestern limb, plunges to the SE, is

occupied by the Lf'ars layers which have been cdrnpressed on both sides,

Pirmam anticline symmetrical one, as the dip On both limbs ranges (8-

20), and the axis trending NE-SE, extending for more than (17) km. it is

composed predominantly by the ridge Pila spi formation, overlying the

argillaceous Gercus beds that are exposed near the southeastern plunge at

the northeastern limb of the Safin anticline, the Marawa syncline, is

occupied by the U, Fars and the L. Bakhtiary sediments.

CAPTER THREE

STRATIGRAPHY

3.1Preface

The stratigraphy of the studied area composed of seven formations

that all of them are out cropped, but we studied five of them which

explained below:

3.2 Kolosh Formation

The sediment of the deepest and most mobile sedimentary basin of

Paleocene - Lower Eocene Cycle, is connected with gradual lateral

passage with the previously described Aaliji and representing its pen

contemporaneous clastic facies. The formation was first described by

Dunnington in 1952, who designated Section at Kolosh, north of Koi

Sanjak, in the High Folaed Zone as the type area of the formation.

According to Ditmar et al. (1971, p. 84), the type section of the

form¬ation includes, in its upper parts, the Sinjar Limestone Formation

too. The lithology (prevalently limestones) and the fossils support this

statement. The formation according to the original description consists of

shale's and sandstones composed of green rock, chert, and radiolarite

(Fig. 3.1).

The upper contact of the formation is supposed to be unconformable too.

This was suggested by Bellen et al. (1959, pp, 156 and 110 – 111), but

was, in some areas, not clearly proved.

There however. In cases where the kolosh is covered by Paleocene -

Lower Eocene limestone formations, the upper boundary is conformable

and (as it is in the type area) gradational.

3.3 KHURMALA FORMATION

This formation belongs among the Paleogene stratigraphic units,

which have somewhat obscure stratigraphical position. It was first

described by Bellen in 1953 from the K 114 well of the northern Kirkuk

structures.

According to the original description, the formation is composed of

dolomites (suboolitic in parts) and finely recrystallized limestones,

probably chemical in origin. The calcareous beds are interfingering with

material from the Kolosh Formation, containing chert, flint, radiolarite,

and greenstones in the silt and sand size. Anhydrite (probably secondary)

occurs sporadically- too (Bellen et al., 1959, p. 152).

Fig.(3.1): Kolosh fn. Show shale's and sandstones.

The lower contact of the formation is always gradational, the underlying

formation beging usually the Kolosh Formation, with which the

formation interdigitates at its bottom.

The upper boundary is supposed to be erosional and unconformabl. This

is very probable in the northwestern parts of the Foothill and High Folded

Zones, roughly till the Adhaim river lines.

Fig (3.2): Khurmala Fn. Show limestones.

3.4 GERCUS FORMATION

This Formation represents the second molasses sequence,

deposited after the Intra Eocene movements in the northern geosynclinal

areas.The formation was first described in southern Turkey, in the Gercus

region, lying on the continuation of the Iraqi High Folded Zone. The

auther of the original description according to Bellen et al. (1959) is

Maxson who introduced the name in 1936.A supplementary type section

for Iraq was change (according to Bellen et al. 1959) by Wetzel at Dohuk.

The beds there were named Dohuk Red Beds, but that name is no more in

used. The formation is composed in the supplementary section of red and

purple shales, mudstones, sandy and gritty marls, with or without pebbles.

Some soft pebbly sandstones and conglomerates occur too. Lenticles of

gypsum were found especially towards the top of the formation. In

general the share and grain size of clastics increase toward the north and

northern east. The Lower contact is unconformable .The Upper contact is

marked by a Basal conglomerate.The age of this formation is (Middle

Eocene).

Fig (3.3) Gercus Fn show red or/and purple shales, mudstones and sand.

Fig(3.4)Gradation contact between Kolosh and Gercus Formation

3.5 Pila Spi Formation

This formation represents the terminal lagoonal facies of the Late

Lower Eocene-Upper Eocene Cycle and is on the same paleogeographic

position and significance as the Khurmala Formation of the previous

Fig (3.5) Contact between Gercus Fn. & Pilaspi Fn.

5 M.

cycle. The formation was first described by Lees in 1930 from the Pila

Spi area of the southeastern margins of the High Folded Zone. It was

redefined by Wetzel (1947) and amended by Bellen (1957).This

formation composed mainly of Limestone, yellowish dolomitic

limestone, marly limestone and chert nodules.The thickness of the

formation varies roughly between 100-200 m. smaller thicknesses, caused

mainly by erosion, are known in the mountainous areas too. The

formation represents an inshore, lagoonal deposit, filling in the marginal,

slightly subsiding foredeep basin. This basin was covering a slightly

broader area than the preceeding Gercus trough .Fossils are abundant.

The age of the formation is Middle and Upper Eocene. The Lower

Eocene is missing, being represented by the usually underlying Gercus

Formation. The Pila Spi Limestone Formation is correlative, as far as age,

and partly lithofacies are concerned, with the Dammam and Avanah

Limestone Formations. The main difference is the ubiquitous presence, or

even prevalent share of the lagoonal facies in the Pila Spi.

Fig (3.6): Pilaspi Fn. Show chalky Limestone.

Fig(3.7 ) Showing outcrop of Three formations at the studied area

3.6 AVANAH FORMATION

This formation represents the second neritic, shoal type, limestone

unit of the late Lower Eocene - Upper Eocene Cycle The formation was

according to Bellen et al. (1959) first described by Mc Ginty in 1953

from the Kirkuk 116 well, located on the Avanah dome of the Kerkuk

anticline of the Foothill Zone. The thickness of the formation reaches its

maximum values in its type area, where it amounts to 210 m. usually the

thickness is of the same order throughout, though in areas of

interfingering, considerably lower values were ascertained.. The lower

contact of the formation is, according to Bellen et al. (1959, p. 44)

«probably» uncomfortable. This assumption was made on

paleogeographical considerations. The quoted outhors rightly claim

(1959, p. 153), that the change from the lagoonal conditions (prevailing

during the Khurmalah deposition) to the shoal fascias of the Avanah)

postulate a transgression.The upper contact isuncomfortable. The

formation is mostiy developed in areas, where the Oligocene is missing,

and mostly Middle Miocene sediments are overlying the Avanah

limstones.We saw only few meters of this formation in studied area as a

tongue within Gercus Formation.

Fig. (3.7): Avanah Formation as a tongue within Gercus Formation.

1 M.

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1Conclusion :

The main aim for this field work is to explain' the conclusions

that gotten from the previous chapters which' talk about regional

investigation of Shaqlawa region which locate through high folded

zone on unstable block and it characterized by Asymmetrical fold

extended, from NW to SE .

What we have done in the field Lind saw it we reach the fooling:

1- The field application despite of its difficulties we can not avid it and it

is the most effective mean to conclude and understanding the geology

with all it is brunches.

2- The theoretical studies is not enough to understand and comprehend

the geology no thing is like watching the geological features and dealing

with it in close distance .

3- The Shaqlawa arc especially Sork mountain contains many factors that

makes it suitable for making the field applications within it the existing of

many out crops in clear shape and be sides that could be comprehended

by the students on the existing of Avanah Formation on the shape of the

tongue inside Gercus Formation and Khurmala formation at the shape of

tongue inside the Kolosh formation and also the strike faults could be

noticed in NW direction of Safeen.

4- From the economical point of view we can make use of this place to

establish the cement factory due to the existence of primitive ore material

in this place in a huge amount that makes the remaining of factory as long

as possible.

5- There are plane area, valleys, drainage patterns and cliffs .The low area

formed due to erosion process that act on the friable formations such as

(Kolosh & Gercus), but the ridges and cliffs present at Pila Spi Formation

due to high resistance to erosion process.

4.2Recommendation:

The work field area (Shaqlawa) have led to the following

recommendations:

1. Detailed tectonic study of the study area for determining the

general tectonic setting of the area and the origin locality of the

formation.

2. Detailed mineralogical study of the formations for determining its

economic minerals.

3. Detailed geophysical study of the formations for determining its

subsurface structures.

4. Detailed hydrological study of the area for determining its drainage

patterns.

Appendix

A

B

A-3D model showing Mawaran syncline with attitude of beds B- 3D Model of Mawaran syncline showing some Draining

pattern

Geologic Map of Mawaran Syncline

A-Overlay topographic map on sattalite image

Of shaqlawa

B-Cross-section from shaqlawa

C-Topographic map of shaqlawa

C

A

B