38. H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥ ˛ Cµp-te-J ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw tIm -bw 1963 ]pdw 65.

39. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 66.

40. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 156.

41. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 6.

42. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 25.

43. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 158.

44. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 8.

45. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 241.

46. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 3.

47. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 67.

48. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 40.

49. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 20.

50. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 42.

51. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 6.

52. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 3.

53. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 119.

54. ˛˛-˛-˛- -˛- -˛, ]pdw 146.

55. Fw.]n. _me-dmw ˛ ]mX-`m-j-Whpw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-bpw ˛ hm°p-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv ]iv\w kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw, tIm´-bw ]pdw 27.

A[ymbw \mev

[¿Ω-cm-Pm-: Ncn-X-Øns‚

CXn-lm-k-h-ev°-cWw

ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Nnc-kva-c-Wo-b-amb hy‡n-apZ ]Xn-

∏n® t\mh-en-ÃmWv kn. hn. cma≥]n-≈. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ Ime-L- -Øn¬

Xs∂ cN\ \S-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-sW-¶nepw N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ BJym-\-

Øn¬ \n∂pw Xo¿Øpw hyXy-kvX-amb BJym\w \n¿∆-ln-®-bm-fmWv kn. hn.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXn-N-en®v \q‰m-- p-Iƒ°v apºp≈ Ncn-X-Øn-

emWv kn. hn. bpsS i≤ ]Xn-™-Xv. kz¥w cmPy-Øns‚ NcnXw kn. hn.

sb ]pfIw sIm≈n® H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. t\cn- -dn-™Xpw tI -dn-™-Xp-amb Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-I-Y-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ a\-ns\ KmV-ambn BI¿jn®p

F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-

bn¬ A`n-c-an-°p∂ a\-n-\p-S-a-bm-bn-´p≈ At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ncn-

XsØ Aÿn-hm-c-ambn kzoI-cn®v Xs‚ at\m-[¿Ω-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]p\x-

kr-jvSn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. kn. hn. bpsS `mh-\-bn¬ cq]w sIm-

Ncn-X-I-Ybpw Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-∑mcpw AWn-\n-c-°p∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-

amWv IYm-tem-Iw. A¤p-X-ßfpw hoc-]-cm-I-a-ßfpw \nd™p\n¬°p∂

_rl-Ømb Imev]-\nI Ncn-XsØ t\mh-em-Jym-\-Ønse A¤p-X-am-bn-

Øs∂ krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv kn. hn. sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn\v ]pXp-a-bp≈ Hcp cq]-amWv kn. hn. BJym-bn-

I-I-fn-eqsS kΩm-\n-®-X-v. FgpØp-Im-cs‚ kzX-kn-≤-amb ssien-bn-eqsS

krjvSn® Cu BJym-\-ß-fn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZiy-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hI-

t`-Z-ßfpw \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. ]q¿∆-I-hn-I-sfbpw kwkv°m-c-sØbpw

BJym-\-Øn-te°v k∂n-th-in-∏n-®mWv BJym-bn-I-Iƒ°v cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv.

]n∂o-Sm¿°pw A\p-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp amXr-I-bmWv kn. hn. bpsS

BJymbn-I-Iƒ.

BJym-\-Øns‚ sshhn-[yhpw sshNn-Xyhpw kn. hn. bpsS BJym-bn-

I-Isf AX-ta¬ A\-\yhpw aueo-I-hp-am-°p∂p. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω (1891),

[¿Ω-cmPm (1913) cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿ (1918) F∂o aq∂v IrXn-Ifpw kn. hn. bpsS

k¿§ ssh`hw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cN-\-I-fm-Wv. XpS¿°-Y-I-fm-bmWv aq∂v

t\mh-ep-Ifpw cq]w-sIm-- n-´p-≈-Xv. cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-ks\ tIµo-I-cn®v t\mh-

ep-Iƒ Fgp-XpI F∂ BKlØn¬\n-∂mWv [¿Ω-cmP˛cm-a-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿

F∂o c- p ]c-º-c-bm-bp≈ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS krjvSn F∂v kn. hn. hy‡-am-

°n-bn-´p-- v. cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-ks‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-L- -ambn Fgp-

Xm≥ Dt±-in® Znhy-ZwjvSw F∂ t\mh¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv kn. hn. \ncym-

X-\m-bn.

kn. hn. Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ime-L-´Øv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Znhms\ Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dn\v ]pd-Øp-\n∂p hcpØn \nb-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv tZim-`n-am-\n-

bpw, kzk-ap-Zm-bm-`n-am-\n-bp-amb kn. hn. sb h√msX thZ-\n-∏n-®n-cp-∂p

F∂pw, CXn-s\-Xnscbp≈ A∂sØ ]Xn-tj-[-]-I-S-\-ß-fn¬ At±lw

kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-´n-cp∂p F∂pw kn. hn. bpsS Poh-N-cnXw km£y-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p-- v. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-tØm-Sp≈ Cu Akw-Xr]vXn cmP-`-‡nbpw cmPy-`-

‡nbpw Bflm¿∞-X-bpw, [otcm-Zm-Ø-Xbpw \nd™ \mb¿a-¥n-am¿-˛-Zn-hm-

∑m¿˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m¿°v k¿h-]n-¥p-Wbpw \evIn DØ-a-`-cWw

]pe-cm≥ klm-bn® kº-∂-amb `qX-Im-e-Øn-tebv°v ]em-b\w sNøm≥ kn.

hn. bpsS Imev]-\n-I-`m-h-\sb t]cn-∏n-®p. AXp-sIm- v am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω,

[¿Ω-cm-P, cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿ F∂o aq∂p-t\m-h-ep-I-fnepw t\mh-ens‚ t]cp

kqNn-∏n-°p∂ cmPm-°-∑m-c-√, B cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS DØ-a-a-¥n-am-cmb A\-¥-

]-fl-\m-`-\pw, cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-k-\p-amWv \mb-I-∑m¿.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω FgpXn Ccp-]-Øn-c- v h¿j-Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv "[¿Ω-

cmPm' ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-hp-∂-Xv. \o- CS-th-f-°p-tijw cq]w-sIm- Cu

IrXn t\mh-en-Ãns‚ k¿§-ssh-`-h-Øns‚ hnImkw ]I-S-am-°p-∂p-- v. Xncp-

hn-Xm-Iq¿ `cn-®n-cp∂ cma-h¿Ω-a-lm-cm-Pm-hns‚ ([¿Ω-cm-Pm) ImeØv cmPy-

tZmlw \S-Øp∂ F´p-ho-´n¬]n-≈-am-cpsS imJ-bn-ep≈ Nne-cpsS D]-Pm]

]hr-Øn-bmWv "[¿Ω-cmPm' bnse tIµ-I-Y. Cu IYsb At\Iw D]m-Jym-

\-ß-fp-ambn tIm¿Øn-W°n k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw hn]p-e-Xbpw krjvSn-®p-sIm- v

kn. hn. \n¿Ωn® _rl-Ømb t\mh-emWv "[¿Ω-cmPm'.

4.1. k¿∆-⁄-\mb BJym-Xmhv

[¿Ω-cmPm bnse IYm-Jym-Xmhv k¿∆-⁄-\mb KŸ-Im-c≥ Xs∂-bm-

Wv. _mly-ho-£-W-ÿm-\hpw \mS-Iob ho£Wÿm\-hp-amWv BJym-Xmhv

kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. \mS-Iob ho£-W-ÿm-\-Øn-\mWv Gsd ]mapJyw \¬In-

bn-´p-≈-Xv. IYm-]mX kw`m-j-W-߃ \mS-Iob ho£-W-ÿm-\sØ i‡-am-

°p-∂p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Nne L -ß-fn¬ KŸ-Im-c-\mb BJym-Xmhv hmb-\-

°m-c-\p-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂p. IYm-]mX Ah-X-c-Ww, ]mX-\n-cq-

]Ww, ]mX-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-Xayw F∂o kµ¿`-ß-fn-se√mw hmb-\-°m-

c-t\mSv t\cn´p kwkm-cn-°p∂ BJym-Xm-hns\ ImWmw.

tIi-h-]n-≈bpw lcn-]-©m-\\pw XΩn-ep≈ BZy-Iq-Sn-°m-gvN-bv°n-S°v

tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS `mhsØ [z\n-∏n-°p∂ kµ¿`w; amam-sh-¶n-S\pw Ip∏-»mcpw

XΩn-ep≈ IqSn-°m-gvNm-k-µ¿`w; If-]m-t°m- -Ø-ºnsb h¿Æn-°p∂ kµ¿`w

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw hmb-\-°m-c-t\mSv t\cn v kwkm-cn-°p∂ BJym-Xm-

hns\ ImWmw.

iIew t]mepw taLw IqSm-sX-bn-cn-°p∂ BIm-i-Øn¬\n∂p

kqcy-In-c-W-ßsf t`Zn®v hnZyp-—-emI `qan-bn¬ ]Xn-°p-∂Xv

hmb-\-°m¿ I- n-cn-°p-at√m.1

tIi-h-]n-≈bpw lcn-]-©m-\\pw XΩn-ep≈ BZy-Iq-Sn-°m-gvN-bv°n-S-

bn¬ kw`m-j-W-at[y tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS cq£ `mhsØ [z\n-∏n-°p∂

kµ¿`amWv ap-eIn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv.

_m“-Ws\ ]nSn-®p-sIm- v Aev]w sX°p-amdn A\p-\m-knI

]Np-c-amb Abm-fpsS ]tXyI `mj-bn¬ kzmKXw ]d-™p.

]n∂oSv c- p-t]-cp-ambn Zo¿L-amb Hcp kw`m-j-Whpw Ign-™p.

AXns‚ hnjbw Ah-cpsS hntbm-Km-\-¥-c-amb ImesØ Ncn-

X-Øns‚ kwt£-]-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p hmb-\-°m¿°p Duly-am-

W-t√m.2

amam-sh-¶n-S\pw Ip∏-»mcpw XΩn-ep≈ IqSn-Im-gvN-bpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬ BJym-

Xmhv hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv ta¬]-d™ ]Im-c-am-Wv.

hnI-a- tNmf IptemØpwK sN¬h-]m-Z-Ø-c-i-cm\ tNc-\m-´o-tcm-

cm-bn-c-Øq°pw Xºn hniz-\m-Y≥ Ip©p-]n-cm´n F∂ ]`psh

Itam-]-Nmc ]pc-cw hmb-\-°m-cpsS ka-£Øp ]th-in-∏n®p

sIm≈-s´.3

F∂n-ß-s\-bmWvIf-]m-t°m- -Ø-ºnsb h¿Æn-°p∂Xv.

IYm-]m-Xw, IY-bnse Abm-fpsS ÿm\w F∂nh hmb-\-°m-c\v

t\cn v t_m[y-s∏-SpØn sImSp-°p-I-bmWv KŸ-Im-c-\mb BJym-Xm-hv. kw`-

h-ß-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw kµn-Kv≤-Xbpw hmb-\-°msc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ- v

L -Øn¬ BJym-Xmhv t\cn v Imcy-߃ ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-

ambn tIi-h≥Ip-™ns\ cmPmhv tNmZyw sNøp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ Hcp

tamXncw ImWn®v "CXp \o I- n-´pt- m?' F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂p. "C√' F∂v

tIi-h≥Ip™v DØcw ]d-bp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw KŸ-Im-c-\mb BJym-

Xmhv Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ao\m-£n-tbmSv A\-¥-ap-Z-tam-Xn-c-Øns‚ hnI-bw-sIm- v X\n-

°p-- mb A\¿∞-sØ-°p-dn®v hne-]\w sNbvX Cu bphmhv

Cßs\ Adn-bn-®Xv hymP-a-√tbm F∂v hmb-\-°m¿ hnNm-cn-

°pw. ]c-a-k-Xy-hm-∑mcpw B]¬ `b-Øn-¶¬ Ak-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fm-

bn-Øn-cn™p t]mImw. Abm-fpsS ]c-am¿∞n-I-Xz-Øn\v FX-

tØmfw thcp-d-∏p-s- -∂p-≈Xv tijw `mKw IY-sIm- v Adn-tb-

- -Xm-Wv.4

]q¿∆ A[ym-b-ß-fnse cwK-ß-fp-ambn CX-c-kw-`-h-ßsf _‘n-∏n-°p-

tºmgpw IYm-cwKw Hcn-SØv \n∂v as‰m-cn-S-tØ°v amdp-tºmgpw KŸ-Im-c-\mb

BJym-Xmhv t\cn v A°mcyw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. a¥-Iq-SØv `h-\-Øn¬sh®v

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-bpw. cmL-h-\p-Æn-Øm-\p-am-bp≈ kw`m-j-W-amWv

]Xn\memw A[ym-b-Øn¬ BJym\w sNøp-∂-Xv. ao\m-£nsb ImWm-Xmb

hnh-chpw ]h-Xn-s°m-®n-bpsS IqsS ao\m£n Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Ds- ∂

hm¿Øbpw A\p-_-‘-cw-K-ßfpw B kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn hcp-∂p.

A[ym-b-Øns‚ Ah-km\ `mKØv Xs∂ IYm-cwKw lcn-]-©m-\\ tbmKo-a-

µn-c-Øn-te°v amdp-∂p.

CXn-\n-S-bn¬ lcn-]-©m-\\ tbmKo-iz-cs‚ Xt]m aµn-c-Øn¬

\S∂ c- p-kw-`-h-ßsf h¿Æn-®p-sIm-≈-s´5

F∂ A\p-hm-Z-tØmSv IqSn-bmWv B cwKw h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv.

IYm-h-km\w ASp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Cu L -Øn¬ IYm-cw-`-cw-K-amb

If-]m-t°m´ `h-\-Øns‚ t£a-ÿn-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-

°p-∂Xv kap-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m.6

C-]-Imcw, At\Iw kw`-h-߃ tIm¿Øn-W-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ kw`-h-

ß-fpsS tbmPy-Xbv°pw ]q¿Æ-Xbv°pw hnizm-ky-X-bv°p-ambn IYm-Jym-Xmhv

t\cn v hmb-\-°m-c-t\mSv kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS hymJym-Xmhpw \ncq-]-I-\p-ambpw BJym-Xmhv t\mh-

en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-- v. Ig-°q-´Øv hI-bmb \n[n-bpsS Imcyw Ip∏-»m¿°v

amXta Adnbq F∂v Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™Ω ]d-™Xv tI´ kµ¿`-Øn¬

Nµ-°m-ds‚ Ahÿ h¿Æn-°p∂ `mKØv BJym-Xmhv Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

Cu ZujS-km-I-ey-Øns‚ "kmc-k¿h-kzs\' IYm-cw-`-Øn¬

cmh-W-t\m-Sp-]-an® A]-cm-[sØ hmb-\-°m¿ £an-∏n≥! B

NI-h¿Ønsb ]pcm-W-߃ \oN-Xz-Øns‚ kwt£-]-ambn hnh-

£n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw hoc-kz¿§-]m-]-I-am-bp≈ ka-cm-

¶-W-Øn¬ Bbp-[-]m-Wn-bmbn Znhy-I-c-ß-fm¬ ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏´

Znhymbp-[-ta‰v \ncym-WsØ ]m]n®v km£m¬ iocm-am-⁄bm

NnX-bn¬ Btcm-ln-X-\mb hoc-ho-cm-`n-am-\n-I-fn¬ ka-tKm-Øw-

k-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu [q¿Øs‚ alm-h-am-\-Øn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-

®Xv Hm¿°p-tºmƒ˛ £an-°tW!7

IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ at\m-K-Xn-sb, Ah-ÿsb \ncq-]Ww sNbvX

BJym-Xmhv Xs‚ kZr-i-I-ev]-\-bnse ]mfn-®sb hn\-b-]q¿∆w hmb-\-°m-c-

\p-ambn ]¶p-sh-°p-I-bm-Wv. hmb-\-°m-c-\p-am-bp≈ _‘w Hmtcm L -Ønepw

XpS-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN\ IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

4.1.1 kwhm-Z-]-cXbpw BJym-\hpw

t\mh-ens‚ BZn apX¬ A¥yw hsc k¿∆-hym-]n-bmb BJym-Xm-

hmbn KŸ-Im-c≥ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-s- -¶nepw AXn-s\bpw Ih-®p-sh-bv°p∂

coXn-bn¬ \mS-Io-b-ho-£-Whp-ambn IYm-]mX kw`m-j-W-߃ ap∂n´p

\n¬°p-∂p-- v. GI-hm-Z-]-cXbn¬\n∂pw kwhm-Z-]-cXbnte°v (Monologue

Dialogue) FØp∂ BJym\ LS-\bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ D≈-Xv. t\mh-en-

Ãns‚ kzcw amX-ap≈ t\mh-en-s\-bmWv anJm-tb¬ _‡o≥ Monologic

F∂p hnfn-®-Xv. t\mh-en-Ãn-t\m-sSm∏w IYm-]m-X-ßfpw kwh-Zn-°p∂ t\mh-

en-s\-bmWv Dialogic F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.8 [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ k¿∆-⁄-\mb

BJym-Xm-hns‚ kzc-tØm-sSm-∏w-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS "kwhmZ'hpw BJym-\-

Øn¬ ap∂n v \n¬°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw G‰p-ap-´p∂ hncp-≤-kz-c-ß-fpsS afi-e-

amWv "[¿Ω-cmPm'bnse BJym-\w. cmP-]-£hpw iXp-]-£hpw XΩn-ep≈

G‰p-ap-´¬ `mj-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. lcn-]-©m-\≥-˛-tI-i-h-]n-≈,

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn˛ DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈, bph-cm-Pm-hv˛ lcn-]-©m-\≥, ]S-Ø-e-h¿˛ lcn-

]-©m-\≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kwhm-Z-߃ k¿∆-⁄-\mb BJymXr kzc-tØ-

°mƒ i‡-am-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ `mj-W-ß-fmWv BJym-\-kz-c-ambn

\n¬°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-en-Ãns‚ kzcw cmP-]-£Øpw ssZh-]-£Øpw \ne-bp-d-

∏n-°p-tºmgpw B kzcsØ FXn¿°p∂ kwhm-Zm-fl-IX iXp-]-£-Øp-≈-h-

cpsS hocysØ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw ]Xn-\m-bI ÿm\sØ i‡-am-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

DZm:

lcn-]-©m-\≥ : (Nn-cn-®p-sIm-- v) "A∏-Sn-bm-\m¬ AwKp-eobw

cmP-`-fimcØnen-cp-¥p-Xms\ h¥n-cn-°-thWpw

F∂m?

A∏Snb-√-hm, tIi-h-]nt≈? cmP-`r-Xymƒ Xm≥

CXps°√mw Phm_v sim√ th- n-b-Xv. A¥-

cmP iXp- hwiw tijn-°-dp-Xp- m?'

tIi-h-]n≈ : "B hwi-i‡n C∂pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-tIm v apf®v

Xg®v hf-cp-∂p.'

lcn-]-©m-\≥ : (Cu DØcw Dt±-in-°mØ Hcp apk-e-Xm-V-\m-

ambn ^en®p F¶n-epw, tbmKo-iz-cs‚ apJ-im-

¥bv°v tcJm-am-X-tØmfw t`Z-ap-- m-bn-√).

"Atc! AsX∂? AsX-∏-Sn-b∏m sim√p tIƒ°-

´pw. F∂ i‡n?'

tIi-h-]n≈ : "... \mSp-\o-ßnb Xncp-a-\-nse ImeØv hoc-\bw

sIm- pw Ct∏m-gsØ s]m∂p-X-ºp-cm≥ Xncp-a-\-

knse ImeØp Icp-Wm-\bw sIm- p k¶-S

Øn\pw iWvTbv°pw D≈ hgn-I-f-S-™p. Ct∏mƒ

tZmlap- mI-W-sa-¶n¬ s]m∂p-X-ºp-cm≥ Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-tØmSp a’-c-ap≈ Hc[nIm-

ctam i‡ntbm ]Wn sNbvXp XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°-

Ww...'

lcn-]-©m-\≥ :""... cmPy-Ønse F∆-fhp kam-[m-\-an-cp-¥mepw Ac

a\-bv°ps≈ cmPm-°-≈-∑m-cn-cp°v''.

tIi-h-]n≈ : "temI-Øn¬ _“m-fi-°-≈-∑m-cp-≈-Xp-t]mse.'

lcn-]-©m-\≥ : "Ba˛ C¥-°mew Ien-Imew Xmt\?'

tIi-h-]n≈ : "Zim-\-\-Im-e-amb tXXm-bp-K-hp-am-bn-cn°pw'9

˛ kw`h-ßsf \nKq-V-am-°p-Ibpw IY-bpsS KXn \bn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ kw`mjW-߃ t\mhens‚ BJym-\sØ GI-hm-Z-]-cXbn¬

\n∂pw kwhm-Z-]-cXbnte°v FØn-°p-∂p. KŸ-I¿Øm-hmb BJym-Xm-

hns‚ kzchpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fm¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kwhm-Zm-flI kzc-hp-amWv

[¿Ω-cmPm bnse BJym-\sØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bmw.

4.2 `mc-Xo-bm-Jym\ coXn-bpsS kzm[o\w

4.2.1. imtJm-]-im-J-I-fm-bp≈ IY

`mc-Xo-bm-Jym\ ]mc-º-cy-amWv kn. hn. [¿Ω-cmPm bn¬ kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

IY-Ifpw D]-I-Y-I-fp-ambn imtJm-]-im-J-bmbn hf-cp∂ IYm-Jym-\-coXn `mc-

Xo-bm-Jym-\-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv. At\Iw IYm-Jym-X-°-tfmSv IqSnb At\I IY-

Iƒ \nd-™-XmWv alm-`m-c-X-I-Y. ss\an-im-c-W-Øn¬ sh®v kqX≥ ]d-™p-

sIm-Sp-°p∂ IY; sshi-ºm-b-\\v P\-ta-P-b\v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ IY;

kRvP-b≥, [rX-cm-jvS¿°v, _rl-Zz-i≥ bp[n-jvTn-c\v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂

IY; Cßs\ At\Iw IY-Iƒ H∂n¬ \n∂pw as‰m-∂n-te°v hnI-kn-°p-∂p.

][m\ IY-bn¬ At\Iw D]m-Jym-\-߃ (DZm: \tfm-]m-Jym-\w, imIp-¥-tfm-

]m-Jym-\w) hr£-in-J-c-߃ t]mse ]S¿∂p-]-¥-en-°p∂ IYmJym-\-co-Xn-

bmWv alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. `mc-Xo-bm-Jym-\-Øns‚ Cu kz`mhw

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ImWmw.

Hcp tIµ-I-Ybpw tIµ-I-Y-tbm-Sn-Wßn At\Iw D]-I-Y-Ifpw sI´p-

]n-W™v tIµ-I-Ysb ]cn-k-am-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-eq≈ BJym-\-

amWv "[¿Ω-cmPm' bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS `c-W-Im-eØv Xncp-hn-

Xm-Iq-dns\ Iog-S-°m≥ BK-ln-°p∂ sslZ-cp-ambn kJyw tN¿∂p-sIm- v

cmPy-tZmlw \S-Øp∂ F´p-ho-´n¬∏n-≈-am-cpsS imJ-bn-ep≈ Nne-cpsS D]-

Pm] ]h¿Ø-\-amWv tIµ-I-Y. tIµ-I-Y-bn-eqsS cwKØv hcp∂ Hmtcm

IYm-]m-X-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®pw D]-I-Y-Iƒ D- m-Ip-∂p. lcn-]-©m-\-∑m-cpsS

IY; tamXn-c-hn-I-b-IY; Nµ-°m-ds‚ \n[n-tam-l-IY; If-]m-t°m -Ø-ºn-

bpsS PohnX IY; ]S-Ø-e-h-s‚bpw hr≤-kn-≤-s‚bpw IY; ]h-Xn-s°m®n

Xn]p-c-kp-µcn F∂n-h-cpsS IY; ao\m-£n-˛-tI-i-h≥Ip-™ns‚ ]W-b-I-Y˛

Cßs\ At\Iw IY-Iƒ tiWn-Ifmbn \oßn Hcp NmIn-I-Xsb ]q¿Æ-am-

°p-∂p. Cu Hmtcm IYbpw tIµ-I-Y-tbmSv Imcy-Im-cW _‘-Øm¬

tbmPn®p \n¬°p-∂-Xm-Wv. cmP-sIm-´m-c-Ønse tamXncw If-hp-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw

Ig-°q-´Øp hI-bmb tamXncw AÆm-h-øs‚ ASp-°¬ \n∂p In´p-∂Xpw

AÆm-h-ø≥ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw tIµ-I-Y-bn-te-°p≈ IÆn-bm-Wv. t\mh-

ense A\-¥-c-kw-`-h-߃ Actßdp∂Xv Cu IY-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´m-Wv.

AÆm-h-ø≥ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw tIi-h≥Ip™v Xpd-¶-en-e-S-bv°-s∏-Sp-

∂Xpw ]n∂o-Sp≈ Xntcm-[m-\hpw tIi-h-]n-≈sb cmPy-tZm-ln-bmbn apZWw

sNøm-\p≈ lcn-]-©m-\s‚ \o°-hp-sa√mw CXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. irwJem

cq]-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ IY-Iƒ kzX-¥-ambn Hgp-Ip-Ibpw ho- pw

ho- pw Nß-e-I-fmbn Xocp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

At\Iw D]m-Jym\ kcn-Øp-Iƒ GIm-K-ambn ktΩ-fn®v AKm-

[-Xbpw hnim-e-Xbpw tXm∂n-°p∂ Hcp alm-\n-av\-K-bm-bn-Øo-

cp∂ IYm-]-hmlw . . .10

F∂v ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ [¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYsb hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-- v.

kn. hn. bpsS t\mh-ep-Iƒ it≤-b-am-°p∂ LSIw Ncn-Xmwiw

hln-°p∂ tIµ-I-Y-b√; bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sdmam‚nIv IYmwiw

hln-°p∂ D]-I-Y-I-fmWv11

F∂ \nco-£-Whpw A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv.

4.2.2. kwkvIrX \mS-I-k-t¶X kzoImcw

\mSIw F∂ Zriy-I-e-bpsS kzm[o\w [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS BJym-\-Øn¬

]I-S-am-Wv. ]tXy-In®pw kwkvIrX \mSI kt¶-X-߃ [mcm-f-ambn kn.

hn. D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-- v. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ IYm-cw-`-Øn\papºv BJym-Xmhv

Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fpsS Ghw hn[-ß-fmb ÿnXn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv

Cu hnjv°w-`m-[ym-b-Ønse kw`-h-߃ \S-∂-Xv.12

kwkvIrX \mS-I-Ønse Hcp `mK-amWv hnjv°w-`w. \S-∂p-I-gn-™tXm \S-

°m-\n-cp-∂tXm Bb IYm-`m-K-߃ kwt£-]n®v cwK-hm-kn-Isf [cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\v A¶m-Zn-bn¬ tN¿°p∂ A`n-\-b-amWv hnjv°w-`w. [¿Ω-cmPmbnse IY

Bcw-`n-°p∂ ]›m-Øew hnh-cn®p Ign™ KŸ-I¿Ømhv C\n \S-°m-\n-cn-

°p∂ IYm-`m-K-Ønse A`n-\-b-cwKw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv H∂m-a-[ym-b-Ønse

kw`-hsØ NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

c- mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Nµ-°m-ds\ h¿Æn-°p∂ `mKw Cßs\ hnh-cn-

°p∂p:

CXn\pw ]pdsa \mµn apX¬ `c-X-hmIyw hsc k¶-ev]n®p

at\m-\n¿ΩmWw sNbvXn-´p≈ \mSIØn¬ H∂m-a-¶-amb `h\

\n¿Ωm-Whpw c- m-a-¶-amb Zhym¿Pp-\hpw aq∂m-a-¶-amb

kzm[o\ kºm-Z-\hpw \mema¶amb bix-ÿm-]-\hpw Ac-

t߉w Ign-™n-´p-≈Xp \o°n A©m-a-¶-amb a¥n-]-Zm-tcm-l-

Whpw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]n∂sØ A¶-ambn Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ

cma-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pm-hn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v "XYm-a¥n' F∂p≈

\ymtb\ N¥-°m-d\pw Nne Ih-\-߃ sNbvXv Nnc-RvPohn

bi-kv°-\m-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-´p-- v.13

\mµn, `c-X-hm-Iyw, A¶-߃ F∂nh kwkvIrX \mSI kt¶-X-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ ]tbm-K-ß-fm-Wv. \mS-I-tØmSv kn. hn, °p≈ B`n-ap-Jyhpw

\S≥ F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ kz`m-hhpw BJym-\sØ kzm[o-\n-®-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-

I-fmWv CØcw ]tbm-K-߃. \mS-I-c-N-\, A`n-\b ]cn-io-e-\w, Ac-tß-‰w,

cwtKm-]-tZ-iw F∂n-h-bn-se√mw kn. hn. bpsS ]mam-Wn-IXzw kpk-Ω-X-am-bn-

cp∂p F∂v Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-- v.

imIp-¥fw \mS-I-Ønse Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw kZr-i-I-ev]-\-Ifpw

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ImWmw. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ _me-\mb tIi-h≥ ]`p-

hns‚ sIm´m-c-ØnseØnb kµ¿`-Øn¬ KŸ-I¿Ømhv Cßs\ Fgp-Xp∂p:

iIp-¥-fm-]p-X-\mb `c-X-Ip-am-c≥ ]Ya Z¿i-\-Øn¬ kz]n-Xm-

hns‚ AwK-hn-tem-I\w Kw`o-c-\mbn sNbvX-Xp-t]mse _me≥

]`p-hn-s\bpw Aiz-sØbpw e£-W-im-kvX-⁄s‚ `mh-Øn¬

t\m°n-Øp-S-ßn.14

lcn-]-©m-\s‚ Nne-ºn-t\Øv kµ¿i-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-sb-

°- kµ¿`w hnh-cn-®-tijw kn. hn. Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂p.

tbmKo-iz-c≥ "hmXq-e-thK ]Xo-b-am-\amw tIXqs‚ No\mw-ip-I-

sa-∂-t]m-esh' a\-ns\ a¥-°q-SØp tijn-∏n-®n v icocw

amXw aptºm v Kan-®-t]mse AhnsS \n∂pw ]ncn™p.15

ao\m-£nbpw tIi-h≥Ip™pw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-Øn-\n-S-

bn¬ "ao\m£n: "a∂hm tlma-Z-hy-an-hn-sS-bp-- mbv hcpw' F∂v

iIp-¥-f-sb-t∏mse Rm\pw adp-]Sn ]d-™m¬ Ahn-S-tØ°p

kt¥m-j-am-bn-cn-°pw.16

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

"imIp-¥f'Ønse D≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \mS-I-k-t¶-X-ß-fpsS ]p\-cm-

Jym-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw Zriym-Jym-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ kn. hn. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p.

4.3 tIc-fo-b-]m-c-ºcyw

4.3. 1. IY-Ifn BJym-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

kn. hn. sb Bth-in® as‰mcp Iem-cq]w IY-I-fn-bm-Wv. Ip´n-°mew

apX¬ IY-Ifn ImWm\pw Bkz-Zn-°m-\p-ap-- mb kml-Ncyw kn. hn. bv°v

B Ie-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ B[¿ΩWyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm°n F∂-Xns‚

sXfn-hmWv "[¿Ω-cmPm' bnse IY-Ifn ]m`-hw. t\mh-ense cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬

AS¿Øn-am-‰m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp LS-I-am-bn, BJym-\-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bmbn

IY-Ifn h¿Øn-°p-∂p. BZy A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-≈-Ø-¶-®nsb

h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ kn.-hn. bpsS ]tbmKw i≤n-°pI:

IY-I-fn-th-j-°m¿ AWn-b-d-bn¬\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-

tºm-gp≈ Nne-¶-[z-\n°v Xpeyamb B`-c-W [z\-ß-tfmSp

IqSnbpw Ah¿ "K‘-Zzo-]-]u-V-aµ'Ka\w XpSßn . . . .

_mes‚ A]-cm-[sØ I- -Xp-t]m-ep≈ \mSy-]p-jvSn-tbm-Sp-IqSn

B `h-ss\-izcy kwh¿≤n\n Ah-tem-I-\m-›-cy-h- -ßsf A`n-

\-bn-®p. `rXy-∑m¿ X߃°p tamZ-I-c-am-bp≈ A\-¥c sNm√n-

bm-´sØ Z¿i\w sNøm≥ l¿j-tØm-Sp-IqSn \S-∑m¿°v Bh-

iy-ap≈ cwK-ÿ-e-sam-gn-®n v h -Øn¬ \ne-sIm-- p.

_mes‚ aq¿[m-hn¬ apdn-th‰v c‡-]-hmlw XpS-ßn-bXpw

F√mw Hcp CS-t«mIw sIms- ∂ t]mse GXm\pw \nan-j-

߃°p-≈n¬ Ign™p.

. . . K¿÷\w sNbvXv ]`zn-Xs‚ Cf-In-bm-´sØ Ah-km-\n-∏n-

®p.17

Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-≈n-Ø-¶-®nbpw `rXy-\mb _me\pw tN¿∂v krjvSn® cwKw IY-

Ifn cwK-Øns‚ h¿Æ-\bv°v kam-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. IY-Ifn cwK-Øns‚

sImgp∏pw tafhpw B h¿Æ-\-bn-ep-- v. sNm√n-bm-´w, Cf-In-bm-´w, ]pd-∏mSv

XpS-ßnb IY-I-fn-®-S-ßp-Iƒ t\mh-en-em-I-am\w kn. hn. kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v.

"Ip∏s‚ GI-t\Xw Xpdn®v Cf-In-bm´w XpS-ßn.'18

Imfn-bp-S-bm≥ ]n≈sb°- -t∏mƒ D- m-b-Xnepw A[nIw ]c-h-

i-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ic-™p. AXp-sIm- v ]Xn-hmbn s]m∂m\n

]mSp∂ amam-sh-¶n-S≥ hr≤-bpsS ZpxJ-L-- m-c-Øn\p in¶n-Sn-]m-

Sm≥ Ce-Ømfw ssItb-‰p.19

amam-sh-¶n-S≥ em°n-\p-sIm- v F∂v Xs‚ _p≤nsb A`n-am-

\n®v D’m-l-`aw sIm- n-fIn Hcp cp‹oWn kzbw-hc IY \S-

Øm≥ tNß-ebpw tImepw sIm- v cmKm-em]w XpS-ßn.20

IY-I-fn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m kt¶-X-ß-sfbpw kar-≤-ambn kn.

hn. D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-- v. IY-Ifn thjw, NS-ßv, kwKo-Xw, ]m´p-Im-c≥ XpSßn

Hcp IY-Ifn BJym-\-Øn-eqsS t\mh¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. apgp-\of IY-

Ifn thj-ambn Hcp IYm-]m-XsØ Xs∂ kn. hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-- v. amam-

sh-¶n-S≥ F∂ Cu IYm-]mXw BZyw apX¬ Ah-km\w hsc IY-I-fn-∏-Z-

ßfpw t«mI-ßfpw A`n-\-b-ß-fp-ambn BZy-h-km-\-°m-c-\mbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-

∂p.

irwKm-c-°p-g-º-Xzw, Imlf IWvT-Xzw, ]lm-c-Zm-XrXzw F∂n-h-

I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb IY-Ifn `mK-h-X¿; a≤y-Øn¬ sIt´m-Sp-Iq-Snb

IpSpa; Nµ\ Dcp-f, sNhn-°n-S-bn¬ Xpf-kn, cpZm-£-I-Sp-°≥,

I£-Øn¬ aS°p ]pS-h, henb Hme-°p-S, apdp-°m≥ s]mXn,

NX-b≥ ]m°p-sh-´n, k¿∆X KpW-tZm-j-I-Y-\w, "\mgnI XnI-

s®m-cp-∂mƒ hmgp-th-\-s√m-tc-SØpw' F∂pw kΩ-Xn® _“-

⁄m\nhcys‚ k©m-cnXzw F∂n-h-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kap-Zm-

bmwKw21˛

F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv amam-sh-¶n-Ss‚ h¿Æ-\. h¿Æ-\-bnepw IY-I-fn-th-j-Øn-

t\m-Sp≈ kmayw ]I-S-am-Wv. amam-sh-¶n-Ss‚ hm°p-I-sf√mw IY-Ifn∏Z-ß-fm-

Wv.

kz¿Æ-h¿Æ-a-c-b-∂w˛ aRvPp-\m-Z-an-Xv˛ A¥-°Y hc-t∏m-In-d-

Xp˛ t]mIn-dZq!

a\-aßpw angn-bnßpw' F∂v s]tÆ \n\-®p-sImt- Ccp-∂n v

\ap-°mtWm ]mb-›nØw hn[n-°p-∂Xv?

amam-sh-¶n-S≥ "AsX! aØp-Xs∂ . . . "kvatcm]n Xzmw\Xzm

cXn-\-b\ tetly\ h]pjm' . . . k‘n-∏n-t®≥ Xh Jep a\w

ss`an-X≥ am\-k-tØm-Sn-µ≥ Xmt\ hcn-In-en-fIm Im IYm-

t\yjp cmP≥.'22

IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw IY-Ifn `mK-h-X-cmbn Ign-bp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv amam-sh-¶n-

S≥.

B -°Y ]tbm-K-ß-fmepw IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-kw-kvIm-c-Ømepw kº-

∂-amWv [¿Ω-cmPm. IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-sSbpw IYm-cw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn¬

IY-Ifn kwkvImcw Aen-™p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. [¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYm-]m-X-

h-X-c-W-Øn¬ IY-I-fn-bpsS \mSy-[¿Ωn-bmb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bpsS kzm[o\w

]I-S-am-Wv. Akm[mc-W-ß-fmb I¿Ω-߃, AtemI kmam-\y-ß-fmb

at\m-hr-Øn-Iƒ, AXn¿ Ihn™ hnIm-c-߃, eoem-hn-em-km-Zn-Ifpw AwK-lm-

c-ß-fp-an-W-ßnb \mSy-im-kvXm-\p-kr-X-amb A`n-\-bw, A\y-cpsS `mhw A\p-

I-cn-®p-sIm-- p≈ `mhm-hn-jv°m-cw˛ Cß-s\-sb-√m-ap≈ \mSy-amWv "\mSy-

[¿Ωn'. Atem-I-km-am-\y-amb at\m-hr-Øn°v A\p-Kp-W-amb Blm-cy-amWv

IY-I-fn-bn-ep-≈-Xv. Zo¿Lm-Im-c-ß-fmb cq]-ßfpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb thj-`q-

j-Ifpw IY-I-fnsb kmam-\y-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂p. hmNn-Im-`n-

\bw Xnc-kvIr-X-am-hp-Ibpw ssIap-Z-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ \rØym`n-\b߃ kzoI-

cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ IY-I-fn-th-j-߃ Akm-[m-c-Wcpw Akm-[m-cW

hrØn-I-tfmSv IqSn-b-h-cp-am-Wv. [¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYm-]mX k¶-ev]-Øn¬

kn. hn. IY-I-fn-bpsS Cu khn-ti-jX kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v. kn. hn. bpsS

][m\ IYm-]m-X-ß-sf√mw AXn-am-\p-jcpw Akm-[m-cW NnØ-hr-Øn-I-

tfmSv IqSn-b-h-cp-am-Wv. BIm-c-ku-jvS-h-Øn-epw, Inb-I-fnepw temI-km-am-\y-

ß-fmb a\p-jy-Kp-W-ßsf Ihn™p \n¬°p-∂-h-cmWv lcn-]-©m-\-\pw, Nµ-

°m-d-\pw. amam-sh-¶n-S≥ ]Xy-£-Øn¬Xs∂ IY-Ifn thj-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb

IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. IY-I-fn-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-ambn krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ IYm-]m-X-

am-Wv. lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-I-fpsS Hmtcm ]hr-Ønbpw tZhm-kp-c-I-Y-I-fnse

Inb-I-tfmSv kmay-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-Øn\v \¬In-bn-´p≈ thj-`q-j-Ifpw

AXn-\n-W-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv. Nµ-°m-ds‚ cq]-`m-h-߃ IY-Ifn thj-Ønse Xma-

k-cq-]-ß-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IYm-h-X-c-W-Ønepw IYm-]m-X-Nn-Xo-I-c-

W-Ønepw Aam-\p-jn-I-Xew krjvSn-®p-sIm-- p≈ BJym-\-coXn IY-I-fn-

bnse \mSy-[¿Ωn-bmb BJym-\-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-am-Wv.

t\mh-ense ]Xy-£-h¬°-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Fw.sI. tat\m≥ Cßs\

]d-bp-∂p. `mj-sIm- v Zriy-]-]©w Na-bv°p∂ Z¿i-t\-µob ]mamWyw

\ΩpsS BJym\ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

kºq¿Æ-amb Cµn-b-th-Zy-X-bmWv t\mh-ense ]Xy-£-h¬°-c-Ww. `mj-

sIm- v Zriy ]]©w Na-bv°p∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bmWv kn. hn. bpw [¿Ω-

cmPmbn¬ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. [¿Ω-cmPmbnse GXv kw`-h-ß-sfbpw At±lw

`mh\ sNbvXXv Zriy-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv. AXn\v tIc-fo-bm-Jym-\-ß-fmb IY-I-

fnbpw a‰pw kn. hn. sb klm-bn-®p.

4.3. 2. ]q¿∆-Im-hy- k-µ¿` -kzo-Imcw

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse Hmtcm A[ym-b-Ønepw Bap-J-ambn ]q¿∆-I-ev]-\-

߃ (Foreshadowing- Prefiguration) sImSpØpsIm-- p≈ BJym-\-co-Xn-

bmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. CXv t\mh-ens‚ IYm-K-Xnsb ap≥Iq´n [z\ym-fl-I-ambn

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]q¿∆-I-ev]-\-߃, CXn-lm-kw, ]pcm-Ww, \mS-Iw, B -°Y

XpSßn ]e-Xcw ]q¿∆-Im-hy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v. ]q¿∆-Ihn-I-sf-

°p-dn®pw IrXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]cm-a¿i--߃ t\mh-ens‚ B¥-c-L-S-\-

bn¬Ø-s∂-bp-- v. \f-N-cn-Xw, aØ-hn-em-kw, _“m-fi-]p-cm-Ww, `mc-X-IY

XpSßn ]mNo-\hpw a[y-Im-e-hp-amb GXv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sbbpw kn. hn.

kv]¿in-°p-∂p.

""De-Ip-S-s]-cp-amƒ hmgpw-Imew

]e-Ip-S-bn√ [cn-Xn-bn-seßpw

hne-]n-Sn-bmØ P\-ß-fp-an√ . . .''

Fs∂ms° \ºym-cm-im\pw h¿Wn-°p-∂p.

tIi-h-]n≈: "Hcp aWn-]-hmf Imcy-am-Wv. Ig-°q-´Øv ]n≈-

bpsS A\-¥-ap-Z-tam-Xn-c-Øns‚ kwKXn.'

tIi-h≥Ip™v: "A\-¥-i-b\ Ncn-X-am-sW-¶n¬ _“m-fi-]p-cm-W-

Øn¬ F¥p-]-d-™n-´p-s- ∂p Rm≥ ]d-bmw.'23

tXmSn cmK-Øn¬ "A' ImcsØ hf®pw ]pf-∏n®pw Xzcn-X-K-a\w

sNøn-®m¬ FX-Zqcw FØn-°mtam AXbpw Zqcw. . . F∂v

tIWpw Ign®pw DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b¿ Ihn hcs‚ hmWn a[p-cn-asb

]h-ln-®p.24

]q¿∆Imhy-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw Ipdn®v ]cm-a¿in-°pI amX-a√ B Imhy-

ß-fnse IYm-]m-X-ß-tfbpw kµ¿`-ß-tfbpw DNnX kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ kZri

Iev]-\-Iƒ°pw a‰p-ambn kn. hn. D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p- v. tIi-h≥Ip-™ns‚

Xkv°-c-W-Øn-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv:

sNms√-gp-a¿÷p-\≥ Xs‚ Xncp-a-I≥, h√-hn-h-√-`m, \ns‚ acp-a-

I≥ F∂v Km‘m-cn-bm¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ A`n-a-\yp-sh-t∏mse

c- p \noa ]Xm-]-∑m-cpsS GI-h-’s‚ Xkv°-cWw kI-e-

P-\-ßfpw kI-e-P-\-kw-K-a-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw ]am-Z-hmZw sNbvXp.25

cmL-h-\p-Æn-Øms‚ aI\pw N¥-°m-ds‚ acp-a-I-\p-amb tIi-h≥

Ip™ns\ "A`n-a\yp' hnt\mSv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Fgp-Ø-

—s‚ `mcXw Infn-∏m-´nse kµ¿`w D≤-cn-®p-sIm-- mWv B kZr-iIev]-\.

DΩn-Wn-∏n≈ Xs‚ ]q¿∆-IY Xncn-®-dn™p F∂v a\-n-em-°nb lcn-

]-©m-\≥ Abmsf hI-h-cp-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n® kµ¿`-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

lnc-Wy-I-in-]p-hns‚ c‡-[m-c-bn¬ aKv\-\mb \c-knwlaq¿Øn

]lr-j-\rØw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse tbmKo-iz-c≥ B apdn-°-IØv

GI-]-Z-\r-Ø-Øn¬ A¿≤-]-Z-£nWw sNbvXp.26

Xs‚ `mKyk-ar≤nbnep≈ BÀm-Z-e-l-cnsb \nb-a\w

sNbvhm≥ i‡-\m-ImØ B PntX-µn-b-\mb kn≤≥ Xs‚

]qPm-ap-dn-bn¬ ]q¿∆-cm-Xn-bnse \rØm-h-in-jvS-amb Hcp aØ-hn-

em-ksØ A`n-\-bn-°p-∂p.27

˛C-]-Imcw ]q¿∆-Im-hy-ßfpw Imhy-k-µ¿`-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw [¿Ω-cmPm

bnse BJym-\-Øn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. "[¿Ω-cmPm' bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p∂ kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ß-fmb D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw kqNn-X-I-Y-Ifpw BJym-bn-I-I-

fn¬ `qX-Im-e-kw-kvIm-c-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-®p-sIm-- n-

cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v tUm. ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-- v.28

tZi-N-cn-X-tØmSpw `qX-Im-e-tØm-Sp-ap≈ Bcm-[-\-bn¬\n∂pw cq]w-

sIm- v IYm-]-ta-bsØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ kn. hn. Is- -Ønb am¿§w

]q¿∆-Im-hy-kw-kvIm-c-am-Wv. Aßs\ BJym-\-Øns‚ cq]-Ønepw `mh-

Ønepw `qX-Im-e-kw-kvIm-csØ sXm -dn-bp-Ibpw ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNøp-I-bp-am-

Wv. kn. hn. bpsS `qX-Im-em-cm-[\ tIhew tZi-N-cn-X-tØmSv amX-ap-≈-X-

s√∂pw ]q¿∆n-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-te-Xn-t\m-Sp-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂pamWv Cu BJym\-

coXn shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xv. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb BJym-\-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚

kΩn-i-W-ambn [¿Ω-cmPmbnse BJym-\-coXn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

4.4. CXn-hrØw: k¶o¿Æ-L-S\

k¶o¿Æ-amb B¥cLS-\-tbmSv IqSnb Hcm-Jym-\-amWv [¿Ω-cmPm.

IYm-]m-X-߃, kw`-h-߃, ÿe-Im-e-߃ F∂nh sI´p-]nW™v cq]w

sIm≈p∂ At\-I-am-\-tØmSp IqSnb CXn-hr-Ø-K-Xn-bmWv Cu t\mh-en¬

ImWp-∂-Xv. kºq¿Æ-ambn hnImkw ]m]n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ At\-I-am-X-I-

fpsS _rl-Zm-Im-c-amWv [¿Ω-cmPm F∂p ]d-bmw. IY-Ifpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw

tN¿∂v krjvSn-°p∂ BJym-\-L-S\ Imcy-Im-cW_‘- k-ln-X-am-Wv.

Inb-I-sfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw I¿Ω-_-‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

P∑-_-‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fn-eq-sSbpw _‘n-

∏n®v k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp B¥-c-inev]w [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ kn. hn.

krjvSn-®n-´p-- v. kw`-h-ß-tf-°m-tfsd IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS `mh-

tN-jvS-Ifpw Hmtcm Inb-bp-sSbpw B¥-c-tNm-Z-\-bmbn h¿Øn-

°p∂ kq£va-amb am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fp-amWv [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS

LS\ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Imehpw Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw IYm-]m-

X-ß-fmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu B¥-c-in-ev]-Øns‚ kw«n-jvS-

X-bn-emWv kn. hn. bpsS ]Xn-`m-ssh-`hw tXtS-- -Xv.29

[¿Ω-cmPmbpsS CXn-hr-Ø-Øn¬ IYm-]m-X-߃°mWv ]mam-Wyw.

IYm-]m-X-ßsf tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ D]-I-Y-Iƒ, kw`-h-߃ ChbmWv BJym-\-

L-S-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. cmP, iXp-]-£-ß-fn-ep-≈ IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-sS

_u≤n-I-amb G‰p-ap- -emWv [¿Ω-cmPmbnse tIµ-I-Y. lcn-]-©m-\≥,

N¥-°m-d≥, tIi-h-]n≈ F∂o aq∂v IYm-]m-X-߃ ap≥\n-c-bn-embn LSn-

∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ Iptd kw`-h-ß-fmWv t\mh-ens\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. cmPy-`-c-

W-Øn\p t\sc-bp≈ D]-Pm-]-ß-fpw AXns\ XSp-°p∂ cmPy-X¥\b-ßfpw

XΩn-ep≈ _em-_e ]co-£-W-߃°v A\p-_-‘-ambn At\Iw IYm-]m-X-

ßfpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw kn. hn. krjvSn-°p-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ncn-X-Ønse

ÿqe Ncn-Xmwiw kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm- v Bhn-jvI-cn® Cu IrXn-bpsS CXn-

hr-Ø-Øn¬ Ncn-X-kw-`-h-߃ A]-k‡ `mK-߃ amX-am-Wv. Im¿Øn-I-

Xn-cp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω-bpsS `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p t\sc sslZ-

dns‚ BI-aW `oj-Wn-bp-- m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu Ime-ØmWv IYm-cw-`w. cma-

h¿Ω-a-lm-cm-Pm-hn\p t\sc cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw \n∂v D- mb D]-Pm-

]-߃ IYm-I-ev]-\-bn-eqsS Ncn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. cma-h¿Ω alm-

cm-Pm-hns‚ \mb-IXzw \n»_vZ ssNX-\y-ambn amXta t\mh-en¬ hym]n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p-≈q. IY-Iƒ hf-cp-∂Xpw hnI-kn-°p-∂Xpw a‰v IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv. lcn-]-©m-\s\ IpSn-e-X-bn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ tamXnc hnIb IY;

If-]m-t°m- -Ø-ºn-bpsS IY, Nµ-°m-d-\n-eqsS hnI-kn-°p∂ IY F∂nh

cmP- i-Xp-]-£Øp \nev°p-∂-h-cpsS IY-I-fmbn cmPy-Øns‚ D]-Pm-]-ß-

fmbn sI´p-]n-W™v k¶o¿Æ-am-hp-∂p.

If-]m-t°m- -Ø-ºn-bpsS `rXy-\mb "tIi-h≥' F∂ _me-\n¬\n∂pw

XpSßn kºXn tIi-h-]n-≈-bmbn cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ IY

a‰v D]-I-Y-I-fp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂v cmP-]-£-Øp-≈-h-cpsS hnP-bw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-

∂p. Htc ka-bØv \S-°p∂ ]e IY-Iƒ ]e ]e Xe-ß-fn¬IqSn ][m-\-I-

Y-bp-ambn tNcp-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ LS-\-bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

F¥m-IWw NcnXw F∂ Xs‚ BZ¿i-k-¶-ev]-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v [mcmfw

Iev]n-X-IYI-sfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw krjvSn®v bYm¿∞ Ncn-XsØ

as‰m-∂m°n Xo¿°p-I-bmWv kn. hn. AYhm Ncn-XsØ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-I-bm-

Wv.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pm-hn‚ ImeØv F´p-ho-´n¬ ]n≈-amsc h[n-

°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kvXoIsf Xpd-tI-‰p-Ibpw ap°p-h¿°v hn¬°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. CXmWv bYm¿∞ Ncn-Xmw-iw. F´p-ho-´n¬ ]n≈-am-cn¬ Ah-ti-

jn® Xd-hm-Sn-s\-°p-dnt®m Ah-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-ßtfm NcnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]n≈-am-cpsS £mX-ho-cysØ \njv]-`-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-

bmØ kn. hn. bpsS Imev]-\nI a\v Ahsc ]p\x-kr-jvSn-®p. ]n≈-am-cn¬

[¿Ωn-jvT-\mb Ig-°q-´Øv Xd-hm-´nse Hcp ]c-º-csb Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p.

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-bpsS a°-fmb Xnhn-I-a\pw P\m¿±-\\pw cmPm-hn-s\-

Xnsc ]I-ho-´m-\p≈ X¥-ß-fp-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ FØp-Ibpw cmP-`-c-

WsØ XI¿°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb D]-Pm-]-ß-fp-sSbpw IpSn-e-X-I-fp-sSbpw

\mb-I-\mb lcn-]©m\s‚ ]hr-Øn-I-fmWv kw`-h-ßsf k¶o¿Æ-am-°n-

Øo¿°p-∂-Xv. Ig-°q-´Øv hI-bmb A\-¥-ap-Z-tam-Xncw hn‰p amdm≥ Xn]p-c-

kp-µ-cn-°p-™Ω tIi-h≥Ip™ns‚ ssIbn¬ sImSp-Ø-b-bv°p-∂p. AÆm-

h-ø\v hn‰ B tamXn-c-sØ-°p-dn®v P\-ipXn ]c-∂p. a¥n-am¿ cmPy-tZm-l-

iaw i¶n®v At\z-jWw XpS-ßp-Ibpw AÆm-h-øs‚ aT-Øn¬ \n∂v

tamXncw I- p-In-´p-Ibpw cmP-`-fim-c-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

tamXn-c-hn-I-b-Øns‚ cl-ky-a-dn-™n-cp∂ tbmKo-iz-c≥ Iui-e-Øn¬

tamXncw ssI°-em-°p-Ibpw tIi-h-]n-≈-bn¬ Ip‰m-tcm]w \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. tbmKo-iz-cm-⁄-b-\p-k-cn®v Ip∏-»m-cpsS aI-\mb sNdnb Ic-Sn-

Øm≥ F∂ ss`c-h≥ tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS Xma-k-ÿ-eØv sh®v AÆm-h-øs\

sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AÆm-h-ø≥ AWn-™n-cp∂ sshc-Ip-fi-e-߃ Adp-Øp-

am-‰p-Ibpw IrXn-a-amb A\-¥-ap-Z-tam-Xncw AhnsS \nt£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. Cu IY-bpsS A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bmWv XpS¿∂p≈ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-߃

D- m-Ip-∂-Xv. AÆm-h-øs‚ h[-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v tIi-h≥Ip™v Xpdp-¶n-

em-hp-Ibpw AhnsS \n∂v Abmsf lcn-]-©m-\≥ X´n-s°m-- p-t]mbn acp-Xzm-

a-e-bnse Kpl-bn¬ ]m¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ IÆn-I-fmbn imJ-I-

fmbn lcn-]-©m-\\ hrØn-Iƒ IYsb apt∂m´p \bn-°p-∂p.

a¥n-]Z Imw£nbpw Ig-°q-´Øv hI Zhytam-lImw£n-bp-amb N¥-

°m-d≥ Xs‚ BK-l-km-[y-Øn-\mbn lcn-]-©m-\-\-kzm-an-Isf ImWp-∂p.

kz¥w Krl-Øn-te°v lcn-]-©m-\s\ k¬°-cn-°p-∂p. X∂n-anØw lcn-]-

©m-\\pw Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ωbpw XΩn¬ ImWp-∂p. Nµ-°m-d≥ \nan-Ø-

ambn Nµ-°m-ds‚ acp-a-I≥ tIi-h≥Ip™pw ao\m-£nbpw ImWp-∂p.

A\pcp-‡-cm-hp-∂p. k¬°mc ]oXn-bmbn lcn-]-©m-\≥ \¬Inb ISp-°≥

Nµ-°m-d≥ tIi-h≥Ip-™n\v \¬Ip-∂p. AÆm-h-øs‚ sIme-]m-X-I-Ip-‰-

Øn\v tIi-h≥Ip-™ns\ XS-hn-em-°p-∂p. Cßs\ tamXnc hnI-b-IY N¥-

°m-d-I-Y-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.

cmP-]-£-Øp-≈-h-cpsS IY tIi-h-]n-≈-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-Isf I- -Xp-ap-X¬ ]Xn-tbm-Kn-bm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™

tIi-h-]n≈ lcn-]-©m-\s‚ Hmtcm AS-hp-Ifpw kkq£vaw Kln®v

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. tIi-h-\p-Æn-Øms‚ _‘-\-Øn-\p-tijw a¥-°q-SØv

F¥v \S-°p∂p F∂-dn-bm≥ ]h-Xn-s°m-®nsb Atßm- -b-°p-∂p. tIi-h≥Ip-

™ns\ tamNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-Øn¬ ao\m£n Ah-cpsS IqsS tIi-h-]n-≈-

bpsS aµn-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. CXv tIi-h-]n-≈-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Zpjv]-N-c-W-Øn\v

Du°p-°q-´n. tIi-h≥Ip-™n\v kwi-b-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. DΩn-

Wn-∏n-≈bpw tIi-h-]n-≈bpw XΩn-ep≈ hg°v ssItb-‰-Øn¬ Iem-in-°p-

∂p. Cu kµ¿`w apX-se-SpØv lcn-]-©m-\≥ tIi-h-]n-≈sb sIm√m≥ ian-

°p-∂p. hr≤-kn-≤≥ XS-™-Xns‚ ^e-ambn tIi-h-]n≈ c£-s∏-Sp-∂p. lcn-

]-©m-\≥ hnj-kq-Nn-sIm- v DΩn-Wnsb sIm√p-∂p. tIi-h-]n-≈-bmWv

sIme-sN-bvXXv F∂v ipXn ]c-Øp-∂p. \n¬°-°-≈n-bn-√msX h∂-t∏mƒ

tIi-h-]n≈ sNº-I-t»-cn-bn¬ thj-]-—-∂-\mbn °gn-bp-∂p. AhnsS \n∂pw

lcn-]-©m-\s‚ IpX-¥-߃ Adn-bp-∂p. cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-°p-∂p. ]S-Ø-

e-h-cp-ambn tN¿∂v lcn-]-©m-\\mi-a-Øn¬ FØp-∂p. hmKzm-Z-߃s°m-Sp-

hn¬ kXyw shfn-hmb L -Øn¬ lcn-]-©m-\≥ b⁄-im-ebv°v Xo

sImfpØn kzbw lXy sNøp-∂p˛ tIi-h-]n-≈-bn-eqsS XpS-cp∂ IYsb

Cßs\ hnh-cn-°mw. Cßs\ aq∂v IYm-]m-X-ßfpw tNcp∂ IY-I-fpsS ka-

\zbw [¿Ω-cmPmsb kpL-Sn-X-am-°p-∂p.

H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬

B ASn® ssIhm-gs´! C∂v \n߃ Fs‚ Xe-bn¬ Ipfw-tXm-

- n. \msf-sbmcp ImeØv ChnSw Xs∂ Ipfw-tIm-cn-t∏m-Imw.

F√m-Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n. F¥m-bmepw B X¶-hmbv

D∏p-\ocp IpSn-®p-t]m-Ipw. A∂p-]-dbmw tijw.30

F∂ tIi-hs‚ hm°p-Iƒ ]qcn-∏n-°p-hm≥ DX-Ip-∂-XmWv If-]m-t°m-

-Ø-ºn-bpsS IY. Abmƒ cmP-`-‡-\m-sW-¶nepw \njv°-f-¶-Xbpw _p≤n-iq-

\y-X-bpw-sIm- v lcn-]-©m-\s‚ kqX-Øn¬ s∏´p-t]m-Ip-∂p. lcn-]-©m-\s‚

\ntbm-K-]-Imcw Ahn-th-In-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xºn-bpsS hoSv Ipfw-tIm-cn-

t∏m-Ip∂p. B IYsb AhnsS \n¿ØmsX "DØ-tcm-]m-Jym\' Øn¬ tIi-h-

]n-≈bpw Xºnbpw X¶-®n-bp-am-bp≈ I- p-ap-´¬ Hcp-°p-∂p. ]q¿∆-I-Ym-`mKw

kvacn-®-Xmbn t\mh-enÃv BJym\w sNøp-∂p. If-]m-t°m-´p-Ø-ºn°v

sFizcyw Xncn-®p-In-´n-b-Xmbpw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ IY-bpsS

ip`m¥yw "DØ-tcm-]m-Jym\w' ]q¿Æ-am-°p-∂p.

Imcy-Im-cW _‘-tØmsS Hcp kw`-h-Øn¬ XpSßn as‰m-∂n¬

FØn-t®-cp∂ coXn-bn¬ LSn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ Cu CXn-hr-Ø-Ønse tIµ

Bi-b-߃ Ch-bm-Wv˛ "F√m-Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n' F∂ hn[n

k¶ev]w; cmP-i-Xp-]-£-ßsf GsX-¶nepw coXn-bn¬ CW°n \n¿ØpI;

kam-¥-c-ßsf krjvSn®v ssh]-co-Xy-Øn-eqsS Pohn-X-ssh-hn[yw [z\n-∏n°pI

F∂n-h. Cu tIµ Bi-b-ßsf ]cn-Wm-a-Kp-]vXn-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-

bmWv kn. hn. sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

CXn-hr-Ø-KXn \nb-¥n-°p∂ ][m\ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mb "F√m-

Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n'˛ F∂ hnizm-k-hpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃

Ah-\-hs‚ I¿Ω-^-e-am-sW∂ Z¿i-\-hpamWv kn. hn. sb \bn-°p-∂-Xv.

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ]e kw`-h-ßfpw sIme-]m-X-I-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. A\-

¥c kw`hw ]q¿∆-kw-`-h-Øns‚ ]Xym-Lm-X-ambn h∂p-tN-cp-∂p. tamXn-c-

kw-`hw AÆm-h-øs‚ sIme-]m-X-I-Øn-te-°pw, Nµ-°m-ds‚ D∑mZw Ip∏-»m-

cpsS h[-Øn-te-°pw, lcn-]-©m-\s‚ e£y-X-Sw DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈-bpsS sIme-

]m-X-I-Øn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂p. DK lcn-]-©m-\s‚ ]Xn-Imc Zml-Øn\v

hnLm-X-ambn \n∂ im¥ lcn-]-©m-\s‚ sImebpw DK lcn-]-©m-\s‚

Fcn-™-S-ßepw Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ h¿Æn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kw`-h-߃°pw AXns‚

]Xym-Lm-X-߃°pw Imc-W-ambn t\mh-enÃv ImWp-∂Xv I¿Ω-^e k¶-ev]-

sØ-X-s∂-bm-Wv. `rXy-\mb _me≥ `£-W-Øn\p tNmZn-®-Xns‚ t]cn¬

Xebv°v X√p∂ Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-≈-Ø-¶®n ]n∂o-S-tßm v A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv

ssZh-in-£-bm-Wv. B H‰ ]hrØn amX-amWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Ønse If-¶-

ambn kn. hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. kvt\l-a-bn-bmb IpSpw-_n-\nbpw `¿Øm-

hns\ t\¿h-gn°v \bn-°m≥ DX-Ip-∂-h-fp-amb Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-≈-Ø-¶-®n-bpsS

Pohn-X-Øn-ep-- mb XI¿® `rXy-\mb _me-t\mSv sNbvX sX‰n\v e`n-°p∂

in£ F∂ a´n¬ kn. hn. BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

I¿Ω-^-e-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fpsS hr≤n-£bw kn. hn. °v

G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ hnj-b-ambn BJym-bn-I-I-fn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-- v. F´p-ho-

´n¬∏n-≈-am-cn¬ G‰hpw ZpjvS-\mb cma-\m-a-T-Øn¬ ]n≈-bpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-

\p-- m-Ip∂ XI¿® Nµ-°m-ds‚ ]cm-P-b-Øn-eqsS [¿Ω-cmPmbnepw "cmam-cm-

P-_-l-Zqdn' epambn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \n[n-tam-lhpw a¥n-]-Z-Imw-£n-bp-

ambn Ign™ Nne-ºn-t\Øv Nµ-°m-d≥ F∂ "alm-]`p' hns\ XpW-bv°m≥

D‰-hcpw _‘p-°-fp-an-√msX Abmƒ D∑m-Zn-bmbn Ccp-fn¬ ad-bp-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv

ImWp-∂-Xv. If-]m-t°m- -غnbpsS XI¿®bpw ]n∂o-Sp-- m-Ip∂ Db¿®bpw

Abm-fpsS I¿Ω-Øns‚ ^e-am-Wv. lcn-]-©m-\s‚ kqXØn¬ s] v cmPm-

hn-s\-Xnsc D]-Pm-]-߃ \S-Øp∂ Xºn-bpsS `h\w Ipfw-tIm-cn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xpw

apX-ep-I-sf√mw cmPm-hn-te°p I- p-sI-´p-∂Xpw Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂pw. Xºnbpw

X¶-®nbpw `jvS-bm-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw sNbvXp-Iq-´nb ]m]-I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ^e-am-

Wv. F∂m¬ t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xºn-sbbpw X¶-®n-sbbpw tIi-h-

]n-≈-sbbpw Hcp-an®v \n¿Øn, Adn-bmsX Xºn sNbvXp-t]mb sX‰p-Iƒ

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Abm-fpsS ]m]-Øn\v ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-bnse Db¿®-Xm-gvN-Iƒ Ahs‚

k¬]-hr-Øn-sbbpw \∑-sbbpw Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v NnXo-I-cn®v "F√m-

Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n' F∂ ]ucm-WnI [¿ΩXØzsØ kn. hn. Xs‚

BJymbnII-fn-eqsS ]p\-cm-\-bn-°p-∂p.

\∑-sNøp-∂-h¿°v F∂pw Db¿® F∂-Xns‚ ]Xy-£o-I-c-W-amWv

tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw Ig-°q-´Øv k¥-Xn-I-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]pw. Zcn-Z-

_m-e-\mb tIi-hs‚ Kpcp-`-‡nbpw kXy-hpw, \oXnbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬

G‰hpw D∂-X-ÿm-\-Øn-\¿l-\m-°p-∂p. \os -gpØp tIi-h-]n-≈-bmbn cmP-

sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ ]th-in® Abmƒ cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Atß-b‰w ipjv°m-¥n-

tbmSpw [¿Ω-\n-jvT-tbmSpw ]hr-Øn®v cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ D]-Pm-]-ß-

sfsb√mw X¥-Øn¬ tXmev]n®v cmPm-hns‚ DØ-a-ÿm-\n-bmbn Xocp-∂p.

[¿Ω-cmPmbpsS Ah-km-\-am-hp-tºm-tg°pw kº-Xn-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXbp Db¿® Cu IYm-]m-X-Øn\p \¬In-b-Xn\p ]nd-In¬ kn. hn. bpsS

cmP-`-‡nbpw ssZh-`-‡nbpw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

F´p-ho-´n¬ ]n≈-am-cn¬ [¿Ωn-jvT-\mb Ig-°q-´Øv ]n≈-bpsS A\-

¥cXe-ap-d-I-fpsS \ne-\nev]pw kn. hn. Hcp-°n-b-Xns‚ ]nd-In¬ ]h¿Øn-

®Xpw Cu Bi-b-am-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]n≈-am-

cn¬ G‰hpw \oXn-am\pw [¿tΩm-°¿j-\p-amWv Ig-°q-´Øv ]n≈. cmPm-hn-

s\-Xnsc Xºn-am-cp-ambn tN¿∂v KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ sNøp∂ F´p-ho-Ssc

]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m\pw Ie-l-߃°v ]cn-lm-c-ap-- m-°p-hm\pw ian-°p-∂Xv Ig-

°q-´Øv ]n≈-bm-Wv. Xs‚ iasØ Bcpw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂n√ F∂pw. "NXn-

b≥ I≈≥' F∂v hnfn®v F´p-ho-S¿ Bt£-]n-°p-tºmƒ kz¥w-h¿§sØ

NXn-®p-sIm- v Rm≥ H∂pw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂n√ F∂pw ]d™v cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-

sc-bp≈ \o°ßfn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-I-bmWv Abmƒ. kzh¿§-Øn-\p-th- n

amXw Xs‚ \∑sb l\n-t°-- -h∂ Ig-°q-´Øv ]n≈ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambpw

\oXn-am-\m-sW∂ t_m[-Øm-emWv kn.-hn. XpS¿ BJym-bn-I-I-fnepw B Xd-

hm-Sns‚ A\-¥-c-h-Im-in-Iƒ°v KWy-amb ÿm\w \¬In-b-Xv. [¿Ω-cmPm

bn¬ Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cnbpw ao\m-£nbpw DK-im-¥-l-cn-]-©m-\-∑mcpw Ig-°q-´Øv

Xd-hm-Sns‚ Ah-in-jvS-`m-K-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cnbpw DK-im-¥-

∑mcpw ac-W-a-S-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ao\m-£n-bn-eqsS ASpØ Xe-apd cma-cm-Pm-_-

l-Zqdn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ao\m-£n-bp-sSbpw tIi-h≥Ip-™n-s‚bpw aI-fmb

kmhnXn Ipe-a-ln-abpw hocy-hp-ap≈ Ig-°q-´Øv Xd-hm-Sns‚ Hu÷eyw ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cßs\ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fpsS Db¿® XmgvN-I-tfbpw a\p-jy-Po-hnX

hnIm-k-tØbpw \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS ˛ ]pWy-]m-]-ß-fpsS ^e-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-

∂p.

cmP-]-£Øv \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hnPbw Imw£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-sh-¶nepw iXp-]-£-Øp-≈-hsc GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ cmP-]-£-

Øp-≈-h-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ IÆn-Iƒ CXn-hr-Ø-Øn¬ LSn-∏n-°pI

F∂Xpw kn. hn. bpsS coXn-bm-Wv. AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn At±lw Is- -

Øn-bXv ]W-b-sØ-bm-Wv. aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-ep-ap≈ ]Wbw cmP-i-Xp-]-

£Øv \n¬°p∂ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse AwK-߃ XΩn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-

h¿Ωbn¬ A\-¥-]-fl-\m-`\pw ]mdp-°p-´n-bpw, [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ tIi-

h≥Ip™pw ao\m-£nbpw cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq-dn¬ Xnhn-I-a\pw kmhn-Xnbpw

(km-hn-Xn Ig-°q-´Øp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-bmWv) XΩn-ep≈ ]Wbw

cmPy-Im-cy-߃°n-S-bn¬ \S-°p∂ henb ]iv\w Xs∂-bm-bn-´mWv kn.-hn.

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. tIi-h≥Ip™pw ao\m-£nbpw XΩn-ep≈ ]Wbw

"[¿Ω-cmP'bnse Hcp D]-I-Y-bm-Wv. ao\m-£n-tbmSv tIi-h-]n-≈bv°v

tXm∂nb \nKq-V-]-W-bhpw CXns‚ as‰mcp hi-am-Wv. _‘-\-ÿ-\mb

tIi-h≥Ip-™ns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ `K-h-Xn-A-°-t\m-sSm∏w Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-

sØ-Ønb ao\m-£n-bpsS kuµ-cy-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mb tIi-h-]n≈ Xs‚

]W-bsØ Bcp-a-dn-bmsX Hfn-∏n-®p-sh-°p-∂p. iXp-]-£Øv \n¬°p∂ DK-

l-cn-]-©m-\-s‚ A\-¥n-c-h-tfmSv tXm∂nb ]Wbw thZ-\-bmbn Ah-km\w

hsc Abmƒ sIm- p-\-S-°p-∂p-ap-- v. ao\m-£n-bp-am-bp≈ tIi-h-]n-≈-bpsS

I- p-ap- -emWv tIi-h≥Ip-™n\v IqSp-X¬ iXp-Xbv°pw XpS¿∂p≈ kw`-h-

߃°pw Imc-W-am-hp-∂-Xv. tIi-h≥ Ip™n-t\m-Sp≈ ao\m-£n-bpsS ]W-b-

Xo-hX a\-n-em-°nb tIi-h-∏n≈ Abm-fpsS ]W-bsØ AXn-\n-Kq-V-am-

°n-sh-°p-∂p. cmPm-hp-amXw Xncn-®-dn™ B ]W-bsØ anX-amb hm°p-I-

fn-eqsS NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv kn. hn.

kam-¥-c-ßsf krjvSn®v ssh]-co-Xy-Øn-eqsS Pohn-X-Øns‚

sshhn[yw [z\n-∏n-°pI F∂ Bi-bhpw [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ kn. hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®n-´p-- v. Nµ-°m-d≥ If-]m-t°m- -غn F∂n-h-cpsS IpSpw-_- NnXo-I-cWw

XnI™ sshcp-≤y-ß-fn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p-sIm- v ]c-kv]cw ]c-`m-K-`wKn

\¬Ip-∂p. Nµ-°m-d\v kz¥w `mcy-tbmSpw aI-tfmSpw Xosc lrZ-b-_-‘-an-

√. Nµ-°m-d-Ip-Spw-_-sØ-°p-dn®v kn. hn. Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂p.

. . . F¶nepw Hcp hnhmlw sIm- p-IqSn Xs‚ Krl-ÿ-\n-esb

ÿnco-I-cn-°-W-sa∂p \n›-bn®v Hcp henb IpSpw-_-Øn¬

\n∂v, P∑-]-Xn-I-bn¬ ]m]-K-l-h-k-Xn-bmb k]vX-a-cm-in-tbm-Sp-

Iq-Snb Hcp Xcp-Wo-c-Xv\sØ "ASp-°-f-°mcn' bmbn Nµ-°m-d≥

th´p. B ]cn-K-lhpw AXn-ep-ev]-∂-amb Hcp "s]Æpw' ASp-

°-f-XfØn\v Ae-¶mc ]Xn-a-I-fmbn ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.31

kvt\l-_‘w ZrV-amb Hcp IpSpw_ NnX-a√ CXv; shdpw "ASp-°-f-Im-cn-

Ifm'b `rXy-cmbn amXw IW-°m-°p∂ `mcybpw aI-fp-amWv Nµ-°m-d-\p-≈-

Xv. AXp-sIm-- p-Xs∂ Abmƒ t\cn-Sp∂ B]-Øn¬ XpW-bmbn Bcpw-

Xs∂ C√. Abm-fpsS Iucyw AbmƒXs∂ A\p-`-hn®p Xo¿°p∂ a´n-

emWv t\mh-enÃv BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. GIm-[n-]-Xn-bmb Nµ-°m-

ds‚ A[x-]-X-\hpw "GI-—X'XzØn¬ Xs∂ ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.

Cu Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v t\¿hn-]-co-X-amWv If-]m-t°m- -Ø-ºn-bpsS

IpSpw_ NnXo-I-c-Ww. lrZ-ssb-Iy-ap≈ `mcym-`¿Ør-_-‘-sØ-bmWv Ah-cn-

eqsS kn. hn. NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `¿Øm-hns\ imkn-°bpw t\¿h-gn°v \bn-

°m≥ i≤n-°p-Ibpw hnth-I-_p-≤n-tbmsS Imcy-߃ Kln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

`mcy-bmWv X¶-®n. `mcy-bpsS imk-\sb HuNn-Xy-]q¿∆w Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw

kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ `¿Øm-hmWv Xºn. lcn-]-©m-\\s‚ Im]-Sy-ß-fn-

e-I-s∏ v cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc D]-Pm-]-߃ ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ Xºn-bpsS hgn

icn-b-s√∂v a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw \nP-ÿnXn Fs¥∂v At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p- v X¶-®n. Xºn-bn-ep-- m-Ip∂ Hmtcm `mh-am-‰-ß-sfbpw Ffp-∏-

Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p X¶-®n. Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-°p∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ s]©mXn

Adn-tb- Imcy-an√ F∂pw ]Xv\n-bpsS Bizm-k-]-iv\-Øn\v Bh-iy-an-

s√∂pw Xs‚ a\-n¬ D- m-bn-´p≈ Imepjyw \nm-c-sa∂pw Xºn ]d-bp-

∂p. Xºnbpw X¶-®nbpw XΩn-ep≈ hmt°-‰hpw Ah-t\ms‚ `mcysb Hfn®p

thWm-k-\-߃ XpS-ßp∂ `¿Øm-°-∑m¿ ]Xn-h-X-I-fpsS ]W-b-Øn\v Ah-

Im-in-I-sf-√∂pw32 D≈ ]kvXm-h-\bpw Hs° Ah-cpsS kvt\l-_-‘-Øns‚

]Xy-£o-I-c-W-am-Wv. Xºn°v lcn-]-©m-\-\p-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ \nc-¥cw

\ockw ]I-Sn-∏n® X¶-®n, X∂n-anØw Xºn°v h∂p-tN¿∂ B]Xv kµ¿`-

Øn¬ `¿Ømhns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-ØmsX Abmsf Biz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. cmP-I-

ev]-\-bm¬ Xd-hm-Sp- Ipfw tImcp-tºmƒ, kz¥w Krl-Øn-te°v Xncn®v

sN√m≥ X¶-®nsb ]nXmhpw Imc-W-hcpw \n¿_-‘n-°p-tºmgpw AXn\p Xp\n-

bmsX Xºn-bpsS IqsS-Øs∂ Ign-bm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂p X¶-®n.

AXp-hsc `¿Øm-hn-s\-°mƒ ]m[m\yw X\n-°m-sW∂p \Sn-®p-

h∂ X¶®n ]ip-kz-`m-h-bmbn `¿Øm-hns\ t\m°n sXmgpXv

\n∂v, ""]n≈cp IqSn t]m v. \∑bv°pw Xn∑bv°pw thƒ® Iqdn-

h-∂-t]mse hen-abv°pw Ffn-abv°pw Chtf Iq´q'' F∂v

Ic™v At±-l-tØmSpw ""AΩm-h≥ ]n≈-scbpw sIm- p-t]m-

Ww. Rm≥ FSpØ IpSw am\-ambv sIm- n-d-° v'' F∂v Imc-

W-h-tcmSpw ]d-™v, apdn-°-IØv ]mbv hncn®p InS-∏mbn''33

F∂v BJym-Xmhv Fgp-Xp-∂p. Bflm¿∞-amb lrZ-b-_-‘-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-

I-fmWv Cu hmIy-߃. DØ-a-amb IpSpw-_n\n D¬°r-jvS-amb a\-n\pw

kvt\l-Øn\pw DS-a-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂p≈ k¶-ev]sØ Cu IpSpw-_-Nn-X-

W-Øn-eqsS ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kvt\l-Øn\v ]Xn-^ew kvt\lw F∂

XXzhpw ChnsS kn. hn. hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂Xv a\p-jy-a-\-nse kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fm-sW∂ Bibw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-

amb c- v IpSpw_ NnX-W-Øn-eqsS kn. hn. sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

4.4.2 ]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn

Cu tIµ Bi-b-ßsf "]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn' tbmSp-IqSn LSn-∏n-®mWv

CXn-hr-ØsØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kw`-h-ßsf \nKq-V-am-°m-\pw, kw`-h-ß-

fn¬ A¤pXw krjvSn-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp sSIv\n-°mbn kn. hn. ]cn-Wm-a-Kp-

]vXnsb kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn krjvSn-°m-\mbn IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS

thj-]-—-∂X krjvSn-°p-∂p. thj-]-—-∂-cmb IYm-]m-X-߃ bYm¿∞-

Øn¬ Bcm-sW∂ hkvXpX DNnX kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km-\-`mKØv amX-amWv \nP-ÿnXn hy‡-

am-°p-∂-Xv. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬, Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-≈-Ø-¶-®n-bn¬\n∂pw Xe-

bn¬ apdn-th‰ `rXy-_m-e-\mWv tIi-h-]n≈ F∂ Xºnbpw X¶-®nbpw Adn-

bp-∂-Xv IY-bpsS A¥y-L- -Øn-em-Wv. X¶-®n-bpsS ]mZ-ß-fn¬ \a-

kv°cn®psIm-- v, Xe-bnse apSn hI-™p-am‰n apdn-hns‚ ]mSv ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-

°p-tºmƒ amX-amWv X¶®n Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. A∂p X∂Xpw sIm- Xpw \√

hmgvN-sØ-∂p. . . F∂p tIi-h-]n≈ Biz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw X∂-Xn\pw sIm- -

Xn\pw X∂-Shpw sIm- -Shpw HØ-t]mse sIm- p. aIt\! C\n F√mw

s]mdp-∏n≥34 F∂v A]-cm[w G‰p-]-d-bp-tºmƒ Hcp henb IY ad-\o°n sXfn-

bp-I-bm-Wv. t\mh-ense Hcp D]-I-Ysb Cßs\ KqV-am°n hmb-\-°m-cn¬

hnkva-b-ap-f-hm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IYsb DtZz-K-P-\-I-am°n Xo¿°m\pw AXp-

sIm- v Ign-bp-∂p.

lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-I-fpsS bYm¿∞-hr-Øm-¥hpw t\mh-enÃv shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-km\ kµ¿`-Øn-em-Wv. Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cnbpw lcn-]-©m-\\pw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ kqN\ Nne-ºn-t\Øv Fgp-∂-≈n∏v kµ¿`-Øn¬

\¬In. ]e IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-sSbpw hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Ah-cpsS _‘w ]e-Xmbn

hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-- v. Aßs\ IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw lcn-]-©m-\\

Inb-Ifpw ]hr-Øn-Ifpw \nKq-V-am-°n-sh-°m\pw hmb-\-°m-c\v IYm-]m-X-

Øn¬ BImw-£-bp-- m-°m\pw CXp-sIm- v Ign-bp-∂p. IY-bpsS Ah-km\w

]S-Ø-e-h¿ lcn-]-©m-\\ b⁄-im-e-bn¬ sh®v amXr-kz-c-Øn¬ "im¥m'

F∂v hnfn-®-t∏mƒ "tPyjvT˛ \ΩpsS AΩ' F∂v ]d™v im¥ lcn-]-©m-

\≥ ]th-in-°p-∂p. Cu kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-bpsS Cc´

a°-fmb DK\pw im¥-\p-amWv lcn-]-©m-\∑m¿ F∂v kn. hn. shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xv.

lcn-]-©m-\\ klm-bn-bmb hr≤-kn-≤≥ Bcm-sW∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂Xpw "DØ-tcm-]m-Jym-\-Øn'-em-Wv. ]S-Ø-e-h-cpsS aI-fpsS `¿Øm-hmb

thep-Ø-ºn-bmWv hr≤-kn-≤-\mbn ]Xy-£-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv F∂v B kµ¿ -

Øn¬ amX-amWv Adn-bp-∂-Xv. Cßs\ A¤p-X-߃ krjvSn-®p-sIm- v kw`-

h-]-Xn-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS ]ncn-ap-d-°-Øn-eqsS CXn-hrØw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu

]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn A¤p-X-ckw DW¿Øm-\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bmbnIqSn h¿Øn-

°p-∂p.

4.4.3 hoc-ckw

kn. hn. IrXn-I-fnse apJy-ckw hoc-am-Wv. F√m ckhpw hoc-c-k-

Øn¬ hnebw ]m]n-°p-∂p. hoc-ckw Htc apJhpw Htc `mhhpw D≈-X-√.

Ahbv°v hnhn-[-ß-fmb cq]-ß-fp-- v. ˛ F∂v F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p. `qX-Im-e-Ønse hocm-]-Zm-\-I-Y-I-fn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-bn-s°m-- mWv kn.-hn.

Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-Iƒ cNn-®-Xv. cmPy-ß-fp-sSbpw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw G‰p-ap- -

ens‚ IY kn. hn. sb D’mlw sIm≈n-®n-cp-∂p. cmP-]-£Øp-\nev°p∂h¿

cmPy-Øn\pw cmPm-hn-\pw-th- n [otcm-Zm-Ø-cmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

cmPm-hns‚ iXp-]-£-Øp-\n-ev°p∂ lcn-]-©m-\\˛ Nµ-°m-d-∑m¿°v

CXbpw ][m-\-]¶v CXn-hr-Ø-Øn¬ ssIh-cp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS £mX-ho-cy-

tØm-Sp≈ t\mh-en-Ãns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-am-Wv. A[¿Ωn-jvT-cm-b-Xp-sIm- v BXy-

¥n-I-ambn ]cm-P-b-am-Wv Ah¿°p hn[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ah-cpsS "hmSm-

°-cfn' t\bpw, ]cm-P-b-Ønepw Xe-Ip-\n-°mØ A`n-am-t\m-±-X-tbbpw CXn-hr-

Ø-Øns‚ D÷z-em-[ym-b-ß-fm-°p-I-bmWv kn. hn. Cßs\ \mb-I-˛-]-Xn-\m-

b-I-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap- -en-eqsS t\mh-ens‚ ckw hocw Bbn ]cn-W-an-

°p-∂p.

4.5. IYm-]m-Xm-Jym\w

IYm-]mX _lp-e-amb t\mh-emWv [¿Ω-cmPm. ]mXr-kr-jvSn-bn-ep-ff

kn.-hn.-bpsS \n¿ΩmW sshZKv≤yw am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbn¬ \n∂v Cu t\mh-

en¬ FØp-tºm-gmWv ]q¿Æ-hn-Imkw t\Sp-∂-Xv. tZi-Ime Ncn-X-tØm-

sSm∏w "am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω'bn¬ \n∂pw hf¿∂p-h∂ IYm-]m-X-ßfpw kn.-hn,-

bpsS Iev]-\m-ssh-`-h-Øn\v \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmb \qX-\-]m-X-ß-fp-amWv "[¿Ω-

cmPm'bnep-f-f-Xv. Ncn-X-I-Ym-]p-cp-j-∑m-cm-bmepw Iev]nX ]mX-ß-fm-bmepw

kzb-tah hnImkw ]m]n-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-´mWv kn.-hn. NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-

]m-X-hn-`m-K-Ønse Round (]q¿Æ) IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-W-h¿. "[¿Ω-cmPm'bn¬

IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Inb-I-fmWv kw`-h-߃°v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-

cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm IYm-]m-XsØ tIµo-I-cn®pw IY-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bmWv _mly-In-b-Iƒ

cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. "Akm-[m-cW amXr-I-Ifmb'IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv "[¿Ω-

cmPm' bnep-f-f-Xv. CØcw IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS BJym-\-Øn\v kn.-hn. ]e

coXn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v.

]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb BJym\ coXn As√-¶n¬ A]-K-Y-\m-fl-

Ihpw \mS-Io-b-hp-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-bn-emWv IYm-]m-X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-

f-f-Xv. IYm-]mX Xmc-X-ayw, thj ]—-∂X XpS-ßnb D]m-[n-Ifpw IYm-]m-

Xm-Jym-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v. AXn-am-\p-jcpw ]ucpj aq¿Øn-I-fp-amb

IYm-]m-X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ DNn-X-amb \nKq-Vm-Jym\w kn.-hn. kzoI-cn-

®n-´p-- v.

4:5:1. A]-K-Y\ coXnbpw \mS-Iob coXnbpw:˛

IYm]mX-ß-fpsS hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßfpw Dt±-iy-ßfpw t\cn v hnh-cn-

°p∂ A]-K-Y-\-co-Xnbpw ]mX-ßsf kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬°q-Snbpw Inb-I-fn¬

IqSnbpw kzbw shfn-®Øp hcm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ \mS-Iob coXnbpw [¿Ω-

cmPmbnse ]mXm-Jym-\-Øn¬ ImWmw. t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ an°-

hmdpw IYm-]m-X-ßsf BJym-Xmhv t\cn v h¿Æn-°p-∂p-- v. cwKØv hcp∂

BZy-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS kz`m-hw, hy‡n-Xzw, IY-bn-ep-ff ÿm\w

F∂nh kw`m-j-W-Øn-eqsS hywKy-ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw

t\cn-´p-ff h¿Æ\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ If-]m-t°m´ `h-\-Ønse

`rXy-\mb _me≥, ]`zn-bn¬ \n∂pw G‰ ]l-c-Øm¬ Prvw`n-X-\mbn ]d-bp∂

ZrV-hm-°p-Iƒ hf-cm≥ t]mIp∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ hy‡nXz kqN-\-bm-Wv.

_me≥ sh´p-sIm- £W-Øn¬ D®-ÿ-\mb cp[n-cs‚ sN¶-

\¬ ]` NnX-dp∂ apJ-tØm-Sp-IqSn Fgp-t∂‰p . . . . ""B ASn®

ssI \oWmƒ hmgs´! C∂v \n߃ Fs‚ Xe-bn¬ Ipfw

tXm- n ˛ \msf-sbmcp ImeØv ChnSw Xs∂ Ipfw-tIm-cn-t∏m-

Imw. F√m-Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n. F¥m-bmepw B X¶-

hmbv D∏p-\ocv IpSn®p t]mIpw. A∂p-]-dbmw tijw.35

]`p: (_m-e-t\m-Sv) "\o Ftßm´p t]mIp∂p A∏≥?'

]p≈n-∏-´m-f-Øn¬ tNcm≥ t]mWp. s]m∂p Xºp-cms\ tkhn-

®m¬ It- m-cpsS Imep-]n-Sn-t°-- -t√m.''

"Cu apdnhv \n\-s°-ßs\ In´n?

_me≥: ""\m°ns‚ s\dn-tI-Sp-sIm- p In´n.''

]`p : "sIm- -Xn\v Atßm v sImSp-°msX \o t]mt∂m?

\ns∂-°-- n v Hcp sdm°∏p≈n-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂-t√m.''

_me≥ : ""F¥p sNømw! X∂Xv s]‰-Ω-sb-t∏mse Hcp

s]¨]n-d-∂-h-cm-bn-t∏m-bn.''36

c- mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ DΩn-Wn-∏n-f-f-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv "A\m-

Y-_m-e\v' \os -gp-Øp-tZymKw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂ hnhcw \ap°v e`n-°p-

∂-Xv. aq∂mw A[y-b-Øn-emWv "tIi-h-]n-ff' F∂ t]cv ]cm-a¿in®p ImWp-

∂-Xv. Ig-°q-´Øv hI-bmb tamXncw AÆm-h-ø\v hn¬°-s∏´p F∂ hm¿Ø

]c∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬.

alm-cm-Pmhpw a¥n-amcpw kw`-a-tØm-Sp-IqSn Btem-N-\-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-SpsØ ]tXyI Xncp-hp-f-f-Øn\v ]mX-

amb \os´-gpØp tIi-h-]n≈ B AwKp-eo hnIn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v

]cym-tem-Nn®Xn¬ IrXn-a-sam∂pw ImWp-∂n-s√∂pw Cß-s\-bp-

ff kw`-hsØ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Kuc-h-ambn KWn®p F∂p

]pdØv hcp-∂Xv At\-K[m X¥-hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂pw Xncp-a-\--d-

bn-®p.

]n∂oSv "tIi-h≥' F∂ t]cv D®-cn-°p-∂Xv lco-]-©m-\\ kzman-I-fm-Wv.

hnime t\X-ßsf Xpdn®v AXn-`-b-¶c \mSy-tØm-Sp-IqSn "tIi-

h≥' F∂ \masØ D≤-cn®v ^q¬°m-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]pIsb

I^m-Zn-k-lnXw Xp∏p-∂p.37

tIi-h-]n-f-fbpw lcn-]-©m-\\pw XΩn-ep-ff IqSn-°m-gv®-bv°n-S-bn¬ ˛

lcn-]-©m-\≥ tIi-h-]n-f-fsb kao-]Øv hnfn®v ssI]n-Sn®v H-c-

\p-K-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn `kva-]-Zm\w sNbvXp. Cß-s\-bp-- mb

Ic-k-º¿°w ]c-kv]c hncp-≤m-flm-°ƒ t]mse A\m-ÿm-\p-`-

hsØ c- p-t]¿°p-ap-- m-°n. . .. C—m-`wK Imep-jyw-sIm- v

lcn-]-©m-\s‚ Z¥-\n-c-Iƒ XΩn¬ Dc-Ωn.''38

\os -gpØp tIi-h-]n-ff cmPm-hns‚ hniz-kvX-\m-sb∂pw IY-bn¬

Abmƒ°p-ff ÿm\w Fhn-sS-sb∂pw DΩn-Wn-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

hy‡-am-bn. tIi-h≥ F∂v D®-cn®v "Xp∏p-I'bpw lcn-]-©m-\≥ ]√p-Iƒ "Dc-

ΩpI'bpw sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bn-eqsS hncp-≤-i-‡n-I-fmb ˛ sshcn-I-fmb IYm-

]m-X-ß-fm-bmWv Ch¿ IY-bn¬ XpS-cp-∂Xv F∂v kqNn-∏n-°pIbmWv. IYm-

]m-X-ß-fpsS hy‡nXz kz`mh kqN-\-Iƒ DNnX kµ¿`-ß-fn-eqsS hy‡-

am°n IY-bn¬ Ah¿°p-ff ÿm\sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \mbI ]Xn-

\m-bI IYm-]m-X-߃ F∂p-]-d-bm-hp∂ i‡-cmb c- v ]mX-ß-sfbpw

hncp≤-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n¿Øn-sIm- v t\mh-enÃv \¬Ip∂ Cu kqN-\-Iƒ

t\mh-en-ep-S-\ofw G‰p-ap-´m≥ t]mIp∂ sshcn-I-fpsS ]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff

kqN-\-bm-Wv. CØcw kqN-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xn-\p-tijw amX-amWv IYm-]m-

XsØ t\cn v h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ tIi-h-]n-f-fsb H∂p-h¿Æn°mw; Ccp-]-Øn-

\m-temfw hb-p-ff Cu bphmhv am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pm-

hns‚ Hcp c- mw-]-Xn-∏mbn hnkvXn¿tÆm-∂X eem-S\pw D∂-X-

\m-k\pw knwl-t\-X\pw ]pjv°-e-kv°-‘\pw Zo¿L-_m-

lphpw Bbn-cp∂p F∂v tI´n-´p-- v. . . . Nµ-°m-d-s\-t∏mse

Cu bphmhpw a¥n-]-Z-]m-]vXn-hsc Hcp \mS-IsØ at\m-c-N\w

sNbvXn-´p-f-f-h-\m-bn-cp∂p . . . . Cu bphmhv _lp-÷-ss\-iz-cy-

Øn\v th- n kzPo-h-s\-Ø-s∂bpw -\n-›-e-a-\-tmsS XyPn-

∏m≥ k∂-≤-am-bn-cp∂ \mb¿ h¿§-Ønse Hcp cXv\-kvXw-`-hp-

am-bn-cp∂psh∂v Cu IYbv°v ]pdsa At\I km£y-ß-fp-- v.39

IYm-]m-X-Xm-c-X-ay-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv t\cn-´p-ff h¿Æ\ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. N¥-°m-d-

\p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sIm-- mWv tIi-h-]n-f-fsb h¿Æn-°p-∂-Xv. tIi-

h≥ Ip™ns\ h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ tIi-h-]n-f-f-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

A¥¿`m-h-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amb _mlym-Imcw Iev]n®p h¿Æn-

°p-I, ]mX-Øns‚ kml-N-cy-ßfpw e£y-ßfpw hnh-cn-°pI

XpS¿∂v h¿Ø-am\ \nan-j-ß-fn-te°v sIm- v h∂v kw`m-j-W-

Øn¬°q-Snbpw tNjvS-I-fn¬°q-Snbpw ]mX-kz-`mhw \mb-Io-S-

ambn A\m-hr-X-am-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. CXmWv kn.-hn.-bpsS

]mX-krjvSn kº-Zm-bw.40

[¿Ω-cmPmbpsS BZy-A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬Xs∂ ][m\ IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-sS-

sb√mw kqN-\-Iƒ kn.-hn. \¬Ip-∂p-- v. tIi-h-]n-f-f, lcn-]-©m-\≥, If-

]m-t°m- -Ø-ºn, ]S-Ø-e-h≥, Nµ-°m-d≥, amam-sh-¶n-S≥, Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn,

ao\m-£n, tIi-h≥ Ip™v XpS-ßn-b-h-scsb√mw t\cn-´p-ff h¿Æ-\-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-amb kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-- v.

4.5.2. thj-]-—-∂X

IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn\v kn.-hn. kzoI-cn-°p∂ ][m\ D]m-[n-I-fn¬

H∂mWv thj-]-—-∂-Xbpw Bƒam-dm- -hpw. aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-fn-sebpw IYm-L-S-

\-bn¬ \nKq-V-Xbpw k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw krjvSn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CØ-c-

Øn-ep-ff IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-am-Wv. IYm-K-Xn°v A\n-hm-cy-amb hyXn-bm-\-ß-

fp-- m-°m\pw IYm-L-S-\-bn¬ sshNnXyw hcp-Øp-hm\pw DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep-

ff ]mXm-Jym\ coXn-bm-bn-´mWv Bƒam-dm-´mhpw thjw amdepw kn.-hn.

kzoI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ωbn¬ A\-¥-]-Zva-\m-`≥ `m¥≥ Nm∂m-

\mbpw jwkq-Uo-\mbpw Bƒam-dm´pw \S-Øp-∂p. IYm-K-Xn°v am‰w hcp-Øp-

∂p. `m¥≥ Nm∂m-\mbn bph-cm-Pm-hns\ ]e-t∏mgpw B]-Øn¬ \n∂pw

c£n-°p-∂Xpw A\-¥-]-fl-\m-`-\m-Wv. kp`-Z-bpsS `¿Øm-hmWv _odmw-Jm-

\mbn A\-¥-]-Zva-\m-`s\ B]-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£n-°p-∂-Xv. bph-cm-Pmhpw

_m“-W-th-j-[m-cn-bmbn X¬°me Bƒam-dm´w \S-Øp-∂p.

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ thj-]-—-∂-X-bpsS aq¿Ø-cq-]-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv "lcn-]-©m-\≥'. cmP-iXp ]£-Øp-ff Ig-°q-´Øv

IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Xnhn-I-a≥, P\m¿±-\≥ F∂ Cc´ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv

lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-I-fmbn cmP-tZml ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. cmPy-

Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw P\-ßsf BI¿jn-°m\pw cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc IpSne

X¥-߃ sa\-bm-\p-ff G‰hpw \√ Bbp-[-am-bmWv "tbmKn' thjsØ Cu

IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ kn.-hn. Ah-tcm-[n-®p-´p-f-f-Xv. Imbn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb

Ne-\-ß-fnepw Hcp k\y-kn-bpsS ]Xn-_nw-_-ambn lcn-]-©m-\s\ am‰n-bn-´p-

- v. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ B IYm-]m-X-h-X-cWw kn. hn. \S-Øn-bn-´p-

- v.

B NXp-jv°p-WvU-ß-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ AXp-I-fpsS tXP:

]qRvPw aq¿Øo-`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Hcp tPymXn--jvam≥ Bim-]m-i-

hn-\n¿ap-‡\pw Xtam-l-¶mc hnc-ln-X\pw F∂p-ff \ne-bn¬

`Z-]o-T-Øn-t∑¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. hmamw-Kp-jvTm-KsØ Du∂n

aS-°n-sh-®n-´p-ff ]mZ-Øns‚ Dcp-hn-t∑¬ Z£n-W-]m-Zhpw AXn-

t∑¬ hma-l-kvXhpw ⁄m\-ap-Z-tbm-Sp-IqSn Z£n-W-l-kvXhpw

ÿm]n®v \a-ap-J-\mbn \m`nsb e£y-am-°n-bp-ff ÿnc-ho-£-

W-tØmSv IqSn cuZ-]` tbmKo-iz-c-\n¬ ]I¿∂p ImW-s∏-Sp-

∂p.''41

F∂n-ßs\ h¿Æn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tbmKo-iz-c-Kw-`ocyw B thj-Øn-\-IØv Hfn-

™n-cn-°p∂ bYm¿∞ apJsØ Bh-cWw sNøp∂ I]S k\ym-kn-bp-tS-Xm-

Wv. tbmKn-th-j-Øn-ep-ff ]hr-Ønbpw KqV-X-¥-ß-fp-amWv IY-bn-em-I-

am\w IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]ucp-jsØ t]mPz-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ Bƒam-dm´w \SØn IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ t\cnb hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-

- m-°p∂ as‰mcp IYm-]mXw thep-غn F∂ hr≤-kn-≤-\m-Wv.

lcn-]-©m-\s‚ kl-N-c-\mbn IY-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cbmƒ A\-¥-]-Zva-

\m-`≥ ]S-Ø-e-hs‚ aI-fpsS `¿Øm-hmb amt¶m-bn-°¬ sIm®p-°p-dp∏v F∂

thep-Ø-ºn-bm-Wv. Cbmƒ Xs∂-bmWv t\mh-en¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂ "]°o¿k'.

B ÿnXn-bn-en-cn-°p-tºmƒ BImih¿Æ-am-bp-ff Hcp sd´p-

ap- pw No´n-°p-∏m-b-hpw, tXmfn¬ Nph∂ Hcp Ddp-am-epw, Xe-

bn¬ ap…ow-sXm-∏nbpw [cn®v Duim-¥m-Sn-°p-Sp-abpw apWvUn-X-

amb incpw ta¬-®p-- p-ambn ]c-a-]-cn-Nbw \Sn®v s\Sp-Xmb

Hcp Im´p-hSn Du∂n-\-S-∂v, hen-sbmcp XpI¬k-©nbpw Xq°n,

BImi am\-ZWvUw t]mse Hcp alm-Im-b≥ tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS

apºn¬ ]th-in®v "…mw ]ps≈!'' F∂p ]d™p . . . .

]°o¿km F∂p hnfn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\pw Bbmsf ]q¿Æ-ambn

hniz-kn®p \S-∏m\pw Fgp-Øn¬ KpW-tZm-jn-®n-cp-∂p.'42

˛ Cßs\ alm-Ω-Zo-b-\mbn thjw sI´n-®n-cn-°p∂ Cbmƒ sNº-I-t»-cn-bn-

seØn \nP-ÿnXn a\-n-em-°n-b-tijw tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS klm-bn-bm-bn-am-

dp-I-bm-Wv. alm-cm-Pm-hn\pw ]S-Ø-e-h¿°pw tIi-h-]n-≈bv°pw lcn-]-©m-\-

\n¬ \n∂pw B]-sØm-∂p-ap-- m-ImsX t\m°p-∂Xv hr≤-kn-≤-\m-Wv. tIi-

h-]n-f-f-bpsS Bfl-an-X-am-bn, lcn-]-©m-\\ \o°-ßsf A∏-t∏mƒ Adn-bn-

°p-∂Xpw thep-Ø-ºn-bm-Wv. IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ sNdnb ÿm\w amXta Cu

IYm-]m-X-Øn-\p-≈q-sh-¶nepw Bƒam-dm´ ]mX-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ aß-teev°m

Ø coXn-bn¬ BJym\w sNøm≥ kn.-hn.°v Ign-™n-´p-- v. kµ¿`Øn\pw

kml-N-cy-Øn\pw A\p-kr-X-ambn Xm¬°m-enI thj-]-—-∂-Xbpw Bƒam-dm-

´hpw "[¿Ω-cmPm'bn¬ D- v. bph-cm-Pmhpw tIi-h-]n-f-fbpw thjw amdn ]e

kµ¿`-ß-fn-embn IY-bn¬ ]Xy-£-]-s]-Sp-∂p-- v.

Bƒam-dm´ coXn-bn-ep-ff IYm-]m-Xm-h-X-cWw cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqdnseØp-

tºm-tg°pw IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-hp-∂p. Imfn-]-`m-h-`- -\mbpw amWn-°-Ku-

WvV-\mbpw IYm-K-Xnsb hyXn-N-en-∏n-°p∂ Nµ-°md≥,

]d-∏m- v F∂ t]cn¬ IpSne X¥-߃ sa\-bp∂ s]cn-©-t°m-S≥, hymP

APn-X-knw-l≥ F∂o IYm-]m-X-߃ thj]-—-∂-Xbv°v anI® ZrjvSm-¥-ß-

fm-Wv.

IY-bn¬ kw`-h-ßsf IqSp-X¬ Zpcq-l-am-°m\pw \nKq-V-am-°m\pw kn.-

hn. Is- -Ønb Hcp am¿§-amWv Cu coXn-bn-ep-ff ]mXm-h-X-c-Ww. A¤p-X-

߃ krjvSn-°pI k¶o¿ÆX ssIh-cp-ØpI H∏w hmkvX-h-t_m-[sØ

ambn-I-am°n Xo¿°pI F∂n-h-sbms° Cu coXn-bn-eqsS kn.-hn.-ssI-h-cn®

t\ -ß-fm-Wv.

4.5.3. ]ucp-j-aq¿Øn-Iƒ ˛ B¿°n-ssS-∏p-I-fpsS ]p\-:krjvSn

AXn-am-\p-jcpw Akm-[m-c-W-cp-amb ]ucp-j-aq¿Øn-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-i-≤-A¿ln-°p∂XmWv.

t\mh-ense \mbI ]Xn-\m-bI k¶-ev]-Øn¬ ]Xn-\m-bI ]£Øp

\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-sf-bmWv kn.-hn. Cßs\ NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. a\p-

jy-mXo-X-amb i‡n-hn-ti-j-ß-tfmsS \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Cu IYm-]m-X-߃

IY-bn¬ BZy¥ thj-°m-cm-Wv. N¥-°m-d≥, lcn-]-©m-\≥ XpS-ßnb

IYm-]m-X-ß-sf-bmWv CØcw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS kn.-hn. A\-iz-c-am°n

Xo¿Ø-Xv.

IØn-th-j-°m-cmb ]Xn \mb-I-∑m¿ "BZy-h-km\' thj-ß-

fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p∂ IY-I-fn-bnse \mb-I-k-¶-ev]hpw C°m-cy-

Øn¬ kn.-hn.sb kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-- v.43

F∂v tUm. ]n. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ A`n-]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-- v.

t\mh-en¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ Akm-[m-cW IYm-]m-X-amb Nµ-°m-

c≥ cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬ a\p-tjy-X-c-amb ]IrXw Imgv®-sh-°p-∂p. ]Xy£ coXn-

bn¬ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Zo¿L-h¿Æ\ BJym-Xmhv \S-Øp-∂p.

Cu \h-e-¶m-\m-Ys‚ CwKn-XsØ XnIm-e-⁄m-\-i-‡n-sIm- p

[cn-®n-s -∂-t]mse A\-\y-km-[m-c-W-amb amXr-I-bn¬Øs∂

At±-lsØ _“mhp \n¿ΩmWw sNbvXp. Ccp-t°m¬ hn -ap-

ff Hcp sh≈-In¬ tKmf-Øn¬ \n∂p inev]-hn-Z-Kv≤s‚ IrXna

Ic-Iu-i-ew-sIm- p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ B cq]sØ AwKw-]-Xn-]-cn-

tim-[n-®mepw an°-Xns‚ krjvSn-bnepw tKmf-[¿Ωw -hn-kvar-X-am-

ImsX Xs∂ cq]-\n¿ΩmWw \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p sh∂p

ImWmw. hnkvXr-X-e-em-S-\-Øn\v ]pd-sIm-´p-ff Ncnhpw sXfp-sX-

fp∏pw, t\X-K¿Ø-ß-fn¬ \n∂v D¥n-\n¬°p∂ h -°-Æp-I-

fpsS aWn-Iƒ°p-ff ]nwK-e-Xbpw Nncn-°p-tºmƒ I¿Æ-ßsf

F®n-em-°p∂ hmbpsS ssZ¿Lyhpw . . . . "]mco-se-s∂-bn-∂m-

cdn-bm-X-h¿' F∂p tNmZyw sNøp∂ Xe-sb-Sp∏pw; hZ-\m-WvUw-

sIm- v BImi ]X-Øn¬ hrØ-te-J\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬

A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p-ff D∑-Ø-Xbpw Iq´n-t®¿Øm¬, B Aam-\p-

js‚ BIr-Xnbpw ]Ir-Xnbpw Hcp hn[w Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv.''44

A\-\y-km-[m-cW cq]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb AXn-am-\pj ]Ir-XsØ "Zi-Ko-h-e-¶m-

\mY's‚ IØn-th-j-am-bn-´mWv NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ig-°q-´Øv hI-bmb

\n[n-em-`-tam-lhpw a¥n-]Z taml-hp-ambn°gn-bp∂ Nµ-°m-cs\ hf¿®bpw

]cn-Wm-a-hp-ap-ff hnI-knX IYm-]mX (Round Character) ambmWv t\mh-enÃv

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Zpc-¥-\m-b-Is‚ ]cn-th-j-ap-ff Cu IYm-]m-X-Øns‚

Aam-\p-j-]-Ir-Xnsb Bkpc cq]-I-߃ sIm- mWv kn.-hn. ]e-t∏mgpw kZr-

i-I-ev]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. N¥-°m-c-a-ln-jm-kp-c≥, IpWvtUm-Z-c≥, ]nwK-

f¿j-`≥ iss\-iz-c≥, ss]im-N-Iqfn XpS-ßnb IncmX aq¿Øn-I-fp-am-bmWv

Nµ-°m-d\v kmayw. cm£-k-ti-jvT-\mb cmh-W-t\m-SmWv B]m-Z-NqVw Nµ-

°m-ds‚ cq]-`m-h-ßsf t\mh-enÃv GIo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-Xv. Bkp-c-cq-

]hpw i_vZhpw i‡n-bp-ap-ff Nµ-°m-ds\ `b∂v B ]tZ-iØv Im°-

t]mepw Ic-bm-dn-s√∂v AXyp‡n Nµ-°m-ds‚ [m¿jvSysØ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p.

Xm≥t]m-cn-abpw Dd-®-a-\-p-ap-ff Nµ-°m-d≥ kz¥w BKl km[y-

Øn-\mbn GXv Iqc-Xbpw ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Ig-°q-´Øv \n[n

ssI°-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-L- -Øn¬ Ip∏-»msc Xe-bv°-Sn®v sIm√p-∂p.

ao\m-£nbpw Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ωbpw Xs‚ CjvS-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \n¬°p-

∂n-s√∂v Adn-bp-tºmƒ Ah-tcmSv tami-ambn s]cp-am-dp-∂p. kz¥w `mcy-

tbmSpw aI-tfmSpw A[n-Imc `mh-Øn¬ amX-amWv Abmƒ s]cp-am-dp-∂-Xv.

"ASp-°-f°v Ae-¶mc'ambn amXw `mcy-sbbpw aI-sfbpw ImWp∂ Abm-sf-

°p-dn®v Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ `mcy-Nn-¥n-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv.

km]-Xv\y-Zp-cnXw A\p-`-hn-t°-- n-h-∂m-epw, Cu Hmtcm-bm-

Xbpw B]vX-hn-P-b-ambn ]cn-W-an-®v, `¿Øm-hns‚ lrZbw a\p-

jym¿Z-am-Is´ F∂v ]mN-I-imem ]c-ssZ-h-amb Nµ-°m-cn, B

Ipeo-\-bpsS HmP-iq-\y-am-°-s∏´ BflmhvsIm- v ]m¿∞n-®p.45

ao\m-£n-bpsS kz¿§ob kuµ-cy-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn Nµ-°m-d≥ CS-

bv°nsS a¥-°q-SØv kµ¿in-°p∂ kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Nµ-°m-d-]Xv\n C]-

Imcw Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcn‰v kvt\lwt]mepw kz¥w IpSpw-_-tØmSv ImWn-

°mØ Nµ-°md ]Ir-X-amWv Cu hm°p-I-fn-eqsS kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ \∑-bp-sSbpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw IWnI C√mØ IYm-]mXw F∂v

Nµ-°m-d-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. acp-a-I-\mb tIi-h≥Ip-™n-t\mSv

Abmƒ°p-ff kvt\lhpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw Abm-fpsS D≈nse as‰mcp a\p-

jys\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tIi-h≥ Ip™n-t\m-Sp-ff Abm-fpsS kvt\lw

hf¿∂v hf¿∂v Bfl-Xym-K-tam-f-sa-Øp-∂p. cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq-dn¬ kz¥w Poh≥

XyPn-®p-sIm- v tIi-h≥ Ip™ns‚ aI-fmb kmhn-Xnsb sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬

\n∂pw c£n-°p-∂Xv Nµ-°m-d-\m-Wv. hf¿∂p-sIm-- n-cn-°p∂ Cu IYm-]m-

XsØ k¶o¿Æ-amb at\m-L-S-\-bp-ff ]q¿Æ-I-Ym-]m-X-am-bmWv kn.-hn.

NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hmØ at\m-L-S-\-tbmSv IqSnb

Cu IYm-]mXw [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ hf¿®-bpsS L -Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ A¿≤-hn-

I-knX IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ hnImkw cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqdnseØp-

tºm-tg°pw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. Nµ-°m-ds‚ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-ff ]hr-Øn-Iƒ,

A`n-]m-b-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv Kp]vX-amb ZznXob ]Ir-Xnsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xv.

lcn-]-©m-\≥ ]SØ-e-hs\ \nK-ln-°m-\mbn hnj-ap-\-°Tmcn Nµ-

°m-d\v kΩm-\n-®-t∏m-gp-ff Nµ-°m-ds‚ ]Xn-I-cWw t\m°p-I.

Nµ-°m-d≥: (ITm-cnsb hmßn-°m-sX) Rß°v AsØm-gn-en√

kzman. t\¿I-Øn, Ipdp-¥-Sn, Ih-W-°-√v, Ah-t\m-ss¶øv ˛

Ch-sIm- p hømØ Imcyw tht- ths- ∂p ht®-°mw. Ah-

t\m‚p≈w Ah-t\m-\v, c- mw ]‰n\p NpΩmSp sI´m-\-s°m- v

as‰m-≈-h≥ IÆpw NØp \S-°p-Wq∂p kzman s\\-bv°-cp-Xv.

B Nh-Øn-s\∂p XS-hn-b∏w DΩn-Wn-bS Isø-gp-tØm-e-sIm-- n-

´Xv Fh≥ I- n-s√t∂m kzmao? s]m√m-∏n\p s]m√m∏v, tImfn-

\p-tIm-fv, t]mcn\v t]mcv Nµ-°m-d≥ F√m-Øn\pw Bfp-X-s∂.

Ah-t\ms‚ hgn-am-Ødw Ah-t\m-\v. s]mcpfv Nµ-°m-d≥

sIm- -cpw. ]nSn-∏Xv CuSp I- m¬ AXns‚ Afhpw Xcpw.

Cs√-¶nev ˛ A∂pw C∂pw sNm√p-∂Xv, Nne-ºn-t\Øp Nµ-°m-

d≥ Imfn-D-S-bm≥ t]¿ H∂v ˛ c- √!.''46

˛ ChnsS iXp ]£-Øp-f-f-hsc \nK-ln-°m≥ NXn-bpsS hgn kzo-I-cn-°n-

s√∂ Xm≥t]m-cn-a-bpw, cmP-k-]-`m-hhpw shfn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. H∏w lcn-]-©m-

\s‚ F√m NmW-Iy-kq-X-ß-sfbpw kq£-va-\n-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Xncn-®-dn-

bp∂ Ipim-K-_p-≤n-bmWv Nµ-°m-d≥ F∂pw Cu kw`m-jWw [z\n-∏n-°p-

∂p.

Nµ-°m-ds‚ hy‡n-Xzw, ]ucp-jw, F∂nh ]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

c- vaq∂v kw`m-j-W-߃ kn.-hn. Hcp-°n-bn-´p- v lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-sb-°p-

dn®v DΩn-Wn-∏n≈ h∂p-]-d-bp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ Nµ-°m-d≥ ]d-bp∂ hm°p-

Iƒ C]-Im-c-am-Wv.

Nµ-°m-d≥ : (]-km-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn) ""s]sÆ-s¥Sm ]ns©-¥Sm

BWm-bn-∏n-d-∂m¬ Hcp H‰ s]cp-¶-sø-¶nepw t\m°-Ww.

A√m- v ]ndhn F¥n\v? Dbn-sc-¥n\v?

. . . . \ns‚ Nmansb hn´qSm! sIm- m ChnsS B Ibw Nq∂

Ccp-f-s\, Rms\m∂p ImWs´! Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv c- p-Im-en-se-

¶nepw \nbv°tWm? ^cn-∏m≥ BWp-ßfp thWw.

Nµ-°m-d≥: ". . . BWp-ß-fn-√mØ sImd; hey-sImd; Ig-°q- -

°-fn-cn-bn-se-t∏mse Nne ]nf-fcp thWw I- p-sh-®n-´p-- v. . . .

Nne-ºn-t\Øv Nµ-°m-c≥ `cn-®m¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv `cp-tam-

sWm∂v t\m°n-°-fbmw.47

Nµ-°m-d≥ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]ucp-jhpw Xm≥t]m-cn-abpw hyXn-cn-

‡Xbpw hy‡-am-°p∂ kµ¿ß-fmWnh. kz¥w CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃°v th- n

F¥v Iqc-Xbpw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Nµ-°m-d≥ as‰m-cm-fpsS D]-I-c-W-am-bn-Øo-

cm≥ Iq´m-°p-∂n-√. Imcy-km-[y-Øn-\p-th- n Btcbpw Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-sa-¶nepw

Xs‚ hgn-Xm≥Xs∂ \n›-bn-°p-sa∂pw Ah-\-hs‚ hy‡nXzw If-™p-

sIm- v H∂n\pw Xøm-d√ F∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ kn.-

hn. ]pe¿Ønb khn-ti-jX Nµ-°m-ds‚ Cu kzm`mh \n¿W-b-Øn¬ ]I-S-

am-Wv. sImSpw-Iq-c-s\∂p apZ-Ip-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\nepw a\p-jy-a-\-n¬ kzX-kn-

≤-am-bp-ff \∑-bpsS Inc-W-߃ DNnX kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ sXfn-™p-h-cp∂p

F∂ a-\p-jy-Z¿i-\-amWv Cu k¶o¿Æ-kr-jvSn-bn-eqsS kn.-hn. shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xv.

IY-bn¬ BI-am\w hym]n®p InS∂ Cu IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ A¥yw

Hcp D∑m-Zm-h-ÿ-bn-emWv kn.-hn. NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Ig-°q-´Øv \n[n \jvS-

am-sb-∂pw, acp-a-I-\mb tIi-h-\p-Æn-Øms\ lcn-]-©m-\≥ h[n®p F∂pw

Icp-Xnb Nµ-°m-c≥ Bkp-c-aq¿Øn-bpsS D∑m-Z-\rØw Nhp´n Ccp-fn¬ adb-

∂-Xm-bmWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv.

ih-`q‡n k¥p-jvSn-sIm- v bp≤-`q-an-bn¬ \rØw sNøp∂

ss]im-N-Iq-fn-sb-t∏mse Abmƒ s]m´n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""FSm

Ccpfm! hngpßv hm Xpd-∂v, Cu samÆ-b-s\, \ob-√m-- v, Ime-

ta-Xv, Jen-tb-Xv, Din-cp-S-tbm≥ Ime\pw \o X∂Sm ]S-®-s]m-

cptf \ob-√m-- v, Ime-ta-Xv, Jen-tb-Xv, Din-cp-S-tbm≥ Ime\pw

\o X∂Sm ]S-®-s]m-cptf! . . . . Icpw Iqcn-cp-tf, \otb s\Sp-

sLXn!48

˛ F∂n-ßs\ BtIm-in-®p-sIm- v Ccp-fn¬ ad-bp∂ Nµ-°m-d-s\-bmWv Ah-

km-\-`m-KØv ImWp-∂-Xv. AtXmsS Nµ-°m-c≥ IY-bn¬\n∂pw \njvI-an-

°p-∂p. km[m-cW a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂pw hyXn-cn-‡-amb am\p-jy-I-tØmSv

IqSnb Cu IYm-]m-X-krjvSn kn.-hn.-bn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂ CXn-lmk

kwkv°m-csØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fnse Aam-\p-jnI

i‡n-bpsS ]p\:krjvSn-bm-bn-´mWv Nµ-°m-ds\ ImtW-- -Xv. Nµ-°m-ds\

cmh-Ws‚ ]Xn-_nw-_-ambn ImWp-Ibpw "Nne-ºn-t\Øv' "c- mw e¶'bmbn

]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ cmam-bW IYm-Jym-\-Ønse Aam-\pj cq]-

Øns‚ ]p\¿hym-Jym\w \S-ØpIbmWv. DK-]-Xm-]n-bmb cmh-W≥ cq]-`m-h-

ß-fn¬ cmh-WXzw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Abm-fpsS D≈nepw \∑-bpsS

Inc-W-߃, Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p- v CXn-lm-k-Im-c≥. AtX am\w Xs∂-

bmWv Nµ-°md krjvSn-bnepw kn.-hn. Ah-ew-_n-®-Xv.

AXn-am-\p-jn-I-`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ as‰mcp

IYm-]mXw lcn-]-©m-\-\m-Wv. lcn-]-©m-\\ h¿Æ-\-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]pcm-hr-Ø-

ßfpw ]pcmW _nw_-ßfpw \nd™p \n¬°p-∂p.

. . . . kXo-Z-l-\m-\-¥cw km£m¬ hma-tZ-h≥ A\p-jvTn®

Zo¿L-tbm-K-Øns‚ cuZ-]` Cu tbmKo-iz-c-\n¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn

]I¿∂p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. _m“w, B¿jw, £mXw, F∂o

[¿Ω-߃ kv^pS-ambn kv^pcn-°p∂ B BImcw AXp-I-fpsS

kwK-a-am-lm-flyw-sIm- v XnthWn amlm-fly-sØbpw A[:Icn-

°p∂p . . . . t\X-߃, B ]pcp-j-\n¬ hma-tZ-h-Xzhpw Ima-tZ-

h-Xzhpw Ime-[¿Ωm-\p-km-c-ambn IrXn-a-k-¶-e\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-

∂-Xns‚ kqN-I-ß-fmbn hnf-ßp-∂p. . . . £Xn-bm-¥-I-\mb

`m¿§-h-cm-as‚ Kmw`o-cy-tØm-Sq-Iq-Snb inc-›-e-\-߃ sNbvXv

A\p-hm-Z-kq-N-I-߃ Acp-fp∂ B alm\p-`m-h≥ £Xn-b-Ip-e-

kw-c-£-I-\mb cLp-cm-a-_m-es‚ im¥ arZpe kzc-Øn-emWv

hmNmI-ev]-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv.49

lcn-]-©m-\≥ F∂ ]Xn-\m-bI IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Zo¿L-h¿Æ\

tbmKo-th-j-Øn-\p-≈nse ]mX-kz-`m-h-tØbpw ]Ir-X-tØbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fnse Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v Xpey-amb IYm-]m-

X-ß-fmWv lcn-]-©m-\-∑m¿. DK-Xbpw im¥-Xbpw ho£n-°p∂ Cu IYm-

]m-X-Zzµw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-tfbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-

bpsS NnXo-I-c-W-amWv50 F∂v tUm. hn.-th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥.

lcn-]-©m-\\ Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ kn.-hn. D]-tbm-Kn® ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃

]pcm-W-Ønse kXo-Z-l-\hpw inhs‚ ]Xn-Imc \n¿∆-l-W-hp-am-Wv. tbmKo-

bn¬ ad-™n-cn-°p∂ ]Xn-Imc e£yhpw Iqc-Xbpw IpSn-e-Xbpw [z\n-∏n-

°m≥ Ign-hp-ff Iev]-\-bmWv "hma-tZ-hXzw' F∂-Xv. "Ima-tZ-hXzw' im¥-

\nse efn-X-amb NnØm-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. Ah-Xm-c-t`-Z-߃

amX-amb `m¿§-h-cm-as‚bpw cLp-cm-a-s‚bpw ]Xn-cq-]-amWv DK-im-¥-l-cn-]-

©m-\-∑m¿ F∂p-f-f-Xv. DK-im-¥-∑m¿ c- p-t]-cm-sW-¶nepw a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-

bpsS `n∂-`m-h-߃ amX-am-sW∂v [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.

Xnhn-I-a≥, P\m¿±-\≥ F∂ Cc- -k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv kzman-th-j-

Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ lcn-]-©m-\-∑m¿. DK≥, im¥≥ F∂ t]tcm-Sp-IqSn

Ch¿t]cp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]Ir-X-Øn¬ Hcmƒ DK\pw at‰-bmƒ im¥-\p-am-Wv.

IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]Xy-£-s]-Sp-∂Xpw cmP-tZm-l-]-c-amb IpSn-e-X-¥-߃

Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂Xpw DK-l-cn-]-©m-\-\m-Wv. cmPm-hn\pw tIi-h-]n-f-fbv°pw,

]S-Ø-e-h-\p-sa-Xnsc Hmtcm X¥-߃ sa\-bp∂ DKs\ Iucy\pw \njv°-cp-

W-\p-am-bmWv kn.-hn. NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. F∂m¬ kzman-th-j-Øn¬ \m´p-Im-

scbpw ]am-Wn-I-sfbpw hio-I-cn-°m\pw Xs‚ ]m´n-em-°m\pw Abmƒ°v

Ign-bp-∂p. kzman-th-j-Øn¬ Abm-fpsS Iucyw ad-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ cmP-ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\v hX-sa-SpØ ]Xn-Im-c-Zm-lnbpw F¥v

]m]w sNøm\pw aSn-°mØ DK-]-Xm-]n-bp-amb lcn-]-©m-\s‚ \bw CXm-

Wv.

knwlm-k-\-߃, Inco-S-߃, DS-hm-fp-Iƒ ˛ CXp-Iƒ [¿Ω-im-e-

I-fn¬ Zm\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n√; hr£-ß-fn¬ Imbv°p-∂n√; ag-

tbmSpw at™mSpw h¿jn-°p-∂n√v; `qJ-\\w sNbvXmepw In´p-I-

bn√; Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ hnev°-s∏-S-∂p-an√; AXn-\m¬ ssieq-I-ap-

Ine ]`r-Xn-I-fpsS \bsØ XpS¿∂v sIm∂pw sh∂pw Xosh®p

apSn®pw Ahsb t\S-Ww.51

GXv am¿t§-\bpw A[n-Imcw ssI°-em-°pI F∂ \bw Cu hm°p-I-fn-eqsS

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. iXp-hns\ l\n-®p-sIm- v t\tS-- Xv t\SpI F∂ £mX-

ho-cyw-X-s∂-bmWv lcn-]-©m-\≥ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ ]Xn-⁄bv°v

ewL\w kw`-hn® \nan-j-Øn-emWv ˛ I]-S-X-sb√mw shfn-hmb kµ¿`-Øn-

emWv Abmƒ b⁄-im-ebv°v XosIm-fpØn Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂-Xv.

lcn-]-©m-\\ krjvSn-bn-emWv a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚ G‰hpw k¶o¿Æ-amb

`mhsØ kn.-hn. Ah-tcm-[n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚ ka-kvX-`m-h-ßfpw

]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kp-\n-›n-X-a-√m-Ø, \n¿Wb-Øn\v C-S-X-cmØ k¶o¿Æ-I-Ym-

]m-X-am-W-bmƒ. IY-bpsS Bcw`w apX¬ Ah-km-\w-hsc Htc coXn-bn¬

\n¬°p-∂ Cu IYm-]mXw ^vfm‰v F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. AØcw

IYm-]m-X-ß-fnse k¶o¿Æ krjvSn-bm-Wv. cq]-Øn¬ kZr-i-cmb Cc´

ktlm-Z-c-ßsf krjvSn®v a\p-jys‚ `n∂-`m-h-ßsf Htc kabw ]I-So-I-cn-

°p-∂p. DK-l-cn-]-©m-\≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZiØpw im¥≥ ]mWvUy-tZ-i-

ØpamWv cmPm-hn-s\-Xnscbpff D]-Pm-]-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu c- v IYm-]m-

X-sØbpw Htc kµ¿`-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-cm°n kw`-h-߃ k¶o¿Æ-am-°p-∂n-

√. c- p-t]cpw Hcp-an®v shfn-s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿`-Øn-em-Is´ Hcmƒ Ak¬-

Ombbpw as‰-bmƒ "]Xn-—m-bbpw amX-ambn amdp-∂p. AXm-bXv Htc cq]-

Øns‚ `n∂-`m-h-߃ amX-am-Wv. a\p-jy-\nse \∑-bp-sSbpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpw

aq¿Ø-cq-]-ß-fpsS ]Xo-Im-flI NnXo-I-c-W-amWv Cu c- pkrjvSn-bpw. \∑-

bp-sSbpw a\p-jym¿Z-X-bp-sSbpw ]Xy-£o-I-c-W-amWv im¥lcn-]-©m-\≥.

F∂m¬ t\¿hn-]-coX ]Ir-X-Øn-\p-S-a-bmb DK≥ a\p-jy-\nse ]I-bp-sSbpw

hntZz-j-Øn-s‚bpw Iucy-Øn-s‚bpw Nn”-ambn amdp-∂p. Zbm Zm£n-Wy-

߃ H´pw Xs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-°mØ B IYm-]mXw a\p-jys‚ F°m-e-

sØbpw ]m]-Nn-¥-I-fpsS BIm-c-am-Wv.

Cßs\ Iucyw-\n-d™ Cu IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ AKm[ a\-nse

B¿Z-Xsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kµ¿`hpw kn.-hn. Hcp-°n-bn-´p-- v. CØ-c-Øn¬

a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb kvt\l-hnIm-c-Øns‚ IW-߃ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ kn.-

hn. apXn-cp-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ am\p-jnI Z¿i-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-

- mWv DK-l-cn-]-©m-\\pw Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-bp-am-bp-ff IqSn-°mgv®

Hcp-°p-Ibpw amXr-k-a-£-Øn¬ hnIm-c-hm-bvt]msS \n¬°p-Ibw sNøp∂

lcn-]-©m-\s\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Iqc-X-bpsS ]I-S-cq-]-am-sW-¶nepw a\p-

jy-a-\-n¬ AW-bmsX \n¬°p∂ amXr-kvt\-l-Ø-neqsS Abm-fpsS D≈n¬

Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ a\p-jy-\∑ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv kn.-hn. ao\m-£n-sb-

°p-dn®v DΩn-Wn-∏n-f-fbpw Nµ-°m-d\pw ]d-bp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Ahsf kwc-

£n-t°- Npa-X-e-mt_m-[-tØmsS lcn-]-©m-\≥ kwkm-cn-°p-∂p-- v. Xo£-

W-amb IpSpw-_-kvt\lw Abm-fn¬ A¥¿eo-\-ambn InS-°p-∂p-- v. B

IpSpw_ kvt\l-Øn¬ \n∂p-X-s∂-bmWv Hcp Xc-Øn¬ Abm-fpsS D≈n¬

]I-bp-sSbpw Iqc-X-bp-sSbpw hnj-_oPw apf-®-Xv. F´p-ho-´n¬ ]n≈-am-tcmSv

am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω Im´nb Iqc-X-bn¬ kz¥w IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-- mb

XI¿®bpw \mi-hp-amWv Abm-fpsS D≈nse £mX-ho-cysØ DW¿Øn-bXv

F∂p-]-d-bmw. a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚ k¶o¿Æ-X-esØ C]-Imcw IYm-]m-X-

Øns‚ ]Xy-£-Kp-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ZanX hnIm-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw A\m-h-cWw

sNøm-\mWv kn.-hn. ian-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb B¿°n-ssS-∏p-Isf

kn.-hn. Is- -Øp-∂p.

Nµ-°m-d≥, lcn-]-©m-\≥ F∂n-hcpsS krjvSn-bn-eqsS £mX-ho-cy-

Øns‚ `n∂-ap-J-߃ ]I-S-am-°p-I-bmWv t\mh-enÃv F∂p-]-d-bmw. t\¿°p-

t\-sc-bp-ff s]mcp-X¬, iXp-hns\ t\cmb am¿§-Øn-eqsS FXn-cn-SpI F∂

[¿ΩsØ ]men-°p-∂-h-\mWv Nµ-°m-d≥. lcn-]-©m-\\m-hs´ _p≤nsb

Bbp-[-am°n GXv am¿§-Øn-eq-sSbpw iXp-hns\ \nl-\n-°p-∂-£-Xn-bs‚

]Xn-cq-]-am-Wv. NmW-Iys‚ Ipim-K-_p-≤n-bmWv Abm-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-

Xv. Xm≥ sNbvX ]Xn-⁄-tbmSv \qdp-i-X-am\w Iqdp-]m-en-°p∂ ]ucpjw

Abmƒ°v apX¬°q-´m-bn-´p-- v. £Xn-bs‚ [¿Ωn-jvT-X-bmb B ]ucp-

jsØ F¥v hne-sIm-SpØpw ]men-°m-\mWv Abmƒ ian-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚

Du¿÷hpw i‡nbpw sIm- v iXp-[zw-k-I-\mbn e£yw t\Sp∂ £mX-ho-

cy-Øns‚ ]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn lcn-]-©m-\s\ ImWmw. AXp-sIm-- mWv Abm-

fpsS h¿Æ-\-bn¬ "hma-tZ-h-\mb `m¿§-h-cm-a's‚ ]Xn-_nw_w kn.-hn. krjvSn-

®n´p-f-f-Xv. Aßs\ AXn-am-\p-j-cmb ]ucp-j-aq¿Øn-I-fmb IYm-]m-X-߃

B¿°n-ssS-∏p-I-fpsS ]p\:krjvSn-bmbn amdp-∂p. Hcp kµ¿`Øn¬ Aiz-∞-

amhv F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-- v. alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ Xocm-]-I-bpsS aq¿Ø-cq-]-

amWv Aiz-∞m-am-hv. lcn-]-©m-\\nepw HSp-ßmØ ]I kn.-hn. Btcm-]n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ CXn-lm-k-Ønse B ]ucm-WnI _nw_-Øns‚

]p\:krjvSn-bmbn lcn-]-©m-\≥ amdp-∂p.

4.5.4. \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS aq¿Ø cq]-߃

IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ kn.-hn. ssIs°m-- -am-\-ZWvUw a\p-jy-\nse

\∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS hyh-t—-Z-\-am-Wv. \∑-bpsS aq¿Ø-cq-]-ß-fmb IYm-]m-X-

߃°mWv kn.-hn.-bpsS BJym-bn-I-I-fn¬ Ft∏mgpw BXy-¥nI hnPbw

In´p-∂-Xv. [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ cmP-`-IvXn-sIm- pw a-\pjy\∑-sIm- pw D∂-X-\m-

bn-Xo-cp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv tIi-h-]n-f-f. [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw tIi-h-

]nffsbbpw "kKpW' IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-bn-´mWv kn.-hn. NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.

Cu IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-hs´ efnX a\-kv°cpw ]q¿Æ-X-bp-f-f-h-cp-am-Wv. `rXy-

\mb _me-\n¬ \n∂pw kºXn tIi-h-\n¬ FØn-\n¬°p∂ tIi-h-]n-ff

"hnI-knX' IYm-]mXamWv. B IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-hn-Imkw "cma-cm-P-_-

l-Zq-dn-emWv ImWp-∂-Xv.

cmP-]-£-Øns‚ Pbw Imw£n-°p∂ kn.-hn. cmP-]-£-Øp-f-f-hsc

[m¿Ωn-Icpw \∑-bp-f-f-hcpw B \∑-bm¬ D∂-X-ÿm-\-Øn-\¿l-cm-Ip-∂-hcm-

bp-amWv NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. kn.-hn.-bpsS cmP-t]aw kzk-ap-Zmb t]aw

F∂nh shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bmWv tIi-h-]n-f-f. cmPm-tI-i-h-

Zm-ks‚ ]p\:krjvSn°v ]qcm-W-_nw-_-ß-sf-sbm∂pw kzoI-cn-°msX Pzen®p

\n¬°p∂ hoc-\mb \mb¿]-`p-hm-bn-Xs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv.

Nne kw`m-jW kµ¿`-ß-fn¬IqSn tIi-h≥ F∂ _mes‚ hocyw

shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb t\mh-enÃv BZy A[ym-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ -

£m-X-a-\-ns\ `wKy-¥-tcW kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. sIm´m-c-Øn-\-cn-sI-bp-ff tIm -

bv°-IØv \n∂v ]´m-f-ß-fpsS ]S-l-Im-l-f-i_vZw tI v B Zn°n-te°v \S-

°p∂ _me-s\-°p-dn®v BJym-Xmhv Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂p.

\n¿÷o-h-cm-in-Iƒ°pw Poh-ssN-X-\ysØ Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xmb

tbmKo-iz-c-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ hnc-k-\mb _me\v Kw`o-c-amb

ssk\nI hmZym-chw kzmc-ky-`q-bn-jvT-amb kc-f-kw-Ko-X-sa-∂v

tXm∂n; Ahs‚ Dt∑-jw -h-f¿∂v "k¥m-]-\m-i-Icmb \tam-\a'

F∂v ]mcm-b-WsØ apdp-°n-sIm- v _me≥ tIm -bpsS ]›n-a-

Zzm-c-Øn-te°p kµ¿`-bp-‡-amb Kmw`o-cy-tØmSp D’m-l-tØm

Spw \S∂p XpS-ßn.52

˛ F∂n-ßs\ IYm-]mX a\v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. tbmKo-izc kwKo-X-Øn¬

hnc-k-X-bpw, ssk\nI Iml-f-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Xzhpw Cu _me\v A\p-`-h-s∏- -

Xmbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xn∑-tbm-Sp-ff kl-P-amb AI¬®-bpw, \∑-tbm-Sp-

ff kzX:kn≤-amb B`n-ap-Jyhpw P∑-kn-≤-am-bn-Øs∂ B _me-\n¬ \nd-

™p-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn kn.-hn. [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-ff kw`m-jW kµ¿`-

ß-fnepw a‰v IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ff hyXn-cn-‡X hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS c- mw ]Xn-∏mbn ImWp∂ "Cu bphmhv bp≤-Øn¬

amXw im¿±q-e-a\pw cmP -k-ap-Zmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]ca Imcp-Wn-I\pw Bbn-

cp∂' "\mb¿ h¿§-Ønse cXv\-kvXw`'amsW∂v BJym-Xmhv ]Xy-£-co-Xn-

bn¬ h¿Æn-°p-∂p-ap-- v.

\∑-bp-sSbpw [¿Ω-Øn-s‚bpw ]£Øv \ne-bp-d-∏n® tIi-h-]n-ff

cmPm-hns‚ hniz-kvX-tk-h-I-\mbn cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kq£v-a-Km-ln-bmbn

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc lcn-]-©m-\≥ \S-Øp∂ D]-Pm-]-ß-sf-

sb√mw XI¿°p-Ibpw cmPm-hns\ kwc£n-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p. X\n°p

t\sc-bp-ff A]-hm-Z-ßsf `b-°msX [oc-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ tIi-

h-]n-f-f-bpsS kz`m-hØnepw a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb Zu¿_-ey-߃ kn.-hn. Ah-

tcm-[n-®n-´p-- v. £n]-tIm-]n-bmb Hcp \mb-I-\m-bmWv tIi-h-]n-ff ]e

kµ¿`-ß-fnepw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AΩ-tbmSv ]nWßn ho´n¬ \n∂-nd-ßp-

∂Xpw Ac-Ø-Ω-]n-ffض-®n-tbmSv Ib¿°p-∂Xpw s]s -∂p-ff tIm]-Øm-em-

Wv. lcn-]-©m-\\pam-bp-ff IqSn-°mgv®cwK-ß-fn-epw, tIm]-Øm¬ Pzen-°p∂

tIi-h-]n-f-fsb kn.-hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-- v. F∂m¬ Imew sIm- v ]Iz-

aXn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw kwb-a-\-kz-`m-h-tØmSv IqSn-b-h-\mbn Xocp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-- v. AØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Hcp IYm-]m-X-am-bmWv cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq-dn¬

tIi-h-]n-f-fsb kn.-hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

alm-cmPmhpw tIi-h-]n-f-f-bp-am-bp-ff ]e kw`m-j-W-ßfpw cmPy-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS \b-⁄-Xbpw Xs‚ hnizkvX tkh-I-\n¬ cmPm-

hn-\p-ff ]oXnbpw Iqdpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS apJØv sXfn-

bp∂ t\cnb `mh-am-‰-ß-sf-t∏mepw kq£-va-ambn Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ cmPmhv At±-

l-Øns‚ GXv Imcy-߃°pw Xmßpw XW-ep-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. BZ¿i-im-

en-bmb Hcp cmPm-hn-s\-bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ kn.-hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.

]Pm-c-RvP-\-Ønepw cmPy-c-£-bnepw Hcp-t]mse i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp∂ cmPm-

hmWv cma-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pm-hv. ]P-I-fpsS kuJy-Ønepw kwXr-]vXn-bnepw

kZm D¬°-WvT-bp-ff cmPmhv GXv iXp-hn-s\bpw Xs‚ anX-amb hm°p-I-

fmepw kwb-a-\-Ømepw im¥-cm°n Xo¿°p-I-bm-Wv. ]ca Imcp-Wn-I\pw Zbm-

ep-hp-amb cmPm-hm-bn-´mWv [¿Ω-cm-Pmsb ImWp-∂-Xv. Acn-sh-∏p-Im-c-\mb

ama-sh-¶n-S-t\mSv cmPmhv ImWn-°p∂ ImcpWyw DZm-l-c-W-am-bn-∏-d-bmw.

tIi-h-]n-fftbmSv cmPmhv ImWn-°p∂ kvt\lw G‰hpw Npcp-ßnb hm°p-I-

fn¬ KŸ-I¿Ømhv hy‡-am-°p-∂p-- v. tIi-h-]n-f-fbv°v ao\m-£n-tbmSv

tXm∂nb ]Wbw Xncn-®-dn™ cmPmhv tIi-h-]n-f-fsb Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ao\m-£n-bpsS hnhm-l-Zn-h-khpw tIi-h-]n-ff DtZymK-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-

\mbn cmPm-hns\ apJw ImWn® kµ¿`-Øn¬ cmPmhv Cß-s\-]-d-bp-∂p.

C∂t√ sNº-I-t»-cn-bnse ap- p-sImS? \o ia-°m-c-\mbn

AhnsS \nevt°-- -Xm-bn-cp-∂nt√?

tIi-h-]n-ff: thep-غn AΩm-h-\p- v Hcp e£w-t]¿°v

DØcw ]d-hm≥. hen-b-Ωm-h≥ Ft∏mgpw henb £oW-Øn¬

InS-°p-∂p. AXp-Im-Wm≥ ASn-bs‚ ]g-a-\-n\v ˛ '

alm-cm-Pmhv ]p©n-cn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ""AtX-bpt≈m'' F∂p-tNm-Zn-®p-

sIm-- v, Hcp kl-Xm-]m-th-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS apJ-

Øp-t\m-°n.

..... tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS ssZ\ym-hÿ I- v Zo\-Z-bm-ep-hmb alm-

cm-Pmhv apt∂m-´p-\o-ßn, Xs‚ `‡-t\mSv Cßs\ Iev]n-®p.

""tIi-h\v GXv ]`p-Ip-Spw_w t_m[n-®pthm AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp

Ip´nsb \n›-bn-°q. tijw \mw G‰p.53

˛ F∂p ]d™v Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. AsX-bpt≈m'' F∂ H‰- hm-N-I-Øn¬

Xs∂ tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS \nP-ÿnXn a\-n-em-°nb cmPm-hns‚ a\v shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cßs\ IY-bn¬ DNnX kµ¿`ß-fn¬ amXw kwb-an-bmbn

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IYm-]m-Xhpw kn.-hn.-bpsS DØ-a-kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. cmPm-

hns‚ krjvSn-bn¬ kn. hn.-bpsS cmjvS-Z¿i-\hpw shfn-hm-Ip-∂p-- v. k¿∆m-

[n-Im-cntbm k¿∆-i-‡t\m Bb cmPm-hm-bn- -√, cmPmhpw ]P-Ifpw H∂n-°p-

tºm-gp-ff cmP-i-‡n-bmWv cmPysØ B]-XvL- -ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-∂Xv

F∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ [m¿Ωn-I-\mb cmPm-hm-bn-´mWv [¿Ω-cm-Pmhv \ne-sIm-

≈p-∂-Xv. cmP-i-Xp-hmb lcn-]-©m-\≥ cmPm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Nµ-°m-d-t\mSv

]d-bp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv.

Acp-X-cp-Xv. Ah-ÿ-bmbn kwkm-cn-°q. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω

alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-a-√n-Xv. A°m-eØv B knwlsØ amXw

`b-∂m¬ aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cma-h¿Ω-h-lm-cm-Pmhpw ]Pm-h¿§hpw

Hcp ico-c-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ahn-Sp-sØbpw Ah-scbpw t]Sn-°-

Ww.54

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ncn-X-Ønse [¿Ω-cm-Pmhpw kn.-hn.-bpsS k¶-ev]-

Ønse `c-W-I¿Ømhpw tN¿∂v cq]w-sIm- DØ-a-kr-jvSn-bmWv cmPm-hv.

]Pm-t£-a-X¬]-c-\pw, [¿tΩm¬t_m-[-I-\pw, kKp-W\pw Zbm-ephpw kln-

jvWp-hp-amb DZm-Ø-\mb Hcp `c-W-I¿Øm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-ff k¶-ev]-amWv

Cu BJym-\-Øn\v ]pd-In-ep-f-f-Xv. kn.-hn.-bpsS k¶-ev]-Øn-ep-ff cmjvShpw

cmjvSo-b-\m-b-I\pw [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ HØp-tN-cp-∂p.

hyXykvX ho£-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb IYm-]m-X-ßsf am\p-jnI KpW-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-ff kn.-hn. Ah-cnse Hmtcm Aw-i-

sØbpw NnØ-hr-Øn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw _mly-In-b-I-fn-eq-sSbpw A\m-h-cWw

sNøp-∂p-- v. AXn-am-\p-jn-Ihpw AXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-hp-amb Iev]-\-Iƒ IYm-

]m-X-ß-fn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-tºmgpw a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚ GXv Ah-ÿ-sbbpw

kq£va-ambn Kln-°m≥ kn.-hn.°v Ign-™n-´p-- v. GXv IYm-]m-X-Ønepw a\p-

jy-\-∑-bpsS Inc-W-ßsf Is- -Øm≥ kn.-hn. ian-°p-∂p-- v. Iqc-Xbpw IpSn-

e-Xbpw \nd™ IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-cn-se√mw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn s‚

sNdnb Awi-߃ kn.-hn. Nq- n-°m-´p-∂p-- v. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse

Nµ-°m-d\v tI-i-h≥ Ip™n-t\m-Sp-ff kvt\l-hpw, DK-l-cn-]-©m\s‚ amXr-

kvt\-l-]-I-S-\hpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ Inc-W-ß-fm-bmWv kn.-hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-

´p-f-f-Xv. IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ kn.-hn. sIms°m-- n-´p-ff kmam\y Z¿i-\-am-

Wn-Xv. kn.-hn.-bpsS a\p-jy-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fmbn \∑-Xn-∑-bpsS k¶-c-

amb a-\p-jy¿ IYm-]m-Xm-Jy-\-Øn¬ ]m_eyw t\Sp-∂p. Cu IYm-]m-X-Z¿i-

\-Ønepw `mc-Xo-bm-Jym\ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ]I-S-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m-b-

I-cnepw \∑-bpsS Awiw Iq-´n-°-e¿ØpI F∂Xv `mc-Xob CXn-lm-k-ß-

fnepw a‰pw ImWp-∂p-- v. a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-PvRm-\-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmbn

IYm-]m-Xm-Jym\w amdp∂XmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

4.5.5. kvXokzXzw: sslµ-h-]m-c-º-cyhpw Zmhn-U-kz-Xzhpw:-˛

kn.-hn.-bpsS IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ thdn´ÿm\w kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-

߃°p-- v. kvXo ]m`-h-Øns‚ D÷ze amXr-I-Iƒ aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-I-fnepw

kn.-hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-- v. ]c-º-cm-KX kvXok-¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXn-cn-

‡-ambn kvXo kzXz-Øns‚ i‡-amb Ah-X-cWw NcnX ]p\:krjvSn-bn-

eqsS kn.-hn. \S-Øn-bn-´p-- v. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbnse kp`-Z, "[¿Ω-

cmPm'bnse Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn, ]h-Xn-s°m-®n, cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq-dnse kmhnXn XpS-

ßnb IYm-]m-X-߃ kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ anI® ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fm-Wv.

cq]-em-h-Wy-ß-fn¬ kvXo NnXo-I-cWw HXpßn \n∂ Imhy-]m-c-ºcy

kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw kvXosb tamNn-∏n®v Ah-fpsS a-t\m-Kp-W-tØm-Sp -

Iq-Snb i‡nsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv kn.-hn. ian-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. kvXoku-µcyw

h¿Æn-°p-tºmgpw Ah-fpsS at\m-Kp-W-Øn\v t\mh-enÃv ]mapJyw Iev]n-°p-

∂p. [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ \mev kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-tfbpw hy‡n-

kz-Xz-Øn-eq∂n \n∂p-sIm- v NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. Cu IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ Xs∂

km[m-c-Wcpw Akm-[-c-W-cp-ap-- v. ao\m£n Hcp km[m-cW efnX IYm-]m-

X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ao\m-£n-bpsS h¿Æ-\-bn¬ t]mepw Akm-[m-c-W-amb

coXn kn.-hn. ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p. "kvXosb tZhn-bmbn k¶-ev]n-°p∂ sslµ-h-]m-

c-º-cy-amWv ao\m£n' h¿W-\-bn¬ t\mh-enÃv kzoI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.

. . . . NmaqWvUo `K-hXn hnKlw sX°p-h-S-°p-ho-Wp-In-S-°p∂

Db¿∂ K¿`-Kr-l-Ø-d-bpsS a[y-Øn¬ PK-t∑m-l\ Ic-ambpw

km£m¬ ssXtem-Iy-Ip-Spw-_n-\n-bpsS a≤ym¿°-Zyp-Xn-tbmSpw

B]mZ ]-kr-X-amb \oe I¥-f-`m-c-tØmSpw Icp-Wm-hr-X-ß-

fmb hnim-te-£-W-ß-tfmSpw A\w-tKm-÷y-ß-fmb hI-vX-

tØmSpw . . . . Hcp hnKlw ]Xy-£-am-hp-∂p. Cßs\ Hcp

Aw_n-Im-cq]w AhnsS I- Xv ssZh-a-lm-KXn F∂p-tXm∂n55

˛ F∂n-ßs\ ao\m-£n-bpsS h¿Æ\ tZho-k-am-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

. . . ao\m-£n-°p-´n-bpsS t\m -Ønepw hm°nepw \S-bnepw

kIe tNjvS-I-fnepw B I\y-I-bpsS B`n-Pm-Xyhpw efn-X-amb

Hcp ]ucp-jhpw ]im-¥-amb Du¿÷-kz-e-Xbpw kv]jvS-ambn

A\p-cRvPn-®n-cp-∂p.56

km[m-c-W-kvXo-bn¬ ImWp∂ kuµ-cym-Zn-Kp-W-߃ amX-a√ BJym-Xmhv

Nq- n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. Ah-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ "efn-X-amb ]ucpjw' FSp-Øp-

]-d-bp-∂p. kvXobn¬ A_-emXzw A√; i‡n-bpsS Awi-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ DZy-an-°p-∂-Xv. "Aw_n-Im-hn-Kl' Xpey-bmb Ah-fpsS ]W-b-cwK

NnX-W-Øn¬ DØ-a-]-W-bn\n tZho-hn-Klw Xs∂-bm-sW∂ AssZz-X-

Z¿i\w t\mh-enÃv k¶-ev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

. . . ]Wb a[p-k-c-n¬ Dev]-∂-amb I\I Ia-e-Øn¬

\n∂p aI-c-µm-]-l-cWw sNbvXp-s]m-ßp∂ `a-c-ß-sf-t∏mse

Icp-Wm-I-Sm-£-]-Np-c-amb t\X-bp-Kfw t]a-[m-cm-h¿jw-

sIm- v B A\p-cm-K-]-cn-X-]vXs‚ a\-ns\ ioX-f-am-°p-∂p. . .

. Nµ-\m-Zn-N-¿®-\w-sIm- v Abmƒ ]c-am\-µ-a-Kv-\-\mbn ]m¿iz-

h¿Øn-bmbn ]cn-tk-h\w sNøp∂ k¿∆m-`-c-W-`q-jn-X-amb

hnK-l-Øn\p hiw hZ-\m-Ip∂p . . . B Zzmc-]w-‡n-I-fn¬°qSn

\m\m-h¿Æ-am-bp-ff ]pjv]-h-√o-Z-fm-Zn-IƒsIm- v Aew-Ir-X-am-

bp-ff Kncn-I-\ym-h-£-sk-∂-t]mse Hcp Znhy-Z¿i\w e_v[-am-

bn.57

˛ tIi-h≥ Ip™v kz]v\-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Xs‚ ]W-bn-\n-bpsS cq]sØ

Aeu-In-I-amb A≤ym-fln-I-cq-]-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bmWv t\mh-enÃv sNøp-

∂-Xv. kvXosb tZhn-bmbn ImWp∂ sslµh ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ `mK-amb

DØa ]W-bn\n Z¿i\w Xs∂-bmWv ao\m-£n-bp-sSbpw tIi-h≥ Ip™n-

s‚bpw ]W-b-Ønepw kn.-hn. kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse i‡-amb kvXo km∂n[yw Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-

bm-Wv. Ig-°q-´Øv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn® amXm-a-ln-bmb Ah¿ Xd-hm-

Sns‚ ]mc-º-cy-a-lna aq¿Øo-I-cn® kvXo cq]-am-Wv. \in-®p-t]mb Hcp Xd-hm-

Sns‚ ]mc-º-cy-a-lna apgp-h≥ Bhm-ln® Hcp kvXoI-Ym-]mXw F∂ \ne-

bv°mWv t\mh-enÃv Ahsc NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øn¬ Xm\pw

Xs‚ Ipehpw A\p-`-hn-t°-- n-h∂ sImSpw-bm-X-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hocy-

apƒs°m- v ASn-]-X-dmsX \n¬°p∂ Xd-hm-Sn-bm-bmWv Xn]p-c-kp-µcn t\mh-

en¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. aq∂v temI-Ønepw sh®v kpµ-cn-bm-b-hƒ (]m¿∆-Xn)

F∂ A¿∞sØ hln-°p∂ Xn]p-c-kp-µcn hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw i‡-amb a\-

n-\p-S-a-bm-Wv. jjvTy_vZ ]q¿Øn-I-gn™v £oWn-X-bmbn \n¬°p∂ hr≤-

bpsS a\:i‡nbpw A`nam\hpw Pzen®p \n¬°p∂p F∂v Ah-cpsS hm°p-

Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ao\m-£nsb iey-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xp\n™ DΩn-Wn-∏n-f-

fsb Ip∏-»m¿ BI-an-°m-s\m-cp-ßp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ Ig-°q´Øp IqSpw-

_sØ apgp-h≥ A[n-t£-]n®v sXmd-tI-‰√ \n߃°v s]sÆ∂pw Ing-´p-h-¶-

S-sa∂pw ˛ Iq´m-°msX Igp-tI-‰n-®n-s√-¶n¬, On, cmPyw sh≈-cn-°m-∏-´-W-am-

bn-t∏m-bn-´n√ F∂v hoc-hmZw apg-°p∂ DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈-tbmSv Xn]p-c-kp-µcn ]d-

bp∂ hm°p-Iƒ Pzen-°p∂ Ah-cpsS hocysØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

^v ! F¥p ]d™p \o? Bsc∂p hnNm-cn®p ]d™p? hmSm-°-

cƒsIm- Ipesa∂v \o tI´o-´n-√tbm? A°pew s]‰ a¶-

amtcm sX- n-∏-cn-j-Ifv? Rßsf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Bim-bva-bp-f-f-

hs\ H∂p ImWs´! sXmd-tI‰pw Igp-tI‰pw sIm- v C°p-e-

Øn\v F¥p-Ip-d-h-s∂Sm? aln-a-s]‰ amdm-t∏cv Ipe-Øn\pw

Iq -Øn\pw tN¿Øp! A√m-sX-¥Sm? Rßfpw \obp-ambn

C∂p-ap-X¬ kz¥hpw _‘hpw A‰p. t]m, t]m ! adbØp

t]m !.58

kzIp-e-Øns‚ ctPm-Kp-W-k-º-∂-amb ]q¿∆-Ime Ncn-X-Øn¬ Duddw-sIm-

≈p∂ kvXobpsS hm°p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. AN-©e a\-n-\p-S-a-bmbn hy‡n-Xz-]-

I¿j-Øn¬ hnfßn \n¬°p∂ Cu IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ CØcw `mj-W-

Øn¬°qSn-bmWv Ah-cpsS kzXzw-B-hn-jv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xd-hm-Sv, IpSpw-

_w, Ipe-a-ln-a, Xt‚Sw F∂n-h-bm¬ Nnc-RvPo-hn-I-fmb "hS-°≥]m´n'se

\mbn-I-amsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff NnXo-I-c-W-amWv kn.-hn. Cu

IYm-]m-X-Øn-eqsS \n¿∆-ln-®n´p-f-f-Xv.

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-Ip-™Ω DÆn-Øm-t\mSv kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-s\-°p-dn®v

tNmZn-°p∂ kµ¿`w ""Fs‚ hen-bm-ßsf ˛ At±lw Ipe-Øn-s\mØv Icp-

tØm-Sp-Xs∂ sIme-hmƒ Gt‰m?''59 F∂m-Wv. kz¥w aI≥ bp≤-Øn¬ acn-

s®∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ s\©n¬ apdn-th-‰mtWm acn-®Xv? F∂v tNmZn-®p-

sIm- v [oc-X-tbmsS ]S-sh´n acn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kam-iz-kn-°p∂ kwL-Im-e-\m-

bn-I-amsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂p Xn]p-c-kp-µcn Ip™-Ω-bpsS Cu tNmZyw.

Ipem-`n-am-\-tØmsS Xs∂-bmtWm sIme-hmƒ G‰Xv F∂ tNmZyw ac-W-

Øns‚ apºnepw H´pw `ocp-Xz-an-√msX Xe-sb-Sp-t∏msS \nev°p-∂-Xm-Wv

kzIpew F∂ Du‰-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wp-- m-Ip-∂-Xv. as‰mcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ ao\m-

£n-tbmSv Ah¿ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p.

""A√m! Cß-s\bpw Hcp Imew ht∂m? IjvSw! Imew-Xs∂

t`Zn-®p-t]m-bn. IÆp-\o¿ sNm´p∂ IÆv C∂m-Zy-ambn \o P\n®

Ipe-Øn¬ ImWp-I-bm-Wv. \ne-Øp-hogpw aptº XpS-bv°v. `qan-

sb-s°m- p IqSn shdp-∏n-°m-sX.''60

˛ IÆo¿ hogvØpI F∂Xv kzIp-e-Øn\v tNcm-Ø-Xm-sW∂ Cu hm°p-Ifpw

c‡-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂ hocm-`n-am-\-sØ, kz¥w Xd-hm-Sn-ØsØ

DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂p. Chn-sS-sbms° Cu IYm-]m-X-Øn¬ Hcp Zmhn-U-kz-Xz-

amWv kn. hn. km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-X-ßsft∏mse-Xs∂ IY-bn¬ Hmtcm ZuXy-hp-am-bmWv

kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-sfbpw kn.-hn. krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. AØ-c-Øn-ep-ff kvXo

IYm-]m-X-߃°v a‰v IYm-]m-X-ß-tf-°mƒ i‡nbpw HmPpw \¬Ip-∂p.

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb- as‰mcp kvXohy-‡nXzw "]h-Xn-s°m®n'

bmWv. B kvXosb t\mh-enÃv A]-K-Y-\-co-Xn-bn¬ h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-

c-am-Wv.

]h-Xn-®n-bpsS kuµ-cy-h¿Æ\ Npcp-°-Øn¬ Ign-bpw. ]c-

am¿∞ "I- n-am¿' tIin-Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p F∂p-f-f-X-√msX

h¿Æ-\o-b-ambn a‰p-tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂Ah¿°n-√m-bn-

cp∂p . . . c- p-a-WvU-e-°mew apgp-h≥ ]oUn-∏n® akq-cn- I-W-

°n\p kpjn-chpw FSp-Øpw-I-gn®p ajn-bn´p XpS-bv°msX Dt]-

£n®p If™ Ah-cpsS icocw "C\n Icn°pw Nmº-en\pw

sIm≈q√' F∂v B kvXoXs∂ hne-]n-°m-dp-- m-bn-cp∂p . . .

buh-\-Øn-f-∏p-sIm- v k¿∆[m Bcm-[\o-b-\mb alm-cm-Pm-

thmSpw Ib¿°p-am-bn-cp∂ tIi-h-]n-f-fbpw £am-[¿tΩm-]-tZ-in-

\n-bmb Cu \c-`-Z-Im-fn-tbmSv tXm‰p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.61

PS-s°-´nb apSn-tbmSpw Ipgn-™-I-Æp-I-tfmSpw hkq-cn-°-e-I-tfmSpw IqSnb

Hcp sshIrX cq]-amWv "`K-hXn' F∂ bYm¿∞-\m-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb "]hXn'.

t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cq]hpw `mhhpw tafn-°p∂ kvXoh¿Æ-\-bmWv t\mh-enÃv

ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "A¥-cm-f-`-K-hXn', 'a¥-hm-Zn\n', "\c-`-Z-

Imfn' F∂o hnti-j-W-ßfpw \¬In-bn-´p-- v. IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Akm-[m-c-

W-Xz-sØ-sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kqN-I-ß-fmWv Ch. "`K-hXn' F∂ \mahpw Ah-

cpsS cq]-`m-h-ßfpw tbmPn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ Ah \ΩpsS ]pcm-hr-Ø-Ønse

AΩ-ssZh k¶-ev]-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. i‡n-kz-cq-]n-Wnbpw kvt\l-a-bn-

bp-amb "`K-hXn' k¶ev]w tIc-fob ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂m-Wv.

]e-t∏mgpw ]pd-ta°v tcmj-tØmsS s]cp-am-dp-s∂-¶nepw Ah-cpsS kvt\l-

]q¿Æ-amb hm’-ey-ap-f-f-am-Xr-a-\v ]h-Xns°m-®nbpw tIi-h-]n-f-fbpw XΩn-

ep-ff _‘-Øn¬ \n∂v a\-n-em-°mw. tIi-h-]n-≈sb imkn-°p-Ibpw D]-

tZ-in-°p-Ibpw, Abm-fpsS Imcy-߃ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØmsS Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ AΩ-bpsS kvt\l-k-¶-ev]-amWv BJym-Xmhv Ah-

cn¬ ]I¿∂p \evIp-∂Xv. tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS Ieym-W-°m-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v

kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ hm°p-Iƒ amXr-kvt\-l-`m-hsØ [z\n-∏n-

°p-∂p. "F\n°p s]Æpw-th- aÆpw-th- '' ˛ F∂v tIi-h-]n-ff ]d-bp-

tºmƒ, "`K-hXn:

A»siym iXn-°-s√. Aßs\ N- -]n-Sn-t®m- v k∂y-kn-

®m¬, ]h-Xn°p Xmtem-en-∏m≥ Hcp Cºn-Sn-s°m®v In -- tbm?62

F∂v ]d-bp∂ ]h-Xn A\p-`-hn-°p∂ GIm-¥-X-bpsS thZ-\-I-e¿∂ `mhw

IqSn Cu hm°p-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. IpSpw-_w, _‘p-°ƒ F∂n-h-

sbm∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\n-√mØ Ah¿°v GI XpW-bmbn tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpw,

"Acn-sh-∏p-Imcn'sb amXr-`m-h-tØmsS ImWp∂ tIi-h-]n-f-fbv°v D‰-h-cmbn

]h-Xnbpw \n¬°p-tºmƒ c- p-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fn-sebpw Hfn-™p-In-S-°p-∂ KqV-

amb am\-kn-I-X-esØ kn.-hn. A\m-h-cWw sNøp-I-bm-Wv. ]pd-ta°v c- p-

t]cpw ]cp-°cpw tIm]n-jvS-cp-am-sW-¶nepw Ah-cpsS D≈nse B¿Z-`mhw

CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn-eqsS t\mh-enÃv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Aßs\ ]h-

Xnbpw kn.-hn.-bpsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fnse k¶o¿Æ-kz-`mhw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

Bcp-sS-kzm`mh-sØbpw kq£va-ambn Kln-°m\pw a\-n-em-°m\pw Ign-hp-

ff Cu kvXobpsS D≈nepw cmP-`-‡nbpw BZ-chpw \nd™p \n¬°p-∂p.

"\¶-t°m-bn-°¬' Xd-hm-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºm-gp-ff Ah-cpsS hnIm-c-hm-

bv]pw, tIi-h-]n-≈-bv°p-th- n B Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂v Ieym-Ww-B-tem-Nn-°p∂

kµ¿`hpw Ah-cpsS cmP-kvt\-lhpw Ipem-`n-am-\hpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. cmPy-

Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Ahsc `mK-`m-°m-°p-∂Xpw AXp-sIm- v Xs∂-bm-Wv. tIhew

Hc-cn-sh-∏p-Imcn F∂ ÿm\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂ Nne ZuXy-

߃ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ tIi-h-]n-ff Ahsc Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. _mly-ssh-cq-

]y-Øns‚ D≈n-ep-ff Ah-cpsS i‡n-ku-µ-cy-amWv Cu IYm-]m-X-Øn¬ kn.-

hn. FSpØp Im´p-∂-Xv. IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ KWy-amb ÿm\w Cu IYm-]m-X-

Øn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tIi-h-]n-f-f-bpsS \ntbm-K-]-Imcw If-]m-

t°m´ `h-\-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw Xºn-bp-sSbpw lcn-]-©m-\-s‚bpw \o°-ßsf

kq£v-a-ambn a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-

f-f-Ø-¶-®nsb Ah¿ a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xv. Xºnbpw X¶-®n-bp-am-bp-ff hg-°n¬

\n∂pw Imcy-߃ Kln-°p-Ibpw X¶-®n-bpsS \∑ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ a¥-°q-SØv `h-\-Øn¬ FØn- \n-P-ÿn-XnIƒ Kln-°p-

∂p. ao\m-£n-tbbpw sIm- v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv FØn ao\m-£nbpw tIi-h-

]n-f-fbpw XΩn-ep-ff IqSn-°mgv® Hcp-°p-∂p. _‘-\-ÿ-\mb tIi-h≥Ip-

™ns\ At\z-jn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw acp-Xzm-a-e-bnse Kpl-bn¬ tIi-h≥ Ip™n-

s\-Is- Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv ]h-Xn-s°m-®n-bm-Wv. Ah¿ tI-i-h≥

Ip™ns\ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv FØn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ IpSpw-t_-

Xc Imcy-ß-fn¬, cmjvSo-b-Øns‚ D≈p-I-≈n-bn¬ Cu kvXobpsS

kma¿∞yhpw ]¶pw \n¿Æm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbn¬ kp`-Zbpw

Cßs\ cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ cmPm-hns\ klm-b-n°p∂Xv Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬

kvac-n°mhp∂-XmWv.

sh◊bpsS am¿±-h-kuµcyw A]-k-‡-am-hp-Ibpw Idp-∏ns‚ i‡n

bpw kuµ-cyhpw ]k-‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kvXokzXzw CØcw IYm-]m-

X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ kn.-hn. \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fnse kuµ-cy-

aq¿Øn-I-fmb kvXo k¶-ev]-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXn-N-en®v Idp-∏ns‚ kuµ-cy-

amb Zmhn-U-kzXzw Cu kvXo IYm-]m-X-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°-bmWv kn.-hn.

ao\m-£n, Xn]p-c-kp-µcn, ]h-Xn-sIm®n F∂n-h¿ kvXo IYm-]m-X-ß-

fpsS Akm-[m-cW amXr-I-I-fm-hp-tºmƒ bYm¿∞ IpSpw-_n-\n-bpsS NnXw

Ac-Ø-Ω-]n-f-f-Ø-¶-®n-bpsS krjvSn-bn-eqsS ImWn®p X-cp-∂p. H∂mw A[ym-

b-Øn¬ "amwk-tKm-]p-c-i-co-cnWn'bmbn IY-Ifn thjw cwK-]-thiw sNøp-∂-

Xp-t]mse ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IYm-]m-XsØ BZy-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Ghcpw

"ZpjvS'F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNøp-∂-X-c-Øn-emWv kn. hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. `rXy-\mb _mes‚ hni-∏ns\ AXn-\n-jv°-cp-W-ambpw _o`-’-ambpw

A]-l-kn®v Ahs\ Xhn-sIm-- -Sn®v tIm]m-‘-bmbn \n¬°p∂ B

kvXosb-°p-dn®v t\mh-enÃv Cßs\ Fgp-Xp∂p:

. . . A]-cm-[n-\n-bmb ]`zn Xs‚ Ipe acym-Z-tbbpw Bi-

a[¿Ω-tØbpw _mes‚ A\-\y-K-Xn-I-Xz-tØbpw ad∂v ss]im-

Nn-I-amb tIm]m-th-iw-sIm- p Xp≈n Zp¿`m-j-W-ß-fm¬

Ahs\ A`n-tj-N\w sNbvXp. ]`zn-bpsS Cu ITn-\-Ir-Xy-hpw-

h-en-b-hm-bm-ep-f-f-tcm-jm- -lm-k-ßfpw shfn-]m-Sp-Ifpw Zp¿tZ-h-

Xm-\r-Ø-ßfpw I- pw tI´pw `rXy-∑m¿°v CS-bn¬ kµ¿`-hn-

kvar-Xn-Xs∂ kw`-hn-®p-t]mbn . . . .63

"tcmjm- -lm-k-ßfpw' "shfn-]m-Sp-Ifpw' Zp¿tZ-hXm \rØhpw tN¿∂v ss]im-

NnI ]Ir-Xn-bmWv Ac-Ø-Ω-]n-f-f-Ø-¶-®n-bpsS Cf-In-bm-´w. IY-I-fn-bnse

Xtam KpW thj-Øns‚ Cf-In-bm- -am-bmWv Cu kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ cwK-

]-thiw kn. hn. \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-Ifn thj-Øns‚ Akm-[m-cW

amXr-I-bmbn kvXo cq]w amdp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂n-S-tßm v t\mh-en-eq-S-\ofw

CtX kvXobpsS kmXznI KpW-cq]w \mw ImWp-∂p. t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km-\-

`m-KØv kXz-Kp-W-Øns‚ aq¿Ø-cq-]-ambn Ah¿am-dp-∂p. hnth-I-im-enbpw

kvt\l-a-bn-bp-amb IpSpw-_n-\n-bmbn `¿Øm-hns‚ XI¿®-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bmbn

At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w \n∂v Zp:Jw ]¶p-sh-°p∂ DØa `mcym-k-¶ev]w km¿∞-

I-am-°p∂ X¶-®n-sb-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. H∂mw cwK-Øn¬ \mw I- kvXocq-

]-am-Wn-sX∂v hniz-kn-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-ff Xc-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-`m-K-ß-

fnse Ah-cpsS Ah-X-c-Ww. Htc kvXobpsS `n∂ `mhw ˛ Ah-fpsS A]-c-

kzXzw F∂ IWt° sXfn-bp∂ Cu cq]w t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Zmhn-

U-kz-Xz-Ønse kvXo k¶-ev]-hp-ambn ASpØv \n¬°p-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w

"a\-kzn\n' bmb kvXo k¶-ev]hpw kn.-hn. k¶-ev]n-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. kn.hn

bpsS a‰v IYm-]m-X-ß-sf-t]mse hnI-kn-Xhpw k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb IYm-]m-X-am-

Wn-Xv.

kvXobpsS Zzµz-`m-h-߃ hyXykvX IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eqsS t\mh-enÃv

NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kvXo NnXo-I-c-W-Øn¬ kn. hn.°v DtØ-P-I-am-bXv

Zmhn-U-am-Xr-I-bm-sW∂v ImWmw. amdn-e-Ωn-™bpw ssIbn¬ sImSpw sIme-

hm-fp-sa-gp-samcp aq¿Ønbmb `K-hXo k¶ev]w kvXo IYm-]m-X-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-

Øn¬ kn.-hn. ssIs°m-- n-´p-- v. kaq-l-`m-K-t[-b-amb kvXo i‡bpw

kzXzm-`n-am-\-ap-f-f-hfpw BsW∂ kvXoZ¿i\w i‡-cmb kvXo IYm-]m-X-

߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. GXv Ncn-X-Ønepw kvXokzXzw Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-

bm-Ø-km-∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ Dƒ°m-gv®sb tZi-N-cn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am°n

km£m-XvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv kn.-hn. sNbvX-Xv.

bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kn.-hn. ]pe¿Ønb kvXo ho£-W-Øn\v t\¿

hn]-co-X-amb Bhn-jv°m-c-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ kvXo IYm-]m-X-߃.

kz¥w ]pXn-amsc kv°qfn-e-b®p ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ aSn-®n-cp∂ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-\mb

kn.-hn. krjvSn® IYm-]m-X-߃ H∂mw-¥cw ]ucpj aq¿Øn-I-fm-Wv. kn.-hn.-

bpsS t_m[-a-fiew kvXosb ]c-º-cm-KX hnizm-k-߃°pw k¶-ev]-

߃°pw A\p-kr-X-am°n \nev°p-tºmƒ BJym\w kn. hn. bpsS At_m-[-

t]-c-Wsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm-- mWv kvXo hnZym-`ymkw kvXo

kzmX¥yw F∂n-h-bn¬ bmYm-ÿn-XnI at\m`mhw ]pe¿Øn-sb-¶nepw

BJym-\-Øn-eqsS kvXo IYm-]m-X-߃ kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ D÷ze amXr-I-

I-fm-b-Xv.

4.5.6. -I-Ym-]m-X-\m-a -ssh-NnXyw

kn. hn.-bpsS BJym-bn-I-I-fnse IYm-]m-X-\m-a-ßfpw ]mXm-Jy-\-

Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. IYsb k¶o¿Æ-am-°m\pw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep-ff

\nKq-VX ssIh-cp-Øm\pw IYm-]m-X-߃°v \¬Inb t]cp-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-

hp-∂p-- v. tIi-h-∏n-f-f, tIi-h-\p-Æn-Øm≥ (tI-i-h≥Ip™v) Nµm-°m-d≥,

amam-sh-¶n-S≥, DΩn-Wn-∏n-f-f, Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn, lcn-]-©m-\≥, Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n-f-f-

Ø-¶-®n, ]h-Xn-s°m-®n, Ip∏-»m¿, Ip´n-t°m-¥n-»≥ XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ IYm-

]m-X-hy-‡n-Xz-tØm-sSm∏w ]k-‡-am-Ip∂ H∂m-Wv. Akm-[m-cW hy‡nI-

fmb IYm-]m-X-߃°v Akm-[m-c-W-amb t]cp-Ifpw \¬In-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv.

kmZr-iy-ap-ff t]cp-Iƒ \¬In sshNnXyw krjvSn-°pI F∂Xv kn.-hn.-bpsS

coXn-bm-Wv. [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ c- v tIi-h-∑msc krjvSn®v IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ D- m-

°p∂ ]cn-W-Xn-Iƒ, sX‰n-[m-c-W-Iƒ F∂nh IYm-Km-XsØ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\pw IY-bnse kw`-h-ß-fn¬ DtZzK-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-

Ip-∂p.

tIi-h-]n-f-f-sbbpw tIi-h≥ Ip™n-s\bpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sIm- v

KŸ-Im-c≥ h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv t\m°p-I.

Xpey-h-b-kv°cpw GI-\m-a-[-\-∑mcpw Bb B bphm-°ƒ

kuµ-cy-Ønepw H∂p-t]mse AK-\n-e-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

Hcm-fn‚ kuµcyw £mX-amb \m-b-I-Xz-sØbpw at‰ Bfn-

t‚Xv ]im¥ _m“-Wy-tX-P-n-s\bpw A\p-I-cn-®p. tIi-h-

]n-f-f-bpsS AwK-ku-jvThw ]uVhpw AZ-c-Wo-bhpw tIi-

h≥Ip-™ns‚ Imb-em-fnXyw BI¿j-Ihpw Bcm-[-\o-bhpw

Bbn-cp-∂p. kz`m-h-Øn-\pw Cu hn[-am-bp-ff `n∂X Ah¿

XΩn-ep-- m-bn-cp-∂p. . . . B c- p ]pcp-j-∑mcpw Aizn-\o-tZ-h-

∑m-sc-t∏mse tim`n-®p.64

t]cn-ep-ff kmZriyw kz`m-h-Ønepw ]Ir-X-Ønepw Xosc-bn-s√∂pw c- p

hncp-≤-[p-h-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw Cu h¿Æ-\-sIm- v hy‡-am-°p-

∂p. ]s£ "tIi-h≥' F∂ t]cns\ sNm√n IY-bn-ep-- m-Ip-∂ tImem-l-e-

߃ IYm-K-Xnsb apt∂m v \bn-°p∂ ][m\ LS-I-ß-fmWv. ao\m-£n°v

tIi-h≥ Ip™n-t\m-Sp-ff ]Wbw tIi-h-]n-f-f-tbm-Sm-sW∂v amam-sh-¶n-S-\pw,

]h-Xn-s°m-®nbpw sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-I-bpw, tIi-h-]n-f-fbpw ao\m-£nbpw XΩn-ep-

ff IqSn-°mgv® tIi-h≥ Ip™n¬ kwi-b-ap-W¿Øp-Ibpw iXp-hn-s\m-sS-∂-

t]mse ]nf-f-tbmSv tIi-h≥Ip™v s]dp-am-dp-Ibpw a‰pw sNøp-∂Xv Htc

t]cp-sIm-- p-- mb ]pIn-ep-I-fm-Wv.

lcn-]-©m-\≥ tbmKn-bm-sW-¶nepw Abm-fpsS Iucy-Øn\v tN¿∂

\ma-amWv knwlw F∂pw hnjvWp F∂pw A¿∞-apff B t]cv tbmKo-iz-

cs‚ hncp-≤-`m-h-ßsf ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. tbmKn-bpsS D≈nse hocy-sØbpw

£mX-tX-P-n-s\bpw ]I-S-am-°p∂ Ah-Xm-c-k-¶-ev]-amWv Abmƒ°v lcn-]-

©m-\≥ F∂ t]cv Xs∂ kn.-hn. \¬In-b-Xnse HuNn-Xyw. "Nµ-°m-d≥' ˛

cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬ ap\-tjy-X-c-amb Abm-fpsS \mahpw AXn-\n-Wßn \n¬°p-

∂p. a‰p-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Abmƒ°p-ff hyXn-cn-‡X B \ma-]-tbm-K-Ønepw

AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-- v. ckn-I-\mb Xangv _m“-W-\mb sh¶n-tS-iz-cs‚ "amam-

sh-¶n-S≥' F∂ \ma-t[bw Abm-fpsS IY-I-fn-th-jw-t]m-se-Xs∂ Nncn-bp-f-

hm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. aq∂v temI-ß-fnepw sh®v kpµ-cn-bm-b-hƒ (]m¿∆-Xn) F∂

A¿∞-Øn¬ Xn]p-c-kp-µcn F∂ t]cv IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\v

am‰p-Iq-´p-∂p. "amwk-tKm-]p-c-i-co-cnWn'bmbn hnti-jn-∏n® AØ-sΩ-∏n-f-f-Ø-

¶-®n-bpsS ico-cm-Im-c-Øns‚ hena t]cnepw sXfn-bp-∂p. Hcp cmPy-Øns‚

t]cv Xs∂ kz¥w t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w CW-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ "]h-Xn-s°m®n' cq]-`m-

h-ß-fn¬ B t]cns‚ ˛ "`K-hXn' ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ambn amdp-∂p. Cßs\ Hmtcm

IYm-]m-X-Øn\pw \¬Inb t]cp-Iƒ Akm-[m-cW amXr-I-I-fmb IYm-]m-X-

ß-fnse Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-Øn\v am‰v Iq´p-∂p.

4.5.7. A`n-\-b-I-e-bnse kzm[o\w IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYm-]m-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®n-´p-ff as‰mcp

khn-ti-j-X-bmWv A`n-\-b-I-e-bpsS kzm[o-\w. kn.-hn.-bpsS an°-hmdpw IYm-

]m-X-ß-fn¬ Cu ]mShw sXfn-™p-Im-Wp-∂p-- v. A`n-t\-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-

ep-ff kn. hn.-bpsS at\m-L-S\ hy‡-am-°p∂ IYm-]mX NnXo-I-c-W-ambpw

"lcn-]-©m-\-\-kzman'Isf ImWmw. \mS-I\-S\pw IY-Ifn ckn-I-\p-amb kn.-

hn.°v c- v Ie-bn-sebpw A`n-\b ss\]p-Wy-߃ Xs‚ IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬

]I¿∂psIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-- v. Bƒam-dm´ thj-Øn-eqsS lcn-]-©m-\≥

A`n-\-bn-°p∂ cwK-ß-sf√mw IYbv°v sImgp∏v Iq´p-∂p-- v. tbmKn-bpsS

thj-Øn¬ \S∂ D]-Pm-]-ßfpw X¥-ßfpw hio-I-c-W-ßfpw G‰hpw ^e-

]-Z-ambn A`n-\-bn®p Xo¿°m≥ B IYm-]m-X-Øn\v Ign-™n-´p-- v.

IY-Ifn F∂ cwK-I-esb ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv amam-

sh-¶n-S≥. IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw IY-Ifn `mK-h-X-cmbpw thj-°m-c-\m-bp-amWv Abm-

fpsS tdmƒ A`n-\-bn®p Xo¿°p-∂-Xv. amam-sh-¶n-Ss‚ cq]-`m-h-ßfn¬ IY-I-fn-

th-jsØ kmflo-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. amam-sh-¶n-Ss‚ kw`m-j-W-ß-sf√mw IY-I-fn-]-

Z-ß-fm-Wv. Abmƒ \S-°p-∂Xpw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw IY-I-fn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse an° IYm-]m-X-ßfpw Xß-fpsS DZy-a-߃ ]q¿Øn-I-cn-°p-

∂Xv \S-\-ssh-`-h-tØmSv IqSn-bm-Wv.

4.5.8. t]mj-I-P-\X:

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYbv°pw kw`h hnIm-k-Øn\pw ]›m-Ø-e-ambn

\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-ap-- v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPy-Ønse "\mb¿k-aqlw'

aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-sebpw ÿe-Im-e-]-›m-Ø-e-߃°pw IYm-hn-I-mk--Øn\pw

\nZm-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-- v. IY-bnse "t]mj-I-P-\X' F∂p-hn-fn-°m-hp∂ Ch¿

kw`-h-߃s°√mw ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°p-∂p-- v. Xm≥ ]cn-N-bn-®-Xpw, Xs‚

Np‰pw I- kmap-Zm-bn-Im-¥-co-£hpw IYm-]-›m-Ø-e-ambn kzoI-cn® kn.

hn.°v \mb¿ tbm≤m-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff _lp-am-\hpw BZ-chpw Ncn-X-K-Xn-

bn¬ Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xm-sW∂ tXm∂¬ Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°mw. B

k¶-ev]-Øn¬ \n∂mWv \mb¿ ]`p-°sf tIµo-I-cn-®p-ff IY-Iƒ cq]w

sIm- Xpw cmPm-hns\ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xpw cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc D]-Pm-]ß-fp-- m-

°p-∂Xpw Hs° kn.-hn.-bpsS k¶-ev]-Øn-ep-ff `qX-Im-e-Ønse AXn-am-\p-j-

cpw, hocy-hm-∑m-cp-amb \mb¿ ]`p-°-fm-Wv.

4.6. ÿem-Jym\w

kn.-hn.-bpsS `mh-\bv°v Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ ]›m-Ø-e-ambn Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZiw aq∂p t\mh-ep-I-fnepw hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. BJym-\-ssi-

en, IYm-]m-X-Nn-Xo-I-c-Ww, `mj, `mjWw Ch-tbm-sSm∏w ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-

°p∂ H∂m-bn-´mWv "ÿe'sØbpw BJym-bn-I-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

IYbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb A¥-co-£-krjvSn [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ t\mh-enÃv

Is- -Øn-bn-´p-- v. [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ ÿem-Jym\w ]e-X-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IYm-]-›m-Ø-e-amb `q`m-K-Zr-iy-߃, ]Ir-Xn-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn tN¿∂v cq]w-

sIm-≈p∂ ÿew, hmkvXp-in-ev]-ß-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ÿew, Ncn-X-

ÿ-ew, cmjvSo-b-ÿ-ew, anØn-°¬ ÿew F∂nh [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS BJym-

\-Øn¬ ImWmw.

4.6.1. IYm-P-\-I-ÿew: Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `q`m-Khpw ]Ir-Xnbpw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZ-ihpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cn-k-c-ß-fp-amWv

t\mh-ense IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ew. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZ-isØ ]Ir-Xn-]-›m-Ø-e-

Øn-eqsS IY-bv°n-W-ßp∂ coXn-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv kn.-hn. sNøp-

∂-Xv. ae-Ifpw ImSp-Ifpw ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Ifpw tN¿∂ tIc-fo-b-`q-`mKw tZi-N-cn-

X-Øns‚ Imev]-\n-Im-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\v ]›m-Ø-e-am°n \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. Ae-

¶mc Iev]-\-IƒsIm- v h¿Wn-X-am-Ip∂ IYmw-i-Øn\v CW-ßnb Imev]-\n-

I-`wKn Ie¿∂ ]Ir-Xn-h¿Æ\w kn.-hn.-bnse ]Ir-Xyp-]m-k-Is\ shfn-hm-°p-

∂p. tIi-h≥Ip-™ns\ _‘-\-Øn-em-°nb Kpl-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-amb acp-

Xzm-ae kn.-hn. h¿Æn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I.

hnNn-X-h¿Æ-ß-tfm-SpIq-Snb ]pjv]-ß-tfbpw ]£n-hr-µ-ß-

tfbpw hln-°p∂ Xcp-°ƒ, \n_n-U-X-sIm- v B sImSp-¶m-

‰nepw \n›-e-ambn ]mImc ]c-º-c-Iƒt]mse taL-a-fi-e-]-cn-

k-c-Øn¬\n∂v ka-`q-an-hsc B—m-Z\w sNbvXp \n¬°p-∂-

Xns‚ at\m-lm-cn-X, hniz-I¿Ωm-hns‚ atl-µ-Pm-e-Øn-\pw- Zp-

m-[-amb Hcp hnXm-\-ambn ]cn-e-kn-°p-∂p.65

lcn-]-©m-\s‚ Nne-ºn-t\Øv kµ¿i-\-Øn\v apºp≈ cmXn-bnse

]Ir-Xn-˛-]-Xn-`mk h¿Æ\ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ at\m-hr-Øn-sbbpw Xa-n-

s\bpw hy‡-am-°p∂p:

AXp-hsc \n¿\o-en-a-tbmsS ]Im-in-®n-cp∂ BIm-i-∏-¥¬

]›n-a-k-ap-Z-Øn¬ D∞n-X-ß-fmb taL-]o-Xmw-_c Jfi-

߃sIm- v khn-tijw hnXm-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xß-fpsS At[m-

`q-hn¬ \S-°p∂ hnIn-b-I-fpsS ]Ir-X-tØbpw ]cn-Wm-a-

tØbpw Adn-hm-\mbn \£-X-hr-µ-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Nmc-

∑m-sc-∂-t]mse Nne cq£ hnZyp-Øp-Iƒ B taL-߃°n-S-

bn¬IqSn CS-bv°nsS FØn-t\m°n ad-bp∂p .... Cu A[¿Ω-hr-

Ønsb imkn-°p-∂-Xn-s\∂t]mse Ing-°p≈ Ip∂p-I-fpsS

apI-fn¬ [¿Ω-kw-c-£-I-\mb ]mIm-cn-bpsS JUvKw CfIn

]Im-in-®p.66

4.6.2. hmkvXp-in-e-v]Øns‚ ÿe-am-Xr-I-Iƒ: A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ KqV-`qan

]IrXn ]cn-kc h¿Æ-\-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ ÿem-Jym-\-tØ-°mƒ [¿Ω-

cmPmbn¬ ap∂n´v \n¬°p-∂Xv hmkvXp-in-ev]-Øns‚ ÿe-]-c-amb khn-ti-

j-X-bm-Wv. IYm-cw-K-߃ an°-hbpw Actßdp-∂Xv cmP-sIm-´m-c-Ønepw ]`p-

`-h-\-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv. tIm´, sIm´m-cw, sImØ-fw, afi-]w, \mep-sI- v, ime-Iƒ

F∂nh [¿Ω-cmPmbnse ÿe \n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ apJy-Nn-l-v\ß-fm-Wv. cmPy-

Im-cy-ß-fnse \b-X-¥-⁄-Xbv°pw kwL¿j-ß-fpsS \nKq-V-X-bv°p-ambn

At\Iw Ad-Ifpw apdn-I-fp-ap≈ hmkvXp-inev] cq]-ßsf A[n-Im-c-Øns‚

a’-c-th-Zn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-sIm-´m-cw, I√p-a-fi-]w, Nne-ºn-t\Øv `h-\w, If-

]m-t°m´ `h-\w, a¥-°q-SØv `h-\w, lcn-]-©m-\-\m-iaw F∂nh ÿem-Im-

c-ß-fmbn \n¬°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. t\mh-ense ][m\ kw`-h-ß-sf√mw Ac-tß-

dp-∂Xv Cu ÿe-ß-fn¬ sh®m-Wv. kw`-h-߃°-\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿew kn.-

hn. Is- -Øn-bn-´p-- v. tIm -bpsS h¿Æ\ kn.-hn. Cßs\ \S-Øp∂p:

io kºq¿Æ-amb B hnip≤ l¿ΩyØns‚ apJ-a-fi-]w-

t]mse DZ-b-Kncn F∂ Zp¿§hpw AXn\p aIp-S-`q-jm-kvXw-`-ambn

]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ [zPhpw iwJ-ap-Zm-¶nX ]Xm-Ibpw ....

henb ]oc-¶n-I-fpw, Zp¿§sØ Bh-cWw sNøp∂ D∂-X-amb

OnZ-Zzm-c-ß-fn¬°qSn c‘-ßsf ImWn-°p∂ sNdp-Xcw ]oc-¶n-

Ifpw ......... Bbp-[-ßfpw B ÿesØ kvIµ-IoUm kt¶-X-

sa∂v Dss®-kvXcw tLmjn-®p-sIm-- n-cp-∂p.....''67

A[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ aq¿Ø cq]--ambn tIm´ F∂ ÿe \n¿ΩnXn amdp-I-bm-Wn-

hn-sS. ssk\n-Im-⁄-Iƒ°pw ]´m-f-ß-fpsS ]S-l-Im-lf-߃°pw ssk\n-I-

hm-Zym-c-h-߃°pw ]›m-Ø-e-ambn \n¬°p∂ tIm´ cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚

Nn”-am-Wv.

Nne-ºn-t\Øv `h-\-Øns‚ h¿Æ\:--˛

...... kz¿Æ-]-`-ambn tim`n-°p∂ D∂X ac-`n-Øn-I-fpw, hnim-e-

amb apdn, Ad, Xfw F∂n-h-Ifpw tk\m-\n-c-Iƒ AWn-bn´p

\n¬°ptºmgp≈ Igp-t°m¬∏-¥n-I-fpw, IÆm-Sn-t]mse tim`n-

°p∂ Xd-Ifpw ...... ap∏Øn-bm-dp-sI´p ][m\ aµn-c-hpw, aTw,

]mN-I-im-e, `rXy-im-e, Icn-¶¬s°´p \ocm-gn, Ipf-∏p-c, amfnI

............ Nne-ºn-t\-Øp-Zn® \h-K-l-a-fiew temI hnkva-bsØ

kºm-Zn-®p.68

]`p-Xz-Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fmb "ap∏Øn-bm-dvsI v' `h-\-߃ ÿe-hn-kvXr-Xnsb

]m]n-°p-∂Xv CØcw hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. ]`p-`h-\-ß-fpsS [\m-Uy-

Xzw, Ipeo-\-X, alna F∂nh hy‡-am-°m≥ KŸ-Im-c≥ hmkvXp-in-ev]sØ

D]m-[n-bm°p-I-bm-Wv.

"a¥-°q-SØv' `h-\s-Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿iw:

Cu `h-\-Ønse ]Sn-™m-sd-s° v Ip´n-t°m-¥n-»s‚ ]qPm-ÿ-

e-amb Xpd-°mØ apdn-Ifpw Bƒ Ib-dmØ a®pw Bƒ Cd-

ßmØ I√-d-Ifpw tN¿∂p≈ Xmbv]p-c-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

B \mepsI´nse X´p-Xpemw XqWp-I-fnepw tN‰p-]-Sn-I-fnepw

kpw`-\n-krw` aln-jm-kp-cmZn a¿±-\-cw-K-ßfpw A\-¥-\-c-knwl

hmkpIn hymfn thXm-fmZn hnK-l-ßfpw `oj-W-ambn sImØ-

s∏-´n-cp-∂p.69

"a¥-°q-SØv' F∂ t]cns\ A\z¿∞-am-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hmkvXp-in-ev]-

am-Xr-I-bmWv \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂-Xv. ]ucm-WnI kwkvIrXn ÿe-cq-]-Ønepw

BImcw t\Sp∂p F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv.

IpSn-e-X-bp-sSbpw Iucy-Øn-s‚bpw D≈d cl-kyw ÿem-Im-c-ambn

amdp-∂p-- v. tbmKo-i-c-b-⁄-im-em-a-µncw AXn\v \nZ¿i-\-am-Wv.

\S-∏pc-IƒsIm- v irwJ-en-X-am-°o-´p≈ NXp-»m-e-Ifpw B

ime-Iƒ IW-°n-√mØ apdn-I-fmbpw Hmtcm s\Sp-ap-dnbpw Nn‰-d-

I-fmbpw hn`m-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw, tImWn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-®p≈

a®n≥ ]pd-Ifpw I√-d-Ifpw ]cn-Nb cln-X-∑msc Ig-°p-∂-Xmb

hmXn-ep-I-fpsS kwJybpw I- v B aµncw tZmlm-tem-N-\-I-

fpsS kpJ-]-k-h-Øn-\p≈ kqXn-Im-e-b-sa∂v ka¿∞n®p.70

lcn-]-©m-\-\-tbm-Kn-bpsS ]Xn-Imc \n¿h-l-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-

Øn¬ Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ "b⁄-imem aµncw' hf¿∂v hf¿∂v hnkvXr-X-amb

Hcp ÿmem-Jym-\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Bbp-[-ß-fp-sSbpw ]S-t°m-∏p-I-fp-

sSbpw `fim-Im-c-ß-fmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ "b⁄-ime' F∂ hmkvXp-

inev]w IY-bnse Zpc¥ ÿm\-ambpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

A[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw cmjvSob KqVm-tem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw Ccp- kt¶-

X-ß-fm-bn-´mWv Cu hmkvXp-in-ev]-ß-sf√mw t\mh-en¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. A[n-

Im-c-Ø-I¿®sb NnXo-I-cn-°m\pw hmkvXp-in-ev]sØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-

- v. If-]m-t°m´ `h-\-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw b⁄-ime IØn-b-a-cp∂ cwKhpw

kn.-hn. h¿Æn-°p-∂p-- v. cmP-`-c-W-X-¥-Øns‚ D≈d cl-ky-ß-fp-sSbpw

cmjvSob D]-Pm-]-ß-fp-sSbpw tIµ-amb sIm´m-c-ßsf ÿe-Øns‚ khn-

tij amXr-I-I-fmb hmkvXp-in-ev]-ß-fmbn kn.-hn. ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNøp-∂p.

Ah IY-bpsS \nKq-V-Xbv°v Bghpw ]c∏pw \¬Ip-∂p.

4.6.3. Ncn-X-]-chpw sFXn-lm-kn-I-hp-amb ÿe-Z¿i\w

tZi-N-cn-XsØ B[m-c-am°n Fgp-X-s∏´ [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂

as‰mcp ÿe-Z¿i\w "Ncn-X-ÿe'amWv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZisØ sshIm-

cnIImth-i-ambn I- n-cp∂ kn.-hn.bv°v Fgp-Øns‚ `qan-I-bm-bn-Xo¿∂Xpw

B cmPy-am-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw kao-]-]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]e ]mhiyw t\mh-

en¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. B bYm¿∞ ÿe-ß-tfm-sSm∏w `qX-Ime Imev]-

\nI kz]v\hpw IqSn-t®¿∂v cq]w sIm≈p∂ Hcp Ncn-X-ÿ-ecmin "[¿Ω-

cmPm'bn¬ ImWmw. Ncn-X-k-µ¿`-Øns‚ \mS-Io-b-X-bn-eqsS B ÿe-

Z¿i\w D∂n-Z-am-hp-∂p. Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpw, Ncn-X-ÿ-e-ß-fpw, kw`-h-ßfpw

IqSn-t®¿∂v krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-t_m[w "cmjvSw' F∂ k¶ev]sØ-

°qSn A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPyw F∂ ÿe-tØm-Sp≈

hnt[-b-Xzhpw FXn¿∏p-am-Wv. "cmjvSw' F∂ ÿe-Z¿i-\sØ D- m-°p-∂-Xv.

cmP-]-£o-bcpw/cmP-tZm-ln-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-th- n \S-Øp∂ \b-X-¥-

ßfpw IpX-¥-ßfpw "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmjvSw' F∂ cmjvSo-b-ÿ-e-Øn-\p-th-

- n-bp≈ t]mcm- -ß-fm-Wv.

amXr-`q-an-bp-sSbpw hwiØns‚bpw aÆpw tNmcbpw F∂

Bibw anØmbn kn.-hn.sb Bth-in--®n-cp-∂p. ÿe-_-≤-amb

B kuµ-cy-t_m-[sØ At±lw cmjvSo-b-amb _‘n-∏n-®p.

Aß-s\-bmWv NcnXw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ kq£va-X-e-ß-fpsS

ÿe-ambn kn.-hn.-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏- -Xv71

F∂v kn. hn. BJym-bn-I-I-fnse ÿe Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-

c≥ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-- v.

tIc-fob `q`m-K-ß-fpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZihpw Xe-sb-Sp-t∏msS

Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂ sIm´m-c-ßfpw, ]ucm-WnI ]cq-]-ß-fmbn kn.-hn.-bn¬

Dd-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-- mImw t\mh-ense a‰p LS-I-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse

ÿe amXr-I-I-fnepw ]pcm-X-\hpw ]mNo-\-hp-amb ¢mkn-°¬ k¶-ev]-ßsf

Ae-¶m-c-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. `b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ h\-]-tZ-i-ßfpw hnK-

l-ßfpw sImØp-th-e-I-tfmSv IqSn Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂ aµn-c-ßfpw "c- mw

e¶' bpw "A¥-I-k`'bpw tN¿∂v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ anØn-°¬ ÿew Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ NcnX `q]-S-hp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂v cq]-sa-SpØ ÿe-Z¿i-\-amWv [¿Ω-

cmPmbn¬ D≈-sX∂v ]d-bmw.

4:7 Imew

ImeØns‚ _lp-hn-[-amb BJym-\-amWv "[¿Ω-cmP'bn¬ kn.-hn. \S-

Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ew, Ncn-X-Im-ew, ]pcm-W-Im-ew, k¿∆-hym-]n-bmb

ImeZ¿i\w F∂nh ]Zw ]Xn kv]µn-®p-sIm- v t\mh-ens‚ Imem-Jym-

\sØ k¶n¿Æ-am-°p-∂p.

4.7.1. IYm-Imew

]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m- nse Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ncn-X-Ønse bi:kvXw`-amb

am¿Ømfi-h¿Ω-bpsS `c-W-Imew apX¬°n-tßm-´p≈ Ncn-Xmw-i-ß-sf-bmWv

Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fn¬ kn. hn. kzoI-cn-®-Xv. 1758-˛1798 hsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `cn-

®n-cp∂ Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-∂mƒ cma-h¿Ω-bpsS `c-W-Imew BWv [¿Ω-cmPm

bnse bYm¿∞Im-ew. F-∂m¬ B Ime-L- -Øns‚ bYm¿∞ NcnXmwiw

hf-sc-°p-d®v amXta kn.-hn. kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈q.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿ΩbpsS XpS¿®-bm-bn-´mWv [¿Ω-cmPmbpw cq]o-Ir-X-am-

hp-∂Xv F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm- v H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ime-L-´sØ t\mh-

enÃv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-- v. ˛

io hoc-am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-Jcs∏cp-amƒ alm-cmPmhv

Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv kwÿm-\-hn-kvXr-Xnsb h¿≤n-∏n®v cmPy-`-

cWw sNøp∂ Ime-Øv, \h-ambn kºm-Zn-°-s∏´ Nß-\m-t»cn

apX-emb ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]Pm-kw-L-߃°n-S-bn¬ Nne A¥-

—n-Z-ßfpw cmP-tZm-tlm-Zymae£y-ß-fmb Iem-]-ßfpw kw`-hn-

°p-∂p.

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fpsS Ghw hn[-ß-fmb

ÿnXn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv Cu hnjv°w-`m-≤ym-b-Ønse kw`-h-

߃ \S-∂-Xv. Z£n-W-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿Im-cmb P\-߃ "B]-Zn-

`-P¥n' \ymbsØ A\p-k-cn®v sIm√w 929se inh-cm-Xn-h-

XsØ A\p-jvTn-°p∂p.72

H∂mw A[ym-b-Ønse kw`-h-߃ \S-°p-∂Xv am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS `c-W-

Im-e-ØmWv (1754¬) AXp-wI-gn™v h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬ IY Bcw-`n-°p-

∂Xv ]Xn-aq∂v h¿j-Øn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv. Nµ-°m-ds‚ IY-bp-am-bmWv h¿Ø-am-

\-Ime IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

sIm√w 942-˛se kz¿Æ-Nn-ß-amkw DZ-b-am-bn. Nne-ºn-t\Øp

`h-\-Øn¬ B B- sØ kw`m-c-°p-an-bepw Bcw-`n-®p.73.

1767-˛se IY-bm-bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbnse IYsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp

h¿jw sIm- v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kw`-h-ß-fm-bn-´mWv IYm-Jym\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

IYm-Imew AXm-Wv. 942-˛se Nnß-amk'Øn¬ IYm-cw` kqN\ \¬In-b-Xn-\p-

tijw 19-˛mw A[ym-b-Øn¬

anYp-\-Øn-te°v chn-kw-I-ahpw Ign™v Ime-h¿j-Øns‚

i‡nbpw £bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-Øn¬ AkvX-

k‘ymkabw h’-c-Øns‚ hr≤-Xbv°p tNcp∂ Xc-Øn¬

BZ-c-Wo-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.74

tij-ap≈ A[ym-b-ß-fnse kw`-h-߃ GXm\pw Znh-kw-sIm- v \S-°p-∂-

Xm-Wv. kw`-h-߃ \S°p∂ Imehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw XΩn¬ A¥-c-ap-- v.

4.7.2. Ime-Øns‚ ]p\¿hn\ymkw

IY-bnse kw`-h-ß-fpsS Iaw ˛ BZn-˛-a-[ym¥w F∂ \ne-bn-ep-≈-X-√.

imJ-I-fmbn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ IY-Iƒ Htc tiWn-bn¬ hnI-kn-°p-∂-X-√. H∂m-a-

[ym-b-Ønse "If-]m-t°m´ `h\'Øn¬ \S∂ kw`-h-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ c- mw

A[ymbw Nne-ºn-t\Øv Nµ°ms‚ IY-bm-Wv. At©m Btdm A[ym-b-

߃°v tij-amWv ]q¿∆ A[ym-b-ß-fnse kw`-h-ßsf Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xv. `qX-Im-esØ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-emWv kn.-hn. BJym\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

kw`-h-ßsf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-emWv NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

Nne-ºn-t\Øp`h-\-Øn¬ B A- sØ kw`m-c-°p-an-bepw

Bcw-`n-®p. Ingt° hcm-¥Øfn-a-Øn¬ kme-]-X-\n¿Ωn-X-am-

bp≈ [¿Ωm-k-\-Øn¬ Xs‚ k¥X kl-Nm-cn-bmb ]n»m-Øn-

tbmSp IqSn IpS-h-b¿tKm-fsØ Xp≈n-®p-sIm-- n-cp∂v DZn-®p-b-

cp∂ BZn-Xys‚ Inc-W-ß-sf-s°m- v XzKv tZi-Øn-sebpw

sXcp-sXsc hcp∂ HmW-°m-gvN-I-fpsS kzoI-cWw sIm- v

A¥¿`m-K-Øn-tebpw iotXm-]-im-¥n ipiqj ]c-am-`mKymw

t`m\n-[n-bmb N¥-°m-d≥ \nh¿Øn-°p-∂p.75

\mgn-I-I-fmbpw bma-ß-fmbpw Id-ßn-s°m-- n-cn-°p∂ Zn\-cm-X-ß-fpsS

Bh¿Ø-\amWv h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

GI-tZiw H≥]-Xp-\m-gnI ]pe¿®-bm-b-t∏mƒ hr≤ Ipfn-°-

gn™v ]Sn-™mdp hi-Øp≈ XnÆ-bn-en-cp∂v P]w XpS-ßn.ao\m-

£n-b-Ωbpw Ipfn-I-gn™v cmhn-esØ `£-W-Øn\v amXm-a-ln-

IqSn h∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xn-\m-bn, \\-™n-cp∂ Xe-apSn amSn CW-

°p∂ ia-tØm-Sp-IqSn \mep-sI-´n-\-IØv \S-∂p-sIm-- n-cp-∂p.76

A∂-kvX-a-b-Øn\p Ipd-®p-ap-ºmbn ]cn-NnXkzc-Øn-e-√msX

Hcmƒ ]Sn-hm-Xp-°¬ hnfn®v, hmX-nens‚ Npgp-Ip‰n Cf-°p-amdp

ap´n-tØm-‰n´v Dds° B Zn°n-s\-Øs∂ ]gn-]-d™p XpSßn . .

. . 77 .

GI-tZiw A©p-\m-gnI AkvX-an-®-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v

\mep-sI-´ns‚ In-g-t°-Ø-f-Øn¬ kwLw IqSn.78

]`m-Xw, a≤ym-”w, AkvX-abw F∂ aq∂v bma-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂

Hcp Zn\-Øns‚ ss\c-¥cyw Cu BJym-\-Øn-eqsS D- m-Ip-∂p. kw`-h-ß-

fpsS h¿Ø-am\ hnizm-ky-Xsb Dd-∏n-°m≥ Cu BJym\w sIm- v Ign-bp-∂p.

sIm´m-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]`p-`-h-\-ß-fn-te°pw Xncn®pw Hmtcm ZuXy-

Øn-\mbn \oßp∂ IYm-]m-XßfpsS bmX-bp-sSbpw ka-b-sØbpw Zqc-

sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm- v Znh-k-ß-fpsS Ne-\sØ hmkvX-hn-I-am°n

Xo¿°p-∂p-- v. DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃ t\mh-en¬ ]apJ Ime-ambn \n¬°p-∂p-

- v.

4.7.3. Imem-Jym\w ˛ IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eqsS

IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eqsS Ime-Øns‚ KXn BJym\w sNøm\pw kn.-hn.

apXn¿∂n-´p-- v. IYm-]mX h¿Æ-\-bn-eqsS BWv AXv km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

H∂m-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ "_me-\mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n® "tIi-hs\' aq∂mw

A[ym-Øn¬ h¿Æn°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ˛ Ccp-]-Øn-\m-temfw hb-p≈

Cu bphmhv am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Hcp c- mw ]Xn-∏mbn . . .

tI´n-´p-- v.79. _meym-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw buh-\-Øn-te°v FØn-bn-´p≈ IYm-

]m-X-Øn-eqsS Ime-Øns‚ am‰-ß-fmWv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-X-cp-∂-Xv. Xn]p-c

kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω, A\-¥-]-Zv\m-`≥ ]S-Ø-e-h≥ F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ h¿Æ-\-

Ifpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Imem-Jym-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. IYm-]m-

X-ß-fpsS Inb-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Imew A\p-`-hn-®-dn-

bp∂ Hcp hkvXp-X-bmbn amdp-∂p.

4.7.4. Ime-Z¿i\w

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ncn-X-Ønse Nne aplq¿Ø-ß-sfbpw kw`-h-ß-sfbpw

B[m-c-am°n krjvSn® Cu BJym-bn-I-bn¬ "Ncn-X-Imew' Imem-Xo-Xz-

Øns‚ \nan-j-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. h¿Ø-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm- v

`qXIm-esØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n® kn.-hn.sb Bth-in-®-Xv. \q‰m-- p-Iƒ°p-ap-

ºp≈ Ncn-X-am-Wv. Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpw, Ncn-X-ÿ-e-ßfpw kw`-h-ßfpw

Dƒt®¿∂ BJym-bn-I-bn¬ Ime-Øns‚ BJym\w \n¿eo-\-am-bn-°n-S-°p-∂p.

Ncn-X-Imew ]ucm-Wn-I-Im-e-ambpw hyXn-N-en-°p-∂p. `qX-Imew Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ Ncn-X-Imew amX-a√ tIc-fo-bhpw `mc-Xo-b-hp-amb ]pcm-X-\-Imew IqSn-

bm-sW∂v kn.-hn. bpsS Cu Ime-Z¿i\w Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. ˛

tXXm-bp-K-Øn¬ iocm-a≥ Iev]n-®-Xp-t]mse Ien-Ime [¿Ω -

kw-c£Wm¿∞w k©cn®n-cp∂ Hcp Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j≥ . . .

]m¿Øn-cp-∂p.80

""lcn-]-©m-\-\≥: ""Ba˛ C¥-°mew Ien-Imew Xmt\?

tIi-h-]n≈: ˛ ""Zim-\-\-Im-e-amb tXXm-bp-K-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]ucm-WnI IYm-]m-X-ß-fmepw kµ¿`-ß-fmepw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂

Ime-Z¿i\w cq]I-ß-fn-eqsS Ncn-X-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]ucm-WnI Ime-Øn-

te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂p. ]q¿∆-Im-hy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn-°p∂ aplq¿Ø-

ßfpw Ime-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Z¿i-\-Øn\pw \nZ¿i-\-am-Ip-∂p-- v.

k¿∆-hym-]n-bmb Ime-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Z¿i-\-amWv [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS

BJym-\-Øn¬ ImWp∂ a-s‰m-∂v. B Z¿i\w "hn[n'bpambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-

°p-∂p. hn[n-bpsS cq]-amb Imew IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-ep-- m-°p∂ am‰hpw

ÿnXn-hn]-cy-bhpw [¿Ω-cmPm bn¬ ImWmw. tcmK-ß-fp-sSbpw Ime-Øns‚

Iqc-X-I-fp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-߃ IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-ep-- v. [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ Ac-

tß-dp∂ Zpc-¥-Øn-s\√mw Imc-W-ambn \n¬°p-∂Xv ssZh-\oXn F∂ AXo-

X-Im-e-Øns‚ cq]-am-Wv. Ime-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu ]ucm-Wn-I-hpw, ssZhn-I-

hp-amb k-¶ev]sØ Imem-Jym-\-Ønepw kn.-hn. sIm- p-h-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-

ambn C∂v Fs‚ Xe-bn¬ Ipfw tXm- n ˛ ˛ ˛ \msf sbmcp-Im-eØv Chn-sS-

Xs∂ Ipfw tImcn-t∏mImw81 F∂ tIi-hs‚ hm°p-Ifpw AXns‚ ]cn-WnX

^e-ßfpw ssZh-\oXn F∂ Ime-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ `mK-amWv.

4.8. `mjm hyh-lmc amXr-I-Iƒ:

kn.-hn.-bpsS Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fnse BJym-\sØ A\-\p-I-c-Wo-bhpw

hyXn-cn-‡-hp-am°n Xo¿ØXv Ah-bnse `mjbpw ssien-bp-am-Wv. Gsd

hna¿i-\-߃°pw Bt£-]-߃°pw CS-bm-°n-bXpw kn.-hn.-bpsS `mj-bm-Wv.

ITn-\-ambn ]cn-i-an-®m¬ amXw a\-kn-em-Ip∂ kwkvIrX _lp-e-amb Hcp

IrXna `mjm-ssi-en-bmWv kn.-hn-bp-sS-sX-∂pw.

CcpºpIqSw t]mse \njv]-µhpw At`-Z-I-hp-am-b-Xp-sIm- v

`mj Bi-bsØ A\p-K-an-°p-∂p-Xn-\p-]-I-cw, `mj-bv°p-th- n

Bibw ]e-t∏mgpw _en-I-gn-°p-I-tbm, Ae-t¶m-e-am-°p-Itbm

sNtø- n h∂n-´p-s- ∂pw ]Xn-]mZy hkvXp-hns‚ Kpcp eLp-

Xz-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn `mjm-coXn t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-s√∂pw82

"t\mh¬km-lnXy'Øn¬ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ hna¿in-®n-´p-- v.

kwkvIrX _lp-ehpw hI-hp-amb `mjm-ssi-en-X-s∂bmWv kn.-hn.

kzoI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. AXp-sIm- v Xs∂ Bh¿Øn-®p-ff hmb\ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-

∂Xpw A¿∞-K-l-W-Øn\v Kl-\-amb hmb\ A\n-hm-cy-am-°p-∂-Xp-amb

H∂mWv B `mj. kmam-\y-hm-b-\-°m-cs\ kn.-hn.-bn¬ \n∂-I‰n \n¿Øn-

bXpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

kn.-hn.-bpsS aq∂m-Jym-bn-I-I-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw k¶o¿Æ-amb `mjm-

inev]w [¿Ω-cmPmbn-emWv cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. Hcp "Io¿Ωo-c-h-[-coXn'Xs∂-

bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v t\mh-enÃv hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-- v.

`mjm-co-Xn-bpsS ]uVnbpw hI-Xbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pmsb kmam-\y-hm-b-\-°m¿°v

Zpc-`n-Kay-am-°n-bn-´p-s- ∂pw.

Zp¿Km-lyX `mjbv°p ssIh-∂n-´p-s- -¶n¬ AXv kwkvIr-X-_-

lp-eX sImt- m ]Z-Im-Tn-\yw-sImt- m amX-a√ t\sc-a-dn®v

]uV-amb ]eXpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-t°- n h∂-Xp-sIm-- mWv83

F∂v ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. `mjm-co-Xn-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ CØcw hyXykvX A`n-]m-b-߃ kn.-hn. bpsS t\mh-ep-I-

fnse `mjm-]-T-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Hcp-°p-∂p. t\mh-ep-I-fpsS

kq£va-amb A]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n D]m-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb t\mh-en-ÃmWv kn.-hn. F∂v ]d-bmw. kmam-\y-`mj kmln-

Xy-`m-j-bmbn cq]m-¥-cWw ]m]n-°p-tºmƒ ssIh-cm-hp∂ `mjm-i‡n t\mh-

ens‚ BJym-\-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-°p∂ Akmam-\y-I-em-]-Xn-`-bmWv [¿Ω-cmPm

bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

`mj Xs∂-bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbnse apJy-]-tabw F∂p-]-d-bmw.

`mjsb CXn-hr-Øw, ]mX-kr-jvSn, IYm-]m-X-߃, ÿe-Im-e-߃ F∂n-h-

bn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv t\mh-enÃv sNøp-∂-Xv. BJym-\-Øn\v KŸ-

I¿Ømhv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ B-Jym\`mj, IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS `mj-Ww,

hy‡-n-`m-j, tZiy-t`-Z-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp `mjm-k-

¶cw [¿Ω-cmPmsb A]-K-Yn-°p-tºmƒ ImWmw.

4.8.1. BJym\ `mj-bnse kwkvIr-X-_m-lpeyw

BJym\ `mj kwkvIrX _lp-ehpw ITn\ ]Z-߃ \nd-™Xpw

htIm-‡n-b-e-¶m-c-߃ sIm- v kº-∂-hp-am-Wv. kwkvIrX ]Z-߃ amX-a-

√, `mj-]-tbm-K-co-Xn-Ifpw kn.-hn. kzmwio-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. \o- p \o- p

t]mIp∂ hmIy-߃, ka-kvX-]-Z-ß-fpsS [mcm-fn-Øw, hnti-j-W߃, D]-am-

cq-]-ImZn Ae-¶mc h¿Æ-\-Iƒ ˛ Ch-bmWv BJym-Xm-hns‚ `mjsb hIhpw

k¶o¿Æ-hp-am°n Xo¿°p-∂-Xv.

io kºq¿Æ-amb B hnip≤ l¿Ωy-Øns‚ apJ-a-fi]w

t]mse DZ-b-Kncn F∂ Zp¿§hpw AXn-\p-a-IpS-`q-jm-kvvXw-`-ambn

]Xn-jv-Tn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ [zPhpw DZ-b-hm-X-t]m-X-Øm¬ aµ-ambn

Nen-°-s∏-Sp∂ iwJ-ap-Zm-¶nX ]Xm-I-bpw, tIXp-hns‚ Ccp-`m-

KØpw Zp¿§-Øns‚ ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-bmb t£X-Øn¬ hkn-

°p∂ Zp¿§m-bp-Kfw Xs∂ `qIºn-\n, K¿`-[zw-kn\n F∂ \ma-

ßsf [cn®v c£n-Xm-°-fmbn \n¬°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ImW-s∏-

Sp∂ henb ]oc-¶n-I-fpw, Zp¿§sØ Bh-cWw sNøp∂ D∂-X-

amb OnZ-]m-Im-c-hpw, Zn§-P-߃ t]mse F´p-Zn-im-`m-K-ß-fnepw

Dd-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ sImØ-f-ß-fpw. . . B ÿesØ kvI‘-

IoUm kt¶-X-sa∂v Dss®-kvXcw tLmjn-®p-sIm-- n-cp-∂p.84

Hcp Jfin-I-tbmfw hep-∏-ap≈ alm-hm-Iy-am-Wn-Xv. Cßs\ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-

߃ \nd-™Xpw ka-kvX-]-Z-߃ tIm¿Øn-W-°n-b-Xp-amb \o- hmIy-

߃ t\mh-eneqS\o-f-ap-- v. "K‘-Zzn-]-]u-V-a-µ-K-a\w' "ImIPw-_pI jƒ]-

ZmZn'"ai-I-a-£n-Im-[q-amZn' "A\-¥-\-c-knw-l-hm-kpIn hymfn-th-Xm-fmXn hnK-

l-߃' ˛ XpS-ßn-b-h-t]m-ep≈ ]tbm-K-ß-fmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS `mjsb

ITn-\-am°n am‰p-∂-Xv.

DΩn-Wn-∏n≈ Hcp ]cnKlW bXv\-Øn¬ Ima\pw hn[n-Xm\pw

Je-ssh-cn-IfmbnØo-cp-I-bm¬ hnhm-lImw-£-bm-Ip∂ am∑-Y-

\n-tZ-i-Im-cnsb lrZ-b-in-em-a-µnc Klz-cßfn¬ Fßm- v

_‘\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p.85

]Zw ]Xn-bp≈ A¿∞hpw A¿∞-I-ev]-\-Ifpw Ae-¶mc hnh-£-Ifpw a\-n-

em-°n-bm¬ amXta CØcw hmIy-ß-fpsS A¿∞-K-lWw km[y-am-hp--I-

bp≈q. Cß-s\-bp≈ hmIy-]-tbmK coXn-bmWv Cu t\mh-en¬ Gsdbpw

D]tbmKn®n-´p-≈-Xv. CØcw `mj-bn-eqsS Xm\p-t±-in-°p∂ AtemI kmam-\y-

Xbpw Kmw`o-cyhpw Xs‚ t\mh-en\v ssIh-cp-Øp-I-bmWv kn.-hn. AXm-bXv

t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse kn.-hn.-bpsS `mhm-Jym-\-Øn\v \mSy-[¿Ωn

kz`m-h-am--Wp≈-Xv. AXn\v F√mw sIm- pw tbmPn-°p∂ Hcp _mtlm-]ym-[n-

bmbn kwkvIrX ]uV-amb Cu `mj \ne-sIm-f-fp-∂p.

4.8.2. Ae-¶mc Iev]-\-I-fnse hywKy-`wKn

Ae-¶m-c-ß-fm¬ hywKy-amb Imhy-`wKn \nd™ h¿Æ-\-Iƒ [¿Ω-

cmPmbn¬ ]e `mKØp-ap-- v. lcn-]-©m-\s\ FXn¿tc¬°m-\mbn A¿≤

-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ipf-°-c-bn¬ DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈bpw Ic-°mcpw FØnb kµ¿`-Ønse

]IrXn ]›m-Øe h¿Æ\ DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nq- n-°m-´mw.

Xß-fpsS At[m-`q-hn¬ \S-°p∂ hnInbI-fpsS ]Ir-X-

tØbpw ]cn-Wm-a-tØbpw Adn-hm-\mbn \£-X-hr-µ-Øm¬

\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Nmc-∑m-sc∂ t]mse Nne cq£ hnZypØp-Iƒ

B taL-߃°nS-bn¬ IqSn C-S-bv°nsS FØn-t\m°n ad-bp-

∂p. "\£X']am-W-∑m-cmb Ig-°qSvØp hmkn-I-fm¬ Bc-m[n-

X-\mb Hcp alms‚ BK-a\ kµ¿`-Øn¬ \£-tX-i-\mb

Xm≥IqSn BIm-i-a-[y-Øn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv A\p-Nn-X-sa∂v

Icp-Xntbm a[ym-Im-i-K-X-\mb Nµ≥ ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-amdn taL-

ta¬°´n°nS-bn¬ ad-bp-∂p. NµnIm ]Imiw £bn-®-t∏mƒ,

\nim-Nm-cnX[zwk-I-∑m-cmb ImI-∑m¿ I¿Æm-X-¥p-Z-ß-fmb

kwI-µ-\-߃ sIm- v Xß-fpsS t]a-KoXsØ hnkvX-cn®p

XpS-ßn. Cu A[¿Ω-]-hr-Ønsb imkn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∂-t]mse

Ing-°p≈ Ip∂p-I-fpsS apI-fn¬ [¿Ω-kw-c-£-I-\mb ]mIm-cn-

bpsS JVvKw CfIn ]Im-in-®p.86

F∂n-ßs\ kn.-hn. h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ lcn-]-©m-\s‚ Kmw`o-cy-tØbpw, B

IYm-]-mX-Øns‚ Im]-Sy-ßsf kq£va-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øp∂ cmP-i-‡n-

tbbpw ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p.

4:8:3 `mjmsshNnXyw `mjm-L-S-I-ß-fn-eqsS

`mj-bpsS G‰hpw ASn-ÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ XpSßn k¶o¿Æ-L-S-\-bn¬

hsc ]e Xc-Øn-ep-ff sshNn-Xy-߃ krjvSn-®p-sIm-- mWv BJym-\-`mj

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. t\mh-en¬ ]e kµ¿`-ß-fn-embn A£-c-ßsf kn.-hn.

kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw B A£-c-߃ kZri Iev]-\-Iƒ°pw a‰p-ambn D]tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-- v.

tIi-h≥ Ip™v _‘-\-ÿ-\mbn I√-d-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬

Dd-°-Øn¬ Abm-ƒ I- kz]v\-sØ-°p-dn®v BJym-Xmhv hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-

bn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p.

.. . . AhnsS IWvTy-amb hnk¿§-Øns‚ D®m-c-W-Øn¬

"l'Imc-hy‡n icn-bm-hm-Ø-Xn-s\-∏‰n A\p-]Zw imkn-®p-

sIm- v injy-∑m-cpsS \Sp-hn¬ Ccn-°p∂ Xs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥

BZy-Øn¬ Zriy\m-Ip-∂p.87

]I-S-»m-e-bpsS h¿Æ-\-bn¬

Icn-°- -sIm-- p≈ teJ-\-ß-fn¬ hnZ-KvZ-∑m-cm-b-h-cpsS Iq -

Øn¬ NnX-I¿Ω-Ip-i-e∑m-cm¬ cNn-°-s∏´ KtPµ tam£m-Zn-

cw-K-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, Kmay-Xbv°p ]m]n-°m-hp∂ ]c-am-h-[n-bpsS

ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmbn A\-h[n "Ic-Ir-X-a-]-cm-[-'ßfpw B

ÿesØ "A' Imc-am-Zy-am-bp≈ ]I-S-»me F∂v i¶n-°p-am-dm-

°p-∂p.88

amam-sh-¶n-Ss‚ IY-Ifn cmKm-em-]-k-µ¿`w "tXmSn-cm-K-Øn¬

"A'ImcsØ hf®pw ]pf-∏n®pw Xzcn-X-K-am\w sNøn-®m¬ FX-

Zq-c-tØmfw FØn°mta AXbpw Zqcw B\-µtam A˛-\-¥tam

Bbn HmSn-®p. . 89

A£-c-߃ Xncn®pw adn-®p-an v ]Z-߃°p-- m-°p∂ A¿∞-t`Zw [¿Ω-cmPm

bnse `mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmbn \n¿°p-∂p-- v. IYm-k-µ¿`-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-

amb coXn-bn¬ ]Z-߃ ]mk-sam-∏n®v ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CØcw ]Z-߃

Nne kµ¿ß-fn¬ lmkyw D- m-°p-∂p.

DZm: DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈-bpsS \os -gp-Øp-tZymKw \jvS-am-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-

bp∂ kµ¿`w.

Pmc-kw-Ka tLmc-Zp-cm-Nmc F∂ alm-cm-Pmhp cNn-®n-cp-∂-Xn¬

"Pmc' F∂ ]Z-tØm-Sp kw\ym-k-]-Z-]m-]vXn-sIm-- p-- mb

hnkvar-Xn-bn¬ cmP-IrXn cmP-[n-IrXnbmIp-amdv cmP-kw-Ka

tLmc Zpcm-Nmc F∂p \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ ]I¿Øn90

tIih]nf-f-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw a¥-°q-SØv FØnb amam-sh-¶n-S≥ ]d-bp-

∂p. cma-cm-P-Nm-c-\mbn ]pd-s∏´ \mw CXm Ima-cm-P-Nm-c≥ BIp-∂p.91

ao\m-£n-tbm-Sp≈ Xmev]cyw \nanØw N¥-°m-c-\p-- mb `mh am‰w:

Acm-P-k-ß-fmb AΩ-WmZn i_vZ-ßsf Dt]-£n®v cmP-k-`m-am-

\y-am-bp≈ "A\nbm'Zn kwkvIrX kw_-‘n-I-fmb ]Z-ß-sf

kzoI-cn®v kw`m-j-W-co-Xn-sbbpw H∂p \ho-I-cn-®p.92

A£-c-߃, ]Z-߃, hmIy-߃ F∂n-ßs\ `mj-bpsS F√m Xe-

tØbpw kn.-hn. BJym\ LS-\sb k¶o¿Æ-am-°m≥ D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-

- v.

4.8.4. BJym\ `mjbpw ]q¿∆-I-ev]-\-ßfpw

ae-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ]q¿∆-kw-kvIm-csØ

BJym\ `mj-bn-eqsS Imen-I-am°n F∂-XmWv t\mh¬ `mj-bn¬ kn.-hn.

Ah-ew-_n® auen-I-amb coXn. ]q¿∆-Im-hy-߃, ssien-Iƒ, sNm√p-Iƒ

F∂nh t\mhens‚ `mj-bmbn amdp-∂-XmWv "[¿Ωm-cmP'bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw Bap-J-]-Zy-ßfpw tN¿∂v cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ A¿∞-amWv

IYbv°v i‡n-]-I-cp-∂-Xv.

DZm: lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p\ `mKw ˛

""temI-hn-ip≤n hcp-Øm-hm-\m-b-vs°m- p

temI-]m-e-∑m¿ \S--°p-sa-√m-Shpw''˛

F∂p tXXm-bp-K-Øn¬ iocm-a≥ Iev]n-®-Xp-t]mse IenIme

[¿Ω-kw-c-£-Wm¿∞w k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j≥

A°m-eØv A\-¥-imbn tkhm-c-X-\mbn Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cØp

Bia ÿm]\w sNbvXp ]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. . . . Ct±-l-Øns‚

P∑-`q-an, ]c-am¿∞-\m-aw, PmXn-h-bv F∂n-XpI-sf-°p-dn®v Xncp-

hn-Xmw-tIm v B¿°pw Xs∂ Hcp cq]-hp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw

k]vX-Nncw Pohn-I-fn¬ Iey-_vZmcw`tØmSv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Aiz-

∞m-amhv io]-fl-\m-` -tk-hm¿∞w A\-¥]pc Xo¿∞-ß-fpsS

]m¥-tZ-i-hmkw A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v Hcp sFXn-lysØ

_lp-P-\-a-t\m-[¿Ωw krjvSn-®p." lcn-]-©m-\\ kzman-Iƒ'

F∂p P\-h-N\w sIm- p \ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏´ B kn≤≥

ku`-Z-\mb Ipam-cs\ \nK-ln® Aiz-∞m-am-hm-sW∂p hniz-

kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p F¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ apJØp k¿hZm

kv^pcn-®p-sIm-- n-cp∂ ckw"Bfl-h¬ k¿h-`q-Xm\n'Xzw Xs∂-

Bbn-cp-∂p.'93

c- v CXn-lm-km-Jym\ßfpsS ka-\z-b-Øn¬ Hcp ]mX-krjvSn \S-Øp-I-

bmWv KŸ-I¿Øm-hv. A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m-´nse D≤-c-Wn-bn¬

XpSßn alm-`m-cXw "ku]vXnI ]¿∆'Øn¬ FØn-\n¬°p-I-bmWv "lcn-]-

©m-\\ kzman-Iƒ' F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ sFXn-lyw. tXXm-bp-Kw, Ien-

bpKw, iocm-a≥ Aiz-∞m-amhv F∂o \ma-߃ "lcn-]-©-m\-≥' F∂ Aam-\p-

jn-I-\n¬ ka-\z-bn-°p-∂p. ]pcmW _nw_-ß-fpsS aq¿Øo-I-cWw `mj F∂

am[y-a-Øn-eqsS Hcp ]mX-kr-jvSn-°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv. ]pcm-W-

_nw-_-ß-fpsS `mj ÿe-Ime Ncn-X-ßsf t`Zn®v h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ `mK-

ambn amd-p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw h¿Æ-\-Ifpw sIm- v kº-∂-amWv

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse `mj. Nµ-°m-ds\ cmh-Ws‚ ]Xn-_nw-_-am-bmWv kn.-hn.

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ggmw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Nµ-°m-d-s\-°p-dn®v Cßs\ ]d-

bp-∂p.

ssIem-tkm-≤m-c-W-amb Ae-¶m-c-In-bbv°v Nµ-lmk JUvKw

hni-k-ns‚ ZznXob ]pX\p kw`m-h-\-bmbn In´n. B hocm-

KK-Wys‚ Bfl-l-Xym-iaw A£b ZimI-WvTXzw sIm- v

A\p--K-ln-°-s∏-´p.94

Nµ-°m-d≥ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, ÿm\w-, A[n-Im-c-h-Imiw Ch

hy‡-am-°m≥ kn.-hn. D]-tbm-Kn® `mj-bn¬ ta¬ss° t\Sp-∂Xv cmam-bWw

IYm-k-µ¿`-am-Wv. Cßs\ _nw_-ß-fp-sSbpw anØp-I-fp-sSbpw `mj BJym-

\-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂ `mK-߃ [¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ GXv kµ¿`-Ønepw ImWmw.

4.8.5. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kzXzw

]pcmtW-Xn-lm-k-߃ aX-a√ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]q¿∆ Imhy-kw-kvImcw

samØ-Øn¬ kn.-hn. kzmwio-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. B -°-Y-Iƒ, \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ,

sNm√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ Ch D≤-c-Wn-I-fmbn IYm-k-µ¿`-߃°v i‡n ]I-

cp-∂p. kwkvIr-Xhpw ITn\ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw \SØn `mjsb ]uV-am-

°p∂ AtX Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \mS≥sNm√p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw tZiy-t`-Z-

tØmsS ka¿∞-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IYm-]mX kw`m-j-W-ß-fnepw h¿Æ-

\-I-fnepw BJym-\-Ønepw kn.-hn.-bpsS ssienbnse \mS≥ apJw ImWm≥

Ign-bpw.

H∂mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ `rXy-\mb _mes‚ hm°p-Iƒ ""Ipdp-°p-sR-

cnsb the-sN-bvXm¬ hb-dp-\n-dsb tNmdv'.""s]Æ-c-ip-\m-´n¬ s]¨]S

Xn∂p NØp. B¨]S Ae∂p NØp. ]ns∂-ßns\ t\mhm-dp-hmcv?'' ˛ F∂

D‡n-ssh-NnXyw \nd™ sNm√p-Iƒ km[m-cW hmIy-ß-tf-°mƒ B kµ¿`-

Øn¬ Imcy-amX ]k-‡-am-Wv. kvXoI-fpsS ta¬ss° sIm- p s]Æ-c-p-ip-

\m-sS∂p t]cp-tI´ C∂m-´n¬ s]Æp-߃ AanX `£Ww Ign®pw BÆp-

߃ shdpw ]´nWn InS∂pw NØp F∂ s]mcpƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu

sNm√v s]Æp-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-tØ-bpw, BÆp-߃ kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xp apgp-

h≥ Xn∂p-ap-Sn-°m-\p≈ ]h-W-X-tbbpw ]cn-lkn-°p-∂p.

]Øm-b-∏Sn sNepØm-\-s°m- v ama-Ωmcv Gem-∏Sn t\-Sn-h-®n-cn-

°-W-am∏o. A√m- p ]ndp-]n-dp-Ømev Iqºnte t\mhm-d-am-´cv''95

˛ F∂ ]`zn-bpsS hm°p-Ifpw ""]Øm-b-I-W-°n\v s\√ns‚ Acn hb-‰n¬

sNep-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ AΩm-h≥am¿ kºm-Zn-®n-cn-°Ww'' F∂ hm°p-Iƒ°v adp-

]-Sn-bm-bmWv _me≥ kvXoIƒ Xn∂p-ap-Sn-°p∂ Iq -am-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

X¶-®nbpw Xºnbpw XΩn-ep≈ hg-°n-\-n-S-bn¬ Xºn ]d-bp∂ hm°p-

Iƒ

tNcm-Ø-SØp tN¿∂m¬ sIm- q-SmØXp sIm≈p-sa∂v ]d-

™Xv saøv! C∂se s]bvX ag-bn¬ C∂p IcpØ XI-cbv°v

]® IqSpw. I- pw D- pw \nd-bmØ Iq´w!?96

F∂-XmWv ChnsS X߃ c- p-]cpw IpSpw_ aln-a-sIm- v tNcm-Øh--cm-

sW∂pw X¶-®n-bpsS IpSpw_w s]s -∂p-- mb sFizcyw sIm- v Xnfßn

\nev°p-s∂-¶nepw Xs‚ IpSpw-_-tØmfw alna C√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂pw Xºn

kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Nµ-°md `mj-W-Øn-epw, ]h-Xn-s°m-®n-bpsS `mj-W-ß-fnepw Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿ tZiy-t`-Z-Ønse sNm√p-Iƒ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂p-- v. a¥-n]-Z-Imw-

£n-bmbn lcn-]-©m-\s\ kzoI-cn-t°-- -Xns‚ Bh-iy-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-

tºmƒ Ccbn-´mse ao≥]n-Sn-°mhp F∂ sNm√v ]k-‡-am-hp-∂p. tIi-h≥

Ip™v a¥-°q-SØv t]mIp-∂p-s- -∂-dn™ kµ¿`-Øn¬ t]m´n¬ ]mSm-WXv

]mºv ˛ AhnsS s°m- v sNhn-sh-®m¬ sImØpw! F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. ]mew

IS-∂m¬ Iqcm-bW F∂v lcn-]-©m-\-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xpw AS-°n-∏-cn∏pw

]ghpw Xo∂-fnbm F∂v DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂-Xp-sa√mw kµ¿`-Øn-\-W-

ßp∂ sNm√p-I-fm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kzXz-sØ-°p-dn®v kn.-hn. bpsS Ah-t_m-[-amWv Nµ-

°m-d≥ lcn-]-©m-\-\-t\mSv ]d-bp∂ Lo¿hm-W-sa-¥n\v? aebmw ]mgbv°p

hg-¶mØ henb Imcytam AXv? F∂ tNmZy-Øn¬ D≈-Xv.

]h-Xn-s°m-®n-bpsS `mj-W-sØ-Øs∂ kn.-hn. tXm‰≥]m-´nse Nne

Nc-W-ß-fm-bmWv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]h-Xn-bsS `mj-W-ß-fn¬

\mS≥ sNm√pw, \mS≥]m´pw CS-I-e¿∂n-cn-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. tIi-h-]n-≈-

bpsS Ieym-W-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Bcms- Iew ag-°n-bm-epw, t]m°n-

√msX s]Æp-sIm-- -cpXv F∂ sNm√v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. \mS≥ ]m v iIew

D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

"s\‰n-®p-´n-sbm- v

\men-Im-en-s®-e-sºm- v

hmen-∏q-hm-sem- v

ASn-h-b-d-dn-a-d-sbm- v

Imf-hne ImWm≥ hmSn

s]m∂co ]qam te'97 ˛ F∂n-ßs\. tIi-h-]n-≈sb Ifn-bm-°n-

s°m- v ]mSp-∂p.

"Oo, Oo! shf-b v a°-sf, shf-b v ˛

]n©nte ]dn-®m¬ \©v' ˛

\mS≥]m-´p-I-fnepw sNm√p-I-fnepw sFXn-ly-ß-fnepw KŸ-I¿Øm-hn-

\p-- m-bn-cp∂ Ah-Kmlhpw hmsamgn BJym-\-ß-fnse i‡nbpw Xs‚

BJym-\-Øn¬ DNn-X-amw-hÆw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wn-

Xv. I≈n-b-¶m v \oen-bpsS IY-bpw, Cc-hn-°p-´n-∏n-≈-∏m- v,. Aø-∏≥ ]n≈

]m v, Xnhm≥sh-‰n, amh-cXw ]m´pw kn.-hn°v lrZn-ÿy-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXp

]m´pw GXp sNm√pw GX-h-k-c-Øn-epw Hm¿Ωn-°m\pw GXv IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS

\mhn¬ Xncp-Im\pw kn.-hn.°v Akm-a-m\y-amb kma¿∞yap-- m-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-tØmSv hnt[-bXzw ]pe¿Øp-tºmgpw "ae-bmf' kzXz-Øn\v

bmsXmcp tIm´hpw hcp-ØmsX Ahsb i‡-amb Ah-t_m-[-ambn Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°m≥ kn.-hn.Xp\n™p F∂-Xns‚ \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmWv Cu hmsamgn BJym-

\-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww. ]q¿∆-I-ev]-\-ß-fn-eqsS ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]q¿∆nI

kzØns\ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS BJym-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-

bmWv kn. hn. sNbvX-Xv.

4.8.6. IYm-]mX `mjWw

`mjm-ssh-Nn-XysØ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv IYm]m-

X-kw-`m-j-W-ß-fn-em-Wv. `mj F∂ am[y-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kphy-‡-amb

t_m[w kn.-hn.°v D- m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv IYm-]mX `mj-

W-߃. `mj-bpsS tZiy-t`-Zs-Ø-, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ tZiy D]-tZ-iy-ßsf

i‡-amb am[y-a-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-´p-- v.

H∂m-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ Ac-Ø-Ω-∏n≈ض-®nbpw `rXy\pw XΩn-ep≈

hg°n¬ c- p-Iq-´cpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj kn.-hn. D]-tbm-Kn® tZiy-t`-Z-

Øn\pw \ne-hm-c-`m-jbv°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. X¶-®n-bpsS `mjWw Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cØv sX°p-`m-K-Øp ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xpw Ah-bn¬Øs∂ Nne Ie¿∏p-

Iƒ kw`-hn-®-Xp-am-Wv.

Cu Gtºm°n aqtX-hosS t]®n\v tIt∏mcv hcpºw ]mtØm-

fn≥. Ggn-b-∏-Sbvs°m∏w Xn∂p-ap-Sn-°W Iq´w tImt¶m-em´w

\o°-Wm-tcm, Cu N\n-b-∏-©ns\ sNhn-bmse Xq°n FSpØv

tase∏S-∏n¬ sIm- v N∏m- v?

B -A-Sn® ssI hmgs´! C∂v \n߃ Fs‚ Xe-bn¬ Ipfw

tXm- n ˛ \msf-sbmcp ImeØv ChnSw Xs∂ IpfwtIm-cn-t∏m-

Imw. F√m-Øn\pw Cuiz-c≥ km£n. F¥m-bmepw B X¶-

hmbv D∏p-\ocv IpSn-®p-t]mIpw A∂v -]-dbmw tijw98

Xan-gns‚ Nph-I-e¿∂ Hcp `mjm-an-isØ ssieo-I-cn®v ]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bmWv

X¶-®n-bpsS `mj-W-Øn¬' bmsXmcp Ahy-‡-X-bp-an-√mØ \√ ae-bm-f-hm-Iy-

ßfpsS i‡-amb ]tbm-K-amWv _mes‚ `mj-Ww. Htc kabw `mj-bnse

emfnXy k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ ]co-£n-°p-I-bmWv KŸ-I¿Ømhv sNøp-∂-Xv. IYm-

]-cn-Wm-a-Ønse \yq-¢n-b-mbn Cu hm°p-Iƒ amdp-∂Xpw ImWmw. hm°p-

Iƒ sIm- p≈ ]S-sbm-cp-°¬ "[¿Ω-cmP'bnse `mj-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

BJym-\-Øns‚ k¶o¿Æ-X-bn¬ `mj Hcp-°p∂ km[y-X-I-fmWv IYm-

L-S-\sb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂v ImWmw. hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ GXv IYm-]m-X-

Øn\pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb `mj D- m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ \n¿_‘w kn.-hn.-

°p- mbn-cp-∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv Hmtcm IYm-]m-X-`mjbpw. lcn-]-©m-

\≥, Nµ-°md≥, amam-sh-¶n-S≥, DΩn-Wn-∏n-≈, Ip∏-»m¿, A\-¥-]Zva\m`≥,

Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn, X¶-®n, ]h-]-Xn-s°m®n XpSßn sNdp-Xpw hep-Xp-ambn ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp∂ GXv IYm-]m-Xhpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ssien-bn¬ hyXn-cn-‡-cm-bn-Øo-

cp-∂p.

Ah-\-h-t‚-Xmb Pohn-tXm-t±-iy-߃, kz]v\-߃ ]h¿Ø-\-

ssi-en-Iƒ, ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-j-߃ Bib

]£-]m-X-߃, i‡ amb ck-hm-k-\-Iƒ F∂nhbp≈ IYm-

]m-X-ßsf hmb-\-°m¿ sht∆sd Adn-b-W--sa¶n¬ Ah-cn¬

Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw `mj-bn¬ A\y-cpsS `mj-I-fn-en-√mØ ]Z-

ßfpw ]Z-L-S-\m-k-º-Zm-bhpw hmIy-co-Xnbpw D- m-tI-- n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. X\Xp hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-h-cpsS ssIbn¬ `mj ]e-Xmbn

amdp-∂p.99

4.8.7. D]-`mj

tZiy-t`-Z-ß-fmWv kn.-hn. D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-s-X¶nepw kwkm-cn-°p∂

hnj-b-Øn-s‚bpw kµ¿`-Øn-s‚bpw a‰pw ]Ir-Xn-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v tZiy-]-tbm-

K-ßfpw \nb-¥n-X-am-bn-Øo-cpw. `mj-bv°p-≈n¬ At\Iw D]-`m-j-Iƒ kn.-

hn. krjvSn-°p-∂p-- v. IYm-]mXw CS-s]-Sp∂ kµ¿`w, Ah-ÿ, `mhw Ch-

bv°-\p-kr-X-ambn `mj-Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

[¿Ω-cmPmbn¬ lcn-]-©m-\\v kn.-hn. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `mj D]-`mjm

]tbm-K-߃°v anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. aqt∂m \mtem Xc-Øn-ep≈ `mj

lcn-]-©m-\≥ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-- v. \ne-hm-c-`m-j, ani-`m-j, IrXn-a-`m-j, -

\nKqV`mj F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

lcn-]-©m-\-\≥ "\ymb-amb kwi-bw, kwKXn cmP-tZmlw ˛

cmP-I£w c- nsem∂ns‚ \miw sImt- AXn¬ \nhrØn-bp-

- m-hq. tamXncw Ig-°q-´Øv ]n≈-bpsS kzØv ˛ '

\aXv Nµ-°m-d°v A¥-ÿm\n Krl-am-hpI tKmX-_-‘-sa-

∏Sn? F∂ DΩn-Wn-∏ns≈? \nPsØ sim√pw, DS-bm≥]n≈

Ahmsf Im∏m-Ø-th-- n-bXv'100

H∂m-asØ hmIy-Øn¬ lcn-]-©m-\\ `mj kmam\y \ne-hmc `mj-bm-Wv.

GXv hmb-\-°m¿°pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Kln-°m-hp∂ H∂m-Wv. c- m-asØ

hmIyw ]mtZ-inI t`ZsØ Ah-ew-_n®v cq]-s∏- -Xm-Wv. Xan-gns‚ Ie¿t∏m-

Sp-Iq-Snb `mj-bm-Wv.

kwkvIr-Xw, lnµn F∂nh Ie¿Ønb Xan-gpw, hf-®p-sI-´nb aWn-]-

hmf-hpw lcn-]-©m-\\ `mj-bn¬ ImWmw. `mj-I-fpsS Ie¿∏m-Is´ hnIr--X-

amb coXn-bn-em-Wv.

lcn-]-©m-\≥ (ssI hnSm-sX) F∂ Nµ-°m-d-]`p? Ahn-thI

aq¿—-bmse P∑-P-∑m-¥c kn≤-am\ a\p-jym-flmsh lXw

sNbvXp-Iq-StXm? Blm! ]c-a-Pmfyw! \aXp injy¿101

˛ Cu hmIy-Ønse "Bse' , "B\', "B¿' "G' Ch Hgn-®m¬ _m°n-sb√mw

kwkvIr-X-am-Wv.

tbmKo-iz-c≥ shfn-]m-Sp-t]mse \S-Øp∂ ]h-N-\-ß-fn¬ `mjbpw

D®m-cW coXnbpw amdp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-˛-X-angv ˛ ae-bm-f-ß-fn-eqsS krjvSn-°--

s∏-Sp∂ \nKq-V-`m-j-bmbn amdp-∂p.

Hmw \tam!' (A-kv]-jvSw)' cmP-[¿Ω-I-h-N-Ømte kpc-£nX¿!

IpSnen IrXn-a-°m¿ kao-]-h¿Øn-I-fmI ]cn-tk-hn-°n-dm¿

Xev°me `bmZn ap®qSpw GX¬ ÿnXn-I-fp-Sb ^e-¶-f-√m-a¬

thd∂v! A¥:OnZt£m-`-¶ƒ _l-f-amI `mhn-bnse ImW-s∏-

Sp-In-d-Xv. c‡-h¿j Poh-\mi P\-k-¥m] A·n-`b alm-bp-≤-

ÿm-\-`wi A\oXn hnPb ˛ Blm! cwKm-cwKm! F∂n--

hsb√mw Zriy-am-In-dXv? bmh-Xp°pw kqX-[m-c-\m-I, taml

t]cn-X-\m-sI, k¿∆-cw-K-]m-X-\m-I, C¥ alm-\m-S-I-Øp-°p-\m-

b-I-\m-I, GI-cq]w k¿h-tXm-hym-]vX-\m-I, ImWp-In-d-Xv. A\-

¥-imbn Icp-Wm-cmin c£n-°-´pw. slmw \tam \a:! A¥ cq]w

bmcp-tS-Xw_m?102

IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Aam-\p-jn-I-Xbv°pw IY-bnse \nKq-V-Xbv°pw A\p-kr-X-

ambn krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-a`mj \nKq-V-amb Hcp ]hm-l-ambn amdp∂p.

Nµ-°m-ds‚ BIr-Xn°pw ]Ir-Xn-°p-anW-ßnb Jc AXn-Jc `mjm-]-

tbmKw kn.hn. \¬In-bn-´p-- v..

Nµ-°m-d≥ ""s^teSm t^jv Iq´tc' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm- v

A\-pN-c-∑msc Zqc-Øp- am‰n \ndp-Øn. Ip∏-»m-cpsS ASpØv

sN∂v "kmaosS Jbv]\ ˛ Jg-bv°q- -sØ-sØmΩv \sΩ tb∏n-

∏m≥ Jbv]-\. slhn-sS-bncn-°pWq ^d' . . . . ""slSm! Nne-ºn-

t\Øp amfn-I-bn¬ sh®p JqØm-Sn-bXpw sXcp-sXsc Xncp-h-‘-

cØp sNøXpw ad-t∂m \ns‚ B A∏m-∏s‚ Jbv]-\. Dbn-cp-

th-W-sa-¶n-∏-d- N-¥-°m-ds‚SpsØ-Sp-°msX \ns‚ [c-h-gn-Ifv!103

]Z-ß-fnse Jc AXn-J-cm-£-c-ßfpw Iq -£-c-ß-fpsS ]bm-Khpw `mjsb

Bkp-c-Xz-Øns‚ `mj-bm°n am‰p-∂p.

FSm Ccpfm: hngp-ßv, hm Xpd-∂v, Cu samsÆ-b-s\. \ob-√m- p

Ime-ta-Xv, Jen-tbXv? Din-cp-S-b≥ Ime\pw \o Xs∂Sm ]S®

s]mcptf! \ob-√-am- v ]qh-eØv BscSm s\Sp-s\e sIm≈p∂

s]cp-sºm-ena? Xmsb∂p sNm√n-b-hsS sImS-encp-´n¬ tXm‰n

a\p-£-hsc s]c-´n-cp-´n¬ Ccp- -sh-Sn-b, s]e-∂v, Xncn-ºm-]mw-I-gn-

bn-cp-´n¬ sYme-bW Cus°mWw sI´, Cu Cucn-cp-f\v Iqcn-

cptf \otb s\Sp-sLXn104

Nµ-°md `mj Akm-am-\y-co-Xn-bn¬ IrX-nahpw coXn h¬°-c-Whpw kw`-hn-

°p-∂Xv Cu `mj-W-Øn¬ ImWmw. Nµ-°md `mj-bpsS ÿncw e£-W-ß-

fmb AXn-J-c-tLm-jm-£c ]tbm-K߃ Cu `mj-W-Ønepw D- v. _m°n

`mK-ß-sf√mw hymJym\w IqSmsX a\-n-em-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap≈ `mjm coXn-

bm-Wv. kµ¿`w _o`-’-am°n Xo¿°m≥ kn. hn. `mj-bn¬ ]tbm-Kn® Hcp

sSIv\n-°m-sW-∂p ]d-bmw.

h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnkvar-X-amb-bn-°n-S-°p∂

At\Iw hm°p-Iƒ°v ap≥Xq°w sImSpØv Hcp ]mNo\ KZy-

`mKw hmbn-°p∂ A\p-`hw hmb-\-°m-c\p \¬In Hcp ¢mknIv

Kuc-hhpw ¢mknIv A¥-co-£hpw ]pe¿ØpamdmWv103

Cu `mj-W-Øns‚ cN\ F∂v F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈.

IYm-]mX `mj-W-ß-fn¬ D]-`m-j-Iƒ IqSmsX ÿncw `mjm-coXn

IYm¥yw hsc XpS¿∂ IYm-]mXw amam-sh-¶n-S-\m-Wv. cmP-sIm-´m-c-Ønse

]mN-I-°m-c-\mb Cu _m“-W≥. Xangv Ie¿∂ tZiy-t`Zw ]e-t∏mgpw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu IYm-]m-X-`m-j-WsØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p∂ G‰hpw

][m\ LSIw IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ßfpw t«mI-ß-fp-am-Wv. IY-Ifn ]Xn-cq-]-amb

IYm-]m-X-am-I-bm¬ Abm-fpsS hm°p-I-fnepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw IY-I-fn-—mb

Ie¿∂n-cn-°pw.

amam-sh-¶n-S≥. Ccn-°Ww ]nt≈ ˛ AX NmS-- . . . Cßs\

]d™p-sIm- v irwKm-c-`m-h-Øn¬ IWvTw sXfn®p kzmKm-\m-

\p-`-h-ÿ-\mbn "kz¿∆-[q-P-\-a-Wn-™n-Sp∂ aWn-au-en-bn¬

J-NnXcXv\amw D¿∆io' F∂p hnkvX-cn-®p-sNm-√n. . ]ns∂bpw

Km\w XpS-ßn. "AXp-—amw Phw ]q- p¬v . . . kvatcm-]nXzm

\Xzm cXn-\-b\ tetly\ h]pjm'˛ ˛ ˛ IYm-t\yjp cmP≥104

kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ GX-h-k-c-Ønepw GXp-hm-Iy-Ønepw IY-I-fn-∏m v D®-cn-®p-

sIm- v ]¶m-fn-bm-hp∂ IYm-]m-Xw. IY-I-fn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ°v

]pdsa aWn-]-hm-f-Øn-ep≈ kwkvIrX ]Z kº-∂-amb KZy-

IjW߃IqSn amam-sh-¶n-S≥ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-- v. IY-Ifn BJym-\-Øns‚

kzmwio-I-cWw amam-sh-¶nS `mj-bn-eqsS sXfn--bp-∂p.

kvXoI-Ym-]mX `mj-W-ß-fn¬ ]tXy-IX Ie¿∂ `mjm-coXn ]h-

Xns°m-®n-°mWv KŸ I¿Ømhv \¬In-b-Xv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ tZiy-]-Z-

߃ tImcn-s®m-cn-bp∂ `mj-W-co-Xn-bmWv Ah-cp-sS-Xv. XnI®pw \mS≥ coXn-

bn-ep-≈ Ah-cpsS `mj-W-Øn¬ ssien-bpsSbpw sNm√p-I-fp-sSbpw [mcm-fn-

ØsØ t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. ]cn-jvIrX IYm-]m-X-߃°v \¬In-b-

`m-j-W-ß-sf-°mƒ Ae-¶r-Xhpw Imhym-fl-I-hp-amb `mj A]-cn-jvIr-X-bmb

Cu IYm-]m-X-Øn\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Ip∏-»m-cpsS A\p-\m-knI `mj-Whpw cmPm-hn-s‚bpw tIi-h-]n-≈-bp-

sSbpw anX-`m-jn-Xzhpw a‰pw `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ FSp-Øp]-d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A]-

K-Yn-°p-t¥mdpw `mj-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡X hf¿∂v ]¥-en-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

tZiy-t`-Z-ßsf FX-amXw sshNn-Xy-tØmSp IqSn Hcp enJn-X-hy-h-

lm-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw F∂Xn\v anI® DZm-l-c-W-amWv

[¿Ω-cmPmbnse `mjm-co-Xn. ]uVhpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb ae-bm-f-sØbpw ae-

bmfØn\p-≈nse At\I ae-bm-f-tØbpw sXm -dn™v \n¿Ωn® `mjm-ssi-en-

bmWv [¿Ω-cmPmbpsS BJym-\w.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-f--f ˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pm ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw tIm -bw 2001 ]pdw 81

2. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 102.

3. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 105.

4. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 186.

5. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 210.

6. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 313.

7. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 306

8. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ ˛ A‘-\mb ssZhw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ens‚ \qdp-h¿j-߃ ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw35.

9. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-f-f ˛ [¿Ω-cm-P ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw tIm -bw 2001 ]pdw 80- 81

10. ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ (Po-h-N-cn-Xw) ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw ]pdw 232.

11. s]m^. hk-¥-Ip-am-cn ˛ IYm-I-ev]\ Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-bpsS kmlnXy temIw. FUn: tUm. ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥ ]n≈ ]`mXv _p°v lukv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1991 ]pdw 12.

12. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pm ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI klI-cW kwLw, tIm´bw 2001 ]pdw 42.

13. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 57.

14. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 52.

15. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 137.

16. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 135.

17. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 42,43,44.

18. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 100.

19. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 103.

20. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 116.

21. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 88.

22. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 172, 174.

23. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 217,218.

24. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 24.

25. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw.

26. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 253.

27. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 231.

28. tUm. ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ ˛ cN-\m-X-¥-߃ ˛ kn.-hn.-bpsS kmln--Xytem-Iw. FUn. tUm. ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥ ]n≈ ]`mXv _p°v lukv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1991 ]pdw 39.

29. Sn. F≥. koa ˛ inev] sshZ-KvZyw kn. hn. cma≥]n-≈-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ˛ ]n. F®v Un. Xoknkv tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-ime 1993 ]pdw.

30. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pm ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 44.

31. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw.

32. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 318.

33. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 392.

34. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 322.

35. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 51

36. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 52.

37. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛,]pdw 72,73.

38. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 77.

39. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 77-˛78.

40. Fw. ANyp-X≥, ˛ t\mh¬ ]iv\-ßfpw ]T-\-ßfpw ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 1983 ]pdw 141.

41. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-P ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 47.

42. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 193-˛194.

43. tUm. ]n thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ ˛ [¿Ω-cmPm kzcq-]hpw Z¿i-\-hpw ˛ [¿Ω-cmP kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw ]pdw 36.

44. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-Pm ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 54-˛55.

45. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 95.

46. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 296.

47. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 64

48. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 348.

49. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 548.

50. tUm. hn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-P, kzcq-]hpw Z¿i-\hpw ˛ [¿Ω-cmP kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bp ]pdw 35.

51. kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cm-P ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 363.

52. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 50.

53. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 389.

54. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 66-˛67.

55. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 97.

56. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 97.

57. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 240.

58. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 100.

59. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 145-˛146

60. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 135.

61. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 145.

62. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 177.

63. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 43.

64. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 216.

65. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 243.

66. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 117-˛118

67. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 50.

68. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 54

69. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 97.

70. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 354˛355.

71. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-Jc≥ ˛ A‘-\mb ssZhw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ens‚ \qdv h¿j-߃ ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv 2000 ]pdw 132.

72. kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 41-˛42.

73. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 58.

74. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 254.

75. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 58.

76. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 96.

77. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 101-˛102.

78. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 103.

79. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 77.

80. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 72.

81. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 47.

82. Fw. ]n. t]mƒ ˛ t\mh¬km-lnXyw ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tImSyw 1990 ]pdw 182.

83. ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-ff (Po-h-N-cn-Xw) ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw tIm´bw ]pdw 244.

84. kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-WkwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 50.

85. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 59.

86. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 117-˛118

87. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 239.

88. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 254.

89. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 330.

90. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 59.

91. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw103.

92. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 116.

93. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 72.

94. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 115-˛116.

95. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 43.

96. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 319.

97. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 178.

98. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 44.

99. F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈ ˛ ]Xn-]mXw `mj-W-t`-Zw ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw 1994. ]pdw 24.

100. kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-WkwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 74.

101. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 163.

102. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 78.

103. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 303

104. ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛, ]pdw 348.

105. F≥. IrjvW-]n≈ ˛ ]Xn-]mXw `mj-W-t`Zw ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv tIm´bw 1994 ]pdw 130.

106. kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈ ˛ [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-WkwLw tIm´bw 2002 ]pdw 173-˛174.

A[ymbw A©v

c- n-S-ßgn :

kmaq-ln-IXbpw BJym\hpw