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This article was downloaded by: [Hochschule Ruhr West - Hochschulbiblioth]On: 27 January 2012, At: 01:28Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

International Journal ofEnvironmental StudiesPublication details, including instructions for authors and

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On the spatial and seasonal

variations of heavy metals of the

Razzazah lake, IraqHussain A. AlSaadi

a, Hassan A. A. Saadalla

b& Taghreed

H. J. AlNoorc

aDepartment Biol., Coll, Educ. for Women, University

Baghdad, Iraqb

Department Biol., Coll, Educ. Ibn AlHaitham, University

Baghdad, Iraqc

Department Biol., Coll, Educ. Ibn AlHaitham, University

Baghdad, Iraq

Available online: 25 Feb 2007

To cite this article: Hussain A. AlSaadi, Hassan A. A. Saadalla & Taghreed H. J. AlNoor

(1995): On the spatial and seasonal variations of heavy metals of the Razzazah lake, Iraq,

International Journal of Environmental Studies, 48:1, 41-47

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Intern. J. Environmental Studies. 1995, Vol. 48, pp. 41-4 7 1995 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association)Reprints available directly from Ihe Publisher Ams terdam B.V. Published under license byPhotocopying permitted by license only Gordon and Breach Science Publishers SAPrinted in Malaysia

ON THE SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONSOF HEAVY METALS O FTHE RAZZAZAH LA KE, IRAQHU SSAIN A. AL-SAADI**, HA SSAN A. A. SAA DA LLA and TAGHR EED H. J. AL-NOOR

(Received in Final Form: June 28, 1994)

Five heavy metals, namely Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb in the surface water and through the water column werestudied at 10 selected stations in the Razzazah lake and Karbala drainage canal for the period betweenNovember 1990 to October 1991*. pH and total hardness were also measured. Lead was found to be the highestin concentration as overall average values, followed by an manganese, iron, copper then cadmium at thesurface as well as along the water column. All the studied metals were below or close to the maximum allowedlimits of Iraqi standards for inland water. The spatial and seasonal va riations were discu ssed.KEY WO RDS : Razzazah lake, heavy metals, seasonal variations.

INTRODUCTIONSeveral heavy metals are essential for metabolism but may become toxic at certainconcentrations. There are always traces of metal ions in water, paniculate and sedimentsfrom riverine areas, but the background levels are poorly documented in literature'.Trace metals in aqueous solution are seldom free ions, but exist as ionic complexesutilizing a variety of organic, inorganic and hydrated ligands which affect mobility,reactivity and solubility2.The normal metal content in aquatic environment has not been clearly defined, since itvaries from one place to another according to geological nature of the catchment area.Such data are essential to impact of pollution sources, and for the study of transfer toman by various means3. The healthy stream o r lake has a balance of plant and animal liferepresented by a great species diversity. Pollution disrupts this balance, resulting in areduction in the variety of individuals and dominance of the surviving organisms4.No study has been undertaken, however, addressing the distribution of heavy metalsin the Iraqi inland lentic water, whereas some work already appeared on lotic water 5"7.The aim of the present study is to provide the status and distribution of several heavymetals in Razzazah lake, as a response to water quality control since the lake has beenlately considered for fishery development.

** Department Biol., Coll, Educ. for Women, University Baghdad (Iraq). Department Biol., Coll, Educ. Ibn Al-Haitham, University Baghdad (Iraq). Department Biol., Coll, Educ. Ibn Al-Haitham, University Baghdad (Iraq).* This study was confined to a one year period beceause of difficulty to reaching the area after 1991 (editor)

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42 H. A. AL-SA ADI E T A LSTUDY AREAThe Razzazah lake was established in 1943 having a water capacity of 26 x 10 9 m3 in anarid area with an annual rainfall less than 125 mm and evaporation more than 1.25 m peryear. It is a shallow one with maximum depth of 17 m and area ranges between 1050 -1700 Km 2 (Figure 1). It is considered a closed lake with no outlet, and receives watermainly from the Habbaniya lake at northern part, through the Al-Majara canal, which isnow closed and from the Karbala drainage canal at the south-east part at a currentvelocity of 5 m sec"'. There are also, several small inlets present on West part. Thesurrounded area is characterized by clay-sandy soil with several layers of sediment rocks,gypsum and calcareous in nature.

MATERIALS AND METHODSNine stations were selected in the lake 1,2 and 3 represented the north part, 4.5 and 6 thewest, 7 and 8 the south and 9 the east. Station 10 was taken in the Karbala drainage c anal(Figure 1). Monthly surface water (30 cm) samples were taken from each station for theperiod from Novem ber 1990 to October 1991. Tw o stations (3 and 9) were chosen tostudy the water colum n at different depths (3 and 6 or 9 m) using a Vandorn sampler.

43" 30

33 00

32 30

r " ^Habbaniya ^lakeAl-MajaraCanal -^

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