GPS tajccH

GPS qkdwmbmvJ

b,ftwGufvJ

b,fujyKvkyfxm;wmvJ

GPS ukd t"dujyKvkyfcJh&wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmh tar&duefekdifiHppfa&; (vHkjcHKa&;)twGufjzpfygw,f/ okd haomf,cktcsdefwGifvlwdkif;toHk;jyKEdkifjyD jzpfygonf/GPS udk American Department of Defense ( DoD )

tar&duefuguG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS j*dKvfwkrsm;vTwfwifxm;jyD;? 1970ckESpfrSpwiftoHk;jyKcJhMuygonf/

GPS qkdonfrSm- Global Positioning System

jzpfygonf/

urÇÇmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk zrf;,l &&SdekdifjyD;? rdrda&muf&Sdaeaomwnfae&m?a&muf&dSvdkaomae&mwdkY\tuGmta0;

vm;&m? tcsdefponfwkd hukdod&Sdekdifaomud&d,mjzpfygonf/

GPS pepf

GPS pepfwGif –

- Space Segment

- Control Segment

- User Segment [líoHk;rsdK;cGJjcm;xm;&Sdygonf/

aemifwGif ( cef hrSef;ajc 2014 ckESpfausmfcef h) Galileo Satellite System jzifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSqufvufvGwfwifvsuf&dSaejyDjzpfyg onf/

Space Segment wGif j*dKvfwkrsm;jzifh zGJ

hpnf;xm;jyD; urÇÇmywf

vrf;aMumif; 6ck &Sdonfhteuf

vrf;aMumif;wckvQif? ?j*dLvfwk 4 vHk;?

j*dKvfwk 24 vHk;jzifh

1993ckESpfwGiftjyD;zGJ

hpnf;cJhjyD;jzpfygonf/

,if;wkd hukd Navstar Satellite System

j*dKvfwkrsm;[kac:qkdjyD;?

&k&SekdifiHrSvnf; Glonass Satellite System xyfrHvTwfwifxm;&Sd?toHk;jyKvsuf&Sdaeygonf/

tar&duefekdifiHrSvTwfwifxm;aomj*dKvfwkrsm;rSm-

2001 july vtxdvTwfwifxm;aom GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;rSm atmufaz:jyygtwkdif; vTwfwifNyD;jzpfygonf/

Block II trsdK;tpm; 5vHk;? Block IIA trsdK;tpm; 18vHk;? ESifh Block IIR 6vHk;wkd hjzpfygonf/

SVN –

Space Vehicle

Number

PRN – Psedorandom

Noise

Control Segment

Control Segment onf urÇÇmajrjyifay:&Sd Control Station

rsm;rS GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;\tajctae j*dKvfwkrsm;\wnfae&m? pGrf;aqmifrI? Satellite Atomic Clock,

Atmoshperic data, The satellite almanac data ESifhtjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd American Satellite System twGuf tar&duefekdifiH Colorado Springs, Colorado

a'orSxdef;csKyfxm;&Sd onfhpepfjzpfygonf/

User Segment

User Segment wGif j*dKvfwkrsm;rSxkwfvTifhay;aomtcsuftvufrsm; (Signal) ukdzrf;,ljyD;? rdrd a&muf&dSaeaomwnfae&mESifh tjcm;tcsuf tvufrsm; twGuf GPS ud&d,mrsm; (GPS

Receicer)jzifh toHk;jyKekdif ygonf/

GPS Receivers

GPS Receivers ukdrdrdwkdif;wmvkdaomvkyfief;\wdusrSKay:rlwnfíESpfrsdK;tokH;jyKMuygonf/

-Survey Grade GPS Receivers

-Navigation GPS Receivers

Survey Grade GPS Receivers rsm;ukd wdusrSKtwGufwkdif;wmonfh ajrwkdif;wmrSKtrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKekdifygonf/ Oyrm- Geodetic Survey, Engineering Survey,Road Survey, Cadastral Survey, etc;Navigation GPS Receivers rsm;ukd vrf;aMumif;jyjcif;rsm;? c&D;vrf;nTefjyjcif;rsm;?rdrda&muf&Sdaeaomwnfae&mudkod&dSvdkjcif;tp&dSonf wkd htwGuftoHk;jyKekdifygonf/rSwfcsuf/ /wdusrIvdkaomajrwdkif;wm;jcif;(odkhr[kwf)pau;MuD;ajryHkxkwf vkyf&eftwGuffajrwkdif;wmjcif;wdkYwGiftoHk;jyKír&Edkifyg/

GPS Signals

GPS Signal rsm;ukd Microwave Radio Signal

taejzifh GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;rS Digital Code

ESpfrsdK;yg0ifaom Carrier Frequency

ESpfrdsK;jzifh xkwfvTifhygonf/Digital Code ESpfrsdK;rSm-

C/A Code Course Acquisition Code ESifh

P Code Precision Code wkd hjzpfMuygonf/

Carrier Frequency ESpfrsdK;rSm- L1 Carrier Frequency 1575.42MHz, wavelength 19cm

ESifh L2 Carrier Frequency 1227.60MHz, wavelength 24.4cmAmerican Department of Defence(DoD) rSoD;jcm;pDrHjyKvkyfxm;

onfh P(Y) Code jzifh toHk;jyKojzifYtjcm; Codersm;xufykdrkdwdusygonf/

GPS \tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;

GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;ESifh GPS Receiver

rsm;tvkyfvkyfyHkpepfonf ajrwkdif;tajccHoifMum;cJhaomolrsm;twGuftvGefvG,fulaompepfjzpffaMumif;awGY&dS&rnfjzpfygonf/ ajrwdkif;wmjcif;tajccHwGifoifMum;cJhJh&onfh Resection Method ukdtajccHxm;ygonf/

rdrdodvkdaomae&m\wnfae&mukd&&Sdvkdygu odjyD;aomwnfae&mrsm;rS tenf;qHk;(3)ae&mokd h tuGmta0;rsm;wkdif;wmjyD;?rdrdodvkdonfhwnf ae&mukdwGufcsuf&,lonfhenf;jzpfygonf/

GPS Receiver ukdifaqmifolrsm;onfrdrdodvkdaomwnfae&mukd od&Sdvkdolrsm;jzpfMujyD; GPSj*dKvfwkrsm;onfwnfae&modjyD;aom ae&mrsm;jzpfMuojzifh tenf;qHk; j*dKvfwk(3)vHk; zrf;rd&efvkdtyfygonf/

Resection Method wGif odjyD;wnfae&mrsm;\axmifhusOf; axmifhus,fay:rlwnfjyDf; wdusrSK&&SdouJhokdh GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;\

wnfae&mGeometry tay:rlwnfygonf/

Basic Ideal of GPS Positioning

j*dKvfwk(4)vHk;xufykdrkdzrf;,l&&Sdygu ykdrkdwdusaomwnfae&mukd&&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;ESifh GPS Receiver

rsm;\tuGmta0;ukd b,fvkdwdkif;ovJGPS j*dKvfwkrsm;ESifh GPS Receiver rsm;\tuGmta0;ukd Pseudorange Measurement

pepfjzifhwkdif;wmygonf/Pseudorange Measurement

j*dKvfwkrS&&Sdaom C/A Code or P Code rsm;rS Receiver rSjyKvkyfaom Code jzifhESdKif;,SOfjyD; txufygtwkdif; j*dKvfwkrSykd haomtcsdefESifh Receiver rSvufcH&&Sdonfhtcsdefwkd hukdwGufcsufygonf/

j*dKvfwkrS Signal ay;ykd haomtcsdefESifhReceiverrSvufcH&&Sdaomtcsdefwkd hukd od&SdaomaMumifh j*dKvfwkESifh Reveiverwkd h\tuGmta0;ukd tvif;a&mif\

jrefESKef;jzpfaom wpuúúef hvsif(186000rkdif) 299729458 rDwmjzifhajrSmufjcif; jzifh&&Sdekdifygonf/

Distance = Time X 299729458 meters/sec

GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;ESifh GPS Receiver rsm;\tuGma0;ukdkod&SdjyD;ygu Triangulation Method

Mwd*HzGJ hwkdif;wm wGufcsufjcif;enf;rsm; t& wnfae&m\ukdMo'dedwfrsm;ukdtvkdtavsmufwGufcsuf&,lekdifygonf/

GPS ukdb,fvkdae&mawGrSmtoHk;jyKrSmvJGPS ukdt"dujyKvkyfcJh&wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmhtar&duefekdifiHppfa&;(vHkjcHKa&;) twGufjzpfaomfvnf;vlwdkif;toHk;jyKEdkif&efpDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;jyD;jzpfonfhtjyif? ,ciftcgu Control Station rsm;rS rDwm100cef hrSm;,Gif;edkif&ef SA

( Selective Availability ) jzifhxdef;csKyfxm;cJh&m? 2000ckESpfar v2&ufaeYrS pwifjyD; SA udk Free

jyKvkyfcJhjyD;jzpfojzifh15rDwmxdrSefuefatmifwkdif;wm ekdifjyDjzpfygonf/

GPS Application rsm;rSm-

•Aviation•Maritime•Highway•Railroad•Precision Timing•Mining / Geology•Surveying•Agriculture•Banking•Remote Sensing

•Power•Telecommunication•Law Enforcement•Emergency•Disaster Response•Weather•Construction•Recreation•Environmental •Mapping & Geodesyetc:-

1.Ephemeris Error 2-5 m(Without SA) 100 m(With SA)2.Selective Availability 50m-100m(SA)

( Now Free )3.Satellite and GPS Clock Errors 2.5 m to 5.1 m4.Multi-path Errors 0.5 m5.Antenna Phase Center Variation 0.5 m6.Receiver Measurement Noise 0.6 m7.Ionospheric delay 5 -15m8.Troposhperic delay 10 m

TYPICAL ERROR WITH BASIC GPS 15 m

Error Sources

1.Ephemeris Errors

EphemerisError onfj*dKvfwkrsm;\wnfae&maMumifhjzpfay:aomtrSm;rsm;jzpfygonf/,cif SA ( Satellite Availability ) jzifh Control Station

rsm;rSxdef;csKyfxm; aomtcg 50 rDwmcef hrSm;,Gif; ekdifaomfvnf; ,ck SA Free jzpfoGm;ojzifh 2rDwmrS 5 rDwmxdrSm;,Gif;Edkifygao;onf/

,if trSm; (Errors) rsm;ukdy,fazsmuf&eftwGuf Survey Grade GPS rsm;toHk;jyKjyD; Base Line

Solution Method toHk;jyK&efvkdtyfygonf/Handheld GPS rsm;wGif Ephemeris Error

jzpfay:ekdifygonf/

2.Selective Availability (SA)

Selective Availability (SA) qkdonfrSm -tar&duef umuG,fa&; XmerS GPS toHk;jyKolrsm; trSm;rsm;ap&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

,ciftcgu GPS toHk;jyKolrsm;onf SA aMumifh rDwm 50 rS 100xdrSm;,Gif;EdkifjyD;? 2000ckESpfarv 2 &ufae hrSpwifíSA Free jyKvkyfxm;jyD;jzpf ojzifh GPS toHk;jyKolrsm;onf 15 rDwmcefYom rSm;,Gif; EdkifjyDjzpfygonf/

3.Satellite and Recveiver Clock Errors

GPSj*dKvfwkrsm;wGiftoHk;jyKaomem&D(Clock)rsm;onftvGefwdusrSefuef aom em&DtrsdK; tpm;rsm;jzpfMuonfh cesium ESifh rubidium trsdK;tpm;rsm;toHk;jyKMuaomfvnf; ,if;wkd honf w&ufvsif 8.64 rS 17.28 nanosecond(ns)xd rSm;,Gif; ekdifygonf/

1 ns = 1/1000000 sec

j*dKvfwkwGifwyfqifxm;aomem&Drsm;\trSm;aMumifh GPS toHk;jyKolrsm;onf ajrjyifwGif 2.50 rDwmrS 5.18 rDwmxdrSm;,Gif;

ekdifygonf/

GPS Receiver rsm;wGif toHk;jyKaomem&Drsm;rSm tvGefaps;aygaom Crystal Clock rsm;jzpf MuojzifhwdusrSKtvGef enf;ygonf/

wdusrSK aumif;aomem&Drsm;xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKMuonfh GPS rsm;rSmvnf;tvGefaps;MuD;ygonf/txufaz:jyyg Clock Errors

rsm;ukdy,fazsmuf&eftwGuf tvGef wefzdk;MuD;onfh GPS trsdK;tpm;jzpfaom Survey Grade GPSjzifh Differential Method

ukdtoHk;jyKrSomy,fazsmufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/

4.Multi-Path Errors

j*dKvfwkrS Signal rsm;onfGPS Receiverokd hwkduf&dkufa&muf&Sdjcif;r&SdbJ? GPS Receiver ywf0ef;usif&Sdt&m0w¦Kwckcktm;xdjyD;rSa&muf&Sdvmaom Signal rsm;aMumifhjzpfygonf/Multi- Path aMumifh trSm;rsm;ekdifaomMumifh GPS Receiver rsm;ukd &Sif;vif;aomae&mrsm;wGif zrf;,ljcif;jzifh4if;? Receiver Technology jrifhaom GPS rsm;toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh4if;? avsmhyg;oGm; apekdifygonf/

6.Receiver Measurement Noise

5.Antenna Phase Center Variation

GPS j*dKvfwkrsm;ykd hvTwfaom Signal rsm;onf GPS Receiver Antenna ukdxdonfhtcgtcsdK hSignalrsm;onfj*dKvfwk\ywfvrf;aMumif;

aMumifh4if; Antenna \taetxm;aMumifh4if;? Antenna Center ESifhvGJacsmfojzifhjzpfay:aomtrSm; rsm;jzpfygonf/

,if;trSm;rsm;ukd Antenna

Typea&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKjcif;jzifhazsmufekdifygonf/

GPS j*dKvfwkrSykd hvTwfaom Signal rsm;onf Antenna rSwqifh Receiver okd ha&muf&Sdaomtcg Receiver &Sd vSsyfppfvSdKif;rsm; aMumifhjzpfay:aomtrSm;rsm;jzpfygonf/

,if;trSm;rsm;ukd Receiver Type

a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh y,fazsmufekdifygonf/

7.Ionospheric delay

urÇÇm\ay:qHk;vTmwGif aea&mifjcnfaMumifh Ultraviolet and

X Ray wkd h\ Gas Ionization

aMumifhjzpfay:aom Atmosphere avxkvTmukd Ionoshpere [kac:ygonf/,if;avxkvTmonf cef hrSef;ajc urÇÇmajrjyifrS 50uDvkdrDwm rS 1000uDvkdrDwmtxufwGif wnf&Sd ygonf/GPS Signal rsm;onf ,if;avxkvTmukdjzwfoef;vm&aomaMumifh avxkvGm\odyfonf;rSKt& ,dkifoGm;jcif;ESifhaES;oGm;jcif;wkd hjzpfekdif ygonf/

,if;trSm;aMumifh 5 rDwm rS 15 rDwmxdrSm;,Gif;ekdifygonf/8.Troposhperic delay

urÇÇm\ ajrrsufESmjyifrS50uDvdkrdDwmtxd&dSaomavxkvTmudkjzwfoef; vm&onfhtwGufjzpfay:aomtrSm;jzpfygonf/,if;trSm;aMumifh GPS onf Elevation angle 15 H xd 9.3rDwmxdrSm;,Gif;ekdifygonf/

Differential GPS

txufaz:jyygtrSm;rsm;y,fazsmufap&efESifhrDvDrDwm?pifwDrDwmtxdwd us rSK&&Sdap&eftwGuf Differential GPS or DGPS

toHk;jyKvm Muygonf/

DGPS wGif GPS Recivier ESpfvHk;toHk;jyKjyD; wvHk;onf Coordinate wefzdk;rsm;od&SdjyD;aom Known Point (Base Station)wGifxm;&SdjyD; aemufwvHk;ukd rdrdod&Sdvkdaomwnfae&mrsm; Rover Station

wGifxm;&SdjyD;toHk;jyK&ygonf/

GPS Satellite and GPS Receiver rsm;\trSm;rsm;onf wcsdefxnf;wGif wlnDaom trSm;rsm;ukday;ojzifh Base Station

&&SdaomtrSm;rsm;ukd RoverStation okd hRadio Link jzifhykd hvTwfjyD;

trSm;rsm;ajczsufonfh pepfjzpfygonf/

Radio Link r&Sdygu Post Processing Differential

Method ukdtoHk;jyKygonf/

Augmented GPS

WAAS Wide Area Augmented System

tar&duefekdifiHrS Geosynchronous Satellite wvHk;ukdvTwfwif

xm;jyD; ajrjyifay:&Sdaom Base Station

rsm;rStrSm;rsm;ukd ,if; Geosynchronous

Satelliteokd hay;ykdjyD;? ,if;rSwqifhGPS toHk;jyKolrsm;rS trSm;acsonfhenf;jzpfygonf/

rdrdzrf;,laom GPS rsm;wGifwcgw&H WAAS ay:vmonfukdawG h &Sd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;pepfonftar&duwkdufESifhOa&mywdkuf avmufomtoHk;jyKEdkifao;aMumif;od&dS&ygonf/

GPS ukd b,fvkdae&mawGrSmtoHk;jyKrSmvJ?

GPS ukdvltrsdK;rsdK;? vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wdkYwGif toHk;NyKaeMu

aomfvnf; atmufaz:jyygtwkdif; toHk;jyKrSKrsmcGJjcm;ekdifygonf/

1. Location Determining of basic position

2. Navigation Getting from one location to another

3. Tracking Monitoring the movement of

people and things

4. Mapping Creating a map

5. Timing Bringing precise timing to the wold

THANK YOU

U Sein Win

Chief Surveyor

Concordia Survey Team

Concordia International Co.,Ltd.