011ab. tareekh syllabus - class 11

7/29/2019 011ab. Tareekh Syllabus - Class 11

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Varmmil Tagm 11(1 www(jafrmssa(hmt

VA_MMIL PUNNAO]P * @NAPP 11 ,16 UMA_P KNF%

VKTE@ 1 VLM OAHE ]JAUUAL * TA_V 1

VKTE@ ? VLM OAHE ]JAUUAL * TA_V ?

VKTE@ 0 VLM OAHE AOOAP * TA_V 1

VKTE@ 6 VLM OAHE AOOAP * TA_V ?

VKTE@ = VLM @_]PAFMP TA_V 1

VKTE@ 3 VLM @_]PAFMP TA_V ?

VKTE@ 7 M]_KTMP FMOV VK EPNAJ

VKTE@ < EPNAJ AHF VLM PWK_F

VKTE@ 5 EPNAJP _KNM EH LEPVK_U

VKTE@ 14 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V 1

VKTE@ 11 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V ?

VKTE@ 1? T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V 0


VKTE@ 16 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V =

VKTE@ 1= VLM WEPFKJ KC N]QJAH

Jy Varmmil tma`lmr es [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[(

Tlkhm Hujomr [[[[[[[[[[[[[


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Varmmil Tagm 11(? www(jafrmssa(hmt

VKTE@ 12 VLM OAHE ]JAUUAL * TA_V 1

E( Ehtrkfu`tekh

Vlm Oahe ]jayyal laf ommh swkrh mhmjems kc tlm Oahe Laslej seh`m tlm tejm wlmhLaslej. tlm ckrmcatlmr kc kur Trkplmt ,P%. laf su``mmfmf eh oaheslehg les mven lanc*orktlmr ]jayyal crkj Jaiia(

Vlm Oahe ]jayyal startmf tkrjmhtehg tlm Trkplmt ,P% ejjmfeatmny lm omgah tk sprmafEsnaj( Aou Pucyah was tlmer nmafmr( Lm nmf tlm wars kc Oafr ahf ]luf agaehst tlmJusnejs( Furehg tlm oattnm kc ]luf les wecm Lehf lermf ah assasseh tk ienn Lajza. tlmuh nm kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%( Actmr tlm jurfmr. slm nk atmf tlm okfy kc Lajza. jutenatmf et.ahf lmwmf les nevmr( Vlm lenfrmh kc tles a`ùrsmf kupnm wmrm hk nmss mven( Actmr tlmfmatl kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%. Aou Pucyah tremf tk attaeh pkwmr oy mh`kuragehg Ejaj Ane ,A%

tk rmgaeh les reglt tk @aneplatm oy spennehg onkkf( Ejaj Ane ,A%. wmnn awarm kc tlm leffmhehtmht kc Aou Pucyah. rmbm tmf les kccmr(

Et was nmct tk tlksm wlk laf stknmh tlm reglts kc Ejaj Ane ,A%.hajmny Aou Oair ahf ]jar. tk prmparm tlm grkuhf ckr tlm Oahe]jayyal tk kjm tk pkwmr( ]jar appkehtmf Uazef. skh kc AouPucyah. as gkvmrhkr kc Tanmstehm ahf natmr. kc Pyrea( WlmhUazef femf. les ykuhgmr orktlmr. Juaweya omàjm tlm runmr kcPyrea( ]jar curtlmr strmhgtlmhmf tlm pkwmr oasm kc tlm Oahe]jayyal oy arrahgehg ckr ]tljah tk su``mmf lej as @anepl(]tljah jafm surm tlat ann tlm imy pksts eh tlm Jusnej mjperm

wmrm eh tlm lahfs kc les Oahe ]jayyal nah( Peh`m tlmh. tlmOahe ]jayyal omàjm tlm untejatm pkwmr tlrkuglkut tlmJusnej nahfs ahf omgah tk tkrturm ahf larass tlm cajeny ahfPlea kc Ejaj Ane ,A%

EE( Vlm Oahe ]jayyal Iehgs

1( Juaweya skh kc Aou Pucyah

Wlmh Ejaj Ane ,A% was asimf oy ann tlm Jusnejs tk om`kjm @anepl eh 0= A(L(. khm kctlm cerst tlehgs lm fef was tk asi Juaweya tk ckrmgk les gkvmrhkrslep kc Pyrea ahf gevm

ah a``kuht kc les a tekhs( Juaweya. lkwmvmr. wahtmf tlm @aneplatm lejsmnc. ahfnaejmf tlat lm was ah ehfmpmhfmht autlkrety ahf hkt uhfmr tlm Jusnej statm(

Vles nmf tk tlm oattnm kc Pecceh. wle l ajm tk ah uhsatesca tkry kh`nusekh eh 07 A(L(

Actmr tlm fmatl kc Ejaj Ane ,A%. Juaweya turhmf les attmhtekh tk Ejaj Lassah ,A%( B ustas les catlmr laf fkhm. Ejaj Lassah ,A% wrktm tk Juaweya tmnnehg lej tlat tlm rejmslm was kjjettehg agaehst ehhk`mht Jusnejs wmrm uha``mptaonm( Ejaj Lassah ,A%asimf tlm Iucahs tk assest lej eh oattnm agaehst Juaweya(


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Lkwmvmr. tlm Iucahs wmrm metlmr oreomf kr tlrmatmhmf oy Juaweya. ahf omehg vmry ce inmpmkpnm. tlmy fmsmrtmf Ejaj Lassah ,A%( At tlm gatlmrehg grkuhf kc Huilayna. khny6.444 jmh turhmf kut tk ceglt ahf Ejaj Lassah ,A% was ckr mf tk rmturh tk Iucafesappkehtmf( Vk savm tlm nevms kc tlm cmw seh`mrm Jusnejs. Ejaj Lassah ,A% laf tk segha trmaty wetl Juaweya(

Juaweya arrahgmf tlm jurfmr kc Ejaj Lassah ,A%( Lm prkjesmf B u'fa oehtm Asl'atl. awecm kc Ejaj Lassah ,A%. 144.444 ferlajs ahf tlm lahf kc les skh Uazef eh jarreagm ecslm pkeskhmf lmr lusoahf( Vlm ursmf wkjah arremf kut tlm mven tasi ahf EjajLassah ,A% ormatlmf les nast kh 7tl Pacar =4 A(L(

Juaweya. jay Annal's @ursm om kh lej anways. cehanny femf eh _abao kc 34 A(L(

?( Uazef skh kc Juaweya

Eh 34 A(L( tles fmven fm narmf lejsmnc runmr kc ann Jusnejs( Uazef was a jah kc mxtrmjmnymven laoets( Lm was a fruhiarf. gajonmr. wkjahesmr ahf jurfmrmr( Lm khny runmf ckr 0ymars( Eh tlm cerst ymar lm iennmf Ejaj Lusaeh ,A% ahf les kjpahekhs eh Iaroana ahfjafm tlmer wkjmh ahf `lenfrmh preskhmrs( Furehg tlm sm`khf ymar lm krfmrmf lessknfemrs tk mhtmr Jafeha ahf fk wlat tlmy neimf( As a rmsunt. 1.444 pmkpnm wmrm iennmf.

eh nufehg 744 nksm @kjpahekhs kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%( Eh affetekh 1.444wkjmh wmrm assauntmf ahf ckr mf tk surrmhfmr tlmer feghety tk Uazef'sjmh( Eh tlm tlerf ymar. Uazef jkuhtmf ah attaì kh tlm Ia'oa. aejehgtk fmstrky et wetl geaht atapunts(Uazef's runm mhfmf wetl les fmatl eh 36 A(L( Omckrm les fmatl. lmappkehtmf les skh Juaweya as les lmer(

0( Juaweya tlm Pm`khf. skh kc Uazef(

Juaweya tlm Pm`khf was awarm kc tlm reglts kc tlm cajeny kc tlm Trkplmt ,P% ahf kc tlmtmrreonm rejms `kjjettmf oy les kwh catlmr ahf grahfcatlmr( Lm tlmrmckrm tknf EjajRaehun Aoefmmh ,A% tlat lm was trahscmrrehg autlkrety tk lej( Les fm esekh fesgustmf lesjktlmr sk ju`l tlat slm tknf Juaweya. /E wesl tlat E laf fes largmf yku as ajes arreagm ahf hmvmr gevmh oertl tk yku(/ Vk tles lm rmpnemf. /E tkk. wesl tlat laf ommhtlm àsm sk tlat E wkunf hkt om assk eatmf wetl Uazef. Juaweya ahf Aou Pucyah(/Omàusm kc les rmcusan tk khtehum eh tlm way kc les ckrmcatlmrs. Juaweya was skkh

pkeskhmf ahf femf khny 6 jkhtls actmr `kjehg tk tlm tlrkhm(

6( Jarwah oeh Laiaj

Eh 36 A(L( tlm nehm kc iehgs kc tlm ]jayyaf fyhasty jkvmf crkj tlm fms mhfahts kc AouPucyah tk tlksm kc Jarwah( Lm runmf ckr khny 5 jkhtls ahf furehg tles tejm lm wask`ùpemf eh war agaehst tlm grkup kc Aou Pucyah kh khm lahf ahf Aofunnal eohm Ruoayrkh tlm ktlmr( As a rmsunt. lm fef hkt gmt ju`l kppkrtuhety tk pmrsmùtm tlm Plea(


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VKTE@ ?2 VLM OAHE ]JAUUAL TA_V ?

=( Aofun Janei oeh Jarwah

Aofun Janei su``mmfmf les catlmr eh 3= A(L( ahf runmf ckr ?1 ymars( Lm om`ajm tlm runmrkc Pyrea wlenm Aofunnal eohm Ruoayr tkki kvmr Araoea( Omtwmmh tlm twk kc tlmj tlmyjahagmf tk ienn tlm twk grkups kc pmkpnm wlk laf resmh tk taim rmvmhgm ckr tlm jurfmr kcEjaj Lusaeh ,A%( Vlm /Tmhetmhts/ nmf jy Plea neim Punayjah oeh Parf Iluzae'e wmrmiennmf oy Aofun Janei wlenm tlm grkup nmf oy Juiltar was iennmf oy eohm Ruoayr( AofunJanei cehanny jahagmf tk ienn eohm Ruoayr ahf taim khtrkn kc tlm wlknm Jusnej Mjperm(Khm kc tlm wkrst rejms lm `kjjettmf was tk turh a onehf mym tk tlm a tevetems kc lesgkvmrhkr. Labbab oeh Uusuc( Labbab was tlm wkrst tyraht eh tlm wlknm lestkry kc tlm Oahe]jayyal( Lm was rmspkhseonm ckr tlm fmatls kc 1?4.444 ehhk`mht pmkpnm( Lm tkrturmfahf iennmf su`l hktaonm kjpahekhs kc Ejaj Ane ,A% neim Qajoar. Iujaen oeh Reyaf ahf

Pa'ef oeh B uoayr(

3( Wanef oeh Aofun Janei(

Eh


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Varmmil Tagm 11(= www(jafrmssa(hmt

Vles vmrsm es rm etmf oy ann tlm Jusnejs eh tlmer Crefay affrmssms up tk tkfay( Vlm ktlmrhktmwkrtly a tekh kc ]jar oeh Aofun Azez was tlat lm rmturhmf tlm garfmh kc Cafai tk afms mhfaht kc Oeoe Cateja ,A%. wlk at tlm tejm was Ejaj Julajjaf an*Oaqer ,A%( Vlesgarfmh laf ommh usurpmf oy Aou Oair actmr tlm fmatl kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%(

Vlm cavkur wetl wle l ]jar oeh Aofun Azez rmgarfmf tlm Alnun Oayt ,A% ahf tlm Pleajafm lej uhpkpunar ajkhgst tlm Oahe ]jayyal tlmjsmnvms ahf nmf tk les pkeskhehg kh?=tl kc _abao 141 A(L( Les gravm eh Fayr Paj'aah es stenn vesetmf tkfay(

5( Uazef oeh Aofun Janei(

Uazef was tlm hmxt iehg ahf lm fef les omst tk kvmrturh ann tlm gkkf a tekhs kc lesprmfm`msskr( ]hfmr les runm. tlm knf larsl ways kc tmrrkresatekh ahf uhcaer taxatekh wmrmrmvevmf( Uazef ansk smezmf Cafai oaì( Les runm àjm tk ah mhf actmr 6 ymars(

14( Leslaj oeh Aofun Janei

Leslaj àjm tk pkwmr at a tejm wlmh tlm rejms kc Oahe ]jayyal wmrm cehanny àusehgwefmsprmaf rmsmhtjmht( Leslaj fef hkt taim lmmf kc tlmsm cmmnehgs. ahf ehstmaf kcattmjptehg tk rmckrj tlm mvens kc les ckrmcatlmrs. lm affmf tk tlm jesmry kc tlm pmkpnm(Les pkne ems tkwarfs tlm Plea wmrm mspm eanny larsl(

Furehg tlm tejm kc Leslaj a rmvknutekh was nmf oy Rayf skh kc Ejaj Ane Raehun Aoefmmh,A%( 1=.444 Plea suppkrtmf lej out tlmy fmsmrtmf lej wlmh tlm cegltehg startmf( At tlmmhf Rayf was nmct wetl khny 044 jmh ahf actmr a oravm ceglt. lm was iennmf( Vlm okfy kc

Rayf was trmatmf vmry oafny oy Leslaj wlk rmcusmf tk annkw et tk om ouremf ahf luhg etat Iuca(

11( Wanef oeh Uazef oeh Aofun Janei(

Leslaj femf actmr runehg ckr 15 ymars ahf was su``mmfmf oy Wanef( Wanef was aslajmnmss ahf ckknesl jah. ahf lm was ckhf kc a pnmasuraonm necm. wastehg et kh wehm.afuntmry ahf luhtehg( Lm was tlm cerst runmr tk ehtrkfu`m prkcmssekhan sehgmrs ehtk les`kurt( Lm es cajkus ckr lavehg puone ny slkt arrkws at tlm Qur'ah(

Vk aff tk tles. tlm Oahe Aooas omgah a ajpaegh tk tkppnm tlm Oahe ]jayyal( Actmr

Wanef's fmatl. tlrmm jkrm runmrs àjm tk pkwmr oremcny. out tlmy runmf ckr khny a slkrttejm omckrm tlm suh smt kh tles rumn fyhasty ckrmvmr( Vlmsm runmrs wmrm2

1?( Uazef oeh Wanef ,3 jkhtls%(

10( Eoralej oeh Wanef ,6 jkhtls%(

16( Jarwah oeh Julajjaf oeh Jarwah ,= ymars 14 jkhtls%(


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VKTE@ 02 VLM OAHE AOOAP * TA_V 1

E( Ehtrkfu`tekh

At tlm tejm kc tlm rmegh kc Jarwah oeh Julajjaf. rmvknts omgah tk taim pna m ann kvmrtlm Jusnej Mjperm( Vlm sejuntahmkus resehg kc varekus sm tekhs prkvmf tkk fecce unt tkkvmr kjm ahf Jarwah was ckr mf tk aoahfkh les tlrkhm ahf cnmm ckr les necm( Lm rahcrkj ety tk ety. out mvmrywlmrm tlm pmkpnm turhmf away crkj lej( Wlmrmvmr lm wmht. lmwas rmnmhtnmssny pursumf oy tlm arjy kc tlm Oahe Aooas. wlk cehanny iennmf lej eh Mgypt eh10? A(L( Wetl tlm fmatl kc Jarwah tlm rmegh kc tlm Oahe ]jayyal cehanny àjm tk ah mhfahf a onkkfy laptmr kc lestkry was nksmf(

Vlm cerst pmkpnm tk omgeh tlm struggnm agaehst tlm Oahe ]jayyal wmrm tlm Plea ahf tlmfms mhfahts kc Ejaj Ane ,A%. wlk wmrm ansk tlm cerst tk sa rece m tlmer nevms ahf prkpmrtyeh tlmer mcckrts tk kvmrtlrkw tlm rumn rmgejm(

Vlm Oahe Aooas wmrm fms`mhfahts kc Aooas. tlm uh`nm kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%( Vlmy wmrmque i tk apetanesm kh tlm gmhmran cmmnehg tlat tlm @aneplatm slkunf om rmstkrmf tk tlmjmjomrs kc tlm cajeny kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%. tlm Alnun Oayt ,A%( Vlmer snkgah was /Ar*_ezajeh Aanm Julajjaf/( Vlmer snkgah jmaht tlat tlmy wmrm cegltehg tk rmstkrm tlm reglts kctlm Alnun Oayt ,A% ahf tlus tlmy gaehmf wefmsprmaf suppkrt( Vlmer nmafmr. Paccal. smhtles `kjjahfmrs tk ann tlm strkhglknfs kc tlm Oahe ]jayyal tk luht ahf fmstrky tlmj(Lavehg suofumf jkst kc tlm cknnkwmrs kc tlm Oahe ]jayyal. tlmy tkki kvmr tlm rmehs kcpkwmr ahf Paccal omàjm tlm cerst runmr kc tlm Oahe Aooas eh 10? A(L(

EE Vlm Oahe Aooas Iehgs(

1( Aoun Aooas Paccal(

Paccal spmht tlm ckur ymars kc les runm eh fmstrkyehg tlm nast tra`ms kc tlm Oahe ]jayyal(Lm àpturmf tlmer cremhfs crkj car ahf hmar ahf suobm tmf tlmj tk tkrturm ahfpmrsmùtekh( Lm was fmtmrjehmf hkt tk rmst uhten lm mhsurmf tlat ahy tlrmat crkj tlmckrjmr runehg cajeny was mnejehatmf( Eh les parahkea lm omgah tk ienn mvmh tlksm pmkpnmwlksm nkyanty lm was uhsurm aokut( Vlus ann kvmr tlm mjperm pmkpnm wmrm iennmf khcnejsy mxùsms( Vlm pmkpnm hkw omgah tk rmanesm tlat tlmsm hmw runmrs wmrm hk nmssonkkf*tlersty tlmh tlmer prmfm`msskrs(

Aoun Aooas was gevmh tlm tetnm /Paccal/ omàusm kc lavehg slmf mx`mssevm onkkf( Lmkh`m ehvetmf


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Vlm rmaskhs lm fef hkt tku`l tlm Plea wmrm2

Eh ahy àsm. furehg tlm onkkfy fays kc tlm trahsetekh kc pkwmr crkj tlm Oahe ]jayyal tktlm Oahe Aooas. Ejaj Julajjaf an*Oaqer ,A% ahf Ejaj B a'car as*Pafeq ,A% wmrm nmct ehrmnatevm pma`m(

Vlmy tkki afvahtagm kc tles kppkrtuhety tk smt up s lkkns tk prkpagatm tlm tma`lehgs kcEsnaj a``krfehg tk tlm Alnun Oayt ,A%( As a rmsunt wm lavm a wmantl kc jatmrean tkfay khjattmrs kc rmnegekus naw. plenkskply. jkrans ahf `kjjmhtary kc tlm Qur'ah mt (. crkj tlatpmrekf(

Paccal femf eh 103 A(L( ahf was su``mmfmf oy les orktlmr Jahskkr(

?( Jahskkr Fawahaqe

Jahskkr es `khsefmrmf tk lavm naef tlm ckuhfatekhs kc tlm Aooasefm Fyhasty( Vlmfms mhfahts kc Ejaj Lassah,A% wmrm fmant wetl tmrreony( Jahskkr gatlmrmf jahy kctlmj ahf ejpreskhmf tlmj eh `laehs( Lm hmvmr asimf aokut tlmj agaeh ahf tlmypmreslmf kc starvatekh(

Furehg tlm rmegh kc Jahskkr. Ejaj B a'car as*Pafeq ,A% afvesmf tlm Plea tk rmjaeh senmhtahf komy. omàusm kc tlm fm`metcun haturm kc tlm iehg( Vles tejm was usmf oy tlm Ejaj,A% tk sprmaf tlm tma`lehgs kc Esnaj tk a nargm hujomr kc stufmhts(

Jahskkr was hkt satescemf wetl tlm senmh`m kc tlm Ejaj ,A% ahf kh`m rmjarimf.

/Antlkugl E lavm iennmf jkrm tlah a tlkusahf fms`mhfahts kc tlm faugltmr kcJulajjaf. E lavm hkt ymt iennmf tlmer nmafmr ahf `lemc/(

Lm cehanny su``mmfmf eh les mven ehtmhtekhs ahf gkt tlm Ejaj ,A% pkeskhmf eh 16< A(L(Jahskkr iennmf ah uhtknf hujomr kc Plea ahf mhbkymf rumnty. ehvmhtehg feccmrmht ways tkienn pmkpnm( Lm struì wleps kh tlm myms kc pmkpnm sk tlmy wmht onehf. punnmf fkwhlkusms kh tlm lmafs kc tlm kwhmrs ahf pna`mf tlmj eh wanns ahf ouremf tlmj anevm( Lmcehanny femf eh 1=< A(L( actmr lavehg runmf ckr ?? ymars(

1( Les attmhtekh was `kh`mhtratmf kh les rman mhmjems. tlm Oahe]jayyal. ahf lm was fmtmrjehmf tk ahhelenatm ann kc tlmj(

?( Vlm Plea laf rm`mhtny ckuglt bkehtny wetl tlm Oahe Aooas tktkppnm tlm Oahe ]jayyal ahf laf ommh ehstrujmhtan eh smùrehgles tlrkhm(

0( Vlm àpetan kc Paccal was Iuca. wlmrm tlm rmsefmhts wmrm tlmcknnkwmrs kc Ejaj Ane ,A% ahf lm fef hkt ymt pkssmss tlm strmhgtltk ce lt tlmj(


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Varmmil Tagm 11(< www(jafrmssa(hmt

VKTE@ 62 VLM OAHE AOOAP * TA_V ?

0( Jalfe(

Actmr tlm fmatl kc Jahskkr. les skh Jalfe ajm tk pkwmr( Lm was hk nmss orutan tlah lescatlmr( Jalfe femf eh 135 A(L( ahf was su``mmfmf oy les orktlmr Laafe(

6( Laafe

Laafe khny runmf ckr 1= jkhtls. ahf was a rumn ahf enn*jahhmrmf jah( AntlkuglLaafe's necm was slkrt. lm pmrckrjmf mhkugl hktkrekus a ts tk lavm les hajm rm`krfmf ehtlm rmgestmr kc tlm ehlujah rejehans kc tlm Jusnej hatekh(

=( Larkkh ar*_aslef

Laafe was su``mmfmf oy les orktlmr Larkkh ar*_aslef. wlk runmf crkj 174 A(L( tk 150A(L( Larkkh omàjm tlm jkst cajkus kc tlm Oahe Aooas iehgs. ahf ahm`fktms crkj lesnecm lavm ommh rm`krfmf eh tlm stkrems kc tlm /Araoeah Heglts/( Lm a`quermf les rmputatekhfum tk tlm grmat afvah`mjmht kc nmarhehg. art ahf unturm furehg les tejm(

Larkkh afjehestmrmf tlm accaers kc tlm statm wmnn ahf ouent jksqums. s lkkns. lkspetans.lkusms. orefgms. rkafs ahf ahans tlrkuglkut tlm mjperm( Ju`l kc tlm cajkusar letm turm kc tles pmrekf was fum tk tlm sienns kc tlm Omrjm efs. wlk smrvmf Larkkh ckr17 ymars( Eh tlm mhf. tlmer kwh jmrets àusmf tlmer fkwhcann at tlm lahfs kc tlm bmankusLarkkh(

Eh spetm kc les khtreoutekh tkwarfs ejprkvehg tlm gmhmran stahfarf kc necm kc tlm Jusnejs.tlm pkne y kc Larkkh tkwarfs tlm fms mhfahts kc Ejaj Ane ,A% slkwmf les grmat latrmfckr tlmj( Les kutwarf appmarah`m was khm kc a khsefmratm iehg. wlenm omlehf tlms mhms lm smt aokut fmstrkyehg ann tra`ms kc tlm fms mhfahts kcEjaj Ane ,A%(Vlm Oahe Aooas laf rm`mhtny omguh tk naej tlat tlmy wmrmhmarmr rmnatevms kc tlm Trkplmt ,P%. omàusm tlmer nehi wastlrkugl a janm. wlenm tlm Alnun Oayt ,A% wmrm rmnatmf tlrkugl acmjanm(

Larkkh ansk ausmf tlm ejpreskhjmht kc Ejaj Jusa an*Iaflej ,A%(Lm trahscmrrmf lej crkj khm preskh tk ahktlmr ahf cehanny pkeskhmf lej tlrkugl Pehfe oehPlalai eh Oaglfaf(

Larkkh's runm cehanny mhfmf actmr ?0 ymars ahf lm femf eh Vkks actmr krfmrehg tlatannmgeah`m om gevmh tk les skh Ajeh(


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3( Ajeh

Ajeh runmf ckr 6 ymars furehg wle l lm was tkk ousy nmafehg a necm kc pnmasurm tk ausmju`l trkuonm tk tlm fms mhfahts kc Ejaj Ane ,A%( Lkwmvmr. lm kunf hkt rmsest tlmajoetekus pnahs kc les ykuhgmr orktlmr Ja'juh( A war orkim kut omtwmmh tlm twkorktlmrs ahf Ajeh was iennmf(

7( Ja'juh(

Furehg tlm runm kc Ja'juh. tlm Plea caetl omàjm cerjny rkktmf eh jkst kc tlm Esnajeetems ahf jahy kc les kwh jehestmrs wmrm Plea( Ja'juh rmanesmf tlat tlm ckrjmr

pmrsmùtekh kc tlm Plea laf hkt wepmf tlmj kut out laf ehstmaf rmsuntmf eh tlm eh rmasmffmtmrjehatekh kc tlm Plea tk prmsmrvm tlmer caetl(

Ja'juh rm`kghesmf tlat tlm Plea wmrm a pkwmrcun ckr m ahf eh krfmr tk immp tlmj quemt.lm fm`metcunny fm narmf lejsmnc tk om a Plea( Ja'juh ihmw tlat Ejaj Ane ar*_efla ,A%was lmnf eh tlm grmatmst mstmmj oy tlm Plea. sk lm krfmrmf tlm Ejaj ,A% tk `kjm tkOaglfaf ahf ckr mf lej tk a `mpt tlm pksetekh kc lmer tk tlm tlrkhm(Ja'juh was hk nmss mven tlah les catlmr. omàusm lm untejatmny jahagmf tk ienn Ejaj Anear*_efla ,A%( Ja'juh femf eh ?14 A(L(. ahf actmr lej tlm katl kc annmgeah`m was taimh ckrJu'tasej Oennal(


10/32


Jutawaiien fef hkt `khtmht lejsmnc wetl tkrturehg tlksm wlk wmrm anevm out ansk slkwmffesrmspm t tk tlm fmaf( Lm fmjkneslmf tlm tkjo kc Ejaj Lusaeh ,A% ahf tlm mxtmhsekharkuhf et. ahf rmstraehmf pmkpnm crkj pmrckrjehg Reyarat( Wlkmvmr attmjptmf tk fk skwas metlmr ejpreskhmf kr iennmf(

Jutawaiien was cehanny iennmf oy les kwh skh Juhtaser wlk kunf hkt stahf ahf wat l tlmmven a ts kc les catlmr( Vlm jaeh rmaskh lm iennmf Jutawaiien was om`ausm tlm jah usmftk aousm Oeoe Cateja ,A%(

Vlm pkwmr kc tlm Aooasefm Fyhasty omgah tk fm nehm actmr Jutawaiien. wlk was tlm nastiehg kc ahy ehcnumh`m( Ktlmr ca tekhs tlmh rksm eh tlm wkrnf kc Esnaj. ajkhgst tlmj tlmOuwayyaf. tlm Lajafahe ahf tlm Catejef Fyhastems(

As a khsmqumh`m kc tles fmvmnkpjmht. tlm Plea wmrm aonm tk ormatlm eh pma`m( Furehg

tlmsm natmr pmrekfs jahy grmat Plea s lknars wmrm aonm tk khtreoutm tk kur prmsmht fayihkwnmfgm kc Esnaj(

Eh ann tlmrm wmrm 07 iehgs kc Oahe Aooas. ahf tlmer rmegh nastmf tenn 3=3 A(L( Vlm iehgswlk runmf actmr Jutawaiien uptk tlm tejm kc Glayoat ,@kh`manjmht% kc kur 1?tl Ejaj,A% arm2

11( Juhtaser( Venn ?67 A(L( ,5 jkhtls%(

1?( Justaeh( Venn ?=? A(L( ,= ymars%(

10( Ju'taz( Venn ?== A(L( ,0 ymars%(

Ju'taz `ausmf tlm fmatl kc kur 14tl Ejaj ,A%(

16( Ju'tafe( Venn ?=3 A(L( ,1 ymar%(

1=( Ju'tajaf( Venn ?75 A(L( ,?1 ymars%(

Ju'tajaf ausmf tlm fmatl kc kur 11tl Ejaj ,A%(

13( Ju'tazef( Venn ?


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VKTE@ =2 VLM @_]PAFMP TA_V 1

Ehtrkfu`tekh

Vlm @rusafms rmprmsmht a laptmr eh tlm lestkry kc khcrkhtatekh omtwmmh tlm Mastahf tlm Wmst( Vlm Mast ajm tk om fkjehatmf oy Esnaj. ahf @lresteahety gkt ackktlknf eh tlm Wmst( Vlm khcne t omtwmmh tlm Mast ahf tlm Wmst tlus tkki kvmr armnegekus knkur( Furehg tlm smvmhtl. megltl. hehtl ahf tmhtl mhturems tlm Jusnejsfkjehatmf tlm wkrnf pknete an stagm. ahf tlm @lresteahs laf tk nem nkw( Furehg tlespmrekf tlm @aneplatm was a strkhg `mhtranesmf statm. ahf tlm @lresteahs wmrm omatmh oytlm Jusnejs kh ann crkhts( Lkwmvmr. a rmjariaonm lahgm eh tlm oanah`m kc pkwmrk`ùrrmf omtwmmh tlm @lresteahs ahf tlm Jusnejs eh tlm mnmvmhtl mhtury( Arkuhf1444 @M tlm oaroareah Seiehgs ahf tlm Jagyars wlk laf ommh raefehg ahf ravagehgMurkpm wmrm khvmrtmf tk @lresteahety. ahf tlat orkuglt eh ah mra kc pma`m ahf

prkgrmss ckr tlm Wmst( Hmw tkwhs ahf jarimts sprahg up. ahf trafm ahf kjjmr màjm tk cnkuresl(

Vlm Jusnej Wkrnf furehg Vlm Mnmvmhtl @mhtury(

Wlenm tlm mnmvmhtl `mhtury jarimf tlm resm tk pkwmr kc tlm @lresteahs. et jarimf tlmrmvmrsm ckr tlm Jusnej wkrnf( Oy tles tejm tlm Aooasef aneplatm nkst ets lknf ahfpkwmr ahf tlmer mjperm stkkf cragjmhtmf(

Eh Ppaeh tlm ]jjayaf aneplatm knnapsmf eh 14019 ahf tlmh cknnkwmf lanc a mhturykc laks ahf ahar ly wle l prkvefmf kppkrtuhety tk tlm @lresteah pkwmrs kc tlm hkrtl

tk gatlmr strmhgtl( ]p uhten tlm tmhtl `mhtury. tlm Jmfetmrrahmah Pma was pra te anny aJusnej naim( Oy tlm mnmvmhtl mhtury lkwmvmr. tlm Jusnejs laf nkst tlmer havansuprmja`y eh tlm Jmfetmrrahmah(

Kregehs kc tlm Cerst @rusafm(

Vlm su mssms kc tlm @lresteahs eh Ppaeh ahf tlm Jmfetmrrahmah mh`kuragmf tlmj tkkpmh a tlerf crkht agaehst tlm Jusnejs eh tlm Mast(

Vlm Oyzahtehms wlk wmrm stenn smmiehg rmvmhgm ckr tlm nkss kc a grmatmr part kc tlmermjperm tk tlm Jusnejs seh`m tlm resm kc Esnaj. appmanmf tk tlm Tkpm ckr lmnp( At tles

tejm tlmrm was a nkt kc `khcne t omtwmmh tlm @lur l ahf tlm Ptatm. wle l laf orkugltjesmry tk a nkt kc pmkpnm( As a rmsunt. tlm Tkpm cmnt tlat et was tlm kppkrtuhm tejm tknauh`l tlm rusafehg jkvmjmht agaehst tlm Jusnejs eh krfmr tk fevmrt crkj tlm even`khcne t omtwmmh tlm Tkpm ahf tlm preh`ms eh cmufan Murkpm( Vlmrmckrm eh 145=. Tkpm]roah EE prk naejmf a rusafm ahf ànnmf tlm @lresteah wkrnf tk arjs eh a oef ckrpkwmr agaehst tlm Jusnejs(


12/32

Varmmil Tagm 11(1? www(jafrmssa(hmt

Et was fm narmf tlat lm wlk parte epatmf eh tlm rusafm wkunf gmt tlm onmssehgs kc tlm@lur l. ahf tlm cunn rmjessekh kc ann les sehs( Vlm ry rksm crkj mvmry punpet eh tlm@lresteah wkrnf tlat tlm Nahf slkunf om rms`umf crkj tlm Jusnejs( Vlm ry was taimhup eh ann parts kc Murkpm. ahf aokut khm luhfrmf ahf cecty tlkusahf jmh. rmspkhfmf tktlm ann(

Vlm Cerst @rusafm 2 145= * 1455

Wetl ma`l warrekr wmarehg tlm rkss as a oafgm. tlm rusafmrs jar lmf tk AseaJehkr( Vlmer cerst `khcrkhtatekh was wetl tlm Pmnbui Puntah Qeneb. wlk was fmcmatmf( Lmnkst les `apetan He aka. ahf actmr ahhmxehg tles ety. tlm rusafmrs afvah`mf tkArjmhea( Vlm Hkrjah @rusafmrs tkki tlm wlknm kc Arjmhea. wlmrm tlmy smt up a@lresteah preh epanety eh Mfmssa( Oy 145


13/32


VKTE@ 32 VLM @_]PAFMP TA_V ?

Tkneteàn Petuatekh Actmr Vlm Cerst @rusafm

Actmr tlm cerst rusafm. a statm kc stanmjatm khtehumf ckr skjm cecty ymars( Vlm@lresteahs laf smt up cevm preh epanetems ahf k`ùpemf ah arma a rkss tlmJmfetmrrahmah kast aokut cecty jenms wefm( Vlm rmst kc tlm kuhtry rmjaehmf uhfmrJusnej khtrkn( Vlm @lresteah pkwmrs lkwmvmr. wmrm hkw omgehhehg tk ceglt ajkhgtlmjsmnvms ahf wmrm uhaonm tk ckrgm a uhetmf crkht( As a rmsunt. tlmy wmrm hkt aonm tkmxtmhf tlmer khqumsts( Curtlmrjkrm. tlmrm was hk strkhg pkwmr ajkhg tlm Jusnejs.wle l kunf mxpmn tlm @lresteahs crkj tlmer preh epanetems

Vlm Pm`khf @rusafm2 1166 * 11==

Ejaf*uf*Feh Rahge

Vkwarfs tlm jeffnm kc tlm twmnctl mhtury. a strkhg runmrEjaf*uf*Feh Rahge rksm eh Jksun( Lm tkki up tlm ceglt ajkhgtlm Jusnejs ahf spmarlmafmf tlm jkvmjmht kc B elaf agaehsttlm @lresteahs( Eh 1166. lm ehvafmf Arjmhea. ahf actmr a oremcsemgm. lm rm`kvmrmf Mfmssa(

Hur*uf*Feh Rahge(

Ejaf*uf*Feh was su``mmfmf oy les skh Hur*uf Feh. wlk was mvmh jkrm fmtmrjehmftk ceglt ckr tlm Jusnej àusm( Actmr les catlmrs fmatl. Mfmssa was rm`khqumrmf oy tlm@lresteahs( As a rmsunt. Hur*uf Feh nmf les ckr ms ehtk Arjmhea ahf jahagmf tk gmtoaì Mfmssa agaeh(

Vlm hmws kc tlm cann kc Mfmssa was rm`mevmf eh Murkpm wetl grmat kh`mrh. ahf TkpmMugmhm EEE. prk naejmf ahktlmr rusafm( Vlm sm`khf rusafm was nmf oy Nkues SEE kcCrah`m. ahf @khraf EEE kc Gmrjahy( Lkwmvmr. a grmatmr part kc tlm ckr ms kc @khraf

was fmcmatmf eh Asea Jehkr. ahf tlm ckr ms kc Nkues wmrm nargmny fmstrkymf wlenmrkssehg tlm Afjus _evmr( Eh a `khcrkhtatekh wetl tlm ckr ms kc Hur*uf Feh Rahge hmar

Ahtek`l. tlm rusafmrs succmrmf a fmcmat. ahf as a rmsunt. part kc tlm preh epanety kcAhtek`l was k`ùpemf oy Hur*uf Feh Rahge(


14/32


Vlm Pemgm kc Fajsùs

Vlm kobm t kc tlm sm`khf rusafm was tlm rmàpturm kc Mfmssa( Wetl tlm fmstru`tekh kca grmatmr part kc tlm rusafmrs arjy eh Asea Jehkr ahf tlmer suosmqumht fmcmat hmarAhtek`l. tlm rusafmrs antmrmf tlmer pnah. ahf ehstmaf kc prk`mmfehg tk Mfmssa. tlmywmht tk B mrusanmj ehstmaf( Actmr gmttehg rmehckr mjmht crkj B mrusanmj. tlm rusafmrsfm efmf tk ehvafm Fajasùs as a fevmrsekh(

Vlm rusafmrs naef semgm tk tlm ety kc Fajasùs( Vlm semgm nastmf ckr skjm tejm. uhtentlm ehlaoetahts kc Fajsùs jahagmf tk smhf a jmssagm tk Hur*uf*Feh Rahge ckr lmnp(Ejjmfeatmny Hur*uf*Feh ahf les ckr ms afvah`mf tkwarfs Fajasùs( Lkwmvmr. upkhlmarehg kc tles afvah`m. tlm rusafmrs quarrmnnmf ajkhg tlmjsmnvms. nectmf tlm semgmahf wetlfrmw crkj Fajasùs( Fajasùs was hkw oaì uhfmr tlm khtrkn kc tlmJusnejs(

@khsmqumh`ms kc tlm Pm`khf @rusafm

Wetl tlm k`ùpatekh kc Fajasùs oy Hur*uf *Feh Rahge. tlm oanah`m kc pkwmr`lahgmf eh cavkur kc tlm Jusnejs( Vlm @lresteahs laf lkpmf tlat wetl tlm k`ùpatekhkc Fajas us. tlmy wkunf lavm a strkhg oasm crkj wlmrm tlmy `kunf mxtmhf tlmer`khqumsts curtlmr ehnahf( Vlmy laf caenmf eh smùrehg tles stratmgy( Kh tlm ktlmr lahf.wetl tlm k`ùpatekh kc Fajasùs oy Hur*uf Feh Rahge. a strkhg Jusnej statm ajm tkom mstaoneslmf hmxt fkkr tk tlm @lresteah strkhglknfs( Vlm @lresteah statms wmrmfesuhetmf ahf quarrmnnmf ajkhg tlmjsmnvms(

Vlm Vlerf @rusafm2 11


15/32

Varmmil Tagm 11(1= www(jafrmssa(hmt

Vlm cann kc B mrusanmj was a smrekus onkw tk tlm @lresteahs. ahf tlm Tkpm khsmqumhtnyraesmf tlm ànn ckr ahktlmr rusafm( _e larf kc Mhgnahf. Oaroarkksa kc Gmrjahy ahfTlenep kc Crah`m nmf tlm rusafmrs( Oaroarkksa wlk àjm oy nahf. wasfrkwhmf rkssehg a revmr( Vlm rusafmrs uhfmr _e larf ahf Tlenep àjmoy sma( Vlm rusafm omgah wetl a semgm kc tlm pkrt kc A` ra oyrusafmrs( A` ra cmnn tk tlm rusafmrs9 ahf tlmrmactmr tlmy afvah`mf tk

B acca ahf As ankh. wle l ansk cmnn tk tlmj( Crkj tlmrm. tlm rusafmrsuhfmr _e larf afvah`mf tk B mrusanmj(

Eh tlm oattnm kutsefm B mrusanmj. tlm rusafmrs succmrmf a lmavy fmcmat( As a rmsunt.Panal*uf*Feh rmàpturmf B acca ahf Asànkh( Vlm `rusafmrs hkw cmnn oaì kh A``ra.wlmrm _e larf cmnn se i ahf was ckr mf tk asi ckr tmrjs( Tma`m was mvmhtuanny`kh nufmf eh Hkvmjomr 115?9 tlm pma`m was ckr a pmrekf kc tlrmm ymars. tlrmm jkhtlsahf tlrmm fays( A``krfehg tk tlm tmrjs kc tlm trmaty tlm Jusnejs rmtaehmf B mrusanmj.

out tlm @lresteahs wmrm annkwmf crmm a``mss tk tlm ety ckr pengrejagm(

@khsmqumh`ms kc tlm Vlerf @rusafm

Vlm tlerf rusafm mhfmf eh caenurm ckr tlm @lresteahs( Vlm rusafm was krgahesmf wetla vemw tk rm`kvmrehg B mrusanmj crkj tlm k`ùpatekh kc tlm Jusnejs( Lkwmvmr. tlm`rusafmrs `kunf hkt fesnkfgm tlm Jusnejs crkj B mrusanmj( Vlm rusafm ansk kst tlmrusafmrs a lmavy nkss kc necm( Eh spetm kc tlm lkstenetems tlmrm was a gkkf fman kc

mx`lahgm kc `kurtmsems kh tlm twk sefms( Eh tles rusafm. Panal*uf*Feh mjmrgmf astlm lmrk ahf tlm `lajpekh kc Esnaj(


16/32


VKTE@ 72 M]_KTMP FMOV VK EPNAJ

Furehg tlm Jeffnm Agms tlm Jusnejs wmrm tlm nmafmrs kc tlm ehtmnnm tuan wkrnf( Vlmywmrm tlm pekhmmrs eh tlm varekus cemnfs kc ihkwnmfgm ahf nmarhehg( Natmr wlmh Murkpmmjoarimf kh ets qumst ckr nmarhehg. ann ets ihkwnmfgm was fmrevmf crkj Esnajeskur`ms(

Vlm Jusnejs @khtreoutekh tk Ihkwnmfgm(

Vlm Jusnejs jafm a twk cknf khtreoutekh tk ihkwnmfgm( Vlmy prmsmrvmf ann nmarhehgkc tlm ah emht wkrnf eh Araoe trahsnatekh( Vlmy ansk jafm tlmer kwh khtreoutekhs(Esnaj prkfu`mf tlm grmatmst s emhtests. tlm grmatmst plyse eahs. tlm grmatmstplenkskplmrs. tlm grmatmst gmkgraplmrs ahf tlm grmatmst lestkreahs kc tlm jeffnmagms( Mxajpnms arm. B aoer. B alez ahf Oaytar eh s emh`m9 Kjar Ilayyaj ahf Haser*uf*

Feh Vuse eh jatlmjate s ahf astrkhkjy(

Eh tlm Jeffnm Agms. tlm ]hevmrsetems eh tlm Jusnej nahfs wmrm tlm grmatmst `mhtrms kcnmarhehg( Vlmsm ]hevmrsetems. parte unarny tlksm eh Ppaeh wmrm attmhfmf oy s`lknars ehMurkpm(

Gmkgraply

Vlm stufy kc Gmkgraply omgah wetl tlm Trkplmt ,P% lejsmnc(Vlm Lkny Qurah mhbkehmf tlm omnemvmrs tk travmn kh tlm martlahf smm tlm seghs kc Annal( Vles gavm resm tk tlm stufy kc

gmkgraply( Ehfmmf. eh tlm kursm kc les travmns. jahy kc tlmkosmrvatekhs tlat tlm Trkplmt ,P% jafm. laf ommh kc`khsefmraonm gmkgraple an ehtmrmst(

Lestkry

Vlm Lkny Qurah prmsmhtmf a hmw vesekh kc lestkry( Et rmcmrrmftk lestkry as a Pegh kc Annal. ahf wahtmf tlm caetlcun tk nmarhcrkj tlm lestkry kc tlm prmvekus pmkpnm( _eglt crkj tlmomgehhehg. tlm Jusnejs fmvmnkpmf a smhsm kc lestkry. ahf astlmy grmw eh pkwmr ahf jafm lestkry. tlm fes epnehm `ajm tk om

fmvmnkpmf oy tlmj as a s emh`m(

Tlenkskply

Esnaj rmvknutekhesmf lujah tlkuglt ahf as su`l tlmrm es ju`l eh tlm Lkny Qurah ahfLafetl. wle l es tlm skur m jatmrean ckr plenkskply( Vlm Trkplmt ,P% anwaysmh`kuragmf tlm omnemvmrs tk jaim cunn usm kc tlmer ehtmnnm t eh uhfmrstahfehg tlm tlehgsarkuhf tlmj(


17/32


Pèmh`m

Vlm Lkny Qurah says2

Y(((Smreny eh tlm `rmatekh kc tlm lmavmhs ahf tlm martl. ahf eh tlmfeccmrmh`ms kc heglt ahf fay arm seghs ckr jmh kc uhfmrstahfehg( ,AnmEjrah 02 154%Z

Vlat awaimhmf a speret kc mhquery ajkhg tlm Jusnejs( Ehfmmf. furehg tlm JeffnmAgms. tlm Jusnejs wmrm tlm nmafmrs kc tlm wkrnf eh tlm jattmr kc s emh`m( Tlyse s.@lmjestry. Oktahy. Rkknkgy. ahf varekus s emhtece ehvmhtekhs. su`l as tlm Jarehmrs`kjpass. tlm tmnms`kpm mt (. ann ajm crkj tlm Jusnejs(

Astrkhkjy

]hfmr Esnaj. Annal was aìhkwnmfgmf as tlmskvmrmegh kc tlm martl. as wmnn as kc tlm mhtermuhevmrsm(

Vlat rmatmf ajkhg tlm Jusnejs ah ehtmrmst ehastrkhkjy( Vlm Trkplmt ,P% es rmfetmf wetl tlmjera nm kc spnettehg up tlm jkkh eh twk parts( Vlatrmatmf eh tlm Jusnejs tlm urgm tk prkjktm tlm stufy

kc astrkhkjy(

Jmfeèhm

Jmfe ehm omgah wetl tlm Trkplmt ,P% lejsmnc( Esnaj mhbkehmfnmahnehmss. ahf as su`l tlmrm es ju`l eh tlm Lkny Qurah

wle l ckrjs tlm oases kc lygemhm( Vlm Trkplmt ,P% saef tlattk veset tlm se i was ah a t kc pemty( Jmfe an àrm was tlusprkjktmf oy tlm Jusnejs as a jattmr kc rmnegekus konegatekh(

Vlm Trkplmt ,P% lejsmnc laf khsefmraonm jmfe anihkwnmfgm9 eh ca t `mrtaeh jmfe an tma`lehgs arm attreoutmf tklej wle l lavm ommh knnm tmf ahf ahhktatmf eh a okki mhtetnmf an Veoo an Haoawe,Vlm Jmfe ehm kc tlm Trkplmt%(


18/32

Varmmil Tagm 11(1< www(jafrmssa(hmt

Jatlmjate`s

Esnaj omnemvmf eh tlm Fay kc _mìkhehg( Esnaj mh`kuragmf etsomnemvmrs tk jaehtaeh prkpmr a``kuhts( Esnaj prkpkuhfmf tlmfk trehm kc Vaulef *uhety kc Annal eh tlm jefst kc fevmrsety( Vlmsmca tkrs wmrm rmspkhseonm ckr tlm prkjktekh kc jatlmjate s ajkhgtlm Jusnejs(

EPNAJ AHF V_AFM

Vlm Lkny Qurah tanimf aokut trafm eh cavkuraonm tmrjs( VlmTrkplmt ,P% lejsmnc was a trafmr( Ehfmmf. as tlm Jusnej mjpermgrmw. tlm s`kpm ckr trafm eh rmasmf a``krfehgny( Ckrmegh

`khqumsts orkuglt jkrm wmantl tk tlm Jusnejs9 a nkt kc wle l wasehvmstmf eh trafm( As tlm mjperm mxpahfmf. hmw etems wmrm smt upwle l `khsmqumhtny omàjm ejpkrtaht `mhtrms kc trafm ahf`kjjmr m(

@kjjmrèan A`tevetems kc tlm Ptatm

Vlm Esnaje statms uhfmrtkki kjjmr eana tevetems kh a nargm sànm( @aravah rkutms

wmrm ejprkvmf9 lantehg pna`ms wmrm prkvefmf at`khvmhemht pna`ms ankhg tlm aravah rkutms9tlmrm was crmm jkvmjmht kc gkkfs wetleh tlmmjperm crkj khm rmgekh tk ahktlmr9 ahf tlmrmwmrm hk ehnahf nmvems( Vlm Jusnej etems lafvmry wmnn stkìmf jarimts ahf Ptatm rmgunatekhmhsurmf staoenety eh pre ms(

Jusnej kuhtrems mxmùtmf kjjmr ean trmatems wetl hkh*Jusnej statms. wle l rmsuntmfeh tlm Jusnej trafmrs fkjehatehg wkrnf trafm(

Ah ehnahf rkutm nmf tk @mhtran Asea ahf @leha9 ihkwh as tlm Peni _kutm( Ahktlmrehnahf rkutm nmf tk _ussea( A tlerf rkutm nmf tk @khstahtehkpnm ahf tlmh tk MastmrhMurkpm( A rkutm nmf tk Acglahestah ahf tlmh tk Ehfea( Ahktlmr rkutm nmf crkj Mgypt tkPufah( A rkutm crkj Jkrk``k nmf tk Glaha ahf ktlmr `kuhtrems kc Wmst Acre a( CrkjPpaeh a rkutm nmf tk Crah`m ahf tlm statms kc tlm Fahuom Sannmy(


19/32


@kjjuheàtekhs oy Pma

Vlm Jmfetmrrahmah Pma was surrkuhfmf oy Jusnej`kuhtrems kh tlrmm sefms. hajmny Pyrea. Acre a ahf Ppaeh(Vlm Jusnejs wmht as car as @leha. Ikrma ahf B apah(

Vlmy mstaoneslmf a knkhy at @ahtkh eh @leha( Furehg tlmtmhtl mhtury. ah Arao knkhy sprahg up hmar Okjoay ehEhfea( Vlm Jusnej jmr lahts laf `knkhems kh tlm mast`kast kc Acre a ahf tlmy laf kjjmr ean khta ts wetlJafagasàr ahf Rahzeoar(

Ejpkrts + Mxpkrts

Eh tlm Jeffnm Agms. tlm Jusnej kuhtrems wmrm tlm nmafehg ehfustreanahf jahuca turehg `kuhtrems kc tlmwkrnf( Vlmy jafm papmr. tmxtenms. seni.gnasswarm. àrpmts. tapmstrems.lahfe racts. nmatlmr gkkfs mt ( Ann su`lgkkfs wmrm mxpkrtmf tk tlm varekus`kuhtrems eh tlm mast ahf tlm wmst( VlmJusnej jmr lahts orkuglt seni crkj@leha ahf spe ms crkj Ehfea( Vlmy

ejpkrtmf curs ahf tejomr crkj Murkpm. as wmnn as snavms( Vlmsm ansk àjm crkj@mhtran Asea ahf Acre a(

Eh Jusnej sk emty. jmr lahts mhbkymf a legl sk ean status9 tlmy laf ehtmrhatekhan`khta ts ahf kjjahfmf rmspm t eh ckrmegh kurts( Vlmy wmrm ansk vmry pkpunartlrkuglkut tlm wkrnf ckr tlmer caer fmanehgs(

Mfuàtekh

Furehg tlm Jeffnm Agms. tlm Jusnejs wmrm tlm jkst afvah`mf pmkpnm eh tlm wkrnf(Wlenm eh Murkpm mvmh tlm Iehgs `kunf hkt rmaf kr wretm. eh tlm Jusnej `kuhtrems. tlm`kjjkh jah kunf rmaf ahf wretm( Mfuàtekhan ehstetutekhs ahf neorarems wmrm tk omckuhf ann kvmr tlm Jusnej mjperm( Vles tlerst ckr ihkwnmfgm tlmh sprmaf tk tlm hkh*Jusnej `kuhtrems. wlk ansk omgah tk smt up varekus mfuàtekhan ehstetutekhs ahf

neorarems mt (


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Varmmil Tagm 11(?4 www(jafrmssa(hmt

VKTE@


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Esnaj Eh Vlm Nahfs ]hfmr Vlm K`ùpatekh Kc Vlm Hkh Jusnejs

Furehg tlm kursm kc lestkry. tlm Jusnejs laf tk wetlfraw crkj jahy nahfs( Ec Esnajlaf ommh sprmaf tlrkugl tlm swkrf. tlm pmkpnm kc su`l nahfs. ec tlmy wkunf lavma``mptmf Esnaj uhfmr ahy kjpunsekh. wkunf lavm rmvmrtmf tk tlmer kregehan rmnegekhsactmr tlm wetlfrawan kc tlm Jusnejs crkj su`l nahfs( Vles lkwmvmr. fef hkt lappmh.wle l slkws tlat Esnaj wetl su`l `khvmrts was a jattmr kc `khve tekh ahf hkt a jattmrkc `kjpunsekh kr ckr m(

@khvmrsekh Kc Vlm Jkhgkns Vk Esnaj

Wlmh tlm Jkhgkns fesjahtnmf tlm Aooasefm @aneplatm ahf k`ùpemf tlm Jusnejnahfs. tlmy lmnf tlm swkrfs kvmr tlm lmafs kc tlm Jusnejs( Antlkugl @lresteahety tremfets omst tk `khvmrt tlm Jkhgkns. tlmy caenmf ahf tlm Jkhgkns a``mptmf Esnaj( Vlmer

kregehan aej laf ommh tk fmstrky Esnaj9 sk tlmer khvmrsekh tk et ehstmaf. slkwmf tlattlmy a``mptmf et hkt kut kc ahy kjpunsekh. out omàusm tlmy wmrm khveh`mf Esnajwas a supmrekr caetl(

Esnaj Eh Ehfkhmsea Ahf Janaya

Hk Jusnej pkwmr mvmr nmf ahy Jusnej ckr m tk tlmsm nahfs eh Pkutl Mast Asea( Esnajwas àrremf tk tlmsm nahfs oy Jusnej trafmrs ahf prma`lmrs(


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Varmmil Tagm 11(?? www(jafrmssa(hmt

VKTE@ 52 EPNAJP _KNM EH LEPVK_U

Vlm Lkny Qurah es hkt a okki eh kc lestkry. out jahy lestkre an mvmhts arm rmcmrrmf tkeh et. ahf wm lavm ommh rmquermf tk nmarh crkj lestkry( Eh tlm kpmhehg `laptmr kc tlmLkny Qurah. wm arm rmquermf tk pray tk Annal tk slkw us tlm reglt way * hkt tlm way kctlksm kh wlkj Les wratl las cannmh( Vlmrm arm rmcmrmh`ms tk tlm knf hatekhs wlkfmveatmf ahf wmrm puheslmf oy Annal( Wm lavm ansk ommh tknf tlat tlm Lkny Trkplmt,P% kc Esnaj es tlm sman kc tlm prkplmts ahf tlat tlmrm wkunf om hk jkrm prkplmts actmrlej( Vlus wetl Esnaj. jahiehf las `kjm kc agm. ahf tlat tlmrmactmr tlmrm wkunf om hkhmmf kc ahy curtlmr guefah`m( Ehfmmf. lestkry omgehs wetl Esnaj( Ann a``kuhts prmvekustk tlm afvmht kc Esnaj arm jmrm nmgmhfs( Esnaj las jafm lestkry(

A``krfehg tk Esnaj tlm pmkpnm arm rmquermf tk mstaonesl Annals runm kh martl ahf tk a tkh omlanc kc Annal eh a``krfah`m wetl Les `kjjahfs( As su`l a``krfehg tk tlm Esnaje

pkeht kc vemw. ann tlat lappmhs eh lestkry es a jahecmstatekh kc tlm Wenn kc Gkf(

Apart crkj tlm puhesljmht tlat es tk om awarfmf eh tlm Lmrmactmr. Annal puheslms tlmpmkpnm ckr tlmer sehs eh tles wkrnf as wmnn( Annal jay puhesl pmkpnm tlrkugl haturanànajetems su`l as cnkkfs. cerms. cajehms. mpefmje s. martlquaims mt ( Lm jay ansk`lkksm khm smt kc pmkpnm tk puhesl ahktlmr smt kc pmkpnm( Annal gevms ajpnmkppkrtuhety tk tlm pmkpnm tk rmckrj tlmjsmnvms ahf cknnkw tlm straeglt way. out wlmhtlmy pmrsest eh cknnkwehg tlm wrkhg way. tlmy àhhkt ms apm tlm wratl kc Annal(

Jahy ehstah`ms eh Esnaje Lestkry slkw tlat a leglmr pkwmr es at wkri tk jaim lestkry(Ckr ehstah`m. hk khm `kunf ejagehm tlat tlm Araos. tlm fwmnnmrs kc tlm fmsmrt. wkunf

kvmrtlrkw tlm jeglty mjperms kc tlm Tmrseah ahf tlm Oyzahtehms( Wlmh Oaglfaf cmnn.ahf tlm Aooasefm @anepl was trajpnmf tk fmatl uhfmr tlm lkkcs kc tlm Jkhgkn lkrsms.hk khm kunf mvmr frmaj tlat tlmsm pmkpnm. sk lkstenm tk Esnaj wkunf om khvmrtmf tkEsnaj( Wlmh tlm ]jayyafs wmrm tlm jastmrs kc Ppaeh. wlk kunf ckrmtmnn tlat actmrmeglt luhfrmf ymars kc runm. tlm Jusnejs wmrm tk om mxpmnnmf crkj Ppaeh( Wlk kunfejagehm tlat tlm Vuris wkunf mstaonesl khm kc tlm nargmst mjperms eh lestkry(Ehfmmf tlmrm arm jahy mvmhts eh lestkry wle l ahhkt om prmfe tmf( Vlmrmckrm. et eskovekus tlat tlmrm es skjm jystmrekus pkwmr wle l slapms tlm kursm kc lestkry9 tlespkwmr es Annal(

Vlm wmstmrh lestkreah smmis tk ehtmrprmt tlm mvmhts kc lestkry a` krfehg tk tlm naw kc

àusm ahf mccm t9 wlmrmas a Jusnej lestkreah es tk ehtmrprmt lestkry a``krfehg tk tlmwenn kc Annal( Vlmrmckrm. wlenm smùnar lestkry es jah kremhtmf9 Esnaje lestkry es Gkfkremhtmf(


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1( Ehtrkfu`tekh

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was tlm skh kc Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A%( Eh tlm Oeonm lm es rmcmrrmf tk asB ksmpl skh kc B a`ko( Vlm Lkny Qur'ah las jmhtekhmf les stkry eh a omautecun laptmrmhtetnmf /Pural Uusuc/( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% laf 11 orktlmrs( Lm was khm kc tlm ykuhgmstahf pkssmssmf mx`mnnmht lara tmr ahf jahhmrs( Lescatlmr nkvmf lej fmarny(

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% kh`m frmajt tlat mnmvmh stars ahf tlmsuh ahf jkkh wmrm prkstratehg tk lej( Lm rmnatmf tlmfrmaj tk les catlmr( Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% rmanesmf tlat tlmfrmaj kutnehmf les skh's fmstehy ahf grmathmss ahf

àutekhmf lej hkt tk tmnn les orktlmrs aokut tlm frmaj(

Les orktlmrs wmrm bmankus kc tlm cavkur tlat lm mhbkymf ehtlmer catlmr's myms ahf pnahhmf tk skjmlkw gmt ref kc lej( Wlmhmvmr tlmy tkki tlmergkats kut ckr grazehg tlmy wkunf asi tlmer catlmr ec Uusuc ,A% kunf a``kjpahy tlmj(Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% anways rmcusmf. sayehg tlat tlm oky was tkk ykuhg( Wlmh TrkplmtUusuc ,A% rma`lmf tlm agm kc 13. les orktlmrs ehsestmf tlat lm was hkw knf mhkugl tka `kjpahy tlmj( Wetl rmnu tah`m. tlmer catlmr agrmmf tk nmt tlmj taim lej wetl tlmj(

As skkh as tlmy wmrm car mhkugl crkj lkjm. tlmyomgah tk pnkt aokut lkw tk fespksm kc Trkplmt

Uusuc ,A%( Vlmh. tlmy ajm a rkss a fry wmnn( Vlmyrmjkvmf Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% slert. ahf tlrmw lejehtk tlm wmnn( Eghkrehg tlmer ykuhg orktlmr's pnmas.tlmy lmartnmssny nmct lej tk fem kc luhgmr( Kh tlmway oaì. tlmy snaugltmrmf a gkat ahf staehmfTrkplmt Uusuc's ,A% slert wetl ets onkkf( Vlmy arrevmflkjm wmmpehg ahf tknf tlmer catlmr tlat wlenm tlmywmrm grazehg tlmer slmmp. a wknc àjm ahf atm tlmerorktlmr( Lm fef hkt omnemvm tlmer stkry ahf `kunf fkhktlehg out rmjaeh patemht ahf waet ckr Annal tkrmuhetm lej wetl les omnkvmf skh(

Jmahwlenm a aravah kc trafmrs passehg oy tlm wmnn stkppmf tk fraw skjm watmr( Vlmywmrm surpresmf tk smm Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% kjm up lknfehg tlm ouìmt( Vlmy lef lej wetltlmer jmr lahfesm ahf sknf lej tk skjm snavm trafmrs ckr a cmw pem`ms kc senvmr(


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?( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% eh Mgypt

Vlus. Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% arrevmf eh Mgypt( At tlm snavm jarimt tlm ouymrs wmrm annattra tmf oy lej. omàusm lm was a vmry lahfskjm ykuhg jah( Hmws kc tlesrmjariaonm ykutl swmpt tlrkugl tlm ety( Vlm Azez ,Gkvmrhkr kc Mgypt ahf @lemc Kcce mrkc tlm Iehg%. wlksm hajm was Cktecaar. kccmrmf a pre m tlat hkhm kunf jat l( Lmorkuglt Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% lkjm ahf tknf les wecm Runmeila tlat tlmy wkunf afkpt lej astlmer skh(

Runmeila. lkwmvmr. was sk taimh oy Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% omauty tlat slm skuglt tk lavmah ennmgan asskèatekh wetl lej( A Trkplmt kc Annal kunf hmvmr om part kc su`l ah mvenfmmf ahf Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% oaìmf away crkj tlm afvah`ms kc Runmeila( As lm ra`mfckr tlm fkkr slm reppmf les slert crkj omlehf( At tlm fkkr tlmy jmt tlm Azez( Kh smmehglmr lusoahf. Runmeila tremf tk onajm Uusuc ,A% oy naejehg tlat lm laf tremf tk nay a

lahf kh lmr( Omckrm tlm Azez `kunf vmht les cury kh Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%. a oaoy spkim upcrkj tlm rafnm. ahf tlm Lkny Qur'ah says2

Ahf a wethmss crkj lmr kwh lkusmlknf tmstecemf. /Ec les slert es tkrh crkj tlm crkht.tlmh slm spmais tlm trutl ahf lm es kc tlm nears( Ahf ec les slert es tkrh crkj omlehf.tlmh slm nems ahf lm es kc tlm trutlcun khms(

Uusuc. 1?2?3.?7

Vlm slert was. kc kursm. tkrh crkj omlehf. ahf tlm Azez was mxtrmjmny ahgry wetl leswecm ckr attmjptehg su`l ah a t kc ehfm`mh`y( Vlm wkjmh kc tlm ety lmarf aokutRunmeila's a tekhs ahf omgah tk gkssep ahf jaim cuh kc lmr( Vk mxpnaeh lmr attra tekh

slm fm efmf tk nmt tlmj smm Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tlmjsmnvms(

Plm annmf ckrty kc tlmj tk tlm pana`m ckr a jman( As skkh as tlmy ann laf a ihecm tk utskjm cruet. slm ànnmf Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% ehtk tlm rkkj kh skjm mx usm( Pk fazznmf wmrmtlmy oy les omauty ahf prmsmh`m. tlat tlmy ùt tlmer cehgmrs eh tlmer festra tekh ahfmx naejmf. /Vles es hkt a lujah omehg * lm just om ah ahgmn!/

Runmeila was curekus wetl Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% omàusm lm laf àusmf lmr tk om refe unmf(Eh lmr ahgmr ahf crustratekh. slm ausmf lej tk om ejpreskhmf kh cansm largms kcassaunt(


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VKTE@ 112 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V ?

1( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% eh Treskh

Fum tk khtehumf prmssurm crkj les wecm Runmeila. tlm Azez kc Mgypt fm efmf tk ejpreskhTrkplmt Uusuc ,A%. fmspetm les ehhk`mh`m( Vlm rmaskh lmgavm was tlat pmkpnm wkunf ckrgmt tlm a tekhs kc les wecmwlenm Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% nay eh preskh. ahf lmr feghetywkunf om rmstkrmf(

Kh tlm sajm fay tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was put ehtkpreskh. twk ktlmr jmh wmrm ansk ejpreskhmf( Khm usmf tksmrvm tlm iehg wehm. wlenm tlm ktlmr was tlm rkyan `kki(

Oktl jmh laf ommh a ùsmf kc tryehg tk pkeskh tlm iehg(Kh tlm cknnkwehg fay. tlm wehm*smrvmr saef tk TrkplmtUusuc ,A%. /E saw eh a frmaj tlat E was ruslehg grapmstk jaim wehm ckr tlm iehg/( Vlm `kki saef. /E frmajt tlat Ewas àrryehg skjm ormaf eh a oasimt kh jy lmaf ahfoerfs wmrm pm iehg at tlm ormaf/(

Oktl jmh saw tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was a hkonm ahf pekus pmrskh ahf asimf lej ec lm`kunf ehtmrprmt tlmer frmajs( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tkki tles kppkrtuhety tk prma`l tlmrmnegekh kc Annal tk les preskh*jatms( Lm prkjesmf tk tmnn tlmj tlm jmahehg kc tlmerfrmajs ahf ehckrjmf tlmj tlat tles was a spm ean pkwmr gevmh tk lej oy Annal Omckrm lm

fef sk. lkwmvmr. lm mxpnaehmf tk tlmj lkw smhsmnmss et was tk omnemvm eh varekus gkfsahf mxpnaehmf tk tlmj aokut tlm Khmhmss kc Annal ahf tlm Fay kc _msurrm tekh( Cehannylm saef. /K jy preskh*jatms! Vlm jah wlk frmajt tlat lm was ruslehg grapms wennskkh om rmnmasmf crkj lmrm ahf wenn gk oaì tk les prmvekus pkst( Vlm sm`khf khm. wlkàrremf tlm ormaf kh les lmaf eh tlm frmaj. wenn om mxmùtmf ahf tlm oerfs wenn start tk matles oraeh(/

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tlkuglt kc gmttehg lejsmnc rmnmasmf crkj preskh tlrkugl tlm wehm*smrvmr. ahf tknf lej tk rmjehf tlm iehg kc les ehhk mh`m wlmh lm saw lej( Vlm frmajskc oktl jmh ajm trum bust as lm laf ckrmtknf( Khm kc tlm aptevms was rmnmasmf wlenmtlm ktlmr was lahgmf( ]hckrtuhatmny. tlm wehm*smrvmr ckrgkt ann tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%

laf tknf lej tk khvmy tk tlm iehg(


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?( Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% _mnmasm Crkj Treskh

Vlm Lkny Qur'ah says2

Vlm iehg frmajt tlat smvmh nmah `kws wmrm matehg smvmh cat khms ahf tlat tlmrmwmrm smvmh grmmh mars kc `krh ahf smvmh fry khms( Lm asimf tlm hkonms tk tmnnlej tlm jmahehg kc les frmaj ec tlmy wmrm aonm tk( Vlmy rmpnemf. /Et es a `khcusmffrmaj ahf wm fk hkt ihkw tlm jmahehg kc su`l frmajs(/

Uusuc. 1?260.66

Vlm iehg was vmry kh`mrhmf aokut tlm jmahehg kc les frmaj ahf mvmh tlkugl les wesmjmh tlkuglt kvmr et smrekusny. tlmy `kunf hkt jaim smhsm kc et( Vlm iehg's frmaj om`ajma jmahs kc tlm neomratekh kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% crkj preskh( As skkh as tlm wehm*smrvmrlmarf aokut tlm frmaj lm was rmjehfmf kc les tejm eh preskh ahf rmjmjomrmf tlm

pkwmrs kc les `mnn*jatm( Lm ansk rmjmjomrmf tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% laf asimf lej tktmnn tlm iehg kc les ehhk`mh`m( Lm apprka`lmf tlm iehg ahf gkt les pmrjessekh tk smmTrkplmt Uusuc ,A%(

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% ehtmrprmtmf tlm frmaj oy tlm pkwmr gevmh tk lej oy Annal( Lm saef./Ckr smvmh ymars tlm rkps wenn yemnf aouhfaht ckkf*graeh ckr tlm pmkpnm kc Mgypt( Actmrtlat tlmrm wenn om a cajehm ckr smvmh ymars furehg wle l ann tlm ckkf*graeh nyehg eh tlmstkrmlkusms wenn om ceheslmf ahf pmkpnm wenn starvm( Vlmrmckrm. tlm pmkpnm slkunf try tkgrkw as ju`l mxtra graeh as pksseonm sk tlat et wkunf stahf tlmj eh gkkf stmaf furehgtlm tejm kc cajehm/(

Kh lmarehg tles vmry rmaskhaonm ahf smhseonm ehtmrprmtatekh kc les frmaj crkj tlm wehm*smrvmr. tlm iehg was fmnegltmf( Lm krfmrmf tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% om orkuglt omckrm lejsk lm kunf jaim gkkf usm kc les wesfkj eh sknvehg les prkonmjs(

Antlkugl lm laf ommh eh tlm fari fuhgmkh ckr sk nkhg. Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% rmcusmf tknmavm tlm preskh uhten lm prkvmf les ehhk`mh`m( Lm saef tk tlm kurtemrs. /E wenn hkt kjmkut kc tlm preskh uhten tlm iehg jaims mhquerems aokut jy `asm( Vmnn tlm iehg tk asi tlmwevms kc tlm hkonm jmh aokut tlm tejm wlmh tlmy ut tlmer cehgmrs kh smmehg jm/(

Vlm kurtemrs passmf kh tles jmssagm tk tlm iehg wlk annmf tlm kh`mrhmf wkjmh tklej ckr ah mxpnahatekh( Vlmy ann khcmssmf tlm trutl ahf Runmeila. tlm wecm kc tlm Azez.

ansk tmstecemf tlat Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was ehhk`mht kc ahy guent( Vlus. Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%was rmnmasmf crkj tlm preskh wetl les feghety ahf lkhkur rmstkrmf(


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VKTE@ 1?2 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V 0

1( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% eh tlm _kyan @kurt


Vlm iehg krfmrmf les jmh tk orehg Uusuc omckrm lej9 lm wahtmf tk graht lej alegl kcce m( Vlm iehg saef tk lej. /Crkj hkw kh yku wenn om ah lkhkurmf ahftrustmf pmrskh ajkhgst us(/ Uusuc saef. /Tut jm eh `largm kc tlm trmasurems kc tlmnahf. E ihkw lkw tk jahagm tlmj(/

Uusuc. 1?2=6.==

Wlmh tlm iehg jmt Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%. lm ckuhf lej tk om a wesm ahf orkaf*jehfmfjah( Eh rmspkhsm tk tlm rmqumst kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% as rmnatmf eh tlm vmrsm aokvm. tlm

iehg jafm lej eh largm kc cehah`m ahf ckkf ahf krfmrmf les jehestmrs ahf kcce eans tktrmat Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% `kjjahfs as les kwh(

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tlus omàjm tlm Azez kc Mgypt ahf omgah les hmw futems wetlkutfmnay( Lm was fmtmrjehmf tlat wlmh tlm cajehm arrevmf. hkokfy slkunf starvm(

Vlm revmr Henm cnkkfmf ets oahis rmgunarny tk prkvefm cmrtenm sken ckr tlm grkwtl kc ckkf graehahf Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was awarm tlat tlm cajehm wkunf om ausmf oy tlm fm rmasm kctlm watmr eh tles revmr( Lm fm efmf tk jaim a oremc tkur kc Mgypt tk assmss tlm omstnk atekhs wlmrm ehtmhsevm ùntevatekh `kunf om àrremf kut( Lm annk atmf mxtra jkhmy tktlm carjmrs eh tlm jkst cmrtenm armas kc tlm Henm. sk tlat tlmy wkunf om aonm tk grkw tlm

jaxejuj ajkuht kc graeh( Lm ansk krfmrmf tlm `khstru tekh kc lugm stkrmlkusms,graharems%. apaonm kc stkrehg smvmran luhfrmf tkhs kc tlm surpnus graeh(

Furehg tlm cerst smvmh ymars. lm suppnemf graeh tk tlm pmkpnm a `krfehg tk tlmer jehejujhmmfs. ahf stkrmf tlm rmst eh tlm hmwny*ouent graharems( Oy tlm tejm tlm smvmh ymars wmrmkvmr. tlm graharems wmrm cunn( Vlm watmr nmvmn kc tlm Henm cmnn trmjmhfkusny ahf tlm`kuhtry was let oy a smvmrm frkuglt( Lkwmvmr. fum tk les ckrmseglt ahf pnahhehg. tlm`kuhtry fef hkt ca`m a slkrtagm kc ckkf(

Vlm cajehm ansk mxtmhfmf tk tlm nahfs kc Tanmstehm ahf Iahaah wlmrm Trkplmt Ua'quo,A% nevmf wetl les skhs( Khm fay lm annmf tlmj ahf saef. /Jy skhs! Wm arm eh grmat

festrmss fum tk tlm cajehm( Uku jay gk tk tlm Azez kc Mgypt wlksm rmputatekh as a iehfahf bust pmrskh las sprmaf mvmrywlmrm eh tlm `kuhtry( Nmavm Oehyajmmh wetl jm ckr`kjpahy sk tlat E jay hkt om nkhmny(/ As `kjjahfmf oy tlmer catlmr. tlm orktlmrs kcTrkplmt Uusuc ,A% smt kcc ckr Mgypt tk pur lasm graeh ahf orehg et oaì tk Iahaah(


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Varmmil Tagm 11(?< www(jafrmssa(hmt

?( Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% Orktlmrs eh Mgypt

Wlmh les orktlmrs arrevmf eh Mgypt. Trkplmt

Uusuc ,A% was vmry pnmasmf tk smm tlmj( Vlmyfef hkt rm`kghesm lej at ann. hmvmr mxpm tehgtlat lm was anevm( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% wasfesappkehtmf hkt tk smm les cunn orktlmr.Oehyajmmh. ahf asimf les orktlmrs tk tmnn lejaokut tlmjsmnvms( Vlmy ehtrkfu`mftlmjsmnvms ahf tknf lej aokut tlmer catlmr ahfjktlmr( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was rmnemvmf tklmar tlat Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% was anevm. ahf lmwmn kjmf les orktlmrs seh`mrmny( Lm prkvefmftlmj wetl mhkugl wlmat ckr tlmer hmmfs ahf

laf tlmer jkhmy put oa i eh tlmer oagssm rmtny( Lm ansk asimf tlmj tk orehg tlmerktlmr orktlmr tlm hmxt tejm as prkkc tlat tlmywmrm spmaiehg tlm trutl aokut tlmer cajeny( Vlm Lkny Qur'ah harratms tles mpeskfm eh tlmcknnkwehg wkrfs2

Uusuc's orktlmrs ajm tk lej ahf wlmh tlmy mhtmrmf les kurt. lm rm`kghesmftlmj( Vlmy fef hkt ihkw lej( Ahf wlmh lm gavm tlmj tlm prkvesekhs. lm saef./Hmxt tejm. orehg jm ykur ktlmr orktlmr crkj ykur catlmr( As yku `ah smm. E gevmma`l kc yku a `mrtaeh ajkuht kc graeh. E aj a pknetm lkst( Ec yku fk hkt orehg lej.fk hkt `kjm tk us ckr wm slann hkt gevm yku ahy jkrm graeh(

Uusuc. 1?2=


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1( Trkplmt Uusuc's ,A% Tnah tk Fmtaeh Oehyajmmh

Actmr tlmy laf rm`mevmf tlmer rmquermjmht kc wlmat. tlm orktlmrs kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%omgah tk prmparm ckr tlmer bkurhmy lkjm( Jmahwlenm. a `krfehg tk tlm `kjjahf kc Annal.Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% put ehtk a tekh a pnah tk fmtaeh les cunn orktlmr Oehyajmmh( Lm krfmrmfles jmh tk put a gknf up omnkhgehg tk tlm iehg eh Oehyajmmh's oaggagm( Vlm LknyQur'ah fms reoms tlm eh efmht eh tlm cknnkwehg wkrfs2

Wlmh lm ,Uusuc% laf curheslmf tlmj wetl prkvesekhs. ,skjmkhm% pna`mf tlm,iehg's% frehiehg ùp eh les orktlmr's oaggagm( Vlmh skjmkhm slkutmf. /Tmkpnm kctlm àravah. yku arm jkst surmny tlemvms(/

Uusuc. 1?274

Vlm orktlmrs kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% laf hkt gkhm vmry car wlmh tlmy wmrm stkppmf ahfa`ùsmf kc stmanehg( Vlmy fmhemf tles. ahf saef tlat ec ahykhm kc tlmj was ckuhf guenty kctlmct. lm kunf om lmnf as a snavm oy Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%( Vlm àravah was smar lmf. ahftlm ùp was ckuhf eh tlm oag kc Oehyajmmh(

Wlmh tlm orktlmrs wmrm orkuglt omckrm Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%. lm saef. /A``krfehg tk ykurkwh wkrfs. wm wenn hkw fmtaeh Oehyajmmh wetl us(/ Vlmy rmpnemf. /K Azez kc Mgypt! Kurcatlmr es knf ahf wmai( Uku jay fmtaeh ahy kc us. out hkt Oehyajmmh(/ Lkwmvmr.Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% saef tlat lm kunf hkt fmtaeh ahykhm wlk was hkt guenty( Vlm orktlmrslaf hk lke m out tk nmavm ckr Iahaah( Vlm mnfmst orktlmr. Ualufa. rmcusmf tk rmturh

wetlkut Oehyajmmh( Lm rmjaehmf omlehf eh Mgypt. ratlmr tlah ca m les catlmr(

?( Vlm _muhekh kc tlm cajeny kc Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A%

Wlmh tlm orktlmrs rmturhmf tk Iahaah ahf tknf Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% wlat laf lappmhmf.lm was lmartorkimh( Lm laf anrmafy nkst les mymseglt ryehg ckr les omnkvmf skh TrkplmtUusuc ,A%. ahf tles sm khf nkss was anjkst tkk ju`l ckr lej tk omar( Lm hkw rmànnmftlm jmjkry kc les nkst skhs ahf wmpt(

Lm asimf les skhs tk ejjmfeatmny rmturh tk Mgypt tk nkki ckr oktl Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% ahfOehyajmmh( A``krfehg tk tlmer catlmr's ehstru tekhs. tlm orktlmrs ajm tk tlm Azez kc

Mgypt ckr tlm tlerf tejm. ahf pnmafmf ckr tlm rmnmasm kc Oehyajmmh as wmnn as skjm graehckr ckkf(

Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% rmjehfmf tlmj kc lkw oafny tlmy laf trmatmf tlmer orktlmr Uusuc. ahfàusmf smparatekh omtwmmh lej ahf les catlmr( Vlm orktlmrs wmrm ajazmf tk lmar tlmersm rmt crkj tlm Azez. wlk hkw spkim eh tlm nahguagm kc tlm pmkpnm kc Iahaah( Vlmyasimf lej. /Arm yku Uusuc;/

Lm rmpnemf. /Ums. E aj Uusuc. ahf tles es jy orktlmr( Annal las ommh gra ekus tk jm( Khmwlk es pekus ahf patemht agaehst larfsleps es anways rmwarfmf oy Annal ckr les vertums(/


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Kh lmarehg tles. tlm orktlmrs luhg tlmer lmafs eh slajm ahf asimf lej ckr lesckrgevmhmss( Lm saef. /Uku hmmf hkt om cregltmhmf kc jm( Annal jay ckrgevm yku ykursehs( Hkw taim jy slert ahf `kvmr jy catlmr's ca m wetl et. sk tlat lm jay rmgaeh les nkstseglt( Vlmh rmturh tk jm wetl ann ykur cajeny(/


Wlmh tlm `aravah laf nmct tlm tkwh ,crkj Mgypt%. tlmer catlmr ,eh Iahaah% saef. /Esjmnn Uusuc's cragrah`m( E lkpm yku wenn hkt tlehi tlat E aj wmai eh bufgmjmht,fum tk jy nkvm ckr lej%( Vlmy saef. /Oy Annal ! Uku arm stenn jaiehg tlm sajm knfmrrkr( Wlmh skjmkhm orkuglt lej tlm gnaf hmws. Uusuc's slert was pna`mf kh lesca`m ahf les mymseglt was rmstkrmf( Lm saef. /Fef E hkt tmnn yku tlat E ihkw aokutAnnal tlat wle l yku fk hkt ihkw;/

Uusuc. 1?256*53

Actmr gmttehg les mymseglt oa`i ahf lmarehg tlm gkkf hmws kc les skh. Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A%fm efmf tk prk mmf tk Mgypt ejjmfeatmny( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% was fmnegltmf tk jmmt tlmjahf mjora mf les catlmr ahf jktlmr(

As a tkimh kc tlmer gratetufm tk Annal at tles rmuhekh. les parmhts ahf orktlmrs prkstratmftlmjsmnvms kh tlm grkuhf(

Vlus Annal jafm trum tlm frmaj kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%. wlmh lm laf smmh mnmvmh starsahf tlm suh ahf tlm jkkh eh prkstratekh eh crkht kc lej( Actmr jahy treans. Annal raesmflej crkj tlm pksetekh kc a snavm tk tlm leglmst rahi eh tlm nahf(

At tlm rmqumst kc les skh. Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% smttnmf eh Mgypt wetl les cajeny. ahf tlmernah ajm tk om ihkwh as tlm Oahe Esraa'en(

Trkplmt Ua'quo ,A% nevmf eh Mgypt ckr 17 ymars ahf femf at tlm agm kc 167( Trkplmt Uusuc,A% ormatlmf les nast skjm ymars natmr at tlm agm kc 114 ymars. ahf les iehgfkj passmfehtk tlm lahfs kc runmrs wlksm tetnms wmrm Cer'auh(


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VKTE@ 162 T_KTLMV U]P]C ,A% * TA_V =

Jkran Nmsskhs crkj tlm Ptkry kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%

Annal says tlm cknnkwehg aokut tlm stkry kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% eh tlm Lkny Qur'ah2

Wm harratm uhtk yku ,K Julajjaf% tlm jkst mx`mnnmht kc tlm stkrems ,oy wle`l%Wm lavm rmvmanmf uhtk yku tles Qur'ah9 tlkugl omckrm tles yku wmrm kc tlmuhawarm khms ,kc ets fmtaens%( Uusuc. 1?20

Ehfmmf. tlm afvmhturms ahf mxpmremh`ms kc Trkplmt Uusuc ,A%. ahf les `khfu ttlrkuglkut les necm. prkvefm us wetl a wmantl kc nmsskhs ahf jkrans( Pkjm tlehgs wm jaynmarh crkj les necm arm2

1( Vlm omnemc eh tlm prmsmh`m kc Annal jaims a jah's trkuonms masemr ckr lej tk omar.

ahf as nkhg as lm immps lejsmnc away crkj sehs fmspetm tmjptatekhs. lm wennuntejatmny om su``msscun( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tauglt us tles oy les `lmmrcun `khfu ttlrkuglkut les mhsnavmjmht ahf ejpreskhjmht(

?( Eh ann fecce untems ahf larfsleps khm slkunf smmi khny Annal's prktm tekh( TrkplmtUusuc ,A% slkwmf les caetl oy smmiehg rmcugm crkj Annal wlmh ca`mf wetl tlm mvenehtmhtekhs kc Runmeila( Lm was tlus savmf crkj `kjjettehg a tmrreonm seh(

0( Khm slkunf anways rmjaeh atta lmf tk rmnegekh ahf slkunf taim mvmry kppkrtuhetytk pmrsuafm ktlmrs tkwarfs tlm reglt patl( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% fef hkt ckrsaim lesfuty mvmh wlmh eh tlm preskh. wlmrm lm prma`lmf agaehst efkn wkrslep omckrmehtmrprmtehg tlm frmajs kc les `mnn*jatms(

6( Tatemh`m eh tlm ca`m kc larfslep es tlm omst kc quanetems ahf rmsunts eh rmwarf crkjAnnal eh tles necm ahf tlm lmrmactmr( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% rmjaehmf anj ahf rmseghmftk tlm Wenn kc Annal. fmspetm omehg aoahfkhmf eh tlm wmnn oy les orktlmrs( Lm anskokrm tlm slajm kc omehg sknf as a snavm patemhtny( Lm ansk a``mptmf les cansmejpreskhjmht( Eh rmturh ckr les ckromarah`m. Annal raesmf les pksetekh tenn et was tlmleglmst eh Mgypt(

=( Et es ejpkrtaht tk a t eh su`l a jahhmr as tk prmsmrvm ykur lkhkur ahf feghety. ahftlmsm quanetems just anways om sacmguarfmf( Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% tauglt us tlesvanuaonm nmsskh wlmh lm rmcusmf tk a``mpt les crmmfkj crkj preskh uhten lesehhk`mh`m was prkvmf tk tlm pmkpnm(Vlus wlmh lm was cehanny rmnmasmf. lm ihmw lm kunf kjm eh crkht kc tlm pmkpnmwetl les lmaf lmnf legl ahf wetlkut ahy onmjesl kh les rm`krf(

3( Aokvm ann. tles stkry tma`lms us tlat wm slkunf ckrgevm ahf ckrgmt tlm past( WlmhTrkplmt Uusuc's ,A% orktlmrs ajm tk lej eh Mgypt. tlmy wmrm eh a peteaonm`khfetekh ahf wkunf lavm ommh lmnpnmss agaehst les grmat pkwmr( Ec lm lafweslmf. Trkplmt Uusuc ,A% kunf lavm smvmrmny puheslmf tlmj ckr tlm lmartnmsstrmatjmht tlmy laf gevmh lej( Ehstmaf lm ckrgavm tlmer mrrkrs ahf trmatmf tlmjwmnn(


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Varmmil Tagm 11(0? www(jafrmssa(hmt

VKTE@ 1=2 VLM WEPFKJ KC N]QJAH

Nuqjah es hkt gmhmranny omnemvmf tk om a Trkplmt. out lm was a jah wlk laf ommhspm eanny mhfkwmf wetl wesfkj oy Annal ( Lm was tlm hmplmw kc Trkplmt Ayyuo ,A% ahfnevmf at tlm tejm kc Trkplmt Fawkkf ,A%( Lm was ah mxtrmjmny pekus jah ahf usmf tkjkstny rmjaeh senmht wlenm lm pkhfmrmf aokut tlm haturm kc necm( Pkjmtejms lm wkunf`kjm tk Trkplmt Fawkkf ,A% tk fes uss prkonmjs(Khm kc Nuqjah's wevms ahf skjm kc les skhs wmrm fesomnemvmrs ahf sk lm prma`lmf tktlmj aokut caetl eh Annal tenn tlmy mjora mf Esnaj( Les wkrfs kc wesfkj wmrm wkrtly kcomehg quktmf eh tlm Lkny Qur'ah. wle l says2

YAhf ehfmmf Wm gavm tk Nuqjah wesfkj. sayehg. /Om gratmcun tk Annal9 ckrwlkmvmr es gratmcun. vmreny lm es khny gratmcun ckr les kwh smnc9 ahf wlkmvmr esuhgratmcun. ,et es tk tlm fes`rmfet kc les kwh smnc% tlmh vmreny Annal es Pmnc*Pucce emht.

tlm Jkst Traesmf(/ Ahf wlmh Nuqjah saef tk les skh wlenm lm `kuhsmnnmf lej. /Kjy skh! Fk hkt assk eatm ahytlehg ,eh autlkrety% wetl Annal. ckr vmreny assk eatehg,ahytlehg% wetl Annal es tlm grmatmst seh(/

Ahf Wm mhbkehmf jah `kh`mrhehg les parmhts9 les jktlmr omars lej eh wmaihmssupkh wmaihmss ahf les wmahehg taims twk ymars( Om gratmcun tk Jm ahf uhtkykur parmhts. ,ahf rmjmjomr tlat% uhtk jm es tlm untejatm rmturh(

/K jy skh! vmreny ec et es mvmh tlm vmry wmeglt kc tlm graeh kc a justarf smmf, nksmf% eh ,mvmh% a rk`i. kr ,om et legl% eh tlm lmavmhs kr ,ouremf fmmp% eh tlmmartl. Annal wenn orehg et tk neglt9 Annal es Ann*Puotnm ,Natmmc%. Ann*Awarm( K jy skh!

Mstaonesl praymr ahf mhbkeh tlm gkkf ahf ckroef tlm mven. ahf om patemht agaehstwlat omcanns yku9 vmreny tles es tlm tasi kc stmafcasthmss( Ahf fk hkt turh ykur ca`mtk pmkpnm ,eh s`krh% ahf fk hkt wani prkufny eh tlm martl9 vmreny Annal fkms hkt neimahy smnc* kh`metmf okastmr( Ahf om jkfmratm ,jkfmst% ahf nkwmr ykur vke m9vmreny tlm jkst uhpnmasaht kc vke ms es tlm orayehg kc tlm fkhimys(/

d Nuqjah. 01 2 1? * 16. 13 * 15Z

Nuqjah nevmf ckr 1.444 ymars crkj tlm tejm kc Trkplmt Fawkkf ,A% tk tlat kc TrkplmtUuhus ,A%( Les necm was ahf wkrfs arm a grmat nmsskh eh Ailnaq ,jkrans% ckr jahiehf(

011ab. tareekh syllabus - class 11

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