02 - behavioral design patterns – 1 moshe fresko bar-ilan university תשס"ח 2008
TRANSCRIPT
Behavioral Patterns Behavioral Patterns are concerned with algorithms and the assignment of
responsibilities between objects. Not only patterns of objects/classes but also patterns of communication between
them. These patterns are:
Template Method: An abstract definition of an algorithm. Interpreter: Represents a grammar as a class hierarchy and implements an interpreter
as an operation on instances of these classes. Mediator: Provides the indirection needed for loose coupling. Chain of Responsibility: Lets you send requests to an object implicitly through a chain
of candidate objects. Observer: Defines and Maintains dependency between objects. (MVC) Strategy: Encapsulates an algorithm in an Object. Command: Encapsulates a request in an Object. State: Encapsulates the states of an Object so that the Object can change its
behavior when its state object is changes. Visitor: Encapsulates behavior that would otherwise be distributed across classes. Iterator: Abstracts the way you access and traverse objects in an aggregate.
Iterator Intent
Provide a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
Motivation An aggregate object such as a list should give you a way
to access its elements without exposing its internal structure. Moreover you might want to traverse the list in different ways.
We cannot fill the List interface with different traversals we can need.
We may want a couple of traversals pending on the same time.
Iterator
Use iterator pattern …To access an aggregate object’s contents
without exposing its internal representation.
To support multiple traversals of aggregate objects.
To provide a uniform interface for traversing different aggregate structures (to support polymorphic iteration).
Iterator Participants
Iterator Defines an interface for accessing and traversing
elements ConcreteIterator
Implements the iterator interface Keeps track of the current position in the traversal
Aggregate Defines an interface method that creates an iterator object
ConcreteAggregate Implements the iterator creation method, and returns an
instance of the proper ConcreteIterator
Iterator
Consequences It supports variants in the traversal of an aggregate Iterators simplify the Aggregate interface More then one traversal can be pending on an aggregate
Implementation Who controls the iteration?
External Iterator: Client controls the iteration Internal Iterator: The Iterator controls the iteration
Who defines the traversal algorithm? The aggregate: This is called a cursor. The iterator.
How robust is the iterator? Modifying an aggregate while traversing it will be dangerous for
iterator. Robust iterator will not be effected by changes.
Java Iterators
interface Collection { … Iterator iterator(); …}
interface Set extends Collection { … Iterator iterator(); …}
interface List extends Collection { … Iterator iterator(); ListIterator listIterator(); ListIterator listIterator(int index); …}
Interface Iterator { boolean hasNext() ; Object next() ; void remove() ;}
Interface ListIterator extends Iterator { boolean hasNext() ; Object next() ; boolean hasPrevious() ; Object previous() ; int nextIndex() ; int previousIndex() ; void remove() ; void set(Object o) ; void add(Object o) ;}
Java Iteratorimport java.util.*; public class IteratorExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List ints = new ArrayList(); for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) ints.add(new Integer(i)); Iterator e = ints.iterator(); while(e.hasNext()) System.out.println( ((Integer)e.next()).intValue() ) ; } }
Chain of Responsibility
Use Chain of Responsibility when … More then one object may handle a request, and the
handler isn’t known a-priori. You want to issue a request to one of several objects
without specifying the receiver explicitly. The set of objects that handle a request should be
specified dynamically.
Chain of Responsibility Participants
Handler (HelpHandler) Defines and interface for handling requests. Implements the successor link.
ConcreteHandler (PrintButton, PrintDialog) Handles requests it is responsible for. Can access its successor. If it does not handle the request, then it forwards it to its
successor. Client
Initiates the request to a ConcreteHandler object on the chain.
Chain of Responsibility
Consequences Reduced Coupling Flexibility in assigning responsibilities to Objects Receipt isn’t guaranteed.
Implementation Implementing the successor chain can be done with a new
implementation or use existing links. Representing Requests may be via an object.
Chain of Responsibility
// Chain with a new implementationclass HelpHandler { private HelpHandler successor = null ; HelpHandler(HelpHandler successor) { this.successor = successor ; } public void handleHelp() {
if (successor!=null) { successor.handleHelp() ; }
}}
// Any relationship (hierarchical or list) like is-a can be used for chaining
Interpreter Intent
Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences in the language.
Motivation If a particular kind of problem occurs often enough, then it
might be worthwhile to express instances of the problem as sentences in a simple language.
For example: Regular Expressions Document Retrieval Query
Interpreter Regular Expression Example
A simple Regular Expression Grammarexpression ::= literal | alternation | sequence |
repetition | ‘(’ expression ‘)’
alternation ::= expression ‘|’ expression
sequence ::= expression ‘&’ expression
repetition ::= expression ‘*’
literal ::= ‘a’ | ‘b’ | ‘c’ | … { ‘a’ | ‘b’ | ‘c’ | … } *
Interpreter
Applicability Use Interpreter pattern when there is a language
to interpret, and you can represent statements in the language as abstract syntax trees.
The interpreter works well, whenThe grammar is simpleEfficiency is not a critical concern
Interpreter
Participants AbstractExpression (RegularExpression)
Declares an abstract interpret() operation TerminalExpression (LiteralExpression)
Implements the interpret() operation for terminal symbols in the grammar
NonterminalExpression (AlternationExpression, RepetitionExpression, SequenceExpression)
Keeps AbstractExpression for each internal symbol it keeps Implements interpret() operation.
Context Contains information that is global to the interpreter
Client Builds the abstract syntax tree Calls the interpret() operation
Interpreter
Consequences It is easy to change and extend the grammar Implementing the grammar is easy Complex grammars are hard to maintain
Implementation Creating the abstract syntax tree Defining the interpret() operation Sharing terminal symbols with the Flyweight pattern
Interpreter – Example
Grammar for Document Searchexpression ::= literal | alternation | intersection
alternation ::= expression OR expression
intersection ::= expression AND expression
literal ::= ‘a’|‘b’|‘c’|…
literal ::= literal ‘a’|‘b’|‘c’…
Interpreter – Example
// Interface of a document collectioninterface DocCollection {
int[] getDocNumbersForWord(String word) ;}
// Interface for searching a document colletioninterface DocSearch{
int[] getDocNumbers(DocCollection d) ;}
// A Literal searchclass Literal implements DocSearch{
String word ;Literal(String word)
{ this.word = word ; }public int[] getDocNumbers(DocCollection d)
{ return d.getDocNumbersForWord(this.word) ; }}
Interpreter – Example
// An alternation searchclass Alternation implements DocSearch{
DocSearch search1=null ;DocSearch search2=null ;Alternation(DocSearch search1, DocSearch search2)
{ this.search1=search1; this.search2=search2; }
public int[] getDocNumbers(DocCollection d){ return Utils.union(search1.getDocNumbers(d),search2.getDocNumbers(d)) ; }
}// An intersection search
class Intersection implements DocSearch{
DocSearch search1=null ;DocSearch search2=null ;Intersection(DocSearch search1, DocSearch search2)
{ this.search1=search1; this.search2=search2; }
public int[] getDocNumbers(DocCollection d){ return
Utils.intersection(search1.getDocNumbers(d),search2.getDocNumbers(d)) ; }}
Interpreter – Example
// The factory for creating the interpreted DocSearch pointerclass DocSearchInterpreter{ public static DocSearch interpret(String query) { String[] alt = query.split(" OR ") ; DocSearch d = interpretAnd(alt[0]) ; for (int i=1;i<alt.length;++i) d = new Alternation(d,interpretAnd(alt[i])) ; return d ; } private static DocSearch interpretAnd(String query) { String[] alt = query.split(" AND ") ; DocSearch d = interpretOne(alt[0]) ; for (int i=1;i<alt.length;++i) d = new Intersection(d,interpretOne(alt[i])) ; return d ; } private static DocSearch interpretOne(String query) { return new Literal(query.trim()) ; }}
Interpreter – Example // Some utilities for union and // intersection of sorted integer listsclass Utils { public static int[] union(int[] a, int[] b) { List l = new ArrayList() ; int i=0, j=0; while (i<a.length && j<b.length) { if (a[i]==b[j]) { l.add(new Integer(a[i])) ; i++ ; j++ ; continue ; } else if (a[i]<b[j]) { l.add(new Integer(a[i])) ; i++ ; continue ; } else { l.add(new Integer(b[j])) ; j++ ; continue ; } } for (;i<a.length;++i) l.add(new Integer(a[i])) ; for (;j<b.length;++j) l.add(new Integer(b[j])) ; return arrayFromList(l) ; }
public static int[] intersection(int[] a, int[] b) { List l = new ArrayList() ; int i=0, j=0; while (i<a.length && j<b.length) { if (a[i]==b[j]) { l.add(new Integer(a[i])) ; i++ ; j++ ; continue ; } else if (a[i]<b[j]) { i++ ; continue ; } else { j++ ; continue ; } } return arrayFromList(l) ; }private static int[] arrayFromList(List l) { int[] r=new int[l.size()] ; for (int i=0;i<r.length;++i) r[i]=((Integer)l.get(i)).intValue() ; return r ; }}
Command Pattern
Intent: Encapsulate a request as an Object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.
Motivation: The Command Pattern lets toolkit objects make requests of
unspecified application objects by turning the request itself into an Object. This object can be stored and passed around.
Command - Motivation
Menus can be implemented easily. Each choice in a Menu instance is an instance of MenuItem class.
Command – Applicability
Use Command pattern when you want to Parametrize objects by an action to perform.
(callback function or Interface) Specify, queue and execute requests at different
times. Support undo. Support logging. Structure a system around high-level operations
built on primitive operations.
Command – Participants Command
Declares an interface for executing an operation. ConcreteCommand
Defines a binding between a receiver object and an action. Implements Execute by invoking the corresponding operations
on Receiver. Client
Creates a ConcreteCommand object and sets its receiver. Invoker
Asks the Command to carry out the request. Receiver
Knows how to perform the operations associated with carrying out a request.
Command – Consequences
Command decouples the object that invokes the operation from the one that knows how to perform it.
Commands are first-class objects. They can be manipulated and extended.
You can assemble commands into a composite command.
It's easy to add new Commands, because you don't have to change existing classes.
Command – Implementation
How intelligent should a Command be? Supporting undo and redo. Avoiding error accumulation in the undo
process. Using C++ templates to avoid creating a
Command subclass for every kind of action and receiver.
Command – Sample Code
class Command {
public:
virtual ~Command();
virtual void Execute() = 0;
protected:
Command();
};
Command – Sample Codeclass OpenCommand : public Command {private:
Application* _application;char* _response;
public:OpenCommand(Application*)
{ _application = a; }virtual void Execute()
{ const char* name = AskUser(); Document* document = new Document(name); _application->Add(document); document->Open(); }
protected:virtual const char* AskUser();
};
Command – Sample Code
class PasteCommand : public Command {
private:
Document* _document;
public:
PasteCommand(Document*)
{ _document = doc; }
virtual void Execute()
{ _document->Paste(); }
};
Command – Sample Code
template <class Receiver>class SimpleCommand : public Command {public:
typedef void (Receiver::* Action)();SimpleCommand(Receiver* r, Action a) : _receiver(r), _action(a) { }virtual void Execute()
{ (_receiver->*_action)(); }private:
Action _action;Receiver* _receiver;
};
Command – Sample Code
MyClass* receiver = new MyClass;
// ...
Command* aCommand =
new SimpleCommand<MyClass> (receiver, &MyClass::Action);
// ...
aCommand->Execute();
Command – Sample Codeclass MacroCommand : public Command {private:
List<Command*>* _cmds;public:
MacroCommand();virtual ~MacroCommand();virtual void Add(Command*)
{ _cmds->Append(c); }virtual void Remove(Command*)
{ _cmds->Remove(c); }virtual void Execute()
{ ListIterator<Command*> i(_cmds); for (i.First(); !i.IsDone(); i.Next()) { Command* c = i.CurrentItem();
c->Execute(); } }};