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SUMMARY

In this paper the phenomena of switching off low inductive currents is analysed by takinginto account the multiple restrikes of the electric arc which is possible when the contacts openshortly before current zero. By means of developed vacuum breaker model that considers thestatistical variation of chopping current, speed of contact opening, probability of arc quenchingas well as the withstand characteristic of an actual vacuum breaker, simulation of the switchingoff an induction motor at the start up has been performed.

Key words: vacuum circuit breaker, electric arc, recovery overvoltage

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1. Kosmac J., Zunko P.: A statistical vacuum circuit breaker for simulation of transientovervoltages, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 294-300.

2. Czarnecki L., Lindmayer M.: Measurement and statistical simulation of virtual currentchopping in vacuum switches, XI-th International Symposium on Discharges and ElectricalInsulation in Vacuum, Berlin, GDR, September 1984.

3. Legros W., Salvador W., Bassleer D.: Vacuum circuit breaker modelling at interruption ofsmall inductive currents, EMTP closed meeting, October 17-18,1988, Leuven.

4. Helmer J., Lindmayer M.: Mathematical modelling of the High Frequency Behaviour ofVacuum Interrupters and Comparison with Measured Transients in Power Systems, XVII-thSymposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Berkeley, California, USA,July 21 - 26, 1996, pp. 1-8.

5. Glinkowski M., Gutierrez M., Braun D.: Voltage Escalation and Reignition Behaviour ofVacuum Generator Circuit Breakers During Load Shedding, IEEE/PES summer meeting,Denver, July 28 - August 1, 1996, 96 SM 402-8 PWRD.

6. Meyer W.S., Liu T.H.: ATP Rule Book, BPA Portland, Oregon, USA, 1992.7. Gibbs J.D., Cornick K.J.: Comparison of Performances of Switching Technologies on a

CIGRE Motor Simulation Circuit, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No.3, July1989, pp. 1745-1750.

8. Kosmac J., Zunko P.: Switching off Small Inductive Currents with Vacuum Circuit Breaker,2-nd Electrotechnical and computer science conference ERK 93, Portoroz, Slovenia,September 1993, pp. 395 - 398.

9. Ma Z.: Reactor current switching with gas blast circuit breakers, Ph.D. thesis, StaffordUniversity, March 1996.

10. Popov M., Zlatanoski M., Kosmac J.: An analysis of transient phenomena due to switchingoff low inductive currents with a vacuum circuit breaker, UPEC 97, Manchester, UnitedKingdom, 1997.

Panek J., Fehrle K.G.: Overvoltage phenomena associated with virtual current chopping inthree phase circuit, IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS-94, no. 4, July/August 1975, pp.1317-1325.

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13. Greenwood A., Glinkowski M.: Voltage escalation in vacuum switching operation,IEEE/PES, Summer meeting, San Francisko, July 12 - 17, 1987, 87 SM 581-2.

14. Maller V.N., Naidu M.S: Advances in high voltage insulation and arc interruption in SF6 andvacuum, Pergamon Press, 1981.

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SUMMARY

When a vacuum breaker is used to disconnect an unloaded transformer, high overvoltagesmay result on the secondary side. The phenomena of current chopping and multiple reignitionsafter contact opening, shortly before current zero, play a significant role in generating theseovervoltages. Furthermore, the transient recovery voltage is also influenced by virtual currentchopping which may lead to fast interruptions and reignitions. The paper reports on a vacuumbreaker model implemented in the EMTP. Simulations have been performed to determineovervoltages generated by the vacuum breaker, possible voltage suppression and reignition.

Key words: vacuum circuit breaker, transformer, overvoltage, chopping current, reignition

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1. Kosmac J., Zunko P.: A statistical vacuum circuit breaker for simulation of transientovervoltages, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 294-300.

2. Czarnecki L., Lindmayer M.: Measurement and statistical simulation of virtual currentchopping in vacuum switches, XI-th International Symposium on Discharges and ElectricalInsulation in Vacuum, Berlin, GDR, September 1984, pp. 1-8.

3. Legros W., Salvador W., Bassleer D.: Vacuum circuit breaker modelling at interruption ofsmall inductive currents, EMTP closed meeting, October 17-18,1988, Leuven.

4. Helmer J., Lindmayer M.: Mathematical Modelling of the High Frequency Behaviour ofVacuum Interrupters and Comparison with Measured Transients in Power Systems, XVII-thSymposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Berkeley, California, USA,July 21 - 26, 1996, pp. 1-8.

5. Glinkowski M., Gutierrez M., Braun D.: Voltage Escalation and Reignition Behavior ofVacuum Generator Circuit Breakers During Load Shedding, IEEE/PES Summer Meeting,Denver, July 28 - August 1, 1996, 96 SM 402-8 PWRD.

6. Popov M., Zlatanoski M., Kosmac J.: An analysis of transient phenomena due to switchingoff low inductive currents with a vacuum circuit breaker, UPEC 97, Manchester, UK, 1997.

7. Meyer W.S., Liu T.H.: ATP Rule Book, BPA Portland, Oregon, USA, 1992.8. Kosmac J., Zunko P.: Switching off Small Inductive Currents with Vacuum Circuit Breaker,

2-nd Electrotechnical and computer science conference ERK 93, Portoroz, Slovenia,September 1993, pp. 395 - 398.

9. Ma Z.: Reactor current switching with gas blast circuit breakers, Ph.D. thesis, StaffordUniversity, March 1996.

10. Panek J., Fehrle K.G.: Overvoltage phenomena associated with virtual current chopping inthree phase circuit, IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS-94, no. 4, July/August 1975, pp.1317-1325.

11. Moore A.H., Blalock T.J.: Extensive field measurements support new approach to protectionof arc furnace transformers against switching transients, IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol.PAS-94, no. 2, March/April 1975, pp. 473-481.

12. Paap G., Alkema A., Sluis van der L.: Overvoltages in power transformers caused by no loadswitching, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 301-307.

13. Greenwood A.: Vacuum switchgear, The IEE London, UK, 1994.14. Helmer J.: Hochfrequente Vorgange zwischen Vakuum-Schaltstrecken und dreiphasigen

Kreisen, PhD thesis, Technischen Universitat, Braunschweig, 1996. 3RSRY00RGHOLUDZHQD HOHNWULaHQ ODN NDM YDNXXPVNL LSF6 SUHNLQXYDaL ]D

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16. Hall W.: Vacuum interrupter technology, Reyrolle - Rolce Royce switchgear report.17. Greenwood A., Glinkowski M.: Voltage escalation in vacuum switching operation,

IEEE/PES, Summer meeting, San Francisko, July 12 - 17, 1987, 87 SM 581-2.

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ABSTRACT

There have been presented the analysis during breaking of the capacitor bank, in networkwith isolated neutral point of 7.2 kV÷36 kV, with vacuum circuit breaker.

As result of the analysis and limitations by standards, regarding to level of theovervoltages, the criterion for contacts simultaneausness of circuit breakers, as well as need of itscontrol within the process of a routine testing of vacuum circuit breakers has been set up.

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ABSTRAKT

This paper presents the results of the experimental invastigations of transitiveappearances during the switching on and switching off the switches of condenserbatteries, realized by Institute "NikolaTesla" in most of trasformer stations at differentvoltage levels.

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GRSUDWNRQWDNWLWHYRNRPRUDWDQDSUHNLQXYDaRW3RUDGLJROHPDWDEU]LQDQD SRUDVW XGDUQDWD VWUXMD SUL YNOXaXYDZHWR PRCH GD GRVWLJQHPDNVLPDOQDYUHGQRVWSUHGGDVH]DWYRUDWNRQWDNWLWH,YRGYDWDVOXaDLLSULYNOXaXYDZHWRLSULLVNOXaXYDZHWRSRMDYDWDQDJROHPLXGDUQLVWUXLHQHSRCHOQD GRGHND WUDH ODNRW QD SUHNLQXYDaRW 7LH SRMDYLSUHGL]YLNXYDDW HUR]LMD QD NRQWDNWLWH L JR ]DEU]XYDDW VWDUHHZHWR QDPHGLXPRW]DJDVQHZHQDODNRW3RMDYLWH QD SRYH`HNUDWQR SUHGKRGQR SDOHZH QD HOHNWULaQLRW ODNYR SUHNLQXYDaRW YR SURFHVRW QD YNOXaXYDZH D RVREHQR SRMDYDWD QDSRYWRUQRQDVWDQXYDZHQDHOHNWULaQLRWODNYRSURFHVRWQDLVNOXaXYDZHPRCDW GD GRYHGDW GR YLVRNL SUHQDSRQL YR NRORWR QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMD X^WHSRYLVRNLRG WLH GRELHQL YR L]YHGHQLWH HNVSHULPHQWDOQLLVWUDCXYDZD,VWRWDNDYLVRNLSUHQDSRQLVHSRMDYXYDDWLWRJD^NRJDVHYNOXaXYDRSWRYDUHQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDEDWHULMD2GQDSUHGQDYHGHQRWRVOHGXYD ]D SUHNLQXYDaL QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNL EDWHULL WUHED GD VH L]EHUDWWDNYL NRL ^WR QH GRYHGXYDDW GR SRMDYD QD SUHGKRGQL SDOHZD QDHOHNWULaQLRWODNLGRSRYWRUQRSDOHZHQDHOHNWULaQLRWODN XGDUQLWH VWUXL SUL YNOXaXYDZH SRWUHEQR H ^WR SRYH`H GD VHQDPDODWDWRDVHSRVWLJQXYDVRL]ERUQDVRRGYHWQLSULJX^QLFLYRNRODWDQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNLWHEDWHULL RSWRYDUHQDWD NRQGHQ]DWRUVND EDWHULMD SRWUHEQR H GD VH LVSUD]QLSRVOHRSHUDFLMDWDQDLVNOXaXYDZHDWRDPRCHGDVHSRVWLJQHVRXUHGL]DUDVWRYDUXYDZH LOL X^WH SRSULIDWOLYR VR SRVWDYXYDZH QD QDSRQVNLWUDQVIRUPDWRULSRPH_XID]LWHYRNRORWRQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMD

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3UHRGQLWH QDSRQVNL L VWUXMQL SURFHVL NRL′ VH SRMDYXYDDW SULYNOXaXYDZHWR L LVNOXaXYDZHWR QD SUHNLQXYDaLWH QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNLWHEDWHULL PRCDW GD GRYHGDW GR ]QDaLWHOQR RSWRYDUXYDZH QD RSUHPDWD YRNRODWDQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMD 3RVHEQR YQLPDQLH WUHED GD VH SRVYHWL SUL L]ERURW QDSUHNLQXYDaLWH]DNRQGHQ]DWRUVNLEDWHULL

6R DGHNYDWQLRW L]ERU QD SUHNLQXYDaRW L SULJX^QLFDWD ]DNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMDNDNRLVRUH^DYDZHWRQDSUREOHPRW]DUDVWRYDUXYDZH QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWD EDWHULMD QHSRVUHGQR SR QHM]LQRWRLVNOXaXYDZH ]QDaDMQR VH XEODCXYDDW SUHRGQLWH QDSRQVNL L VWUXMQLSURFHVLYRNRORWRQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNLWHEDWHULLDVRRYDVHQDPDOXYDDWLRSWRYDUXYDZDWDNRL^WRJLSUHGL]YLNXYDDWRYLHSURFHVL

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[5]. 0HUHZHQDSUHQDSRQLSULNRPXWDFLLWHQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMDkV, TS 110/35 kV 1L^,]YH^WDMEU,QVWLWXW1LNROD7HVOD%HRJUDG

35,/2*

ksr kmax ksr kmax A tv Atv

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, nt

M, st

M, st

M, st

V, st

M, st 4,05

M, st

.RQGHQ]DW

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9NOXaXYDZH ,VNOXaXYDZH

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Isr Imax

%URM QD

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VR SRYWRUQR

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QD HO ODN

nnl

7DEHOD

5H]XOWDWL RG LVWUDCXYDZDWD QD SUHRGQLWH VRVWRMEL SUL YNOXaXYDZH L LVNOXaXYDZH QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNLWH EDWHULL

2VFLORJUDPEU 3UHRGQLWHID]QLQDSRQL uR, uSLuTQDYOH]RWYRNDEORYVNLRWRGYRGQDkVHOHNWURUHGXNFLRQDSHaNDEUSULQHM]LQRLVNOXaXYDZH

SRGRSWHUHWXYDZHRGMWVRkVSQHXPDWVNLSUHNLQXYDa

6O 3UHRGQLID]QLQDSRQLuR, uS LuTSULYNOXaXYDZHQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDEDWHULMDVRPDONXPDVOHQSUHNLQXYDaQDkVVRELUQLFL

6O 3UHRGQLID]QLQDSRQLuR, uS LuTSULYNOXaXYDZHQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDEDWHULMD RG kVAr VR YDNXPVNL SUHNLQXYDa QD kV VRELUQLFL YR#HOH]DUQLFDWDYR6NRSMH

6O3UHRGQLID]QLQDSRQLu4 Lu8 QD SULNOXaRFLWH QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVND EDWHULMDRGkVAr ]DWULVOXaDMDQDQHM]LQRLVNOXaXYDZHVRVWDUWLSQDPDONXPDVOHQSUHNLQXYDaRGkVVRELUQLFLYR76kV kV NRJDVHMDYXYD SRMDYD QDSRYH`HNUDWQR QDVWDQXYDZH QD HOHNWULaHQ ODN SRPH_XNRQWDNWLWHQDSUHNLQXYDaRWYRVLWHWULID]L

6O3UHRGQLID]QLQDSRQLQDID]DWDQDkV VRELUQLFL - u4,S LQDSULNOXaRFLWH QD NRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWD EDWHULMD RG kVAr u4,B SULQHM]LQR LVNOXaXYDZH VR VWDU WLS QD PDONXPDVOHQ SUHNLQXYDa NRJD VHVOXaXYD SRMDYD QD SRYWRUQR QDVWDQXYDZH QD HOHNWULaHQ ODN SRPH_XNRQWDNWLWHQDSUHNLQXYDaRWYRVLWHWULID]L

6O 3UHRGQDVWUXMDiTQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMDRGkVAr SULQHM]LQRYNOXaXYDZHQDkVVRELUQLFL

6O 3UHRGQDVWUXMDiTQDNRQGHQ]DWRUVNDWDEDWHULMDRGkVAr SULQHM]LQRYNOXaXYDZHQDkVVRELUQLFL