03 2frame str steel jan07sbq&c2213&42
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
STEEL
STRUCTURES
![Page 2: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Steel frame structure
![Page 3: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steel Structure
![Page 4: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
STEEL STRUCTURES Selain daripada struktur kerangka konkrit, bangunan boleh
dibina daripada struktur kerangka keluli.
Bangunan daripada struktur ini dibina dengan menggunakan Steel Sections tertentu untuk elemen Tiang, Rasuk, dan Lantai.
Pembinaan lebih teguh dan tinggi serta cepat kerana dibina di kilang.
Masalah utama adaalh pengkaratan kerana iklim Malaysia yang panas dan lembap serta perlindungan daripada bahaya api kerana keluli akan kehilangan kekuatannya apabila terdedah kepada tindakan bahang api lebih 550C. (Kebakaran lebih 1000C)
Contoh bangunan di Malaysia daripada strukturkeluli adalah Daya Bumi, PNB, The Weld, KLCC Twin Tower (composite) dsb.
![Page 5: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Photos of Buildings featuring
Steel Framework
![Page 6: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Steel Structure
Buildings with steel skeletal framework consisting of:
STEEL SECTIONSSTEEL SECTIONS
![Page 7: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hot Rolled Steel Sections Hot Rolled Steel Sections
Castella BeamsCastella Beams
Hollow Steel Sections Hollow Steel Sections
Cold Rolled Steel SectionsCold Rolled Steel Sections
TYPES OF STEEL SECTIONSTYPES OF STEEL SECTIONS
![Page 8: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS
Universal beams Joist Universal columns Channels Angels T-bars
Universal Beam & Column yang paling biasa digunakan.Mengikut Piawai BS 4, Part 1&2
![Page 9: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES
Consists
UNIVERSAL BEAMS
JOISTS
UNIVERSAL COLUMN
CHANNELS
ANGLES
T bars
![Page 10: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hot Rolled Steel Section
Universal Sections
Angle Channel
T bars
•Universal beams•Joist•Universal columns
Castellated Sections
![Page 11: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Universal Beam (I section)
T-Bars Channel
Angles
![Page 13: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CASTELLATED BEAMBuilt up Section from UC Beam or Joist
![Page 14: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Castella beams Formed by flame cutting a standard
universal beam or column section The increase in depth gives greater
resistance to deflection without adding extra weight
Economical when used to support lightly loaded floor or roof slabs
![Page 15: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CASTELLATED BEAM
![Page 18: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONHOLLOW STEEL SECTION
Hollow square steel
sectionHollow
rectangularSteel
section
Circulars Hollow
Steel Section
![Page 19: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hollow steel section Hollow sections are tubes of circular, square or
rectangular cross-section. They can also be made from plates or double-T profiles by welding
Square hollow sections have the advantage that they have the same resistance in the two principal directions, enabling the minimum section dimensions to be obtained.
Sometimes hollow sections are filled with concrete, giving an increase in strength and, at the same time, achieving significant fire resistance.
![Page 20: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section
![Page 21: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hollow Rectangular Steel SectionHollow Rectangular Steel Section
![Page 22: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Circular Steel SectionCircular Steel Section
![Page 23: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
COLD ROLLED STRIP SECTIONS
Untuk bangunan rendah kerana ianya lebih ringan dan mudah dari segi pengangkutan.
![Page 24: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cold rolled strip sections
manufactured from hot rolled coil that has been chemically cleaned before being rolled.
reduces the thickness of the steel and at the same time changes the mechanical properties of the steel.
![Page 25: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Channel steel Inwardly turned lip
Outwardly turned lip
![Page 26: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
STEEL STRUCTURE STEEL STRUCTURE METHODS OF CONNECTIONSMETHODS OF CONNECTIONS
Bolts Black bolts High strength friction
bolts Rivets Welding
![Page 27: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CONNECTING STEEL MEMBERSCONNECTING STEEL MEMBERS
![Page 28: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Joining steel Members
Rivets Bolts Welding
![Page 29: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RIVETS
Rivets are manufactured from mild steel bars
Rivets are made from bars by a machine which forms the head and cuts the rivet of the desired length as required.
The size rivet is the diameter of the shank. Generally superseded by bolted and
welded connections Available as cold or hot forged with a
variety of head shapes
![Page 30: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Head
Shanks
Head
Shanks
RIVETS
![Page 31: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
RIVETS
![Page 32: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
BOLT & Nuts
![Page 33: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
four types of bolts
Black bolts Tension bolts Torshear bolts Load indicating bolt
![Page 34: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Bolts
Black Bolt Torshear BoltLoad Indicating
BoltTension Bolt Nut
&Washer
![Page 35: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Black bolts The cheapest form of bolt available,the black bolt can
be either hot or cold forged,the thread being machined onto the shank.
BS 4190 for black bolts and nuts for a diameter range of 5 to 68 mm exclusive.
HEXAGON HEADED
5 TO 68MM DIAMETER
SHANK
THREAD
![Page 36: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Black Bolt
![Page 37: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Tension Bolt Nut
&Washer
Load Indicating
Bolt
Torshear Bolt
![Page 38: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Steel grade 2 Zinc plated low carbon steel. Best for general hardware
use where high strength is not required. Steel grade 5
Made from medium carbon steel, tempered and zinc plated. Best for automotive use and other areas where higher strength is desired. Steel grade 8
Made from medium carbon alloy steel, tempered and yellow zinc plated. Best suited for applications where high strength and hardness is required.
![Page 39: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
NUTS
![Page 40: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
NUTS
Hex nuts
Used for fastening to a bolt when mechanically joining materials together
Hex machine screw nuts This type refers to nuts used with
smaller machine screw sizes under ¼.
Prevailing torque lock nutsAll metal lock nuts are non-reverseable and often used high temperature applications.
more...
Square nutsSquare nuts, once very common, were mostly replaced by hex nuts.
![Page 41: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BOLT & Nuts CONNECTION
![Page 42: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
WELDINGWELDING
![Page 43: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
WELDINGWELDING The basic method of welding are oxy-
acetylene and electric arc Classify as fillet or butts weld; Fillet-used to the edges and end of
members. Butts-used on chamfered end to end
connections.
![Page 44: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
TYPES OF WELDING
![Page 45: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
square bolt weld V’ shaped weld
‘J’ shaped weld back weld atau surface bead weld
![Page 46: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Welding joint
![Page 47: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
WELDED CONNECTIONS
![Page 48: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Structural steel connectionsStructural steel connections
Column based
Beam to column
Beam to beam
![Page 49: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Column based
Strutural steel connections
![Page 50: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn
![Page 51: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ColumnBasedCONNECTIOn
![Page 52: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Steel Connection
Column-Column Beam-column
![Page 53: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Beam to column connection
![Page 54: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Beam to column connection
column to column connection
![Page 55: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Beam to column
Universal column
Site connection
beam beam
![Page 56: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Beam to beam
Structural steel connections
![Page 57: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Universal column
Beam to beam connection
![Page 58: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Either shop connections and can be made by using bolts , welding or combine..
BOLTS
WELDING
CONNECTIONS
COMBINE BOLT AND WELDING
![Page 62: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
JOINT DETAILS
![Page 63: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
WORLD TRADE CENTER-US
![Page 67: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI
cara-cara melindungi struktur kerangka keluli
![Page 68: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
PERLINDUNGAN API UNTUK STRUKTUR KERANGKAKERANGKA KELULI
Disebabkan keluli akan kehilangan kekuatan secara mendadak, suhunya mencapai lebih 550C maka perlindungan api bagi struktur kerangka yang dibina daripada keluli adalah sangat penting.
Di bawah adalah cara-cara yang biasa digunakan untuk melindungi struktur kerangka keluli daripada api kebakaran;
![Page 69: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Composite Structure Composite systems utilize both steel and
concrete together in ways that neither material predominates over the other.
Variation of composite structural systems:i. steel frame surrounding concrete coreii. steel beams encased in and interacting with concrete enclosureiii. steel outrigger beams used with concrete structure.
![Page 70: 03 2frame Str Steel Jan07sbq&C2213&42](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061116/54653c68af79590f738b5d64/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Photos of Buildings featuring Composite Framework