0379316 d7c07 zhivaya planeta 2010 bioraznoobrazie bioemkost i razvitie

7/22/2019 0379316 D7C07 Zhivaya Planeta 2010 Bioraznoobrazie Bioemkost i Razvitie

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Avenue du Mont-Bl anc1196 Gland, Switzerlandwww.pan da.org

Institute of Zoology

Zoological Society of London

Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UKwww.zs l.org/ind icatorswww.l ivingpl anetind ex.org

Global Footprint Network

312 Clay Street, Suite 300Oakland, California 94607, USAwww.foot printn etwork. org

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5/61

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1 . . .

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6/61

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9/61

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WWF: 2010 . 20 WWF: 2010 .21

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2000-2007

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1995-2004

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1983-2006

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oxyrinchus)),. ,

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, , 1970 ., , 2007 . , - (Collen, B. et al., 2009. ).

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.

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(WWF/ZSL, 2010)

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1.0

1.2

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(1970=1)

1.


13/61

WWF: 2010 . 22 WWF: 2010 .23

. 6.

29%

1970 2007 .,

60%

(WWF/ZSL, 2010)

, , - , , - . , , , 1970 . . , - , / , , , (. ). , -, , , , - , - - .

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(1970.=1)

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29% 1970 .

1.


14/61

WWF: 2010 . 24 WWF: 2010 .25

2023 636 , , , (. . 2 ). , , . 24% 1970 .(. 8a). : 60%, 50% (. 8b). , (Lotze, H.K. et al., 2006, Thurstan, R.H. et al., 2010). 1970 ., , -, .

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24% 1970 2007 .

(WWF/ZSL, 2010);

b)

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60% (WWF/ZSL, 2010)

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8a

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(1970.=1)

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1.


15/61

WWF: 2010 . 26

: , WWF , , , . ,

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(1970.=1)

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16/61

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17/61

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(Loh, J. et al., 2006; MEA, 2005b). , 1990 2005 .

- , . , 0,6%0,8% (FAO, 2005; Hansen, M.C. et al., 2008).

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0.2

0.4

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(1970.=1)

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3-4 (FAO, 2005; Hansen, M.C. et al., 2008)

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WWF: 2010 . 30 WWF: 2010 .31


18/61

WWF: 2010 . 33

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, , , .

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1.

1,5 , 2007 .


19/61

WWF: 2010 . 34 WWF: 2010 .35

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CO2, . , .

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19612007 .

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1.

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20/61

WWF: 2010 . 36 WWF: 2010 .37

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2007 .

,

(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010)

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1.5-3.0 /.

3.0-4.5 /.

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21/61

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.

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.

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..

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. 17.

, 2007 .(Global Footprint Network,2010)


22/61

WWF: 2010 . 41

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1961

2007

. 20.

, ,

1961 2007 .

(Global Footprint Network, 2010)

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1

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3

4

5

6

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, -. . 19, (, , ) , , - , . . , 31 .

. 19.

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:

2010 , .

1961 2007 .

(. 20). 10 1961 ., - : 100, 20 , 30 .

1.


23/61

WWF: 2010 . 42 WWF: 2010 .43

, , , , (. ).

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(GlobalFootprint Network, 2010)

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24/61

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. 23.

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)


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.,

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25/61

WWF: 2010 . 47WWF: 2010 46

, - (Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y., 2004). () ( ) , , (. 24).

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, - , . , - , , . .

. 24.

,

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,

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?

, - . , - (Hoekstra, A.Y. et al., 2009). , .

. 25.

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: 140

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200 , , , . - , , .


26/61

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27/61

WWF: 2010 . 51

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70% (MEA, 2005b).

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WWF: 2010 50

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2006), . , , , , .

- , , , (MEA,2005b). , , (Gleick, P. et al., 2009). - , . , . , , - , , .

1.

1% 1%


28/61

WWF: 2010 . 52 WWF: 2010 .53

, - .

, . : , 140 (. 25). . . ,

150 , , .. , , 4645 . . , ,62% , -, - ; 38% - (Chapagain, A.K. and Orr, S. 2008).

5. , , , . , , , , , . , - , . , . , - , - .

,

( , ) - , .

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. , . ; . -; . -, . , . -, , .

20 , , . - . , . , , , , . , . - , , . 2 - (UNESCO-WWAP, 2003).

-, 70% - , (UN-Water, 2009). - , ,

.

, - (Stern, N., 2006). , , , , (IPCC, 2007a).

1.

2,5


29/61

WWF: 2010 . 54 WWF: 2010 .55

:

, , - - , - . , , , ,

. , , , , .

110 110 .

1/2 (52%) ,

28% 2007 . 28% , , (19%), (8%) (1%)

3 . 3 . 15%

10 - , - 30% ,

- , - -

( : FAO, 2009b).

- - . . , - - -. -, , .

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702

613

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587

887

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30/61

WWF: 2010 . 56 WWF: 2010 .57

, , - . - , - , .

. -, , , , . , - 1,3 - 2,7 -, . - 100 . . , , , , . , , .

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. , 31 , , - - (). . , - () 2010 . .

4

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. , , .

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, , , . , -, . ().

-, . , -, , , - . , :

;

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31/61

WWF: 2010 . 58 WWF: 2010 .59

1000

0

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

. 28.

- ,

,

- ,

(van Schaik,C.P. et al., 2001)

()

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(Goossens, B. et al., 2006), . . . 28.

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, , , - , , , . ; ; , ; . , 90% ,

- , - .

. 27.

(FAOSTAT, 2010)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

, . - 1970- . (. 27).

- , - 87% (FAS, 2008). , -. , , , .

1.


32/61

WWF: 2010 . 60 WWF: 2010 .61

: , - , , -

, .

,

. 2010 ( 6). , , , .

?

, , , -, , . - , - (. REDD). , , . , , -, , . , - . . , WWF , - - .

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1.

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, - , . - - , , , , , .

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2005 . ()

, 2000 2010 .()

, - (World Bank, 2004)

18,5 . .

13


33/61

WWF: 2010 . 62 WWF: 2010 .63

2 000

*

. 29.

,

(

WWF

(MINAM))

(*European Journal ofSoil Science, 2005)

, . , - REDD( ) REDD+, - (. REDD). REDD - , . REDD+ - , , .

, - , . - , , . - . - REDD+.

0

-10

10

-20

20

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50

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100

-150

150

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00

200

-3

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300

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400

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().

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:Kapos,V.etal.,2008.

.)

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34/61

WWF: 2010 . 64 WWF: 2010 .65

,

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)

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,

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7.

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,(..

)

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(

,

);,,

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,,

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.

(:Kapos,V.etal.,2008;Naidoo,R.etal.,2008)

REDD

. , , , . - - , , , .

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, .

15% *

,

, , , , , , . , , , REDD+ . - , , - (Strassburg, B.B.N. et al. 2010). 7, -, , , . , - , ( - 7) -. , .

, , , . , , , (, ). , , . (*IPCC, 2007)


35/61

WWF: 2010 . 66 WWF: 2010 .67

0 - 0.0000261

0.0000261 - 0.0001013

0.0001013 - 0.000376

0.000376 - 0.002020.00202 - 0.007476

0.007476 - 0.03249

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( : Naidoo, R. et al., 2008)

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(Alcamo, J. et al., 2003). , ,

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8a , .. , , - . WaterGAP (Alcamo, J. et al., 2003), - , , , - .

, , - (, ), . 8b - , 8a (-), () (Naidoo, R. et al., 2008). , - , , .

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1.


36/61

WWF: 2010 . 68

: , WWF , , . , , , .

BrEntStirtOn

/GEttYimaGES/WWF

, - , . (- 8a, , ), - , , (- 8b). , - , .

, , . , (, ).

(Gleick, P. et al., 2009) - (IPCC, 2007a) , . - .


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WWF: 2010 . 72 WWF: 2010 .73

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(Global FootprintNetwork, 2010; UNDP,2009b)

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, 1961 .

, 2007 .

, ? , , , - , , , .

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() (). , - , , , (UNDP, 2009a).

(. 30). - , . , , , - .

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39/61

WWF: 2010 . 74 WWF: 2010 .75

0 1 0, 00 0 2 0,0 00 3 0, 00 0 4 0, 00 0 5 0,0 00 6 0, 00 0 7 0, 00 0 8 0,0 00

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20

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50

60

70

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, - . , - , . - - , 0, , 100, ( ).

(49,8 2007 .), - . , .

, . . 30 1961 ., - , 2 , . , - , - , .


40/61

WWF: 2010 . 76 WWF: 2010 .77

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0.4

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