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6THE SYSTEM

UNIT

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Competencies

Describe the function of the system clock,

expansion slots, boards, and bus lines

Discuss ports, cables, and power supply

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System Clock

Important measurement indicating speed

Located on a small chip

Produces electrical beats

Synchronizes operations

Expressed in gigahertz

Faster clock speed, faster computer

What is a gigahertz?

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System Clock

Controls speed and synchronizes operations

Expressed in megahertzFaster the clock speed, the faster the computer

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Expansion Slots and Cards

Allow for new devices to be added

Open architecture

Slots provide for expansion

Expansion cards are also called

Plug-in boards

Controller cards

Adapter cards

Interface cards

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Page 88-89

Section D

.. Expansion Slots and Cards

Expansion slot- long, narrow socket on the

motherboard into which you can plug an expansion

card

Graphics card (for connecting monitor)Modem (for transmitting data over phone or cable lines)

Sound card (for connecting speakers)

Expansion card- small circuit board that provides

computer with ability to control storage, input or

output device

Most computers have 4 - 8 expansion slots

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Do notebook computers also containexpansion slots?

Most notebook computers are equipped with a

special type of external slot called aPCMCIA

slot (personal computer memory cardinternational association)

Typically a notebook only has one slot, but the

slot can hold more than onePC card(PCMCIAexpansion cards)

PC Cards

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PC card

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Commonly Used Expansion Cards

Video cards

Modem cards

Network interface cards (NIC)TV tuner cards

PC cards

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Page 92

Internal devices

Tools required

Screwdriver

Directions

Before installing

Unplug the computer

Ground yourself

Installing

Follow the directions

Installing a New Expansion Card

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Some devices require software, called adevice

driver

The device driver sets up communicationbetween your computer and the device

Normally, disk or CD used only once

Todays PCs includePlug and Play (PnP) that

automatically takes care of these technical

details

.. Installing a New Expansion Card

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Installing a New Expansion Card

For installing a new device, following setup isneeded:

Inserting the device card into the matching slot

Installing the device driver program for the deviceConfigure the system (tedious step, requiressufficient technical background)

Plug and Play is a new technology formaking the device installation procedure muchfaster and easier.

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Plug and Play

Hardware and software standards

Makes system expansion easy for

the user

Automatically installs drivers and

system configuration

System unit recognizes the new

device

A plug-n-play card requires

the user to:

Switch off the system

Insert the card

Open the system

again.

System automatically

configure itself for thenewly installed device

-User is asked for the

latest device driver.

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Bus Lines

Connect parts of the CPU to each other

Data roadway for traveling bits

Measured as bus width

More lanes, faster traffic

Two basic categories

System buses

Expansion buses

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Section DChapter2

Input and Output Devices

Expansion slots, cards and ports: How does a

computer get data from RAM to a peripheraldevice?

Data Bus carries data from one component to

anotherI/O(computer jargon for input/output) refers to

collecting data and transporting results.

Expansion bus- the segment of the data bus thattransports data between RAM and peripheral

devices

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Types of Expansion Buses

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

Advanced Graphic Port (AGP)Universal serial bus (USB)

FireWire buses

HPSBhigh performance serial busUsed with digital

camcorders & video editing software

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Page 89

The microcomputer motherboard typically has

up to three types of expansion slots:

ISA - older technology, modems and slow devices

PCI- for graphics, sound, video, modem or network

cards

AGP- for graphics cardsExpansion cards are built for only one type of

slot

Types of Expansion Buses

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AGP slot

PCI slot

ISA slot

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ISA Bus

Developed by IBM for personal computers

Slow

Originally 8 bit, later expanded to 16 bit

Still used by some expansion cards

Replaced by PCI bus in the near future

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PCI Bus

Originally developed to meet demands of graphical

user interfaces

High speed

32 bit or 64 bit

Widely used to connect CPU, memory, and

expansion cards

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AGP Bus

Dedicated bus for acceleration of graphics

performance

Replacing the PCI bus for transfer of video data

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Other Bus Types

USB

Connects directly to the PCI bus on the

motherboard

Supports external devices without inserting

expansion cards for each device

HPSB

FireWire

Similar to USB but faster

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Page 90

To connect a peripheral device to an expansion

card, you plug a cable from the device into the

expansion portExpansionport - any connector that passes data

in and out of a computer or peripheral device

Expansion Ports

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Page 90

Network port

Modem port

Monitor port

Speaker andmicrophone jacks

Power plug socket

Parallel port(printer)

DB-9 serial port

USB ports

Mouse port

Keyboard port

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Ports

Socket for connecting external devices

Four common ports

Serial

Parallel

USB

FireWire

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Serial & Parallel Ports

Serial Port

Data sent one bit at a time

Good long distance transmission of data

Parallel Port

Data sent 8 bits simultaneously

Used for short distances

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USB and HPSB Ports

USB Port

Replacing serial and parallel ports

FasterEach port can support

more than one device

HPSB Port

FireWire ports

Faster then USB ports

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USB port

Most popular port

Most computers feature at least 2 USB portsUSB devices

Mouse

Scanner

Printer

Joystick

Windows automatically recognizes USB devices

Whats the best port to use for connecting

peripheral devices?

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Cables

Connect Input/Output

devices

Mouse

Keyboard

Printer

Monitor

Newer cables

AGP

graphics monitorUSB

joy stick; scanner

HPSBvideo camera

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Major types of expansion cables

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Power Supply

Computers require direct current (DC)

DC power provided by converting alternating

current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries

Desktop computers use power supply units

Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters

AC adapter

Power Supply

Unit

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Look to the Future

Wireless Technology and PDAs

Personal wearable computer

POMA

Wireless pointing device, head

mounted display

Developed by Xybernaut

Corporation

Currently being evaluated for use in

airport security