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August 2006

Job Number 05-2721

GBR/BRI/CML

CHENNAI PETROLEUM

CORPORATION LIMITED (CPCL)

NHDT/CRU REVAMP PROJECT

MANALI - CHENNAI

TAMIL NADU - INDIA

REFORMING REACTION SECTION& REGENERATION LOOPSECTION

UNIT 206-B & 206-C

303,750 TPA Ref!"#$e

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Rev. Date Prepared by Checked by Approved by Comments

Name: Name: Name:

0 Aug. 2006 H. SAINT-GERMAIN G. BRIEUX O. CALLEBERT

Signature: Signature: Signature:

This document contains confidential proprietary material belonging to Axens which may only be made available

to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.FO-43.DOT / Rv. 6.3 du 03.02.2006 206367848.DOC

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Job Number Uni T!"e #$%e

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C&'(NT ) CHENNAI PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED D$e *! C+e, b! Rev

CHENNAI MANALI INDIA u%. 06 1 1*R 0

UN'T ) REFORMING REACTION SECTION AND REGENERATION LOOP SECTION

(R'C( )

CONTENTS

6.1 Preface of Sectio 6...................................................................................!

6." P#r$o%e of t&e $roce%%..............................................................................6

6.' C&e(ica) reactio% a* cata)+%t%.............................................................,

6.3. 'nrodu,ion................................................................................................7

6.3.2 C+emi,$ re$,ion5.....................................................................................8

6.3.3 C$$!5.....................................................................................................22

6.3.4 #ro,e55 v$ri$be5......................................................................................40

6.! Pre$aratio for %tart-#$.........................................................................!6

6.4. C+ronoo%! o o"er$ion5.........................................................................46

6.4.2 'n5"e,ion.................................................................................................48

6.4.3 #reimin$r! o"er$ion5..............................................................................

6.4.4 Dr!in% ou +e uni....................................................................................70

6.4. C$$!5 o$din%........................................................................................83

6.4.6 e,ond &e$ e5 $nd "$ri$ inerin%.....................................................0

6. Fir%t %tart-#$ of t&e #it.......................................................................111

6.. Obe, / 5$u5 / ,+ronoo%!....................................................................

6..2 C$$!5 ,ir,u$ion9 +e$in% $nd dr!in% "ro,edure5..............................2

6..3 Fin$ inerin%..........................................................................................3

6..4 #uin% +e uni ino 5ervi,e....................................................................4

6.6 Uit re%tart............................................................................................1,66.6. Re5$r o +e enire uni ........................................................................76

6.6.2 Re5$r o +e re%ener$ion 5e,ion $one................................................77

6., O$eratio of t&e #it.............................................................................1/0

6.7. O"er$in% "$r$meer5..............................................................................80

6.7.2 #rin,i"e5 o e! "$r$meer5 ,onro......................................................:4

&o; 5i%n$ ee,or........................................................................................:4

206-C0: Reormer e"$r$or Drum #re55ure Conro.................................:4

206-C40 Fir5 $%e *oo5er Com"re55or

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(R'C( )

206-C4 e,ond $%e *oo5er Com"re55or $nu$,urer..........................................................................................24

6.:.2 C$$!55 C+emi,$ ,om"o5iion $nd "+!5i,$ "ro"erie5......................24

6.:.3 #$,$%in%9 +$ndin% $nd 5or$%e............................................................242

6.:.4 Coed ,$$!5 uno$din%.......................................................................24

6.:. Co$r5e de,oin% o +e ,$$!5 "rior o uno$din%................................24

6.:.6 On-+e-! ,$$!5 re"$,emen.............................................................247

6.:.7 "en ,$$!5 +$ndin% $nd ur+er re$men........................................24:

6.:.8 C$$!5 ,ir,u$ion - 5"e,i$ "ro,edure in ,$5e o in,iden...................20

6.10 Safet+ a* &ea)t& reco((e*atio%.................................................."

6.0. 1ener$.................................................................................................2

6.0.2 &i5 o ,$$!5 $nd ,+emi,$ "rodu,5.................................................2

6.11 Aa)+tica) cotro)................................................................................"6

6.. Re,ommended me+od5 $nd re=uen,!................................................26

6..2 'F# n$!i,$ me+od5........................................................................26

This document contains confidential proprietary material belonging to Axens which may only

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(R'C( )

6.1 Preface of Sectio 6

T+e $im o e,ion 6 ?O#(RT'N1 'NTRUCT'ON@ i5 ;ood)

Fir59 o "rovide O"er$ion 5$ ;i+ +e ne,e55$r! b$,%round $nd inorm$ion o under5$nd

+o; +e "ro,e55 ;or59 +o; o "re"$re +e uni or 5$ru"9 +o; o o"er$e i $nd 5+u i do;n9

+o; o "reven or ,orre, o"er$ion u"5e5. "e,i$ "ro,edure5 or ,$$!5 +$ndin% or

re$men "rior o 5$r-u" $5 ;e $5 +e reev$n i5 o $n$!5e5 $nd 5"e,ii, 5$e!

re,ommend$ion5 $re $5o in,uded.

e,ond9 o "rovide +e (n%ineerin% Com"$n! in ,+$r%e o +e de$ied en%ineerin% o +e uni

;i+ inorm$ion $ddiion$ o +e "ro,e55 e=ui"men 5"e,ii,$ion5 A5e,ion 2 o +e "ro,e55

booB. T+i5 $ddiion$ inorm$ion ;i +e" +em o under5$nd +e re$5on5 or +e 5"e,ii,

re=uiremen5 5+o;n in +e e=ui"men 5"e,ii,$ion 5+ee5 +$ do no 5em rom uni norm$

o"er$ion.

T+i5 5e,ion ;i $5o u5i! +e u5e o 5"e,i$ e=ui"men9 i $n!9 re=uired b! em"or$r!

o"er$ion5.

T&e ifor(atio %#$$)ie* i Sectio 6 2OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS34 i% 5a)i* for

a+ #it #%i t&e co%i*ere* $roce%%. Hoe5er4 it i% ot a *etai)e* O$erati Ma#a)tai)ore* to t&e e7#i$(et %e)ecte* for a %$ecific c#%to(er.

u,+ $n O"er$in% >$nu$ ;oud +$ve o in,ude 5"e,ii, ,+$r$,eri5i,5 o e=ui"men $nd

+eir reev$n o"er$in% in5ru,ion5 Are$ed o ro$in% m$,+ine5 or in5$n,eB $5 ;e $5 Uni

O;ner re=uiremen59 5"e,ii,$ion5 or rue5 ;+i,+ $re no no;n $ +i5 5$%e. u,+ $n

O"er$in% >$nu$ i5 be!ond (N5 re5"on5ibiiie5 $5 $ #ro,e55 i,en5or.

ome o +e in5ru,ion5 %iven +erein ,$n be ,on5idered $5 $ reminder. T+i5 i5 +e ,$5e o +e

in5ru,ion5 o $ %ener$ n$ure 5u,+ $5 +o5e "er$inin% o +e "re,ommi55ionin% $nd

,ommi55ionin% o +e e=ui"men9 eE,e" ;+ere (N i55ue5 5"e,ii, re=uiremen5 ,e$r!

ideniied. ' i5 eE"e,ed +$ +e5e $55 o $ %ener$ n$ure ;i be "erormed b! +e

(n%ineerin% ,om"$n! $nd/or Uni O;ner in $,,ord$n,e ;i+ +e "rev$iin% ,ode5 $nd rue5

$nd ;i+ %ood (n%ineerin% "r$,i,e.

A)) a* e5er+ i%tr#ctio% &ic& re)ate to t&e o$eratio of t&e #it a* &a5e a i($act

o t&e re%$o%i8i)itie% of t&e )ice%or (#%t 8e %trict)+ a*&ere* to4 a* ca 8e a)tere* o)+

8+ A9ENS:% re$re%etati5e it&i t&e rae of t&e #it o$erati co*itio%.



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T+e5e ,om"u5or! in5ru,ion5 $re e55eni$! ,overed in +e oo;in% ,+$"er5)

6.4.2 'n5"e,ion

6.4.4 Dr!in% ou +e uni A;+en $""i,$beB

6.4. C$$!5 o$din%

6. Fir5 5$r-u" o +e uni

6.6 Uni re5$r

6.7 O"er$ion o +e uni

6.8 +udo;n o +e uni

6.: C$$!59 $d5orben5 "ro"erie5 $nd 5"e,i$ "ro,edure5

e,ion 6 i5 "$r o +e #ro,e55 *oo $nd +e re$der ,$n reer o +e o+er 5e,ion5 o +e

#ro,e55 D$$ *oo9 i re=uired.



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6." P#r$o%e of t&e $roce%%

Aromizing i5 (N5 re%i5ered r$de n$me o +e reormin% "ro,e55 u5in% ,oninuou5

,$$!5 re%ener$ion.

T+e "ur"o5e o +e Aromizing "ro,e55 i5 o "rodu,e $n $rom$i, ri,+ n$"++$. T+e

rom$i,5 ,u "rodu,ion i5 $,,om"$nied b! $ +!dro%en ri,+ %$5 "rodu,.

Aromizing eed i5 ei+er 5r$i%+ run n$"++$5 or ,r$,ed n$"++$5 %ener$! miEed ;i+

5r$i%+ run. Due o +e "re5en,e o ,on$min$n5 in $ ,$5e59 $nd o +e 5"e,ii,,+$r$,eri5i,5 o ,r$,ed n$"++$59 more or e55 e$bor$ed n$"++$ "rere$in% i5 $;$!5

ne,e55$r!.

Aromizing i5 $ ,$$!i, reormin% "ro,e55 o n$"++$9 b$5ed on (N5 i,en5ed

e,+noo%!. ' in,ude5 ;o 5e,ion5)

T+e n$"++$ ,$$!i, reormin% i5e9 in,udin%9 re$,or5 +e$er59 euen re,over!

$nd 5$biiG$ion.

T+e ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion $nd ,oninuou5 re%ener$ion ;+i,+ invove 5oid +$ndin%

$nd movin% bed e,+noo%!.

T+e reormin% re$,ion5 $e "$,e in movin% bed ,$$!i, re$,or5 rom ;+i,+ +e ,$$!5 i5;i+dr$;n9 +en re%ener$ed $nd re,!,ed. T+e ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion $nd re%ener$ion $re

"erormed on $ ,oninuou5 b$5i5 ;i+ u $uom$i, ,onro o $ +e o"er$ion5.

+i%+ em"er$ure Ain +e r$n%e o 00HCB i5 re=uired o "romoe +e ,+emi,$ re$,ion5

;+i,+ im"rove $rom$i,5 "rodu,ion. en,e +e need or $ "re+e$in% o +e eed.

>oreover9 5ome o +e de5ir$be re$,ion5 $re +i%+! endo+ermi,. T+i5 e$d5 o 5"i +e bu

o +e ,$$!5 ino 5ever$ re$,or5 ;i+ inermedi$e re+e$er5.

T+e +i%+ "erorm$n,e o +eAromizing "ro,e55 i5 $r%e! o;ed o o; "re55ure o"er$ion

,ou"ed ;i+ +i%+ em"er$ure5 I ;+i,+9 in ,onvenion$ iEed bed re$,or5 ;oud e$d o ver!

5+or ,!,e en%+. en,eAromizing invove5 a coti#o#% cata)+%t reeeratio.

Coninuou5 re%ener$ion eimin$e5 +e need o 5+udo;n or re%ener$ion o +e e$rier iEed

bed reormer5. ' $5o minimiGe5 +e $moun o ,$$!5 in +e uni9 ;+ie $o;in% +i%+

$romiG$e !ied $nd =u$i!.



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6.' C&e(ica) reactio% a* cata)+%t%

6.'.1 Itro*#ctio

6.'.1.1 O8;ecti5e of t&i% c&a$ter

T+e $im o +e inorm$ion %iven in +i5 ,+$"er i5 o "rovide enou%+ +eorei,$ b$5i,

b$,%round o 5u""or +e in5ru,ion5 %iven in +e ,+$"er5 +$ oo;) $ru" o +e uni9

O"er$ion o +e uni9 +udo;n o +e uni.T+e obe,ive i5 o +e" +e o"er$or5 o beer under5$nd +e re$5on5 o +e o"er$in%

in5ru,ion5 $nd en$be +em o m$e ;i5e de,i5ion59 5+oud +e ,ir,um5$n,e5 devi$e rom

;+$ i5 ,overed in +e O"er$in% 'n5ru,ion5.

6.'.1." Geera) co%i*eratio%

T&er(o*+a(ic% a*

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T+e dieren ,+$"er5 o e,ion 6.3 de5,ribe)

T+e v$riou5 ,+emi,$ re$,ion5 invoved in +e "ro,e55 $5 ;e $5 +e ee, o +e

o"er$in% ,ondiion5.

T+e ,$$!5 ,+$r$,eri5i,5.

T+e ,$$!5i5 me,+$ni5m.

T+e ,$$!5 ,on$min$n5.

T+e "ro,e55 v$ri$be5.

6.'." C&e(ica) reactio%

6.'.".1 F#*a(eta) reactio%

T+e ,+emi,$ re$,ion5 invoved in reormin% "ro,e55e5 $re o ;o !"e5)

De%ira8)e reactio%9 i.e. re$,ion5 ;+i,+ e$d o $n $rom$i, ,onen in,re$5e $5 ;e

$5 $ +i%+ "uri! +!dro%en "rodu,ion. T+e5e $re +e re$,ion5 o "romoe.

A*5er%e reactio%9 i.e. re$,ion5 ;+i,+ e$d o $ o55 o $romiG$e !ied9 $ de,re$5e

in +!dro%en "uri!. T+e5e $re +e re$,ion5 o minimiGe.T+e +e$ o +e re$,ion5 menioned +ere$er $5 ;e $5 +eir re$ive r$e $re ne,e55$r! o

under5$nd +e "ro,e55. T+e! $re i5ed or +e e$5e o reeren,e in T$be 9 beo;. ,$$!5

i5 bein% u5ed o "romoe +e de5ir$be re$,ion5 $ +e eE"en5e o +e $dver5e one5 +rou%+ i5

$,ion on re$,ion inei,5.

Rem$r )

K+en re$,ion i5 "romoed b! )

- +e me$i, un,ion o +e ,$$!5 AmB i5 ;rien on +e 5umm$riGed re$,ion.

- +e $,idi, un,ion o +e ,$$!5 A$B i5 ;rien on +e 5umm$riGed re$,ion.

TA=LE 1REFORMING REACTIONS

HEAT OF REACTION - RELATI>E RATE OF REACTION

REACTIONS HEAT OF REACTION?1@ CALBMOLE

RELATI>E RATE

?"@ APPRO9.

N$"++ene5 de+!dro%en$ion - 0 30

#$r$in de+!dro,!,iG$ion - 60 Ab$5eB

'5omeriG$ion) #$r$in5 L 23

N$"++ene5 L 4

Cr$,in% L 0 0.AB e$ o re$,ion M 0 endo+ermi, re$,ion.



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A2B For "re55ure beo; .2 %/,m %.

A De%ira8)e reactio% it& &+*roe $ro*#ctio

a@ Na$&t&ee% *e&+*roeatio

N$"++eni, ,om"ound5 i.e. ,!,o+eE$ne9 me+!,!,o+eE$ne9 dime+!,!,o+eE$ne u" o C0n$"++ene5 $re de+!dro%en$ed re5"e,ive! ino benGene9 ouene9 E!ene59 C: $nd C0$rom$i,5 ;i+ +e "rodu,ion o 3 moe5 o +!dro%en "er moe o n$"++ene.

T+e ,!,o+eE$ne re$,ion9 or in5$n,e9 ;rie5 $5 oo;5)

C!,o+eE$ne *enGene

C

C

C

CC

C

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

L 32

C2

Note C!,o+eE$ne $nd benGene $re %ener$! 5,+em$i,$! re"re5ened $5 oo;5)

C!,o+eE$ne *enGene

T+ermod!n$mi,$! +e re$,ion i5 +i%+! endo+ermi, $nd i5 $vored b! +i%+ em"er$ure

$nd o; "re55ure. 'n $ddiion9 +e +i%+er +e number o ,$rbon $om59 +e +i%+er +e $rom$i,5"rodu,ion $ e=uiibrium.

From $ inei, vie; "oin9 +e 5"eed o re$,ion in,re$5e5 ;i+ em"er$ure AFi%. 2B $nd i5 no

$e,ed b! +e +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure AFi%. B. T+e r$e o re$,ion i5 +i%+ ,om"$red o

o+er re$,ion5 A$be B. ' $5o in,re$5e5 ;i+ +e number o ,$rbon $om5.

+e 5ee,ed o"er$in% ,ondiion5 +e re$,ion i5 ver! $5 $nd $mo5 o$. ' i5 "romoed

b! +e me$i, un,ion AmB o +e ,$$!5. in,e i !ied5 $ +i%+ o,$ne "rodu,9 "romoin%

+i5 re$,ion i5 mo5 de5ir$be. Reer o o,$ne number beo;)



m

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(R'C( )

RON MON

C!,o+eE$ne 83 77.2

>e+!,!,o+eE$ne 74.8 7.

.3 dime+!,!,o+eE$ne 7.7 7.

*enGene 4.8 P 00

Touene 20 03.

m-!ene 7. .

RON) Re5e$r,+ O,$ne Number

>ON) >oor O,$ne Number

Note T+rou%+ou +i5 do,umen9 ?o,$ne@ i5 %ener$! u5ed or ?o,$ne number@.

8@ Paraffi% *e&+*roc+c)iatio

T+i5 i5 $ 5ever$ 5e" "ro,e55 ;+i,+ $""ie5 ei+er o +e norm$ "$r$in5 Aine$rB or 'O-

"$r$in5 Abr$n,+edB. ' invove5 $ de+!dro%en$ion ;i+ $ ree$5e o one +!dro%en moe

oo;ed b! $ moe,u$r re$rr$n%emen o orm $ n$"++ene $nd +e 5ub5e=uen

de+!dro%en$ion o +e n$"++ene. T+e moe,u$r re$rr$n%emen o buid $ n$"++ene i5 +e

mo5 dii,u re$,ion o "romoe bu +e 5ub5e=uen $rom$iG$ion o +e n$"++ene !ied5 $

noi,e$be o,$ne in,re$5e.

T+e re$,ion ,$n be 5umm$riGed $5 oo;5)

C 7 6

L

2

C 7 4

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C3

C3

C

C3

C3

C2

C2

C2C

>e+!,!,o+eE$ne

C2

C2

C C2

C3

C3

C

C2

C2

C2

C2

C

C3

C2



AmB

A$B

C74

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(R'C( )

C2

C2 C2

C2

C2

C C3 C3

C C

C C

C

C

L 32

>e+!,!,o+eE$ne Touene

T+e "$r$in de+!dro,!,iG$ion 5e" be,ome5 e$5ier $5 +e moe,u$r ;ei%+ o +e "$r$in

in,re$5e59 +o;ever +e enden,! o "$r$in5 o +!dro,r$, in,re$5e5 ,on,urren! AFi%. 3B.

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T+eorei,$!9 $ +e 5ee,ed o"er$in% em"er$ure A$bou 00HCB +e +ermod!n$mi,5 imi5

+e $!,!,o+eE$ne orm$ion. *u +e 5ub5e=uen de+!dro%en$ion o +e $!,!,o+eE$ne

ino $n $rom$i, 5+i5 +e re$,ion o;$rd5 +e de5ired dire,ion. T+i5 !"e o re$,ion i5 $5o

e$5ier or +i%+er ,$rbon number. T+e o,$ne number in,re$5e i5 5i%nii,$n ;+en ,on5iderin%

+e end "rodu, A$rom$i,5B $5 5+o;n)

RON MON

(+!,!,o"en$ne 67.2 6.2

>e+!,!,o+eE$ne 74.8 7. Touene 20 03.

C A*5er%e reactio%

a@ Crac

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' ,$n be 5,+em$iGed $5 oo;5)

L 2

C 7 6

C4

C 6 4

L 2C

7 6

C 2 6

C 2

or

L

L

&ie +!dro,r$,in% i i5 eEo+ermi, $nd $vored b! +i%+ "re55ure $nd +i%+ em"er$ure.

*o+ +!dro%eno!5i5 $nd +!dro,r$,in% m$! indu,e run$;$! re$,ion5 o;in% o +eir

eEo+ermi,i!.

c@ H+*ro*ea)

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*@ A)

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&o; "re55ure unorun$e! $vor5 ,oe orm$ion A5ee Fi%. B. T+i5 i5 ;+! $ o; "re55ure

reormin% ie romiGin%A;+i,+ +$5 $ o o $dv$n$%e5B re=uire5 $ ,oninuou5 re%ener$ed

,$$!5. 'n romiGin%+e ,oninuou5 ,$$!5 re%ener$ion oo" m$in$in5 $ ,onroed o;

,oe ,onen on +e ,$$!5 ;+ie o"er$in% $ o; "re55ure.

6.'."." ietic aa)+%i% of t&e c&e(ica) reactio%

T+e ee, o +e m$in o"er$in% ,ondiion5 on +e r$e o +e re$,ion5 invoved in +e

reormin% "ro,e55 u5in% +e 5ee,ed ,$$!5 AReer o ?C$$!5 5ee,ion $nd de5,ri"ion@B i55umm$riGed beo;.

A Effect of &+*roe $artia) $re%%#re

Fi%ure 5+o;59 ;i+ $ o%$ri+mi, 5,$e9 +e re$ive r$e o +e v$riou5 re$,ion5 $5 $

un,ion o +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure. T+e de+!dro%en$ion r$e i5 u5ed $5 reeren,e $nd $en

$ 00 A&o% 00 2B. O+er re$,ion r$e5 $re me$5ured $%$in5 +i5 reeren,e.

0 b$r +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure9 +e de+!dro%en$ion o n$"++ene i5 $bou 0 ime59

$5er +$n i5omeriG$ion9 30 ime5 $5er +$n de+!dro,!,iG$ion $nd 0-60 ime5 $5er +$n

,r$,in% A+!dro,r$,in% $nd +!dro%eno!5i5B.

re$ive! +i%+ "re55ure +e r$e o ,oin% i5 o; ,om"$red o +e o+er re$,ion5 bu i

in,re$5e5 noi,e$b! $ o;er "re55ure9 ;+i,+ i5 +e ,$5e in CCR reormer5.

To %#( #$4 fi#re 1 %&o% t&at t&ere i% a iceti5e to o$erate at )o $re%%#re crac

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(R'C( )

C Effect of car8o #(8er

T+e inei, 5ud! o +e ,+emi,$ re$,ion5 be,ome5 even more ,om"i,$ed o;in% o +e

"re5en,e o moe,ue5 ;i+ dieren number5 o ,$rbon $om5.

5 i5 +e ,$5e or +ermod!n$mi, e=uiibri$9 i $""e$r5 +$ +e r$e5 o +e re$,ion5 $re

$e,ed b! +e en%+ o +e ,+$in o +e re$,$n. Fi%ure 3 "re5en5 +e r$e5 o

de+!dro,!,iG$ion $nd ,r$,in% o C6 o C0"$r$in5 re$ed o +$ o n-+e"$ne9 $5 $

un,ion o +e number o ,$rbon $om5 o re$,$n.

Fi%ure 3 5+o;5 +$ +e ,r$,in% re$,ion r$e9 A+e ,urve re"re5en5 in $, +e 5um o

+!dro,r$,in% $nd +!dro%eno!5i5B9 in,re$5e5 re%u$r! ;i+ +e number o ,$rbon $om59

;+ere$5 de+!dro,!,iG$ion r$e eE+ibi5 $ 5udden in,re$5e be;een +eE$ne $nd +e"$ne $5

;e $5 be;een +e"$ne $nd o,$ne9 ;+ie +e v$ri$ion be;een +e +i%+er +omoo%ue5

rem$in5 re$ive! 5i%+.

To %#( #$4 t&e *e&+*roc+c)iatio of C6$araffi% to 8eee i% (ore *iffic#)t t&a t&at

of C,$araffi to to)#ee4 &ic& it%e)f i% (ore *iffic#)t t&a t&at of C / $araffi to

+)ee%. Accor*i)+ t&e (o%t %#ita8)e fractio to fee* a refor(i $roce%% i% t&e

C,-C10fractio.

CONCLUSIONS

From +e $bove $n$!5i5 i ,$n be ,on,uded)

$B De+!dro%en$ion re$,ion5 $re ver! $59 $bou one order o m$%niude $5er +$n

+e o+er re$,ion5.

bB &o; "re55ure $vor5 $ de5ir$be re$,ion5 $nd redu,e5 ,r$,in%. To ,om"en5$e

+e derimen$ ee, o o; "re55ure on ,oin%9 o; "re55ure reormer re=uire5

,oninuou5 ,$$!5 re%ener$ion.

,B n in,re$5e in em"er$ure $vor5 +e inei,5 o de+!dro%en$ion9 i5omeriG$ion9de+!dro,!,iG$ion9 bu $,,eer$e5 +e de%r$d$ion re$,ion5 A,r$,in%9 ,oin%B

even more. Con5e=uen! $n in,re$5e in em"er$ure e$d5 o $n in,re$5ed $rom$i,5

,onen $55o,i$ed ;i+ $ de,re$5e in $romiG$e !ied.

dB T+e re$,ion r$e5 o 5u,+ im"or$n re$,ion5 $5 "$r$in5 de+!dro,!,iG$ion

in,re$5e noi,e$b! ;i+ +e number o ,$rbon $om5. C!,iG$ion i5 $5er or C 8

"$r$in +$n or C79 $nd or C7+$n or C6. Con5e=uen! +e C7- C0r$,ion i5

+e mo5 5ui$be eed.



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(R'C( )

OICOUR1.*

Fi#re 1



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(R'C( )

OICOUR".*

Fi#re "



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(R'C( )

OICOUR'.*

Fi#re '



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(R'C( )

6.'.' Cata)+%t

6.'.'.1 Acti5it+4 %e)ecti5it+4 %ta8i)it+

T+e m$in ,+$r$,eri5i,5 o $ ,$$!5 o+er +$n i5 "+!5i,$ $nd me,+$ni,$ "ro"erie5 $re)

T&e acti5it+;+i,+ eE"re55e5 +e ,$$!5 $bii! o in,re$5e +e r$e o +e re$,ion5

invoved. ' i5 me$5ured b! +e em"er$ure $ ;+i,+ +e ,$$!5 mu5 be o"er$ed o

"rodu,e $n $romiG$e o $ %iven $rom$i,5 ,onen9 or $ %iven eed $nd %iven

o"er$in% ,ondiion5. T&e %e)ecti5it+eE"re55e5 +e ,$$!5 $bii! o $vor de5ir$be re$,ion5 r$+er +$n

o+er5. ' i5 "r$,i,$! me$5ured b! +e CL$romiG$e $nd +!dro%en !ied59 or $

%iven eed $nd o,$ne number9 $nd %iven o"er$in% ,ondiion5.

T&e %ta8i)it+,+$r$,eriGe5 +e ,+$n%e ;i+ ime o +e ,$$!5 "erorm$n,e Ai.e.

$,ivi!9 5ee,ivi!B ;+en o"er$in% ,ondiion5 $nd eed $re 5$be. ' i5 ,+ie! +e

,oe de"o5i ;+i,+ $e,5 5$bii!9 +rou%+ i5 in+ibiion o +e ,$$!5 $,idi! $nd

de,re$5e o me$ ,on$, $re$. Tr$,e5 o me$ in +e eed $5o $e, 5$bii!

$dver5e!.

$bii! i5 %ener$! me$5ured b! +e $moun o eed re$ed "er uni ;ei%+ o ,$$!5 Ai.e.

m3o eed "er % o ,$$!5B. CL ; $romiG$e !ied $ 5e$d! ,ondiion5 i5 $5o $n indire,

me$5ure o +e 5$bii!.

6.'.'." Aro(ii cata)+%t c&aracteri%tic%

T+e ,$$!55 $re $ muime$i, ,$$!5 ,on5i5in% o "$inum "u5 me$ "romoer5 on $n

$umin$ 5u""or.

T+e m$in e$ure5)

i%+ "uri! $umin$ 5u""or +$vin% $ 5ron% re5i5$n,e o $riion.

i%+ 5$bii! $nd 5ee,ivi! due o +e "$inum $55o,i$ed ;i+ o+er me$5

A"romoer5B.

i%+ re%ener$bii! ide$! 5uied or +e ,oninuou5 re%ener$ion o"er$ion5.

i%+ ,+oride reenion.

T+e $55o,i$ion o +e $bove menioned =u$iie5 ;i+ +e ,oninuou5 re%ener$ion %ive5 +e

oo;in% $dv$n$%e5)

i%+ $romiG$e !ied.

i%+ +!dro%en !ied.

i%+ 5re$m $,or.

&o; ie dur$ion.



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(R'C( )

&o; ,$$!5 invenor!.

&o; o"er$in% ,o5.

T+e de$ied Aromizing CT&T ,+emi,$ $nd "+!5i,$ "ro"erie5 $re i5ed in

,+$"er ?C$$!5 "ro"erie5 $nd 5"e,i$ "ro,edure5@.

6.'.'.' Cata)+%i% (ec&ai%(

A Acti5it+ (eta))ic a* aci*ic f#ctio%

T+e ,$$!5 $e,5 re$,ion r$e5 +rou%+ i5 to *ifferet f#ctio% (eta))ic a* aci*ic9;+i,+ "romoe dieren !"e o re$,ion5.

De+!dro%en$ion $nd +!dro%en$ion re$,ion5 $re en+$n,ed b! +e ,$$!5 me$.

ru,ur$ re$rr$n%emen5 o +e moe,ue5 Arom ine$r o ,!,i, or in5$n,eB ;+i,+ invove

$ reor%$niG$ion o +e ,$rbon bond5 $re "rim$ri! ,$$!Ged b! +e $,idi, un,ion o +e

5u""or.

*e,$u5e o i5 +i%+ $,ivi! in +!dro%en$ion $nd de+!dro,!,iG$ion9 "$inum +$5 been

5ee,ed or +e b$5e ,$$!i, me$. #romoer5 +$ve been $dded o im"rove ,$$!5

5ee,ivi! $nd 5$bii!.

T+e 5u""or i5 +i%+ "uri! $umin$ A$,idi, un,ionB ;+i,+ i5 ,+ie! $,ive or +e ,!,iG$iono +e "$r$in5 o $rom$i,5.

'n 5+or9 +e m$in re$,ion5 invoved in reormin% "ro,e55e5 $re ,$$!Ged e55eni$! ei+er b!

+e 5u""or or +e me$ un,ion59 $5 indi,$ed beo;)

De+!dro%en$ion >e$i, un,ion

De+!dro,!,iG$ion >e$i, L $,idi, un,ion5

'5omeriG$ion ,idi, un,ion

!dro%eno!5i5 >e$i, un,ion

!dro,r$,in% >e$i, L $,idi, un,ion5

= Meta))ic f#ctio

For $ m$Eimum ,$$!5 $,ivi!9 +e me$ mu5 be +i%+! di5"er5ed on +e $umin$ 5u""or

$nd under +e minimum "o55ibe "$ri,e 5iGe A$,u$ i%ure i5 in +e r$n%e o .0 -6mmB. T+i5

+i%+ di5"er5ion $nd mi,romeri, "$ri,e 5iGe9 ;+i,+ re5u rom +e 5"e,i$ m$nu$,urin%

"ro,e559 mu5 be m$in$ined durin% +e ,$$!5 ie b! +e u5e o "ro"er o"er$in% ,ondiion5.

de,re$5e o +e "erorm$n,e o +e me$i, un,ion ,$n be ,$u5ed b! )

- $ "oi5onin% o +e me$i, "+$5e A5ee ,+$"er 6.3.3.4 ?C$$!5 ,on$min$n5@ or de$i5B9 or

- $n $er$ion o +e me$i, "+$5e on +e 5u""or.

'ndeed9 $ 5inerin% o +e me$i, "+$5e m$! o,,ur durin% +e ir5 re%ener$ion 5e" A,oe

burnin%B9 due o o,$ +i%+ em"er$ure5 $nd +i%+ eve o "$ri$ "re55ure o ;$er. T+e

oE!,+orin$ion 5e"9 ;+i,+ i5 ed ri%+ $er ,oe burnin%9 $o;5 $ %ood re-di5"er5ion o +i5me$i, "+$5e.



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(R'C( )

;e redu,ion e$d5 $5o o 5inerin% o +e me$i, "+$5e.

C Aci*ic f#ctio

,er$in eve o $,idi! o +e ,$$!5 5u""or i5 re=uired o "romoe 5ome o +e de5ired

re$,ion5 Ai5omeriG$ion9 de+!dro,!,iG$ionB ;+i,+ ,on5e=uen! e$d o $ m$EimiG$ion o

+e de5ired "erorm$n,e Areorm$e "rodu,ion9 +!dro%en or o,$ne number !ied5B. T+e

o"imum eve o $,idi! ,+$n%e5 5ome;+$ ;i+ +e5e de5ired "erorm$n,e.

T+e $,idi! o +e ,$$!5 i5 de"end$n on +e $moun o ,+orine ;+i,+ i5 iEed on +e

,$$!5 $ +e m$nu$,urin% 5$%e. 'n o"er$ion9 +e ,+orine ,onen o +e ,$$!5 v$rie5;i+ +e re,!,e %$5 moi5ure $nd +e euion o ,+orine b! ;$er9 ;+i,+ +$""en5 m$in!

durin% +e ,oe burnin% 5e"9 due o +e orm$ion o ,ombu5ion ;$er. T+$5 ;+! +i5 eve

mu5 be $du5ed durin% oE!,+orin$ion $nd m$in$ined in +e o"imum r$n%e o 0.: o

. ;.

5im"iied re"re5en$ion o +e ,$$!5 5u""or ,+emi,$ 5ru,ure $nd +e "ro,e55e5 o

,+orin$ion $nd ,+ore euion b! ;$er i5 $5 oo;5)

L 02

O

C

L C

O

O

O O

T+e 5im"iied +eor!9 %ener$! $,,e"ed od$!9 i5 +$ +e o"imum $,idi! eve A;+i,+

v$rie5 ;i+ +e re=ue5ed "erorm$n,eB i5 $ un,ion o r$io o +e -O bond5 o +e -C

bond59 ;+i,+ $re $d5orbed $ +e ,$$!5 5ur$,e. T+i5 r$io9 in urn9 i5 $ un,ion o +e ;$er

$nd C ,onen in +e re,!,e %$59 be,$u5e o +e e=uiibrium ;+i,+ eEi55 be;een ;$er

$nd C in +e re,!,e $nd-O $nd

-C bond5 on +e ,$$!5.

a@ Ece%% of (oi%t#re

1ood $,idi! o +e ,$$!5 i5 ,onroed b! +e b$$n,e be;een 2O $nd C. A ece%% of

ater in +e re,!,e ;i 5+i +e b$$n,e o;$rd5 eE,e55 o -O $nd +u5 re*#ce t&e

acti5it+.

8@ Lac< of (oi%t#re

Conver5e!9 i t&e a(o#t of ater i t&e rec+c)e i% too )oA$n inre=uen ,$5eB +e ,$$!5

i5 re"ued oo dr!9 $nd +e -O o -C b$$n,e i5 5+ied o;$rd5 -C. 'n o+er ;ord59 +e

,$$!5 i5 o5er-c&)oriate*9 ;+i,+ me$n5 i5 aci*ic f#ctio i% eacer8ate* Arend o

+!dro,r$,in%B. O ,our5e9 over-,+orin$ion o +e ,$$!5 m$! re5u mere! rom +e$,,iden$ "re5en,e o ,+orine9 or un,onroed $ddiion9 in +e eed.



euion

,+orin$ion

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(R'C( )

T+ere $re $ ,ou"e o o+er o,,urren,e5 ;or+ menionin%)

' $ ,$$!5 i5 eE,e55ive! dr! Ai.e. i +$5 been o"er$ed ;i+ $ dei,ien,! o ;$er or

5ome imeB i ;i eE+ibi $ ver! +i%+ $,idi, un,ion indi,$ed b! in $n in,re$5ed

+!dro,r$,in% $,ivi!.

' $ ,$$!5 Ae5"e,i$! in ,$5e o eE,e55ive! dr! ,$$!5B under%oe5 $ ;$er u"5e

A$moun o ;$er in +e re,!,e over 0 ""m vo.B $ 5iu$ion m$! o,,ur ;+ere +e

;$er di5"$,e5 +e ,+orine rom +e ir5 re$,or5 o;$rd5 +e $5 re$,or ;i+ $

5ub5e=uen em"or$r! in,re$5e o +e $,idi, un,ion $nd +!dro,r$,in% $,ivi! in

+e $5 re$,or.

To coc)#*e4 for a o$ti(#( o$eratio of t&eAromizing Uit

T&e ater cotet i t&e rec+c)e (#%t 8e (aitaie* 8etee 1 to " $$(

5o)#(e a* t&e a%%ociate* HC) cotet %&o#)* 8e a$$roi(ate)+ 1 $$( 5o)#(e.

Noe +$ +e deermin$ion o +e C ,onen i5 no ver! rei$be. AReer o 6.7.4

Sdu5men o o"er$in% ,ondiion5SB.

T&e c&)orie cotet of t&e reeerate* cata)+%t (#%t 8e (aitaie* 8etee

0. to 1.1 t. O"er$or5 ,$n $du5 +e ,+orine ine,ion r$e in +e

oE!,+orin$ion Gone o +e re%ener$or9 b$5ed on ,$$!5 $n$!5i5.

D A)teratio of cata)+%t acti5it+

T+e ,$u5e5 $nd ,on5e=uen,e5 o ,$$!5 $,ivi! o55 Adue o $n unb$$n,e o ei+er +e $,idi,

or me$i, un,ionB $re i5ed in T$be 2. Remedi$ $,ion5 $re ,overed in 6.3.3.4 AC$$!5

,on$min$n5B.



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(R'C( )

TA=LE "

Decrea%e of aci*ic f#ctio Icrea%e of aci*ic f#ctio Decrea%e of (eta))ic f#ctio

C.U0(0

(uion o ,+orine due o +i%+

;$er ,onen in +e re,!,e.

Niro%en ,om"ound5 Ao55 o C

+rou%+ N4CB reer o C$$!5

,on$min$n5.

Over ,+orin$ed ,$$!5 due o)

re%ener$ion ,+orin$ion

,+orine in +e eed

or oo o; ;$er in re,!,e i%+ ;$er ,onen in +e re,!,e

Au"5eB on $ ver! dr! ,$$!5

A+e $,idi, un,ion in,re$5e i5em"or$r!B.

Tem"or$r! rever5ibe "oi5onin%

b! 5uur.

#erm$nen "oi5onin% b! me$5

AReer o C$$!5 ,on$mi-

n$n5B.

#oor re%ener$ion ,ondiion5$nd/or redu,ion.

CON0(U(NC(0

De,re$5ed o,$ne.

De,re$5ed "rodu,ion.

'n,re$5ed C "rodu,ion re$edo C-C4 ,u.

'n,re$5ed re,!,e %$5 "uri!.

'n,re$5ed i=uid "rodu, !ied.

i%+ in,re$5e in o,$ne.

De,re$5e in i=uid "rodu, $nd2!ied5.

'n,re$5ed "rodu,ion.

De,re$5ed C "rodu,ion re$edo C-C4 ,u.

De,re$5ed re,!,e %$5 "uri!.

&$r%e de,re$5e in o,$ne.

De,re$5ed de$ T in ir5 re$,or.

De,re$5ed C L C2 "rodu,ion.

'n,re$5ed i=uid "rodu,ion.

&$r%e de,re$5e o 2"rodu,ion.

De,re$5ed re,!,e %$5 "uri!.



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(R'C( )

6.'.'.! Cata)+%t cota(iat%

C$$!5 ,on$min$n5 $re ,$55iied in ;o ,$e%orie5. Tem"or$r! "oi5on5 A$5o ,$ed

5omeime5 in+ibior5B $nd "erm$nen "oi5on5.

Te($orar+ $oi%o%$re +o5e ;+i,+ ,$n be removed rom +e ,$$!5 ;i+ou $ 5+udo;n

$nd or ;+i,+ +e ,$$!5 "ro"er $,ivi! $nd 5ee,ivi! i5 re5ored on,e +e ,on$min$n

di5$""e$r5.

T+e ee, o em"or$r! "oi5on59 i +e o"er$or5 m$in$in5 +e o"er$in% ,ondiion5 "rev$iin%

beore +e "oi5onin%9 i5 $ em"or$r! de,re$5e o "erorm$n,e.

T&e (o%t co((o te($orar+ $oi%o% Ain+ibior5B o reormin% ,$$!55 are %#)f#r4

oraic itroe4 ater a* o+eate* oraic%4 &a)oe%.

Coe9 in $ re%ener$ive uni9 $+ou%+ i ,oud $ ;i+in +i5 ,$e%or! i5 re$ed 5e"$r$e!.

Per(aet% $oi%o%$re +o5e ;+i,+ indu,e $ o55 o $,ivi! ;+i,+ ,$nno be re,overed9

even ;i+ $ re%ener$ion $nd ;+i,+ i5 5o 5evere +$ +e ,$$!5 mu5 be re"$,ed.

For ,onvenion$ iEed bed ,$$!55 $5 ;e $5 or ,oninuou5! re%ener$ed ,$$!559 +e

m$in $er(aet $oi%o% are ar%eic4 )ea*4 co$$er4 iro4 ic

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(R'C( )

- Mechanism:

#oi5onin% i5 ,$u5ed b! 29 ei+er ,on$ined in +e uni eed9 or re5uin% rom +e

de,om"o5iion9 on +e ,$$!59 o 5uur ,om"ound5 ,on$ined in +e eed.

2 re$,5 ;i+ "$inum $,,ordin% o +e e=uiibrium re$,ion)

Pt H"S PtS H"

$nd ,on5e=uen! i redu,e5 +e $,ivi! o +e ,$$!5 ;+ie de,re$5in% +e me$i, ,on$,

$re$.

T+e 5$me !"e o re$,ion o,,ur5 ;i+ 2 o;$rd5 +e o+er ,$$!5 "romoer59 $nd ur+er

redu,e5 +e ,$$!5 $,ivi!.

- Effect of sulfur contamination:

uur ,on$min$ion in+ibi5 +e me$ un,ion o +e ,$$!5. T+i5 i5 indi,$ed b!)

de,re$5e in +!dro%en !ied5.

de,re$5e in re,!,e "uri!.

n in,re$5e in +!dro,r$,in% A !ied in,re$5eB.

redu,ed em"er$ure dro" in +e re$,or5 e5"e,i$! ir5 one $nd 5omeime5 $n

in,re$5e o em"er$ure dro" $,ro55 +e 5e,ond re$,or.

n in,re$5e ,oin% r$e.

- Prevention and causes of contamination:

uur remov$ i5 $,+ieved b! "rere$in% +e n$"++$ eed9 ;+i,+ re5u5 in 2 "rodu,ion.

#oor o"er$ion o +e "rere$er i5 %ener$! +e ,$u5e o 5uur "oi5onin% o +e reormin%

,$$!5) (i+er o; $,ivi! o +e +!drore$er ,$$!5.

udden ,+$n%e o eed ,+$r$,eri5i,5 A(*#9 o$ 5uurB.

Or oo o; +!drore$er +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure or re$,or em"er$ure ;+i,+ e$d5

o $n in5ui,ien 5uur remov$. Un5$i5$,or! o"er$ion o +e +!drore$er 5ri""er

,$n $5o re5u in di55oved 2 bein% ed o +e reormin% uni. 'n 5u,+ ,$5e ;$er

,onen o +e reormin% eed $5o in,re$5e5.

n $ddiion$ "roe,ion o $void 2 u"5e5 o +e reormin% uni i5 o "rovide $ 5uur %u$rd

re$,or on +e eed.



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(R'C( )

- Detection:

n$!i,$ me+od5 $re $v$i$be o dee, 5uur in +e uni eed A5ee 6. ?n$!i,$

,onro@B. ver! e$5! ;$!9 +o;ever9 i5 o ,+e, 5uur ,onen in +e re,!,e %$5 u5in%

Dr$e%er ube5. T+e 2 ,onen in +e re,!,e ;+i,+ ,orre5"ond5 o +e 0. ""m ; in +e

eed9 i5 $""roEim$e! ""m AvoumeB. 2 dee,ion ,$n $5o be "erormed on +e 5$biiGer

,oumn o-%$5 A$bou ""m voume in 5$biiGer ,oumn o-%$5 ,orre5"ondin% o ""m

voume in +e re,!,e %$5B.

- Remedies:

K+en +e 5uur ,onen in +e re,!,e %$5 in,re$5e59 +e re$,or ine em"er$ure mu5 be

redu,ed.

T!"i,$! or $n 2 eve o vo. ""m in +e re,!,e +e re$,or ine em"er$ure mu5 be

o;ered o 480HC I +e reormer eed mu5 be redu,ed $,,ordin%! o m$in$in "rodu, =u$i!

Ao,$ne numberB. T+e5e ,ondiion5 mu5 be m$in$ined uni +e ,$u5e o +e u"5e +$5 been

ound $nd ,orre,ed.

T+e +i%+ 5everi! o"er$in% ,ondiion5 ,$n on! be re5umed ;+en +e 2 ,onen in +e

re,!,e %$5 i5 o;er +$n ""m vo.

'n no in5$n,e 5+$ +e o5 $,ivi! due o 5uur "oi5onin% be ,om"en5$ed ;i+ em"er$ure.

Nitroe

Niro%en i5 e55 re=uen! "re5en in +e reormin% eed +$n 5uur. ,$r,e! "re5en in

5r$i%+ run n$"++$9 niro%en i5 $ u5u$ im"uri! o ,r$,ed n$"++$ $nd m$! $5o re5u rom

ine,ion o $mine b$5ed ,orro5ion in+ibior5.

T+e m$Eimum $o;$be ,on,enr$ion in +e eed i5 0. ; ""m eE"re55ed $5 or%$ni,

niro%en.

- Mechanism:

'n $,9 or%$ni, ,om"ound5 ,on$inin% niro%en $re re5"on5ibe or in+ibiion bu niro%en %$5

i5e AN2B +$5 no derimen$ ee,.

Con$min$ion i5 due o N3ormed b! de,om"o5iion o ,om"ound5 ,on$inin% or%$ni,

niro%en9 on +e ,$$!5. T+en N3;+i,+ i5 $$ine9 re$,5 ;i+ ,+orine de,re$5in% +e

$,idi, un,ion o +e ,$$!5 $nd "rodu,in% $mmonium ,+oride N4C. T+i5 ,om"ound i5

vo$ie in +e ,ondiion5 o +e re$,or5 $nd i5 eimin$ed indu,in% $ o55 o ,+orine.



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(R'C( )

T+e re$,ion ,$n be 5,+em$iGed $5 oo;5)

OC

C

O O

N L O L

C O O

O O

L C L N

$nd C L N N C

23

3 4

3

- Effect of nitrogen contamination:

Niro%en ,on$min$ion redu,e5 +e $,idi, un,ion $nd i5 indi,$ed b!)

de,re$5e in $rom$i,5 ,onen.

5i%+! in,re$5ed in +!dro%en "rodu,ion.

redu,ed re$,or em"er$ure dro".

On o" o +i59 $mmonium ,+oride "re5en in +e re,!,e %$5 ,$n de"o5i in ,ooer59

5e"$r$or5 ,om"re55or5 e,. ,re$in% me,+$ni,$ "robem59 $5 i be,ome5 5oid under 80HC.

' i5 ;or+ rememberin% +$ 0. ""m ; o or%$ni, niro%en in +e eed e$d5 o

$""roEim$e! " TB+ear of NH!C) or $ 06T/! uni.


Or%$ni, niro%en remov$ i5 $5o $,+ieved b! n$"++$ "rere$in% o +e eed. *u i 5+$ be

em"+$5iGed +$ niro%en remov$ i5 more dii,u +$n 5uur. (i,ien niro%en remov$

oen re=uire5 +e u5e o $ 5"e,ii, ,$$!59 $5o $,ive or de5uuriG$ion9 bu %ener$!

o"er$in% $ +i%+er +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure. N$"++$9 ;i+ +i%+ niro%en ,onen mu5 no

be ed o $ "rere$er no de5i%ned or i.

Crac

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(R'C( )

- Detection:

T+ere i5 no $v$i$be me+od or $mmoni$ dee,ion in +e re,!,e %$5. T+u5 $bor$or!

$n$!5e5 need o be "erormed on +e eed o dee, niro%en ,om"ound5.

- Remedies:

K+en niro%en ,on$min$ion i5 dee,ed o"er$or5 mu5)

Not tr+ to (aT*(9 T>(9 "+eno...B $re ,onvered ino

;$er $ re$,or ,ondiion5.

K$er i5 no eE$,! $ "oi5on 5in,e 5ome ;$er i5 ne,e55$r! o $,iv$e +e $,idi, un,ion o

+e ,$$!5. o;ever9 in u5u$ "r$,i,e9 eimin$ion o ;$er rom reormin% eed i5 $ m$or,on,ern o o"er$or59 be,$u5e $n eE,e55 o ;$er e$d5 o $ de,re$5e in ,$$!5 $,ivi!.

K$er i5 oen "re5en in n$"++$ eed59 moreover ;$er i5 re=uen! ine,ed in reormin%

eed +!drore$er5 o remove ormed 5$5 in +e ,od "$r o +e re$,ion 5e,ion. T+e

m$Eimum $o;$be ,onen i5 4 ""m A;B in +e eed ;+i,+ ,orre5"ond5 o $""roEim$e!

20 ""m voume in +e re,!,e %$5 or !"i,$ ,ondiion5 A# 2. o 0 b$r % I T 40HC $ +e

5e"$r$orB.

- Mechanism:

K$er $e,5 +e $,idi, un,ion o +e ,$$!59 $5 "reviou5! eE"$ined A?C$$!5

me,+$ni5m@B.


K$er remov$ in u5u$! $,+ieved in +e 5ri""er o +e eed +!drore$er. 1ener$!

,on$min$ion b! ;$er re5u5 rom $ "oor o"er$ion o +i5 e=ui"men.

- Detection:

in,e ;$er ,on$min$ion i5 $ m$or ,on,ern or +e o"er$or9 on ine $n$!Ger i5 "rovided or

+e re,!,e %$5.



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(R'C( )

O"er$in% eE"erien,e 5+o;5 +$ +e o"imum ;$er ,onen in +e re,!,e %$5 mu5 be ;i+in

$ r$n%e o o 2 ""m Avo.B. T+e $55o,i$ed ,+orine eve ;i +en be be;een o 2 ""m

vo.

bove 0 ""m vo. o ;$er9 +e re$,or ine em"er$ure mu5 be o;ered o redu,e +e

,+orine euion rom +e ,$$!5. T+e oo;in% i%ure5 $re %ener$! $,,e"ed)

P 0 ""m vo. o ;$er Tem"er$ure M 480HC

P 00 ""m vo. o ;$er Tem"er$ure M 460HC

*eo; 0 ""m o ;$er in +e re,!,e %$59 +e ,$$!5 $,idi, un,ion i5 en+$n,ed. K$erine,ion m$! be u5ed) ""m ; in +e eed re5u5 in $n in,remen o 2 o ""m vo. in +e

re,!,e %$5.

n!;$! +i5 norm$! never +$""en5 or CCR Reormer $5 +e re5+! redu,ed ,$$!5

,onen5 $ ,er$in $moun o ;$er.

- Remedies:

'n ,$5e o ;$er u"5e9

De,re$5e re$,or ine em"er$ure $5 indi,$ed $bove.

Re5ore o"er$in% ,ondiion5 u"5re$m o +e uni o redu,e ;$er ,on$min$ion.

C+e, $moun o oE!%en$ed ,om"ound5 in +e eed.

Ha)oe% ?c&)orie4 f)#orie@

T+e m$Eimum $o;$be $moun in +e uni eed i5 0. ""m ; or e$,+ o +em.

- Mechanism:

T+e "re5en,e o ,+orine in +e eed modiie5 +e $,idi, un,ion o +e ,$$!5 $nd "romoe

+e +!dro,r$,in% re$,ion. On,e ,+orine i5 eimin$ed9 +e "ro"er ,+orine b$$n,e o +e

,$$!5 ,$n be re5ored.

T+e ee, o uorine i5 5imi$r bu i i5 more dii,u o remove rom +e ,$$!5.

- Effect of chlorine, fluorine contamination:

!dro,r$,in% re$,ion5 $re en+$n,ed)

&o;er $romiG$e i=uid "rodu, !ied.

i%+er $nd C !ied5.

i%+! +i%+er o,$ne.

De,re$5e o +!dro%en "rodu,ion.



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(R'C( )


C+orine $nd uorine $re 5omeime5 "re5en in ,rude $5 or%$ni, +$ide5 o;in% o +e

e,+ni,$5 o +e "rodu,ion ied. T+e! $re norm$! eimin$ed in +e "rere$men 5$%e9 bu

i "re5en in no$be =u$ni! A5ever$ ; ""mB ,$n e$d o $ +u%e ,orro5ion in +e ,od "$r o

+e DT re$,ion 5e,ion.

= Per(aet $oi%o%

#erm$nen "oi5on5 +$ve been deined $5 ,on$min$n5 ;+i,+ irrever5ib! d$m$%e +e ,$$!5.

T$be 3 +ereunder i55 +e m$in "erm$nen "oi5on5 $5 ;e $5 +eir $,,e"$be eve in +e

eed $nd +eir mo5 ie! 5our,e.

TA=LE '

Poi%o% Ma. )e5e) ?t@ So#rce

r5eni, ""b m$E Cr$,ed N$"++$5

&e$d ""b m$E Re,!,ed 5o"5

Co""er M dee,ion imi Corro5ion>er,ur! ""b m$E N$"++$ - ,onden5$e5

'ron M dee,ion imi Corro5ion

odium M dee,ion imi Crude

ii,on M dee,ion imi ddiive5 Ao$min%B

C$,ium M dee,ion imi Crude

Ni,e M dee,ion imi Corro5ion

>$%ne5ium M dee,ion imi Crude

C+romium M dee,ion imi Corro5ion

>$n%$ne5e M dee,ion imi Crude

- Mechanism:

>o5 me$5 "oi5on +e me$ un,ion A"$inum $nd "romoerB o +e ,$$!5. >e$ "oi5on5

end o $e, +e ir5 re$,or9 +en o bre$ +rou%+ $nd $e, +e 2 ndre$,or. T+e ir5 re$,or

i5 !"i,$! +e re$,or ;+ere +e "oi5onin% i5 ir5 dee,ed. 5 in CCR reormer uni ,$$!5

i5 ,ir,u$in% rom 5re$,or o +e 5u,,e55ive one5 "oi5onin% ,$n $e, +e ;+oe ,$$!5

+od-u" i +e ,$u5e o "ouion i5 no ound.



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(R'C( )

- Effect of metal contamination:

>e$ ,on$min$ion i5 ,+$r$,eriGed b!)

dr$m$i, de,re$5e o +e T in +e ir5 re$,or $55o,i$ed ;i+ $n in,re$5ed T in+e 5e,ond re$,or.

de,re$5e in o,$ne number.

n in,re$5e in $romiG$e i=uid "rodu, !ied.

De,re$5e o +!dro%en "rodu,ion.

'n $ddiion9 me,+$ni,$ "robem5 m$! re5u rom +e ,oe,ion o ,orro5ion "rodu,5 A5,$e9

ru5...B in +e ir5 $!er o +e ir5 ,$$!5 bed9 or +e $,,umu$ion o 5,$e9 ru5 in +e de$d

end59 o +e ir5 re$,or.


T+e ,on$min$n5 $nd +e 5our,e o ,on$min$ion $re i5ed in T$be 3 $bove. #revenion

,on5i55 o $de=u$e +!drore$in% $nd $""ro"ri$e m$eri$ 5ee,ion o imi ,orro5ion.

>e$ "oi5on5 $re %ener$! "$ri$! re$ined on +e u"5re$m +!drore$in% ,$$!55.

o;ever +e reenion ,$"$,i! i5 imied $nd bre$+rou%+ m$! o,,ur. u,+ $ bre$+rou%+;oud re5u in $ ver! +$rmu 5iu$ion or +e uni 5in,e +e5e "oi5on5 ;oud no be

eimin$ed b! +e ,$$!5 re%ener$ion.

' i5 ver! im"or$n o ,+e, "eriodi,$! +e me$ ,onen o +e +!drore$er eed $nd

"rodu,. ' en$be5 o monior +e "erorm$n,e o +e +!drore$er ;i+ re%$rd o

deme$iG$ion $nd $5o o be ;$rned o $ "o55ibe me$ bre$+rou%+ o +e +!drore$men

,$$!59 "rovidin% +e m$Eimum me$ reenion o +e +!drore$men ,$$!5 i5 no;n.

K+en +e me$ o$din% o +e +!drore$er ,$$!5 i5 ne$rin% +i5 i%ure9 +e +!drore$men

,$$!5 need5 be re"$,ed.

C Co

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(R'C( )

Coe de"o5i $e,5 +e ,$$!5 $,ivi! b! redu,in% +e ,on$, $re$ be;een ,$$!5 $nd +e

re$,$n5.

T+e norm$ ,oe ,onen o +e ,$$!5 ie5 be;een 4 o 6 b! ;ei%+. ?Norm$@ me$n5

+rou%+-"u9 eed5o, =u$i! $nd 5everi! ;i+in +e r$n%e deined in +e reev$n 5e,ion o

+e "ro,e55 boo9 $nd ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion ;i+in +e de5i%n o"er$in% r$n%e.

C$$!5 ;i+ noi,e$b! +i%+er ,oe ,onen ,$n be +$nded "rovided $ e; "re,$uion5 $re

$en AReer du5men o o"er$in% ,ondiion5B.

ome;+ere beo; 3 ; o ,oe9 +e o"er$ion o +e re%ener$ion m$! be,ome un5e$d!$nd i i5 re,ommended o momen$ri! 5+u i do;n.


in,e ,oe orm$ion i5 in+eren! $55o,i$ed ;i+ +e reormin% re$,ion59 +ere i5 no re$

;$! o $void i.

Coe ;i be redu,ed b! $ de,re$5e o re$,or em"er$ure Ai.e. i 5everi! i5 redu,edB $nd $n

in,re$5e in +!dro%en ,ir,u$ion. &o; o$ "re55ure9 o +e ,onr$r!9 $vor5 ,oe orm$ion.

en,e +e need or $ ,oninuou5 re%ener$ion or reormin% uni5 ;+i,+ o"er$e $ +i%+

5everiie5 A+i%+ em"er$ureB $nd o; "re55ure.

no+er "$r$meer o ;$,+9 o minimiGe ,oe i5 +e eed end "oin9 in order o imi +e$v!

"o!$rom$i,5 $moun. 'n (uro"e$n ,ounrie5 +e m$Eimum $o;$be eed end "oin mu5

no eE,eed 80HC AT> D86B9 $5 +e m$reed %$5oine end boiin% "oin i5 imied $

20HC.

Noe +$ in ,$5e o miEed eed5 Au5e o im"ored n$"++$9 R L ,r$,ed n$"++$9 e,VB +e

in$ boiin% "oin o +e miEure doe5 no %ive 5ui,ien inorm$ion. ($,+ eed 5+$ be

$n$!Ged 5e"$r$e! $5 o no; +e in$ boiin% "oin o e$,+ 5re$m.



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(R'C( )

AR SERIES CATALKSTS

CUMULATI>E POISONS LIMIT

?J&e reac&i t&e )i(it for oe $oi%o cata)+%t $erfor(ace% %tart to *eteriorate@

; ""m W 300

#b ; ""m W 200

5 ; ""m W 200

Xn ; ""m W 400

Co ; ""m W 400

Cr ; ""m W 400

>o ; ""m W 400Cd ; ""m W 400

Cu ; ""m W 400

Fe ; ""m W 000

i ; ""m W 400

N$ ; ""m W 00

C$ ; ""m W 00

< ; ""m W 00

>% ; ""m W 00



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(R'C( )

3rd$nd 4+re$,or5)

Cr$,in%

De+!dro,!,iG$ion



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(R'C( )

CATALKST DISTRI=UTION IN THE REACTORS

OICOUR!.*



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(R'C( )

6.'.! Proce%% 5aria8)e%

6.'.!.1 I*e$e*et 5aria8)e%

T+e "ro,e55 v$ri$be5 $re)

#re55ure.

Tem"er$ure.

"$,e veo,i!.

!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure or 2/C re,!,e r$io.

u$i! o +e eed.

Coe ,onen o +e 5"en ,$$!5 $ $5 re$,or oue.

T+e $bove $re i*e$e*et 5aria8)e%) e$,+ o +em ,$n be iEed b! +e o"er$or - ;i+in +e

o"er$in% r$n%e o +e e=ui"men - inde"enden! rom +e o+er5.

For one 5e o inde"enden v$ri$be59 or 5$me eed ,+$r$,eri5i,59 +ere i5 on! "erorm$n,e

o +e uni i.e. one 5e o v$ue5 or)

#rodu, !ied5.

#rodu, =u$i!.

C$$!5 5$bii! A,oe m$eB.

'n +i5 ,+$"er ;e eE$mine +e ee, on +e uni "erorm$n,e o e$,+ inde"enden v$ri$be

$en 5e"$r$e!.

6.'.!." Pre%%#re

!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure i5 +e b$5i, v$ri$be be,$u5e o i5 in+eren ee, on re$,ion r$e5.

*u or +e e$5e o under5$ndin% o$ re$,or "re55ure ,$n be u5ed. Re$,or "re55ure i5 mo5

$,,ur$e! deined $5 +e $ver$%e ,$$!5 "re55ure. Due o ,$$!5 di5ribuion in +e re$,or59

i i5 u5u$! ,o5e o +e $5 re$,or ine "re55ure.

+e +!dro%en "rodu,in% re$,ion5 i.e. de+!dro%en$ion9 de+!dro,!,i5$ion $re en+$n,ed

b! o; "re55ure.

T+e o;er +e "re55ure +e +i%+er +e !ied5 o bo+ reorm$e $nd +!dro%en or $ %iven

o,$ne number. T+i5 i5 +e re$5on or minimiGin% uni "re55ure dro" $nd o"er$in% $ +e

o;e5 "r$,i,$ "re55ure. &o; "re55ure +o;ever in,re$5e5 +e ,oe m$e.

O"er$or5 $,ion on "re55ure i5 imied)

O"er$in% "re55ure ri5e i5 imied b! e=ui"men de5i%n "re55ure.

O"er$in% "re55ure o;erin% i5 imied b! re,!,e ,om"re55or de5i%n "o;er $ndin$e voume.



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(R'C( )

6.'.!.' Te($erat#re

'n +eAromizing uni +e ,oe $moun on +e ,$$!5 i5 m$in$ined $ $ ,on5$n o; eve

+rou%+ +e ,oninuou5 re%ener$ion. Con5e=uen! $ em"er$ure $du5men i5 re=uired on!)

To "ro,e55 $ dieren eed =u$ni!.

To "ro,e55 $ dieren eed =u$i!.

To b$$n,e $ em"or$r! o55 o $,ivi! due o $ em"or$r! "oi5onin%.

To b$$n,e ,$$!5 $%ein% ;+i,+ o,,ur5 5o;! over 5ever$ !e$r5.

n in,re$5e o +e re$,or ine em"er$ure re5u5 in )

n in,re$5ed ,onver5ion o +e non $rom$i, ,om"ound5 o +e eed m$in! +e

"$r$in5. *u 5in,e +e +!dro,r$,in% re$,ion i5 more $vored +$n +e ,!,iG$ion

o "$r$in59 +e end re5u i5)

- n in,re$5ed o,$ne bu $ de,re$5e in $romiG$e !ied.

- n in,re$5e o +e ,oe de"o5i ;+i,+ i5 ,om"en5$ed b! $ ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion

in,re$5e o m$in$in $ 5$me eve +e ,oe ,onen o +e ,$$!5.

6.'.!.! S$ace 5e)ocit+

T+e 5"$,e veo,i! i5 +e $moun o i=uid eed9 eE"re55ed in ;ei%+ Aor in voumeB ;+i,+ i5

"ro,e55ed in one +our9 divided b! +e $moun o ,$$!5 ,on$ined in re$,or59 eE"re55ed in

;ei%+ Aor in voumeB. Kei%+ AvoumeB o eed $nd ,$$!5 mu5 be eE"re55ed ;i+ +e 5$me

uni.

Kei%+ our! "$,e eo,i!)re$,or5in,$$4!5o6Kei%+

+ourBA"er6eedo6Kei%+K/02=

&i=uid our! "$,e eo,i!)re$,or5in,$$4!5o62o4ume

+ourBA"erC37$6eedo62o4ume&/02

=

T+e inver5e o +e i=uid +our! 5"$,e veo,i! i.e. A&B-i5 ined ;i+ +e re5iden,e imeo +e eed in +e re$,or. T+e 5"$,e veo,i! +en $e,5 dire,! +e inei,5 o +e reormin%

re$,ion5.

de,re$5e in +e 5"$,e veo,i! me$n5 $n in,re$5ed re5iden,e ime9 +en,e $ +i%+er 5everi!

;+i,+ re5u5 in in,re$5ed o,$ne9 o;er $romiG$e !ied9 +i%+er ,oe de"o5i.

K+en ,+$n%in% eed r$e9 $n i($ortat reco((e*atioderive5 rom +e $bove)

A)a+% *ecrea%e reactor i)et te($erat#re fir%t a* *ecrea%e fee* f)o rate

afterar*%.

A)a+% icrea%e fee* f)o rate fir%t a* icrea%e te($erat#re afterar*%.



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(R'C( )

6.'.!. H+*roe to &+*rocar8o ratio a* &+*roe $artia) $re%%#re

T+e 2/C r$io i5 +e r$io o "ure +!dro%en in +e re,!,e %$5 Amoe/+ourB o +e eed o;

r$e Amoe/+ourB.

BAmoe/+ourr$eo;N$"++$

re,!,einBAmoe/+our+!dro%en#ure

C

2

!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure i5 ined o +e 2/C r$io. in,e +ere i59 in "r$,i,e9 ie

eEibii! in +e o$ "re55ure9 +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure i5 m$in! $du5ed +rou%+ re,!,eo;.

Re,!,e +!dro%en i5 ne,e55$r! in +e reormer o"er$ion or "ur"o5e5 o ,$$!5 5$bii!. '

+$5 +e ee, o 5;ee"in% +e re$,ion "rodu,5 $nd ,onden5$be m$eri$5 rom +e ,$$!5

$nd 5u""!in% +e ,$$!5 ;i+ re$di! $v$i$be +!dro%en. n in,re$5e in 2/C r$io ;i

move +e n$"++$ +rou%+ +e re$,or5 $ $ $5er r$e $nd 5u""! $ %re$er +e$ 5in or +e

endo+ermi, +e$ o re$,ion. T+e end re5u i5 $n in,re$5ed 5$bii!.

o;er 2/C r$io de,re$5e5 +e +!dro%en "$ri$ "re55ure $nd in,re$5e5 ,oe orm$ion.

Ki+in +e !"i,$ o"er$in% r$n%e9 +e 2/C r$io +$5 ie inuen,e on "rodu, =u$i! or

!ied5. ' i5 no $ v$ri$be +$ +e o"er$or !"i,$! $du559 i i5 5e b! de5i%n b$5ed on $n

e,onomi, b$$n,e be;een e=ui"men 5iGin% i.e. re,!,e ,om"re55or59 ired +e$er5 $nd +ere%ener$ion uni.

>oreover9 or $ %iven uni9 +e $moun o re,!,e i5 imied b! +e re,!,e ,om"re55or

,+$r$,eri5i,5 A"o;er9 5u,ion o;B.

6.'.!.6 Fee* 7#a)it+

A Di%ti))atio rae

&i%+ r$,ion5 +$ve $ "oor n$"++eni, $nd $rom$i, ,onen $nd ,on5e=uen! $ +i%+ C6

"$r$ini, ,onen. C!,iG$ion o C6 "$r$in5 o $rom$i,5 i5 more dii,u +$n ,!,iG$ion

o C7 or C8 "$r$in59 $5 di5,u55ed in ?

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(R'C( )

= C&e(ica) co($o%itio

T+e de$ied ,+emi,$ ,om"o5iion o +e eed i5 deermined b! %$5 ,+rom$o%r$"+! $n$!5i5.

T+i5 $n$!5i5 i5 ne,e55$r! o "redi, +e $rom$i,5 $nd +!dro%en "rodu,ion $5 ;e $5 +e

5everi! o +e o"er$ion.

(ven i no 5ui,ien or $ ,om"ee "redi,ion9 $n indeE o ,+$r$,eriG$ion o +e eed5o,5

re$ed o +e $,u$ $nd "oeni$ $rom$i,5 ,onen o +e eed9 "roved ver! u5eu. N L 2

+$5 on% been u5ed AN $nd voume o n$"++ene5 $nd $rom$i,5 in +e eedB. (N

no; u5e5 0.8 N L ;+i,+ i5 ound o be more re"re5en$ive.

T+e +i%+er +i5 indeE9 +e o;er +e 5everi! o o"er$ion o mee +e 5$me "rodu,

5"e,ii,$ion5. T+e o;er +i5 indeE Ai.e. +e +i%+er +e "$r$in5 ,onenB9 +e +i%+er +e

5everi! o o"er$ion o mee +e 5$me "rodu, 5"e,ii,$ion5 $5 +e de+!dro,!,iG$ion o

"$r$in5 be,ome5 im"or$n.

Noe +$ ,r$,ed n$"++$5 +$ve $ r$io n$"++ene5 C6nu,eu5 / n$"++ene5 Cnu,eu5 mu,+

o;er +$ R n$"++$5.

Ratio NNC6B NNC

N#(8er

of car8o

SR a$&t&a Co

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(R'C( )

TA=LE !

EFFECT OF PROCESS >ARIA=LES

Icrea%e* RONC Refor(ate +ie)* H"+ie)* Co

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(R'C( )

TA=LE

Mai(#( a))oa8)e i($#ritie% ?t@ i t&e fee*

Co($oet Ma. a))oa8)e ?t@

uur A$5 5uurB 0. ""m m$E

Or%$ni, niro%en A$5 niro%enB 0. ""m m$E

K$er or oE!%en$ed "rodu,5 ""m m$E

C+orine 0. ""m m$E

Fuorine 0. ""m m$E

r5eni, ""b m$E

&e$d ""b m$E

Co""er M dee,ion imi

>er,ur! ""b m$E

'ron M dee,ion imi

ii,on M dee,ion imi

Ni,e M dee,ion imi

C+romium M dee,ion imi

odium M dee,ion imi

C$dmium M dee,ion imi

#o$5ium M dee,ion imi

>$n%$ne5e M dee,ion imi

>$%ne5ium M dee,ion imi



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(R'C( )

6.! Pre$aratio for %tart-#$

6.!.1 C&roo)o+ of o$eratio%

!"i,$ 8ar c&art %c&e*#)e or +e ir5 5$r-u" Ain,udin% +e "+$5e5 o 5$ru" "re"$r$ion

in ;+i,+ (N i5 invovedB i5 $$,+ed.

T+e e=ui"men in5"e,ion Are$,or59 re%ener$or9 ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion9 ...B $e5 "$,e "rior o

+e 5u,,e55ion o $55 ;+i,+ ,on5iue5 +e 5$ru" 5e=uen,e i5e9 $nd $ v$ri$be ime %$"

5e"$r$e5 +e e=ui"men in5"e,ion rom +e $rriv$ on 5ie o +e (N\5 re"re5en$iveA5B.

T+e e! mie5one ;+i,+ en$be5 +e (n%ineerin% Conr$,or or +e Uni O;ner o in5er +e

Aromizing 5,+edue ;i+in +i5 over$ 5,+edue i5 in $, t&e a5ai)a8i)it+ of t&e rec+c)e

co($re%%or a* fire* &eater%;+i,+ $o;5 o inii$e +e dr! ou o +e re$,ion 5e,ion.

T+i5 i5 ;+! +i5 mie5one +$5 been 5ee,ed $5 +e ori%in o ime.

For +e (n%ineerin% Conr$,or 5,+edue +e $bove "eriod 5+oud ,oin,ide ;i+ +e end o +e

,ommi55ionin% o +e uiiie5 Auiiie5 5!5em5 $v$i$beB $nd +e ,om"eion o +e

,ommi55ionin% o +e uni A;$er ;$5+9 +!droe559...B.

T+en $ !"i,$ c&roo)o+ of o$eratio% i5 $5 oo;5 A5$rin% rom (N\5 e$m $rriv$

on 5ieB. Uni in5"e,ion

Anoe +$ in5rumen ,+e,5 ;i eEend $mo5 uni +e oi inB.

'nii$ e$ e5

On,e +e re,!,e ,om"re55or $nd +e ired +e$er5 $re $v$i$be +e dr! ou o +e

re$,ion 5e,ion ,$n 5$r. T+e +!dro%en ri,+ %$5 ,om"re55or $nd +e N2 i

,om"re55or ;i be 5$red 5imu$neou5! or 5ub5e=uen!.

T+e dr! ou o +e re%ener$ion 5e,ion i5 ,$rried ou $5 5oon $5 +e re%ener$ion

,om"re55or $nd +e reev$n ee,ri,$ +e$er5 $re $v$i$be.

er $ ,ooin% do;n "eriod $nd $ $5 in5"e,ion o +e inern$5 +e ,$$!5 o$din%

$e5 "$,e.

5e,ond e$ e5 $nd "$ri$ inerin% o +e re$,ion 5e,ion $nd +e re%ener$ion5e,ion i5 "erormed.

C$$!5 i5 ,ir,u$ed $nd dried.

Fin$ inerin%.

$biiG$ion i5 5$red $ o$ reuE.

T+e re$,ion 5e,ion i5 "re55uriGed ;i+ +!dro%en $nd ,$$!5 redu,ion $e5 "$,e.

Oi-in) eed i5 inrodu,ed $ redu,ed +rou%+"u)

ir5 $ o; 5everi!.

+en $ +i%+ 5everi!.

+rou%+"u i5 in,re$5ed o i5 nomin$ i%ure. Re%ener$ion 5$r-u".



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(R'C( )

OICOUR.*



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(R'C( )

6.!." I%$ectio

T+e ir5 in5"e,ion $,ivi! $e5 "$,e o;$rd5 +e end o +e ,on5ru,ion ;or. 5 5oon $5

ere,ion i5 $dv$n,ed enou%+ $nd ;+en ound ,onvenien or +e Uni O;ner9 (N ;i

5end re"re5en$iveA5B o ,$rr! ou +e E7#i$(et I%$ectio Are$,or9 re%ener$or9 ,$$!5

,ir,u$ion9 %ener$ $! ouB. T+e 5ooner i5 +e beer 5in,e i ;i $o; ime or ,orre,ion

;or9 i $n!. For +i5 $5 one A;oB en%ineerA5B i5 A$reB re=uired or $ "eriod o ;o AoneB

;eeA5B.

Uit i%$ectio4 ;+i,+ de$5 m$in! ;i+ ,onormi! o +e uni o +e $""roved #'D\59o"er$bii!9 in5rumen ,+e,59 ;i be ,$rried ou "rior o +e me,+$ni,$ ,om"eion. '

re=uire5 !"i,$! ;o en%ineer-;ee5. T+e u 5$r u" e$m i5 mobiiGed 5ome;+$ $er.

6.!.".1 E7#i$(et i%$ectio

#rior o (N\5 in5"e,ion +e e=ui"men invoved mu5 +$ve been reed rom debri59 ru59

;edin% rod5... em"or$r! 5u""or5. T+e inner 5ur$,e mu5 be ,e$ned $nd bru5+ed i needed9

$nd +e e=ui"men v$,uum ,e$ned.

(N\5 re=uiremen5 $re eE"re55ed e55eni$! in 5e,ion Re,ommend$ion5 or

Con5ru,ion $nd 5e,ion (=ui"men 5"e,ii,$ion5 o +e #ro,e55 boo A,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion

$nd re%ener$ionB. T+e! ;i $5o be eE"re55ed in due ime +rou%+ +e cotract#a) re5ie oft&e critica) e7#i$(et a% )i%te* i %ectio ".

A Reactor%

ARe) Re$,or5 dr$;in%5 e,ion 2 o +e #ro,e55 booB.

T+e 5$u5 "rior o in5"e,ion i5 5u""o5ed o be $5 oo;5) re$,or i5 ere,ed ;i+ $ i5

inern$5 in5$ed. #i"in% i5 ,onne,ed.

+e de$ied (n%ineerin% "+$5e enou%+ ,e$r$n,e mu5 +$ve been "rovided $round +e o"

o e$,+ re$,or o $o; or +e remov$ o +e ine ebo;.

Four ,$$!5 "i"e5 rom +e u""er +o""er5 ;i be di5m$ned o e$5e +e remov$ o +e ine

ebo;. T+e ine di5ribuor i5 removed +en $nd ,+e,ed or 5iGe $nd "o5iionin%.

ir mu5 be ,ir,u$ed +rou%+ +e re$,or o $o; or enr!.

a@ U$$er %ectio

T+e 5e$in% rin%5 $round +e ,$$!5 eed "i"e5 mu5 be ,+e,ed or ree movemen.

Ce$r$n,e be;een +e v$riou5 "ie,e5 mu5 be ,+e,ed. T+e +ermo,ou"e59 i $n!9 mu5 $5o

move ree! in +e ,over "$e $nd +eir dedi,$ed 5e$ rin% mu5 5ide $on% +e +ermo;e

"i"e. Remove our ,over "$e5 $nd one or ;o ,oni,$ 5e,or5 in order o $,,e55 +e 5"$,e

$o;ed or ,$$!5.



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(R'C( )

8@ O#ter cata)+%t %#$$ort ri* or %ca))o$%

T+e ouer 5u""or or 5,$o"5 %rid ;i be ,+e,ed or ,om"i$n,e ;i+ (N\5

5"e,ii,$ion5.

T+e ,e$r$n,e be;een +e veri,$ ;ire5 o +e 5,reen i5 ,+e,ed9 or ,onormi!9 u5in% $

r$ndom me+od. T+e 5,reen ;i $5o be in5"e,ed or $bnorm$ ;$ve $m"iude5. T+e! $re

+e m$in ,$u5e5 o uure deorm$ion.

T+e ,on,enri,i! o +e %rid i5 ,+e,ed $ +e o" "$r. T+e mobie ,enerin% "ie,e5 $re

$du5ed in order o +$ve 0 mm be;een +e ed%e o +e "ie,e5 $nd +e 5+e.

For +e boom "$r o +e 5,reen +e bo5 mu5 be uni%+ened in order o ,+e, +e ,e$r$n,e

be;een +e 5u""or rin% $nd +e o;er $n%e o +e 5,reen. Con,enri,i! o +e boom "$r

i5 ,+e,ed $ +i5 o,,$5ion.

*o5 $re i%+ened $,,ordin% o (N\5 re,ommend$ion5 i.e. i%+en +e bo5 on +e

5"$,er5 no on +e 5u""or rin%. T+i5 i5 o "rovide or +erm$ eE"$n5ion o +e ouer %rid

A+e$in% $nd ,ooin% o +e ,$$!5 bed5B.

c@ Ceter $i$e

T+e ,ener "i"e i5 ,+e,ed or i5 ,om"i$n,e ;i+ (N\5 5"e,ii,$ion5.T+e ,e$r$n,e be;een +e veri,$ ;ire5 i5 ,+e,ed or ,onormi!9 u5in% $ r$ndom "ro,e55.

bnorm$ ;$ve 5+$"e5 ,oud $e, ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion.

C+e, +e oo;in%)

+oe5 in +e "eror$ed "i"e mu5 no be binded b! +e reinor,emen b$r5 o +e

5,reen.

+e +ree "in5 or +e ,ener "i"e orien$ion $re in "$,e $nd $5ened ;i+ +e e!5.

+e 5e$ rin%5 in +e o;er ,enerin% rin% $re ,orre,! ied in +eir %rove5.

*@ Cata)+%t $i$e%Ce$n +e ,$$!5 "i"e5 Are$,or o" $nd boomB o remove debri59 5,$e5 e,.

C$ibr$e e$,+ "i"e individu$!9 u5in% or in5$n,e $ ,$ibr$ed b$. T+i5 i5 o en5ure +e

5moo+ ini5+ o +e ;ed -$5 re,ommended b! (N- i5 me.

For +e u""er +o""er ,$$!5 "i"e9 remove +e o" 5e,ion o +e +o""er9 ,+e, +e ,$$!5

"i"e 5iGe $nd ini5+9 ,+e, +$ +e drum i5 ,e$n9 $nd +$ +e rin% i5 +e ri%+ one.

= Reeerator

' +e remov$be "$r5 o +e re%ener$or $re no in5$ed !e9 +e! ;i be ,e$ned9 ,+e,ed

on %round $nd "re$55embed beore bein% ied in. ' +e! $re $re$d! in5$ed9 +e! ;i be

in5"e,ed rom in5ide.



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(R'C( )

U""er m$n+oe >)

- O"en $nd ,+e, ,e$nine55.

O+er m$n+oe5 >29 >39 >49 >)

- C+e, over$ ,e$nine55.

- C+e, iE$ion $nd ,enerin% o +e ,enr$ ,oe,or.

- C+e, $5enin% o +e inern$ ,$$!5 5u""or %rid on +e ,enr$ ,oe,or.

- C+e, ,on,enri,i! o eEern$ $nd inern$ ,$$!5 5u""or %rid.

- C+e, +$ +e "$riion5 r$!5 be;een +e dieren 5e,ion5 $re "ro"er! iEed.

- C+e, ree movemen o 5ide rin%5 ied on inern$ ,$$!5 "i"e5.

- C+e, oE!,+orin$ion ine $nd oue 5,reen5.

C Co)#(% a* *r#(%

"e,i$ $enion i5 dr$;n o t&e fo))oi *r#(% &ic& (#%t 8e i%$ecte*b! (N)

drum5 in ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion A+o""er59 i "o5...B.

T+e re%ener$ion ;$5+in% drum."e,i$ ,$re mu5 be $en re%$rdin% +e ;$5+in% drum. ' i5 ,o$ed ;i+ $ non-me$i,

,orro5ion-re5i5$n ,o$in% ) Fiber Reinor,ed #$5i, AFR#B. U*(RT i5 +e m$nd$or!

5u""ier or +e 5u""!in% $nd +e $""i,$ion o +i5 ,o$in% A5ee reeren,e on e=ui"men d$$

5+ee in #ro,e55 *ooB.

T+e oo;in% "oin5 +$ve o be noi,ed )

-I a+ ca%e t&e o$erati te($erat#re i t&i% *r#( (#%t ot ecee* /0C i or*er to

re%$ect $&+%ica) coati iterit+. Co%e7#et)+ %tea( o#t i% tota))+ for8i**e.

-O"enin% $nd inern$ $,,e55 o +e ve55e 5+$ no be done ;i+ou Een5 or uber

"reimin$r! $%reemen in order o $void $n! inern$ ,o$in% d$m$%e.

-'nern$5 $55emb! 5+$ be "erormed under +e Een5 or uber re"re5en$ive 5u"ervi5ion

-Dedi,$ed ,$re5 5+$ be $en o $void $n! d$m$%e on FR#-,o$in% durin% inern$5

in5$$ion

-5 $r $5 "o55ibe Een5 +i%+! re,ommend5 i5o$in% +e drum durin% +e "i"in% ;$5+in%

"+$5e.

Durin% $ o"er$ion5 do no or%e +$ o$erati te($erat#re i t&i% *r#( (#%t ot

ecee* /0C i or*er to re%$ect $&+%ica) coati iterit+. Co%e7#et)+ %tea( o#t i%

tota))+ for8i**e.



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(R'C( )

A9ENS re%er5e% t&e ri&t to i%$ect t&e ot&er co)#(% a* *r#(%.

*eore ,o5in% +e m$n+oe5 o +e e=ui"men9 $ $5 in5"e,ion i5 ,$rried ou. T+e $im i5 o

,+e, +e "re5en,e o orei%n bodie5 in5ide +e e=ui"men $nd o 5ee ;+e+er inern$5 5u,+ $5

;ire me5+9 ,om"$rmen59 r$!59 voreE bre$er59 en%+ $nd "o5iion o +e +ermo,ou"e59

reuE $nd eed di5ribuor59 e,.. +$ve +e ri%+ 5iGe $nd $re "ro"er! ied.

D Geera) arrae(et reactor4 reeerator4 cata)+%t circ#)atio

T+e $!ou o +e v$riou5 e=ui"men in +e re$,ion 5e,ion $nd re%ener$ion 5e,ion in,udin%

,$$!5 i ine5 $re ,+e,ed or ,om"i$n,e ;i+ (N\5 re=uiremen ;i+ re%$rd o +eirre5"e,ive $nd re$ive eev$ion $nd 5o"e Am$in! or ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ionB. T+e ,e$r$n,e $nd

+e $,,e55 or di5m$nin% ,rii,$ "$r5 or ,$$!5 o$din%/uno$din% $re $5o ,+e,ed.

E Lift $i$e% a* cata)+%t $i$e%

T+e 5moo+ ini5+ o +e5e "i"e5 i5 o "$r$moun im"or$n,e o $void eE,e55ive ,$$!5

$riion ;+i,+ i5 +e 5our,e o v$riou5 roube5.

(N +$5 i55ued re,ommend$ion5 or +e i "i"e5 i5omeri,5 $5 ;e $5 or +e =u$i! o

;ed ini5+. Reer o 5e,ion 4 ) #i"in% o +e #ro,e55 *oo C$$!5 ,ir,u$ion $nd

re%ener$ion.

T+e (n%ineerin% ,om"$n! or #$n O;ner mu5 m$e 5ure +$ +e 5ub,onr$,or5 in ,+$r%eo +e5e $55 $re $;$re o +e re,ommend$ion5. ' i5 5ron%! $dvi5ed +$ $n in5"e,or be

$55i%ned or +e ,+e,in% $nd +$ in5"e,ion re,ord5 be ;rien.

(N\5 re"re5en$ive5 ;i $udi +e in5"e,ion re,ord5 $nd "ro,eed ;i+ r$ndom ,+e,5.

>ore eEen5ive ,+e,5 ;i be re=uired 5+oud +e re5u5 o +e r$ndom ,+e,5 "rove

un5$i5$,or!.

de$u5 mu5 be ,orre,ed "rior o ,$$!5 ,ir,u$ion 5$r-u".

6.!."." Uit i%$ectio

T+i5 in5"e,ion i5 +e ir5 $5 o (N\5 e$m u"on i5 $rriv$ on 5ie. ' 5+$ $e "$,e

"rior o +e me,+$ni,$ ,om"eion o +e uni.



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(R'C( )

A PID% c&ec<

Durin% +e "+$5e5 o +e de$ied (n%ineerin% ;or9 +e $5 i55ue o +e (n%ineerin% #'D\5

mu5 +$ve been ,+e,ed $%$in5 +e $5 i55ue o (N\5 #'D\5.

U"on +eir $rriv$9 +e (N e$m ;i ,$rr! ou $ ,+e, o +e S$5 buiS uni $%$in5 +e

re=uiremen5 eE"re55ed in (N\5 #'D\5. T+i5 ,+e, i5 "rim$ri! or "i"in%9 in5rumen $nd

iin%5. &o,$ion o in5rumen59 v$ve59 iin%5 Ain,udin% dri" rin%59 5"e,i$ 5+u o v$ve59

ie-in5 e,.B9 ;+enever (N i55ued $ 5"e,i$ re,ommend$ion9 ;i be ,+e,ed or

,om"i$n,e ;i+ +i5 re,ommend$ion.

Remedi$ ;or ;i be ,$rried ou9 i ne,e55$r!.

= O$era8i)it+ c&ec

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(R'C( )

c@ >a)5e%

T+e ,onro v$ve5 $re removed durin% ;$5+in% o"er$ion5. T+e! ;i be ,+e,ed or

,e$nne55 o +e 5e$5 $nd ree movemen o +e "u% or b$.

C+e, +e v$ve5 moion $nd +eir re5"on5e o +e ,onroer 5i%n$.

K+en $ +e 5in%e in5rumen5 +$ve been individu$! ,+e,ed9 ;+en $ +eir $ddre55e5 +$ve

been veriied in +e DC.9 +en +e oo" ,+e,in% ,$n $e "$,e or e$,+ oo" or %rou" o

,onro oo"5.

($,+ TR'#9 ei+er ined o +e "ro,e55 or o e=ui"men9 5+$ $5o be individu$! e5ed.

*@ Safet+ *e5ice% a* Se7#etia) iter)oc

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(R'C( )

T+e ,+e, o +e mooriGed v$ve5 i5 "$r o +e 5$me $5. ' in,ude5 )

- 5ie e5 o +e o"enin% / ,o5in% o +e v$ve u"on +e in"u 5i%n$.

- ,+e, o +e re"ored inorm$ion in +e ,onro room $nd $ ,+e, o +e ,onro room

,omm$nd.

'nero,5 $e!

T+e 'nero,5 $e! AISB $re inde"enden 5!5em5 ;+i,+ in +e o,,urren,e o "re-deined

"oeni$! +$rmu even59 inii$iGe v$riou5 $,ion5 5u,+ $5)

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