Dr. Fathi Neana, MDChief of Orthopaedics

Dr. Fakhry & Dr. Al-Garzaie HospitalSaudi Arabia

October, 12- 2017

هم بعض ال ذي عملوا لعل ليذيقهم اس ظهر الفساد في البر والبحر بما كسبت أيدي الن

الروم( 41)يرجعون Mischief has appeared on land and sea because of (the meed) that the hands of men have earned, that

(Allah) may give them a taste of some of their deeds: in order that they may turn back (from Evil). (Quran 30:41)

Plant and Animal effects

Humans impact on environment

Extinction can occur naturally, however human impact on the environment can also cause species to die out. Human activity > 150 years industrial revolution led to a change in the world’s climate. As a result of the production of carbon dioxide, and other heat-trapping gases from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation causing the greenhouse effect.

Human activity can cause damage to the environment in several different ways: Destruction of natural habitats Deforestation Fossil fuels Over-hunting and Over-fishing Climate change Pollution different types

Deforestation

Humans often destroy forest habitats to make room for housing or industry. This is called deforestation.

If a woodland habitat is destroyed some animals may no longer have resources they need, e.g. food and shelter. Species that aren’t able to survive outside of their natural environment may become endangered.

In Borneo, southeast Asia, forests are slowly being removed to make way for other crops.

1950 1985 2000 2005

Climate Change

1- Higher global temperatures (Global warming) Sea level rising Different geographical distribution of rain

fall. Heavy rains & flooding in new sites (Cities) Desertification of original sites (Africa ..) El Niño Tropical cyclones Methane clathrate emission Earthquakes Volcano eruptions2- Global Dimming Agricultural effect

Ecosystem Dysfunction النظام البيئي

Ecosystem definitiona system, or a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment

EXTINCTION TODAYToday, many scientists think the evidence indicates a sixth mass extinction is under way. The blame for this one, perhaps the fastest in Earth's history, falls firmly on the shoulders of humans. By the year 2100, human activities such as pollution, land clearing, and overfishing may drive more than half of the world's marine and land species to extinction.

Ecosystem Dysfunction and thesixth mass extinction

Human activities the fastest in earth's history

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Why it is important to conserve species?

Biodiversity is the number and variety of organisms found in an area. Every living thing plays a vital role in an ecosystem. Extinction of one species can have a huge impact on the rest of the community by decreasing the biodiversity

Extinction can also decrease the resources available to humans. For example, food and some medicines are made from plants – if a plant species becomes extinct its unique chemicals are no longer available to us.

The Consequences of Pollution

Physical effects of pollution Ecosystem dysfunction

Environment, greenhouse phenomena

Climate change, global warming vs. dimming

Infrastructure and Development

Biological effects of pollution People

Animals

Plants

Plant and Animal effects

Effects of Environmental and Climate Change

Effects of Air Pollution

Effects of Water Pollution

Effects of Soil Pollution

Effects of Noise Pollution

Effects of Oil spill

Effects of War

Effects of Climate Change

Animals are adapted to suit their environment, helping them survive and reproduce. However if the environment changes they may no longer have this advantage.

A change in environment can cause extinction.

Extinction is when the last individual of a species dies.When a species is at risk of extinction, it is endangered.

Over 1,100 animal species and over 700 plant species are classed as endangered or threatened.

Effects of Climate Change

Extinction due to Climate Change

If climate change causes an impact on habitats and ecosystems this could result in more species becoming extinct.

It is thought that 20–30% of species are likely to be at risk of extinction if the global average temperature rises by 1.5–2.5 °C beyond 1990 levels.

What evidence is there that global temperatures are rising?

Effects of Air Pollutionon trees and plants

•Acid rainsbecause of air pollution damages the trees and plants

•Ultraviolet radiationfrom the sun owing to the hole in ozone layer directly impacts the trees and plants and deprives them of their natural features

Effects of Air Pollutionon trees and plants

Injury vs. Damage:•Injury: An observable alteration in the plant when exposed to air pollution.First appear as leaf injury spots between the veins, leaf margin discolouration, and leaf tip burns. •Damage: An economic or aesthetic loss due to interference with the use of a plant

Cross section of a leaf

Two ways of pollutant entrance to plant

• Direct way:Through stomates which openand close to allow air through the interior parts

• Indirect way: Through the root system. Pollutants deposit in soil and water and these pollutants were taken by the roots of the plant.

Leafs are important because of its functions

• Photosynthesis accomplished by chloroplasts

6CO2+6H2O C2H12O6+6O2

• Transpiration:

Movement of water from the root system up to the leaves. Nutrient movement and cooling

• Respiration:

Oxidation of carbonhydrates, energy producing process.

C2H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O

Pollutant Source Symptoms

Ozone Nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons emitted from

automobiles, industrial combustion, oil refineries,

and many lesser sources react with sunlight to

form ozone. During electrical storms, ozone is

produced and can be brought down from the

upper atmosphere by strong down drafts.

Four different kinds of symptoms can result from ozone exposure. The most

common symptom is localized thickening and pigmentation of the cell walls

causing sharply defined small dot-like lesions. General upper surface bleaching

is another common type of injury. Large bifacial necrotic areas ranging from

white to red may develop if all the tissue through the leaf is killed. Some species

show only general chlorosis or chlorotic mottling or chlorotic flecks.

Sulfur Dioxide Emmitted during combustion of many fuels,

especially coal and petroleum. Also released

during smelting operations.

Accumulation of sulfite in tissues produces a general chlorotic appearance of

the leaf and a silvering or bronzing of the undersurface. Acute injury from

absorption of lethal quantities of sulfur dioxide appears as marginal or inter

coastal areas of dead tissue with a gray- green water soaked appearance,

which usually dries to a bleached ivory color but may turn brown, red or black.

The necrotic areas may fall out and after much of the leaf is affected, it will

shed.

Fluoride Released from manufacturing processes involved

in the production of aluminum, steel, ceramics,

and phosphorous chemicals and fertilizers.

Necrosis is the characteristic symptom of fluoride injury occurring on broad-

leaved species at the leaf tips and margins where the fluoride accumulates.

First sign of injury is a dull-green water soaked discoloration of these tissues

within 24 hours or several days depending on concentration. These water

soaked tissues turn light to dark brown within 48 hours during hot weather. Cool

temperatures may delay symptoms as much as several days. Symptoms on

needles of pine and other conifers consist of dead tissue beginning at the tip

and progressing toward the base. Injured tissue first is chlorotic

and turns buff to reddish- brown.

Nitrogen

Oxides

Peroxyactyl

(PAN)

Produced by high temperature combustion. Many plants develop a silvering of the lower leaf surface with PAN. Leaves of

sensitive species develop a slightly oily or waxy appearance two to three hours

after exposure. Glazed symptoms develop

gradually with the advanced bronzing stage following after two or three days.

Very young and the most mature leaves are resistant.

Ozone InjuryOzone, the major component of oxidants is formed by the action of sunlight on products of fuel combustion and can be moved to nearby growing areas by wind. Symptoms vary depending on the concentration of

ozone in the air and the length of exposure, Ozone injury occurs on the most recently emerged leaves. Typical

ozone injury may not be evident on leaves exposed to a mixture of pollutants. Symptoms differ in different areas

of the province.foliage with flecking "pepper spotting" injury typical of ozone injury.Huntsville, Ontario.

Ozone damageNote Flecking or

stippling symptoms on leaves

Nitrogen Oxides Peroxyactyl (PAN) injury

Typical of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) injury creates a glazy bronzing on the underside of newly expanded potato leaves.

SO2 DamageSO2 causes an interveinal necrosis. Note the

green veins in these samples.

Fluorine Damage:Note the marginal necrosis (this is similar to salt

damage).

•Formation of the acid rain in the air damages fish life in lakes and streams

•Rays from ozone layer with excessive ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun may cause skin cancer in animals

•Rays from ozone in the lower atmosphere may destroy lung tissues of the animals

•Toxic chemicals can force wildlife species to migrate to ne places and change their habitat

Effects of Air PollutionAnimal life

Effects on metals

• Rusting

• Corrosion due to moisture, temperature and pollutants

• Alteration of electrical properties

Effects of Air Pollutionon materials

• Discoloration

• Blackening

• gypsum formation

• Cracking

• Gypsum formation

CaCO3+H2SO4+2H2O CaSO4.2H2O+H2CO3

CaCO3+H2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2

Effects of Air Pollutionon stone

• Visibility is reduced due to light scattering or absorption by the gases and particulates.

• Scattering is wavelength dependent. Longer wavelenths scatter less.

• Light absorption by NO2 Absorbs shorter blue causing red lights to be seen

Effects of Air Pollution on theatmosphere, visibility degradation

Atmospheric haze

• Reduced visibility caused by the presence of fine particles or NO2 in the atmosphere

• Particles are in the range of 0.1-1.0 um. The major component of atmospheric haze is sulfate, nitrate, graphitic material, fly ash and aerosols.

• Primary and secondary particulate matters cause haze.

Kualo Lumbur,2005, Malasia

Emergency was announced on august 2005. API was greater than 500

Effects of Water Pollutionon Animal life

•Pollution nutrients cause excessive growth of toxic algae leading to the outbreak of diseases in fish•Chemically contaminated water suppresses frog and tadpole biodiversity•Oil pollution damages the growth of sea birds•Polluted water retards the reproductive efficiency of animals•Persistent organic pollutants contain the growth of fish and wipe out their breed•Excessive quantity of sodium chloride in water may kill animals

Effects of Water Pollutionon trees and plants

•It causes disruption in photosynthesis in aquatic plants with eventual negative impact on ecosystem

•Contaminated water destroys flora and fauna in the water

•Excessive sodium chloride in water affects the growth of the plants in the water

Effects of Soil Pollutionon animal life

•Polluted soil may affect metabolismof microorganisms and arthropods which may contain the primary food chain putting negative impact on predator species

•Insects may eat polluted soil which hits their biodiversity

Effects of Soil Pollutionon trees and plants

•It reduce the crop yields owing to alteration in metabolism of plants

•Trees and plants may intake oil contaminants and transfer them into food produce

Effects of Noise Pollutionon animal life

•Like human beings, animals are also vulnerable to excessive noise and their nervous system may weaken

•Effects of noise on their nerves may make them quite unpredictable and they become so dangerous

•Animals loosen the grip over their mind because of noise beyond tolerable limits

ON ANIMAL LIFE

Effects of Noise Pollutionon plants

Effects of Oil Spill

Effects of Oil Spill

Environment

Plants

Animals

Birds

fish, shrimp, and crabs

Mammals?

The 13 largest oil spills in historyHere's a look at the largest spills in world history and how the Gulf oil spill and the Exxon

Valdez disaster compare.LAURA MOSS

July 16, 2010, 12 p.m.

The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989Not included in Top 13 In terms of sheer volume, the Exxon Valdez spill ranks as the 36th

worst oil spill in history; however, the spill was far from small. Despite attempts to

use dispersing agents and oil skimming ships, oil washed onto 1,300 miles of

Alaskan coastline. Today, oil remains a few inches belo

America’s Second-Worst Oil Spill Is Still Scarring the Shores of Alaska Jennifer LatsonMar 24, 2015

1- Kuwait March 24, 1991, 11 AMThe top worst oil spill in historyTurning Night into Day and Day into Night

The 13 largest oil spills in historyHere's a look at the largest spills in world history and how the Gulf oil spill and the Exxon

Valdez disaster compare.LAURA MOSS

July 16, 2010, 12 p.m.

13. The Torrey Canyon Oil SpillWhen: March 18, 1967Where: Scilly Isles, U.K.12. The Sea Star Oil SpillWhen: Dec. 19, 1972Where: Gulf of OmanAmount spilled: 35.3 million gallons11. Odyssey Oil SpillWhen: Nov. 10, 1988Where: Off the coast of Nova Scotia, CanadaAmount spilled: 40.7 million gallons10. M/T Haven Tanker Oil SpillWhen: April 11, 1991Where: Genoa, ItalyAmount spilled: 45 million gallons9. ABT Summer Oil SpillWhen: May 28, 1991Where: About 700 nautical miles off the coast of AngolaAmount spilled: 51-81 million gallons8. Amoco Cadiz Oil SpillWhere: Portsall, FranceAmount spilled: 69 million gallonsw the surface on many of Alaska’s beaches7. Castillo de Bellver Oil SpillWhen: Aug. 6, 1983Where: Saldanha Bay, South AfricaAmount spilled: 79 million gallons

6. Nowruz Oil Field SpillWhen: Feb. 10, 1983Where: Persian Gulf, IranAmount spilled: 80 million gallons5. Kolva River Oil SpillWhen: Aug. 6, 1983Where: Kolva River, RussiaAmount spilled: 84 million gallons4. Atlantic Empress Oil SpillWhen: July 19, 1979Where: Off the coast of Trinidad and TobagoAmount spilled: 90 million gallons3. Ixtoc 1 Oil SpillWhen: June 3, 1979Where: Bay of Campeche off Ciudad del Carmen, MexicoAmount spilled: 140 million gallons2. Gulf oil spill)When: April 22, 2010Where: Gulf of MexicoAmount spilled: An estimated 206 million gallons

1. Arabian Gulf/KuwaitWhen: Jan. 19, 1991Where: Persian Gulf, KuwaitAmount spilled: 380-520 million gallons

How does the Exxon Valdez oil spill compare?In terms of sheer volume, the Exxon Valdez spill ranks as the 36th worst oil spill in

history; however, the spill was far from small. Despite attempts to use

dispersing agents and oil skimming ships, oil washed onto 1,300 miles of

Alaskan coastline. Today, oil remains a few inches belo

1. Booms

2. Skimmers

3. Pads

4. Setting oil on fire

5. Spreading chemicals

6. Spraying the shore

7. Adding Bacteria

8- Animal Rescue

Methods for cleaning up oil spills?

War and the Environment

War and the Environment

• Cratering (Bombturbation) - Soil pollution• Fire – Air pollution• Injury to Plants and Animals

– Threat to mountain gorillas from civil war in Africa– May actually be less damaging to flora and fauna than normal

commerce, development and agriculture.

• Chemical Contamination• Nuclear Accidents

– Accidental release of chemicals or radiation, as opposed to chemical or nuclear warfare.

• Vandalism (Kuwait Oil Wells – 1991)

• Chemical Warfare

• Biological Warfare

• Hypothetical Dooms day Devices

• Electromagnetic Warfare

• Whether and tectonic Weapons

Could create earthquakes, volcanoes, or similar events in specified locations by interference with the earth's geological processes

Electromagnetic WarfareThe Big Bad Pulse?

HAARP: Secret WeaponClimate and Weather Modification,

Electromagnetic Warfare

Laser Cannon Demonstration by U.S. Navy

We are all involved to save life on our planet earth

The goal is to propagate the evidence based new scientific facts

To create a global awareness about the newly emerged rapidly growing lifestyle diseases and the way for prevention

Every one is involved and is responsible to accomplishing this mission

The safest way possible is to follow the trustable sensible sources of information and calibrate it with the absolute truth

Do not rely upon or be deceived by the accumulated funded historical lies and myths.

We are all involved to save life on our planet earth

Be a mentor الناصح المخلص

Be a resource

Lead by example

Always use best practices