1-1.1

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Read aloud Audiovisual supplement

Section One:Pre-reading Activities

Section Two: Global Reading

Section Four: Consolidation Activities

Section Five: Further Enhancement

I. Read aloud

Read the following passage aloud, making a pause between sense groups.

Soybeans are a valuable part of the world’s food supply. / They are grown in many countries. / The major producers are the United States, Brazil, China and Argentina. / Many food products are made from soybeans. / For example, / oil from soybeans is the largest source of vegetable oil in the world. / Twenty percent of the soybean is oil. / Fatty acids in the oil / are thought to protect against heart attacks. / The solid substance that remains / after the oil has been removed from soybeans / is called soy cake or meal. / It has a large amount of protein, / about forty percent by weight. / Often the soy

Section Three:Detailed Reading

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Read aloud Audiovisual supplement






cake or meal is used to feed animals. / The very large increase in soybean production / is due to the increasing popularity of soy / as food oil for people and as cake for animal feed.

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1. Because Ross celebrated birthday for Rachel in her office, which offended Rachel’s personal space.2. If I were Rachel, I’d feel a bit embarrassed because Ross interfered in my personal life and my private life was exposed to the public.

Read aloud

Audiovisual supplement


II. Audiovisual supplement

Questions:

1. Why did Rachel feel angry about Ross?2. What would you feel if you were Rachel?

Film Episode: Friends

Answers for reference:





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Do you have the Ralph Lauren file?Oh, yeah, sure! It’s right …What’s that?It’s from Ross. It’s a love bug.Wow! Somebody wants people to know you have a boyfriend.Oh, no, no, no … That’s not what he’s doing. He’s just really romantic.Excuse me. Are you Rachel Greene?Yes.

Read aloud







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Marking:Rachel:Marking:Rachel:Marking:

Rachel:

Old man:Rachel:(song: One, Two, Three … Congratulations on your first week at your brand-new job. It won’t be long before you’re the boss. And you know who will be there to support you. Your one and only

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Ross:

Rachel:Ross:

Rachel:

Ross:

I’m hurt! I’m actually hurt … that you’d think I’d send you any of those things out of anything other than love. Hurt! Hurt!All right, Ross, I get it. You’re hurt!I mean my God! Can’t a guy send a barbershop quartet to his girlfriend’s office anymore?Oh, please Ross! It was so obvious like you were marking your territory. You might as well have just come in and peeped around my desk!I would never do that.

boyfriend. It’s nice to have a boyfriend! Your loyal, loving boyfriend Ross! Ross!)(back from office)

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Read aloud







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■

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Text analysis Structural analysis



In the text, the writer points out that nowadays people are more and more concerned about themselves and want to have a larger personal space than decades ago, and then he analyses the causes of space invasion.

I. Text analysis




Space Invaders

Cultural background

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Text analysis

Structural analysis


II. Structural analysis

—

—





Paragraphs 3－ 7 the more and more serious phenomenon of invading personal space

Paragraphs 1－ 2 the author’s experience of space invasion

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Cultural background

— Paragraphs 8－ 9 people’s psychological withdrawal resulted from the shrinking of personal space

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Text analysis

Structural analysis


III. Cultural background





Space Invaders

Cultural background

Personal Distance

People surround themselves with a “bubble” of personal space that they claim as their own, and they tend to become stressed when other people invade their “bubble.” Our personal space protects us from too much arousal and helps us feel comfortable

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Text analysis

Structural analysis






Space Invaders

Cultural background

when we communicate with other people. When two people are talking to each other, they tend to stand a specific distance apart. Each person has an invisible boundary around his body into which other people may not come. If someone pierces this boundary, he will feel uncomfortable and move away to increase the distance between them. (The major exception is family members and other loved ones.) This personal distance is not due to body odor or bad breath, but because closeness lends a sense of intimacy that is at odds with their relationship to the other individual. Interestingly, the average personal distance varies from culture to culture. Take American culture as an example. Americans tend to require more personal space than in other cultures. So if you try to get too close to an American during your conversation, he or she

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Text analysis

Structural analysis






Space Invaders

Cultural background

will feel that you are “in their face” and will try to back away. Try to be aware of this, so if the person to whom you are speaking backs away a little, don’t try to close the gap. Also, try to avoid physical contact while you are speaking, since this may also lead to discomfort. Touching is a bit too intimate for casual acquaintances. So don’t put your arm around their shoulders, touch their face, or hold their hand. Shaking hands when you initially meet or part is acceptable, but this is only momentary.

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At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.


Space Invaders



Space Invaders

Richard Stengel

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Space Invaders

I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face, one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back — though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it (“You’re invading my space, man”), but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.

Lately, I’ve found that my personal space is being invaded more than ever before. In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close; on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way;

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on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights. At first, I attributed this tendency to the “population explosion” and the relentless Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently,

Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the number seems to double every three months — is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.






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I’ve wondered if it’s the season: T-shirtweather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less).

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Space Invaders

Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of

invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist

without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geography.

People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in

Colorado. “Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by

someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern

Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than

those in the Southern. To an Englishman, a handshake can seem

like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug

may come across as chilliness.

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Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note, people no longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump into you. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.

I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.






Space Invaders

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Space Invaders

Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it ha

s less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. I s

uspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional

to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose attention is inw

ard do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of science these

days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping

the universe of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using so

uped-up M.R.I. machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brai

ns.

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In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in

Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have

decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.

In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet

to the person in front of me, even if it means that the fellow

behind me starts breathing down my neck.






Space Invaders

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Space Invaders

At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.

Space Invaders

Richard Stengel

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Space Invaders

I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face, one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back — though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it (“You’re invading my space, man”), but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.

Lately, I’ve found that my personal space is being invaded more than ever before. In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close; on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way;

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Space Invaders

on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights. At first, I attributed this tendency to the “population explosion” and the relentless Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, I’ve wondered if it’s the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the number seems to double every three months — is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.

◄home






Space Invaders

Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of

invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist

without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geography.

People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in

Colorado. “Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by

someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern

Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than

those in the Southern. To an Englishman, a handshake can seem

like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug

may come across as chilliness.

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Space Invaders

Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note, people no longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump into you. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.

I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.

◄home






Space Invaders

Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it ha

s less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. I s

uspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional

to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose attention is inw

ard do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of science these

days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping

the universe of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using so

uped-up M.R.I. machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brai

ns.

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Space Invaders

In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in

Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have

decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.

In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet

to the person in front of me, even if it means that the fellow

behind me starts breathing down my neck.

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… until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.

Paraphrase:

… until we were all pushing against each other, leaving the line in a disorder.

Space Invaders

……直到我们互相推挤，原先松垮的边界线乱成一团，就像弹簧玩具。

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The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it …

Paraphrase:

The phrase “personal space” sounds old fashioned and reminds one of the seventies ...

Space Invaders

“ ”私人空间这个词听起来有点古怪，让人想起 70年代来。

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… but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings.

Paraphrase:

… but it is still one of the expressions that can be immediately understood by all people and give them pleasure.

Space Invaders

……但它是一种让所有人凭直觉就能明白的、愉快的表达方式。

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… riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space …

Paraphrase:

… subway passengers are no longer trying to establish some personal space between them …

Space Invaders

……地铁乘客不再努力营造小范围的私人空间。

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… I’ve wondered if it’s the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less).

Paraphrase:

… I have suspected that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, to keep a distance between each other.

Space Invaders

…… 我怀疑是季节造成了空间侵略： T恤也许会让人们想亲密接触（也更可能让彼此疏远）。

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Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the number seems to double every three months — is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.

Paraphrase:

Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in privacy.

Space Invaders

——或者可能是曼哈顿不断涌现的咖啡厅它们的数量似乎每——三个月就会增加一倍给已经闹个不停的当地人灌下了大

量咖啡因，使他们再也耐不住寂寞。

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… we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.)

Paraphrase:

… privately we allow many people around us to invade our personal space in order to establish close relationships with them, which ensures that human beings develop a society of intimacy and love.

……私下里我们允许各种入侵私人空间的形式。（没有它们就不会存在仁爱社会。）

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The logistics of it vary according to geography.

Paraphrase:

People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.

对私人空间的安排随地域变化。

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“Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread.

Paraphrase:

“Don’t step into my space.” This could have been said only by a person who has a large personal space.

“ ”别挤到我的地盘。这样的话只会出自一位有很大私人空间的人士。

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To an Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.

Paraphrase:

Englishmen usually have a roomier concept of personal space, therefore, even a handshake can be taken as an invasion, while Brazilians would only accept a hug as a warm greeting.对于英国人，握手都显得有些冒犯；但是对于巴西人，不拥抱就让人觉得冷漠。

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The decline of manners has been widely lamented.

Paraphrase:

We have been grieving at the deteriorated manners of our society.

我们对礼节的退化深表遗憾。

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I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny.

Paraphrase:

I’ve also noticed that the problem of space invasion becomes more and more serious, and those space invaders, acting in the same way as the territory expansionists usually do, seize public space as a matter of course.

我注意到入侵私人空间的行为日益严重，这些地盘扩张者把占据公共空间视为理所当然。

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… individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.

Paraphrase:

… individuals, as usual, occupy booths and seats which are designed for four people.

……一般总会有人独占电话亭或四人座位。

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… personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space.

Paraphrase:

… personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical one. If our psychological personal space gets smaller, our physical personal space will shrink, too.

……私人空间是心理问题，而非身体距离：比起外在距离，内心空间与此有更大联系。

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Even the focus of science these days is micro, not macro.

Paraphrase:

Even science focuses on the intra-personal, inner world rather than the interpersonal, outer society these days.

这些年就连科学研究也是着眼于微观，而非宏观。

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The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the genetic code …

Paraphrase:

The Human Genome Project is describing how the genetic code works …

人类基因工程正在规划基因密码领域。

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In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.

Paraphrase:

Because the initial invasion of personal space can cause a chain of reactions, which may bring about a catastrophic consequence, as the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to enlarge the shrinking personal space.

蝴蝶振翅在日本带来的习习微风，到了加利福尼亚就会导致海啸大浪。我决定要扩大正在萎缩的私人空间边界。

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snake v.

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move in a twisting way

e.g. The train was snaking its way through the mountains.

snake n. Other Usage:

Transformation:

snaky adj.: venomous, ungrateful, treacherous

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Space Invaders

1) 小路沿着山坡蜿蜒至远方。

2) 我站在电影院外面弯弯曲曲的队伍里。

Practice:

The path snaked away into the distance along the hillside.

I stood in a queue snaking around outside the cinema.

Translate the following sentences into English.

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velvet n.

Space Invaders

a closely woven fabric of silk, cotton, or nylon that has a short thick pile on one side

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inch v.

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move slowly and carefully in a specified direction

e.g. He was inching his way across the high roof.

inch n.: measure of length equal to 2.54 cm or one twelfth of a foot

Other Usage:

Collocation:

by inches: bit by bit, graduallyevery inch: completely, entirelynot budge/yield an inch: not give way at allwithin an inch of: very near, almost

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the proper inch collocation:

1)

2)

He came being struck by a falling tile.

He had seen her come to this .by inches________

within an inch of_______________

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minutely adv.

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carefully and precisely; in small detail

e.g. He examined the jewels minutely before saying how much it was worth.The two men’s accounts of the accident varied only minutely.

minute adj.: careful and exact; very small

Transformation：

e.g. He gave me minute instructions about my work.His writing is so minute that it’s difficult to read.

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Space Invaders

1) 我还没仔细研究账目细节，只是粗略浏览了一遍。

2) 把档案交给老板之前，他仔细检查了一下。

Practice:

I haven’t studied the accounts minutely; I’ve merely read them through.

He checked the document minutely before handing it to his boss.


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mild adj.

Space Invaders

not very great in degree; gentle, soft

e.g. We looked at each other in mild astonishment.

Practice:

Choose a similar word for mild in the sentence.

Synonym:

moderate, temperate, gentle

Key: gentle1) She’s a very mild-mannered person.

Key: moderate2) He likes mild cigar a lot.

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sidle v.

Space Invaders

walk in a timid manner, especially sideways or obliquely

e.g. A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.

sneak, stroll, stride & plod

Comparison:

sneak: go quietly and furtively stroll: walk in a leisurely or idle manner; ramble stride: walk with long stepsplod: walk with heavy steps or with difficulty

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the proper form of sidle, sneak, stroll, stride or plod.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A huge crowd down Fifth Avenue in the Easter

Parade.

The poor old man along, hardly able to lift each foot.

We round to the back door.

We purposefully up to the door and knocked at it

loudly.

The young man began to near the pretty girl sitting on

the log.

strolled_______

plodded_______

sidle____

sneaked_______

strode______

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scribble v.

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write or draw (something) carelessly or hurriedly

e.g. Two young girls were scribbling notes to each other during class.

jot & inscribe

Comparison:

jot: make a quick written note of (something)inscribe: write, engrave or print as a lasting record

scratch v.

Synonym:

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the proper form of scribble, jot or inscribe.

1)

2)

3)

He a volume of poetry to an old friend.

The 2-year-old boy laughed happily after all

over the wall with his mother’s lipstick.

He her address down on his newspaper.

inscribed________scribbling_________

jotted_____

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shuffle v.

Space Invaders

walk by dragging one’s feet along or without lifting them fully from the ground

e.g. He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room. A fat woman was shuffling along with a pushchair.

shuffle n.

Other Usage:

e.g. His injured knee causes him to walk with a shuffle.

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Space Invaders

Collocation:shuffle sth. off: avoid talking or thinking about something because it is not considered importantshuffle out of sth.: try to avoid some unpleasant task by acting dishonestly

1) 他推卸责任，换了话题。

2) 她说她有病，把杂事都推掉了。

Practice:

He shuffled off his own responsibility and changed the topic.

She shuffled out of the chores by saying she felt ill.


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hugger-mugger adj.

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confused; disorderly

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Slinky n.

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brand name of a toy that can jump up and down or climb stairs

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quaint adj.

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attractively unusual or old-fashioned

e.g. Grandma lived in a quaint old cottage.

quaintly adv. quaintness n.

Transformation:

unique, eccentric & outlandishComparison:

unique: having no like or equal; being the only one of its sorteccentric: (of a person’s behavior) peculiar, not normal or conventionaloutlandish: looking or sounding odd, strange or foreign

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.quaint unique eccentric outlandish

1)

2)

3)

4)

American visitors to England admire our customs.

He introduced or unbelievable people and

situations in his works.

If you go to the party with this pair of shoes, people will

think you are rather .

Every individual is .unique______

quaint______

outlandish_________

eccentric________

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ring n.

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a quality, or an impression of having the quality that is mentioned

Collocation:

ring true/false: sound true/false

e.g. The books he mentioned had a familiar ring about them.Her story had a ring of truth about it.

ring v.

Other Usage:

e.g. His promise rang false to me.

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Space Invaders

1) 他的承诺显示出真诚。

2) 他的声音洋溢着胜利之情。

Practice:

There was a ring of sincerity in his promise.

His voice has a triumphant ring.


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gratifying adj.

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giving pleasure or satisfaction

e.g. It is always gratifying to have one’s efforts rewarded.The new plan may be gratifying to the President.

gratify v. gratification n.

Transformation:

be gratified with/at

Collocation:

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Space Invaders

1) 我们对此结果都感到欣慰。

2) 父母尽力满足孩子们的求知欲。

Practice:

The result is gratifying to every one of us.

The parents tried to gratify their children’s thirst for knowledge.


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intuitively adv.

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by instinct

e.g. Do women feel more intuitively than men?The hunter knew intuitively that the quarry would soon be there.

intuitive adj.: using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning intuition n.

Transformation:

instinctive

Comparison:

instinctive: based on a natural or inherent aptitude, impulse or capacity, not coming from training or teaching

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with intuitive or instinctive.

1)

2)

Animals have an dread of fire.

Tom had an awareness of his sister’s feelings.

instinctive_________

intuitive_______

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penetrate v.

Space Invaders

succeed in forcing a way through something e.g. They penetrated into the territory where no man had ever

been before.No bullet can penetrate this tough steel.

penetration n. 1) entering 2) mental quickness, ability to grasp ideas penetrating adj. 1) (of voice, sound, etc.) piercing; loud and clear 2) (of a person’s mind) able to see and understand quickly and deeplypenetrative adj.: intelligent

Transformation:

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the proper form of penetrate.

1)

2)

The book is a study of the labor movement.

The heavier the arrow the greater its into the

target.

penetration__________

penetrating__________

enter, pierce, probe

Synonym:

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wedge v.

Space Invaders

force into a narrow space

e.g. He was opening the door wide and wedging it with a pad of newspapers.The people sitting close to me were wedging me into the corner.

wedge n.

Other Usage:

e.g. If the cost of steel rises, it is usually the thin end of the wedge.

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Space Invaders

1) 我被两个肥胖的女人紧紧地挤在中间。

2) 她的箱子里再也塞不进别的东西了。

Practice:

I was so tightly wedged between two fat women.

She couldn’t wedge another item into her suitcase.


the thin end of the wedge: a small change or demand likely to lead to big changes or demands

Idiom:

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zigzag v.

Space Invaders

move forward by going at an angle first to one side then to the other

e.g. We are zigzagging up the hill.The motor bike was zigzagging in and out of the traffic.

zigzag adj.

zigzag adv.

Other Usage:

e.g. A zigzag line is made up of a series of sharp turns to the right and left.

e.g. The path ran zigzag up the hill.

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Space Invaders

1) 那个醉鬼歪歪倒倒地沿街走去。

2) 小路在山脉间蜿蜒。

Practice:

The drunken man zigzagged down the street.

The path zigzagged through the mountains.


zigzag n.

e.g. The boy walked down the street in a zigzag.

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jostle v.

Space Invaders

push, elbow, or bump against (someone) roughly, typically in a crowd

e.g. The rough man was jostling his way through the crowded market.The naughty boy was jostling against other children on the noisy playground.

jostle one’s wayjostle against sth.

Collocation:

push, elbow, press

Synonym:

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Space Invaders

1) 我们被人群挤来挤去。

2）那扒手在人群中撞我。

Practice:

We were jostled in the crowd.

The pickpocket jostled against me in the crowd.


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carve out

Space Invaders

establish or create something through painstaking effort

e.g. He carved himself out a nice position in the business.He carved out a career for himself.

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press v.

Space Invaders

push, move, or make (one’s way) strongly, especially in a crowd

e.g. He was pressing his way through the crowd.So many people were pressing round the famous actress that she couldn’t get to her car.

Collocation:

press one’s waypress against/round sb.

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Space Invaders

Practice:


1) 人群向栅栏推挤。

2) 人群拥挤在皇室宾客周围。The crowd pressed against the barriers.

Crowds pressed round the royal visitors.

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fidgety adj.

Space Invaders

impatient or uneasy

e.g. Why do you feel so fidgety? What happened to you?

Collocation:

fidget about/with

fidget v.: make small movements, especially of the hands and feet, through nervousness or impatience

Transformation:

e.g. Hurry up, your father is beginning to fidget.

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1) Travelling in planes makes me fidgety.

2) Having to sit still for a long time often gives small children the

fidgets.

我一坐飞机就心神不安。

久坐往往使小孩子们烦躁不安。

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attribute ... to ...

Space Invaders

believe (something) to be the result of

e.g. Jim attributes his success to hard work.The car accident was attributed to faulty breaks.

owe … to …ascribe … to …

Synonym:

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Space Invaders

Practice:


1) 他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。

2) 两位教皇都死于心脏病。They attribute their success to their teacher’s encouragement.

The deaths of both popes were attributed to heart attacks.

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relentless adj.

Space Invaders

1) never ending; oppressively constant

2) without pitye.g. He was relentless in his pursuit of fame and fortune.

relent v.: become less severe; give up unkind or cruel intentions

relentlessly adv.

Transformation:

e.g. relentless persecution

e.g. Father objected at first but then relented and let us go camping by ourselves.

e.g. He beat his child relentlessly.

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Space Invaders

Practice:


1) 他冷酷无情，要求偿还那笔债。

2) 绵绵秋雨后，气温下降了。He was relentless in demanding repayment of the debt.

It cools down after a relentless autumnal rain.

yielding, submissive, tender, compassionate

Antonym:

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proximity n.

Space Invaders

(formal) nearness in space, time, or relationship

e.g. in (close) proximity to

proximate adj.

Transformation:

nearness, closeness

Synonym:

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Space Invaders

Practice:


1) 靠近大图书馆给那项研究提供了便利。

2) 多少世纪以来，它们的巢穴一直都紧靠人类。

The research was facilitated by proximity to a large library.

For centuries and centuries, their nests have been placed in closest proximity to man.

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alluring adj.

Space Invaders

charming, fascinatinge.g. Drizzling makes the small town more alluring.

Wearing the new blouse, she looked more alluring.

allure v.: powerfully attract; lure (now the more usually word)

Transformation:

e.g. The travel brochure allured/lured me into taking a Caribbean vacation.

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He naive investors with get-rich-quick scheme.

The poor man was by the assurance of assistance.

I think these nice displays of goods in shops only

people into stealing.






Space Invaders

lure: It implies a drawing into danger, evil, or difficulty through attracting and deceiving.tempt: It implies the presenting of an attraction so strong that it overcomes the restraints of conscience or better judgment.seduce: It implies a leading astray by persuasion or false promises.

lure, tempt & seduce Comparison:

Practice:Fill in the blank with the proper form of lure, tempt or seduce.

1)

2)

3) tempt_____

lured_____

seduced_______

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proliferation n.

Space Invaders

rapid increase in numberse.g. nuclear non-proliferation treaty

proliferate v. prolific adj.

Transformation:

Practice:


1) 热带植物繁殖得很快。

2) 因为核武器的扩散，世界变得越来越不安全。

Tropical vegetation proliferates quickly.

The world is becoming more and more unsafe due to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

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infuse v.

Space Invaders

1) soak (tea, herbs, etc.) in liquid to extract flavor or healing properties

2) put, pour (a quality, etc.) into, fill (somebody with)

e.g. He was infusing the herbs for three minutes.

e.g. His speech was infusing the men with eagerness.

infusion n.

Transformation:

infuse … into/with

Collocation:

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Space Invaders

1) 将军给士兵们灌输新的勇气。

2) 他的作品绝大部分充满着唯物主义精神。

Practice:

The general infused fresh courage into the soldiers.

His works are for the most part infused with the spirit of scientific materialism.


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caffeine n.

Space Invaders

a compound which is found especially in tea or coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system

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jangling adj.

Space Invaders

anxious

jangle v.: cause to give out a harsh metallic noise; quarrel nosily

Transformation:

jingle: make metallic clinking or ringing sound (as of coins, keys or small bells)clink: make sound of small bits of metal, glass, etc. knocking together

jingle & clink

Comparison:

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keep to oneself

Space Invaders

1) remain private; avoid meeting other people

2) keep secret

e.g. She doesn’t go out much; she likes to keep to herself.

e.g. I promised to keep the facts to myself.

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Space Invaders

keep to sth. 1) abide by

2) limit oneself to

3) stay in

Comparison:

e.g. He always keeps to his promises.

e.g. You’d better keep to the subject at issue.

e.g. My friend had to keep to his bed because of fever.

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Space Invaders

1) 我们若不按时完成计划就要倒霉了。

2）没有人了解这位老人，他一般不和别人来往。

Practice:

If we can’t keep to the schedule, we’ll be in trouble.

Nobody knows much about the old man. He keeps to himself most of the time.


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logistics n.

Space Invaders

the skillful organization of doing something so that it can be done successfully

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Calcutta

Space Invaders

the capital of West Bengal state, in East India, on the Hooghly River

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Colorado

Space Invaders

a state in the west of the United States

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tread v.

Space Invaders

set one’s foot down on top of somethinge.g. Don’t tread the flower bed.

She trod lightly so as not to wake the baby up.

tread on someone’s toes: offend someone

tread on air: be very happy (at some news)

Idiom:

e.g. I’d like to help to organize the party, but I’m afraid to suggest it in case I tread on someone’s toes.

e.g. At the news that he passed the driving test, he trod on air all afternoon.

tramp, trampleSynonym:

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someone with a spread

Space Invaders

those people who have a farm and thus have a large space to themselves

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wager v.

Space Invaders

(more formal term for) bet

e.g. He wagered $5 on a horse

wager n.

Transformation:

wager on sth. wager sb. that …

Collocation:

e.g. lay/make a wager

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Space Invaders

1) I wager you 5 pounds that they will win the next election.

2) I made a wager that he wouldn’t pass the exam.

Practice:

我和你赌 5英镑，他们会赢得下届选举。

我打赌他过不了这次考试。


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trespass v.

Space Invaders

1) enter someone’s land or property without permission

2) encroach upon, make too much use

e.g. trespass on someone’s private property

trespasser n.

Transformation:

trespass n.

Other Usage:

e.g. Trespassers will be prosecuted.

e.g. trespass someone’s time/privacy

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Space Invaders

1) 他们不该耽误她的工作时间。

2) 约翰控告那个人非法侵入他的庄园。

Practice:

They should not trespass on her time.

John accused the man of trespassing on his estate.


trespass on/upon

Collocation:

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say something in a low, or barely audible voice






mutter v.

Space Invaders

e.g. The old woman muttered to herself.The dissatisfied workman muttered a threat.

mutter n.

Other Usage:

e.g. We heard a mutter from the audience.

murmur, grumble

Synonym:

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Space Invaders

1) 当那人走过时，我们听见他嘟哝着什么。

2) 当士兵们得知所有假期都被取消时，他们生气地低声抱怨。

Practice:

We heard the man muttering something as he walked by.

The soldiers muttered angrily when they heard that all leaves had been canceled.


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1) knock or strike (something) with a dull-sounding blow

2) move with a jerky, jolting motion (like a cart on a bad road)






bump v.

Space Invaders

e.g. The child bumped his head on the table.

e.g. The heavy bus bumped along the rough mountain road.

bump n.

Other Usage:

e.g. I got a bump on the head by walking into a lamppost.

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Space Invaders

bumpy adj.

Transformation:

e.g. They suffered the bumpy ride for 3 hours.

bump into: encounter by chance, run across

bump up: increase, raise

Collocation:

e.g. Mary was walking down the street, when she suddenly bumped into Joan.

e.g. You need more high marks bump up your average.

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express regret or disappointment over something considered unsatisfactory, unreasonable or unfair






lament v.

Space Invaders

e.g. He lamented the death of his friend.The woman continued to lament the death of her child.

lament for/over …

Collocation:

Other Usage:

lament n.

Transformation:

lamentable adj.

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the proper form of lament.

1)

2)

His examination results were .

The poor lady over her misfortune.lamented________

lamentable__________

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1) agree to give or allow (something requested)

2) agree (that something is true)






grant v.

Space Invaders

e.g. The firm granted him a pension.

1) Granted, but … 2) Granted (that) / Granting (that) …3) take … for granted

Collocation:

Other Usage:

grant n.: money or land from a government

e.g. She smiled granting what I said was correct.

e.g. Students in this country receive a grant from the government.

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Paraphrase the meaning of the italic sentences.

1) — “We’ve been successful this year.” — “Granted. But can we do it again next year?”

2) Granting his honesty, he may be mistaken.

Yes, but can we be successful again next year?Key:

Although he is an honest person, he does wrong sometimes.Key:

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a person adopting the policy of territorial or economic

expansion






expansionist n.

Space Invaders

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be assertive in defining and defending a position or policy






stake v.

Space Invaders

e.g. He staked a claim to the land where he had found the gold. The club has already staked a claim to this outstanding young footballer.

Idiom:at stake: to be won or lost; being risked, depending on the outcome of an event

e.g. This decision puts our lives at stake.

Collocation:

stake out a claim on/to …

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Space Invaders

Practice:


1) 你应该对该财产提出权利要求。

2) 他面临身败名裂的危险。

You ought to stake a claim to the property.

His reputation is at stake.

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take control and possession of (land, a small country, etc.) especially by force; take without permission






annex v.

Space Invaders

e.g. There are examples of people occupying public squares and annexing the pavement next to their lands.The city was annexing the area across the river.

Other Usage:annex n.: an addition that extends a main building

Transformation:

annexation n.: act or instance of annexing

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.annexation annex

A new is being added to the school.

The of Texas by the United States took place in

1845.

1)

2) annexation_________

annex_____

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repeatedly; not surprisingly or unnaturally






routinely adv.

Space Invaders

e.g. Part of his work is to go around to the bank routinely.

Transformation:

routine n.: fix and regular way of doing things

routine adj.: usual, ordinary

e.g. business routine, a question of routine

e.g. the routine procedurea dull routine job

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Space Invaders

1) The diode is used routinely in many kinds of electronic circuits.

2) The children had established an elaborate bedtime routine.

Practice:

二极管已作为常规器件应用于多种电路中。

孩子们已经形成了良好的就寝习惯。


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take possession of something officially or unfairly






commandeer v.

Space Invaders

e.g. The policemen commandeered a taxi to chase the robbers.The soldiers commandeered the house and used it for offices.

Transformation:

command v. commander n. commanding adj.

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a group of four people






foursome n.

Space Invaders

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process or result of becoming less or smaller






shrinking n.

Space Invaders

e.g. The shrinking of the cloth proves its poor quality.

e.g. Wool shrinks in washing.

shrink v. 1) become smaller

Transformation:

e.g. The dog shrank from the whip.

2) move back, show unwillingness to do something (from shame, dislike, etc.)

shrinkage n.: process of shrinking, degree of shrinking

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Space Invaders

1) 她看到那恐怖的景象就往后退。

2) 用这种布缝衣，务必考虑到洗后会缩水。

Practice:

She shrank back from the horrifying spectacle.

In work with this cloth, be sure to allow for shrinking.


shrink back fromshrink up

Collocation:

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increase or decrease at the same rate as another thing increases or decreases, so that there is always the same relationship between them two






be proportional to

Space Invaders

e.g. The output should be proportional to the input. As a rule the suicide rates are proportional to the size of the city.

proportion n.

Transformation:

in proportionin proportion toin the proportion ofout of (all) proportion to

Collocation:

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Space Invaders

Practice:

Fill in the blank with the appropriate phrase.in proportion in proportion to in the proportion of out of all proportion to

If only he could see things he would not

make such a fuss about trivialities.

His earnings are his skill and

ability, so he decides to change his job.

1)

2) out of all proportion to____________________

in proportion____________

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the characteristic of thinking about things concerning oneself without noticing other people or the things around him






self-absorption n.

Space Invaders

e.g. So excited was he that he forgot all about Carrie, who fell behind, wondering at his self-absorption.

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a federally funded U.S. scientific project to identify both the genes and the entire sequence of DNA base pairs that make up the human genome






the Human Genome Project

Space Invaders

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a scientist who deals with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain






neuroscientist n.

Space Invaders

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more powerful






souped-up adj.

Space Invaders

soup up v.: (slang) increase the power (of an engine), as with a supercharger

Transformation:

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magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像






M. R. I.

Space Invaders

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of, relating to, or affected by tides






tidal adj.

Space Invaders

e.g. tidal wave

tide n. tide v.

Transformation:

tide sb. over sth.: help someone to get through or survive a difficult period

Collocation:

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Space Invaders

1) 海啸形成一堵骇人的水墙。

2) 他卖掉汽车以度过失业的一段时期。

Practice:

The tidal wave formed a terrifying wall of water.

He sold his car to tide himself over the period of unemployment.


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becoming smaller or shorter






contracting adj.

Space Invaders

e.g. “I’ll” is the contracting form of “I will”.

contraction n.

Transformation:

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Space Invaders

2) make an agreement

3) catch an illness; form (bad habits)

e.g. We contracted with a local carpenter for the woodwork in our new boat.

e.g. My son has contracted a severe fever.

contract v.

1) become smaller or shorter

e.g. Metals contract in cold water.

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Vocabulary analysis Grammar exercises

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Vocabulary analysis

I. Word discrimination Exercises for integrated skills

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Space Invaders

II. Word explanation

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercisesGroup 1: A. invest B. reserve C. lay down D. place for safekeeping

Explanation:

Invest means to put money in.A.e.g. He invested ￡ 1,000 in government stock.

B.

e.g. Reserve your strength for the climb.

Reserve means to store, keep back for a later occasion.

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercisesExplanation:

Lay down means to pay or wager.C.

D.

e.g. Firms and individuals place their funds for safekeeping.

Place for safekeeping means to put away something for future use.

e.g. How much are you ready to lay down?

Group 1: A. invest B. reserve C. lay down D. place for safekeeping

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Group 2: A. instinctively B. directly C. frankly D. reasonably

Explanation:

Instinctively means by instinct, without being taught.A.e.g. Animals are instinctively afraid of fire.

B.

e.g. She speaks very directly to people.

Directly means in a direct line or manner.

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He acted reasonably in the crisis.

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Space Invaders


You use frankly when you are expressing an opinion or feeling to emphasize that you mean what you are saying, especially when the person you are speaking to may not like it.

C.

e.g. Frankly, I think you are talking nonsense.

D.

e.g.

Reasonably means with good sense or in a reasonable or intelligent manner.

Group 2: A. instinctively B. directly C. frankly D. reasonably

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Group 3: A. tramp B. tread C. travel D. pilot

Explanation:

Tramp means to walk with heavy steps.A.e.g. He tramped up and down the platform waiting for the train.

B.

e.g. The boys trod on the newly planted flowers.

Tread means to walk, put the foot or feet down (on); stamp or crush.

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Space Invaders


Travel means to make a (especially long) journey or journeys.C.

e.g. He bears an ambitious dream to travel around the world.

D.

e.g. He piloted ships through the Panama Canal.

Pilot means to act as a guide to, lead or conduct over a usually difficult course.

Group 3: A. tramp B. tread C. travel D. pilot

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Group 4: A. pitiless B. merciless C. ruthless D. unrelenting

Explanation:

Pitiless means showing no sorrow for the troubles or sufferings of another person.

A.

e.g. The tyrant was pitiless to his subjects.

B.

e.g. He was merciless to his enemies.

Merciless means showing no compassion or kindness.

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Space Invaders


Ruthless means being cruel extremely, becoming mad to some extent.

C.

e.g. The ruthless general burnt down a building, regardless of the women and children in it.

D.e.g. The Health Department waged unrelenting warfare against

the epidemic.

Unrelenting means continuous; merciless.

Group 4: A. pitiless B. merciless C. ruthless D. unrelenting

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Group 5: A. dissuasive B. allusive C. attractive D. seductive

Explanation:

Dissuasive means deterring from action.A.e.g. My teacher made a slight dissuasive gesture with her hand.

B.

e.g. Her allusive style is difficult to follow.

Allusive means characterized by indirect references.

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Space Invaders


Attractive means pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm.

C.

e.g. The offer is very attractive to us.

D.e.g. Her figure was slighter and therefore more seductive than

Natalie.

Seductive means tending to entice into a desired action or state.

Group 5: A. dissuasive B. allusive C. attractive D. seductive

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Group 6: A. wither B. retreat C. hide D. avoid

Explanation:

Wither means to cause to become dry, faded or dead.A.e.g. The hot summer withered up the grass.

B.

e.g. The soldiers were forced to retreat from the capital.

Retreat means to go back; withdraw.

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Space Invaders


Hide means to put or keep out of sight; prevent from being seen, found, or known.

C.

e.g. The sun was hidden by the clouds.

D.e.g. You can hardly avoid meeting her if you both work in the

same office.

Avoid means to keep or get away from; escape.

Group 6: A. wither B. retreat C. hide D. avoid

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Word explanation

Explanation:

[U] promotion; fostering, helping bring about

1. encouragement

e.g. Such unkind remarks are only for the encouragement of prejudice.

1) [U] inspiration with courage, spirit, or confidence

Other main usages:

e.g. He owed his success to his wife’s encouragement.

2) [U] stimulation by guidance, approval

e.g. Your faith gives me great encouragement.3) [C] something showing inspiration, stimulation

e.g. Their achievements were a great encouragement to us.

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises Explanation:

(no object) endure; continue or remain in usable condition

2. last

e.g. The car won’t last if you don’t take care of it.

1) (no object) go on or continue in time

Other main usages:

e.g. The festival lasted for three weeks.

2) (no object) continue without running out; be enough

e.g. Our money will not last until the end of the month.3) continue to survive for the time or duration of

e.g. They can’t last (out) for another day without food.

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Space Invaders


willingly

3. readily

e.g. He readily agreed to help us out.

1) promptly, quickly

Other main usages:

e.g. A bright boy answers readily when called on.

2) easily

e.g. Experiences readily provide the answers to this question.

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Space Invaders


canceled

4. off

e.g. He told me that the trip was off.

1) in error, wrongOther main usages:

e.g. You are off on that point.2) affected by spoilage; bad

e.g. The cream is a bit off.3) free from work or duty

e.g. He is off tomorrow.

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He had reached a point of no return in the project and had to face trouble.

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Space Invaders

Grammar exercises

Explanation:the most important thing

5. point

e.g. Please stop being vague and get to the point.Her comments about his money are beside the point.

1) a particular instant of timeOther main usages:

e.g. At that point, so late in the day, we were too tired to go on.

2) a particular mark that distinguishes someone or something from another

e.g. His best point is his ability to work alone and get the job done.

3) a critical position in affairse.g.

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Space Invaders


not severe or extreme; temperate

6. mild

e.g. Mild whether is warm and pleasant.

The thief was given a milder punishment than he deserved.

1) gentle or soft in feeling, manner, etc.

Other main usages:

e.g. Her mild disposition is a marvel in this chaotic office.

2) not sharp in taste or smelle.g. Please make my drink a mild one.

3) moderate in strength, degree or forcee.g.

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I. Model auxiliaries can, could, be able to, may, might

II. Elliptical sentence with so, do, not, one

III. “So/such … that …” structure

IV. Conjunction: whereas, in the same way that …

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Can/could is used to express ability.

Model auxiliaries can, could, be able to, may, might

Can/may/might is used to express possibility.

Can/could/may/mighty is used to express permission or request for permission.

May/might as well is used with the second person pronoun expressing suggestions.

May/might + perfect infinitive is used to express speculations about past actions.

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e.g. I can climb this cliff.He is able to drive a car.She could play the piano when she was only six.

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e.g. The light is on. He can be at home. Stop doing it. You may irritate the old man.It’s sunny in the morning, but it might rain at noon. You’d better take your umbrella.

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e.g. Can/Could I smoke in here?May/Might I smoke in here? Borrowers may not take out of the library more than two books at a time.

Compared with can/could, may/might is more formal;Compared with may/can, might/could is politer;Can is often used in colloquial English, indicating permission;May not is used to express “not be permitted” by some regulations, not by the speaker, etc.

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e.g. You may/might as well use my bike.

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e.g. He may/might have gone without you.She can’t/couldn’t have gone to the library.

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Practice

Rewrite the following sentences, using can, could, may or might.

1. He is in poor health. It is possible for him to fall ill at any time.

Key: He can fall ill at any time.

2. John was able to swim when he was five.

Key: John could swim when he was five.

3. Visitors were allowed to take photos of the castle.

Key: Visitors could take photos of the castle.

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4. Am I allowed to borrow your phone?

Key: Could/Can/Might/May I use your phone?

5. Nobody knows where he is. Maybe he is in the library, or maybe he is in the lab.

Key: He can be in the library or in the lab.

6. It is possible that John has read Hamlet.

Key: John may have read Hamlet.

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7. John looks pale today. It is possible that he is ill.

Key: John looks pale today. He may be ill.

8. I looked everywhere but I failed to find my dictionary.

Key: I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find my dictionary.

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Elliptical sentence with so, do, not, one

So is used to express approval, avoiding repetition.

Do/does/did is used in the reverted sentence to indicate “in the same case”.

Not is used in the negative sentence, indicating disapproval.

One is used to refer to someone/something mentioned above, avoiding repetition.

e.g. I hope so./I think so./I don’t think so.

e.g. So do I.So does he.

e.g. I hope not.

e.g. My bookshelf is old. I plan to make a new one.

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Practice

Fill in the blank with the proper form of so, do, not or one.

1. A: Are you going to have a test in English tomorrow?

B: I think .

2. A: Will your flight be cancelled because of the bad weather?

B: I hope .

so__

3. A: You don’t like dishonesty, do you?

B: Of course not. Actually, nobody .does____

not___

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4. A: Are cats colour-blind?

B: I believe .

5. A: What about going there in your car?

B: My car is too small. Let’s rent a bigger .

6. A: Is the nearest post office on King’s Road?

B: I don’t think .

so__

one___

so__

7. A: I always forget to lock the door.

B: So I. do__

8. A: They started learning English in primary school.

B: We , too. did___

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“So/such … that …” structure In a sentence, the part that needs to be emphasized will be put after so/such, and the clause after that is used as the effect caused by the emphasized part. So is used to emphasize the adjective and adverb, and such is used to emphasize the noun. If the noun is countable, we should use the pattern “such a/an + noun”; if the noun is uncountable, we should use the pattern “such + noun”.

e.g. She was so excited that she couldn’t say a word.He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him in his class.It is such a surprise that I can’t get over it.It is such mild climate in the resort that we have stayed here for two more days than expected.

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Practice

Combine the two sentences into one, using so or such.

1. He has a big house. All his family members can live together.

Key: He has such a big house that all his family members can live together.

2. Poor Susan had a bad headache. She couldn’t get to sleep.

Key: Poor Susan had such a bad headache that she couldn’t get to sleep.

3. Jack was out of breath. He couldn’t speak at first.

Key: Jack was so out of breath that he couldn’t speak at first.

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4. The music was loud. You could hear it from miles away.

Key: The music was so loud that you could hear it from miles away.

5. The shirts became stiff. He couldn’t put them on.

Key: The shirts became so stiff that he couldn’t put them on.

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Conjunction: whereas, in the same way that …

Whereas means “but”, indicating the opposite meaning.In the same way that will be followed by a clause, functioned as an adverbial part in a sentence.

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e.g. To an Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.

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e.g. In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.

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Practice

Make sentences of your own with whereas and in the same way that.

Key: 1. Some people like fatty meat, whereas others hate it.2. My children want to live in town, whereas I myself would rather live in the country.3. In the same way that every baby’s face is different from every other’s, every baby’s pattern of development is different from every other’s.4. In the same way that the heart is the most important organ for sustaining life, engine plays an irreplaceable role in a car.

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In this sentence, the phrase be proportional to means to increase or decrease at the same rate as another thing increases or decreases, so that there is always the same relationship between them two. In this phrase, to is a preposition.

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I. Translate the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the brackets.

1. 驾车人该付多少钱需要根据他对别人车子造成损坏的程度而定。 (be proportional to)Exercises for integrated

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Key: The payment that the motorist will have to make will be proportional to the amount of damage he has done to the other person’s car.

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The cost of the party is proportional to the number of people invited.

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Chinese-English translation:

1) 一般说来，成功与所付出的努力成正比。Achievement is usually proportional to the effort made.


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2) 价格上升幅度要根据汽车改进程度而定。

The increase in price is proportional to the improvement in the car.

3) 聚会的成本要根据受邀人数的多少而定。

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2. 只有伏在地上慢慢爬过一条狭长的地道才能进入山洞。 (inch)

In this sentence, the word inch means to move slowly and carefully in a specified direction. Inch can be a transitive verb or an intransitive one, that is, it can be followed by an object or not.

Notes:

Key: You can only enter the cave by inching through a narrow tunnel on your stomach.

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1) 司机小心翼翼缓缓地把卡车开进这个区域。

The driver inched his truck carefully into this spot.

2) 我们在车流中一点一点缓慢前进。

We inched slowly through the traffic.

3) 俘虏一点点挪近窗户想逃走。

The captive inched toward the window to get away.

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3. 他尽力向我解释说不是因为我工作不好而解雇我，而是因为公司支付不了我的工资。 (take pains to)

In this sentence, the phrase take (great) pains means to take great trouble. These patterns share the same meaning: take pains to do sth., take pains with sth., take pains over sth. In addition, not… but… is an expression of emphasis. But, here, is a conjunction.

Notes:

Key: He took pains to explain to me that I was being dismissed not because I didn’t do my work well but because the company could not pay my wages.

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1) 你煞费苦心地教我如何工作，对此我深表感激。

I’m grateful because you have taken pains to show me how to do the work.

2) 女主人为餐桌的安排煞费苦心。

The hostess took pains over the table arrangements.

3) 她总是为自己的外貌绞尽脑汁。

She always takes pains with her appearance.

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4. 年轻士兵的入伍给军队带来了新的希望并鼓舞了士气。 (infuse into)

In this sentence, infuse … into … means to introduce, as if by pouring. The other pattern infuse … with … means to inspire or fill someone with emotion.

Notes:

Key: The enlistment of young soldiers infused new hope and morale into the army.

e.g. infuse the team with enthusiasm

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1) 他以自己的无畏精神激励着部队。He infused the troops with his intrepid spirit.

2) 她激起学生的热情。

She infused her pupils with zeal.

3) 高科技为这一产业注入新生命。

The high-tech has infused new life into the industry.

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In some cultures a significant aspect of spatial perception is shown by the amount of “personal space” people need between themselves and others to feel comfortable and not crowded. North Americans, for instance, seem to require about four feet of space between themselves and the people near them to feel comfortable. On the other hand, people from Arab countries and Latin America feel comfortable when they are close to each other. People from different cultures, therefore, may unconsciously infringe on each other’s sense of space. Thus just as different perceptions of time may create cultural conflicts, so too may different perceptions of space.

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II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.

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在某些文化中，空间感觉的一个重要方面体现于人们所需要的彼此感觉舒适却又不觉得拥挤的“私人空间”。例如，北美人彼此感觉舒适所需的空间距离大约是４英尺。而阿拉伯人和拉美人反而是彼此靠近才会感觉舒服。因此，不同文化的人可能会无意间侵犯别人的空间感。正如不同的时间观可能会造成文化冲突，不同的空间观也可能引发同样的问题。

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Human beings are able to communicate (1) a variety of ways besides the use of words. This type of communication is referred to (2) non-verbal communication. Perhaps the most prevalent form of non-verbal communication is body language. Among humans, body language accounts (3) a large part of meaningful communication. The way we sit, stand, gesture, or orient ourselves in a group often helps others make accurate (4) about our thoughts, feelings and intentions. Mannerisms such as a clenched jaw, narrowed eyes, or

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Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.

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judgments_________

in__

as__

for___

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slumped posture can be interpreted (5) conveying anger, distrust, or disinterest. On the other hand, steady eye contact, a tilted (6) , and a reassuring smile can demonstrate interest and empathy. As we develop a greater sensitivity (7) body language and its implications, we can be more in tune (8) the thoughts and feelings of others. We can also become more certain that the messages we are communicating are the ones we intended to convey.

to__

as__

head____

with____

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Explanation:

Way here can be used as a countable noun, meaning method or plan, course of action. The collocations are in one’s way, in many ways, etc.

in

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Explanation:

As is a conjunction in the sentence, meaning in the capacity or character of someone/something.

as

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Explanation:

Account for is a fixed collocation, and means to give an explanation for (something) or be the cause or source of (something). In this sentence, account for serves as an explanation of meaningful communication.

for

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Explanation:

In the sentence, judgment means an opinion, conclusion, or belief based on the circumstances before one’s view. It is a countable noun.

judgments

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Explanation:

As is a conjunction in the sentence, meaning in the capacity or character of someone/something.

as

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Explanation:

Tilted head makes a parallel structure with “steady eye contact, a reassuring smile” in the sentence.

head

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Explanation:

Be sensitive to is a fixed collocation, meaning to have a strong perceptive feeling. In the sentence, sensitivity is the noun form of sensitive.

to

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Explanation:

Tune, as an uncountable noun, means the state of being in harmony. Therefore, the phrase in tune with is equal to in harmony with.

with

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1. Tell your classmates at least two differences between Chinese and Americans in their body languages.

1. Americans tend to have more eye contact than Chinese do.2. Americans prefer larger personal space than Chinese do.

Notes:

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2. Suppose a friend of yours is going to attend a job interview tomorrow. Tell your friend at least three points he or she should pay attention to in non-verbal communication.

1. Do not avoid eye contacts, but do not stare at the interviewer.2. Do not cross your legs.3. Do not fidget in your seat.

Notes:

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How to understand narration

How to fulfill a good narration

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Narration writing is a skill of a high order that combines an understanding of pacing, mood, and drama. Through the use of carefully chosen words and the concise use of language, the narration should bring a film to life.

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A good narration should expand the images that we see on the screen, and add an extra dimension to them. Having a powerful narration is like taking a museum tour with a guide who does much more than describing the obvious.

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Suppose a large crowd of people have been waiting for a bus for a long time and now a bus is finally approaching. Write a 250-word composition. In the first part, describe the situation. In the second part, tell the reader what people usually do in this situation. In the third part, say what you think people ought to do.

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Sample writing:

At the bus terminal there was a big crowd without order. Because the bus was a little late, the crowd was growing bigger and bigger. When the bus finally arrives, the waiting crowd turned into a charging mob, rushing to the door. What craziness! Then some young guys were pushing hard and elbowing their way to the front. They wanted to get on as fast as possible so they could get a seat. A woman carrying a baby lost her balance and fell down in this mad scramble. But those guys were still pushing hard onto the bus, leaving others to take care of her. The bus was very crowded. An old lady was standing next to the seats reserved for the old and weak. The seats were occupied by two robust young

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men who totally ignored her presence. It was an elderly man who finally got up and offered her his seat. Nowadays, some people, especially some young people, are too preoccupied with themselves. They have the “me-first” mentality. They don’t seem to care about the public code of conduct. In my opinion, young people should show respect for others before they are respected by others. It’s time we did something and bade farewell to all the rude manners. Only in this way can the social moral standards be passed down from generation to generation.

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A Typical English Conversation





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A. Before you listen to the recording, look at the flowchart below and see if you can think of some examples to fill the gaps.

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B. Listen to the recording and fill the gaps with some of the examples given by the speaker.

■script

A typical one to one conversation begins with this Opening

Phase:

smile, raise an eyebrow encouragingly________________________________

Participants make eye contact.

They assume conventional facial expression:

e.g.

They reach a position of comfortable proximity:

↓

↓

50-60 centimetres for North Americans or Northern Europeans,______________________________________________________e.g.

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20-30 centimetres for Latin Americans.__________________________________

↓ They adopt an appropriate posture:

e.g. sitting next to each other, ______________________

standing in a relaxed manner, facing each other.__________________________________________↓

They exchange ritual gestures: e.g. handshakes__________

and greetings: e.g. “Hello”, “Nice to see you.”______________________

↓ They exchange channel-opening remarks:

e.g. “Lovely day”, “How are things with you?”_____________________________________

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↓ The main business phase can begin …

↓ They exchange appropriate cordial facial expressions:

e.g. smile, friendly look._________________

↓ They exchange ritual gestures: e.g.

and phrases to signal parting: e.g.

looking at their watch____________________

And the conversation ends with this Parting Phase:

One or both of the participants decide it’s time to stop.

“It’s been nice talking to you.”__________________________

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↓ They increase the distance between them:

↓

e.g. move backwards, starting to go.____________________________

Eye contact is broken, the participants turn away and the conversation has ended.

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C. Work in groups. Discuss the following questions with your partners:

— How does a “typical conversation” begin and end differently if the participants are, for example: complete strangers, very close friends or relations, boss and employee.— How is a telephone conversation different? — How does a “typical English lesson” begin and end?

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(P=Presenter S=Sarah)Vocabulary analysis

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A Typical English Conversation

P:

S:

P:

OK, what is a conversation? Now, a conversation may seem to you and me just to be two people having a chat, exchanging words, exchanging ideas, but it seems that without the right kind of non-verbal behaviour it would probably be impossible to start. Sarah Newby explains why. Sarah.Well, Terry, the stages of a typical conversation can be summarised in a most interesting way. There’s nothing new about his analysis, like much of sociology we’re just looking at human behaviour in a scientific way and drawing attention to its underlying structure.OK.

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SectionFour_L_Bpopwin2

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■

S:

P:S:

P:S:

P:S:P:

So, let’s begin with the so-called “opening phase”. Now this begins by the two would be participants making eye contact. In other words, one of them catches the other’s eye.Right.Right? And then both of them have to switch on “conventional facial expressions”. Oh, hang on, hang on.No, no, all it means really is that they smile or one raises an eyebrow encouragingly or something like that. Oh, I see, yes.Then they reach a “position of comfortable proximity”.What is … what does that mean?

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S:

P:

S:P:S:

P:S:P:

Well, basically we’re talking about distance. Er … for North Americans or Northern Europeans 50-60 centimetres apart is usual. But for Latin Americans 20-30 centimetres.Wow! What happens when you get a North American talking to a Latin American?Well, that actually is a very good point …Yeah?… because of course what usually happens is that the North American will step backwards to try and make some kind of comfortable distance between them.Because the Latin American is invading his personal space.Absolutely right!I know it.

■

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Then of course what they do is adopt an “appropriate posture”.Like …?Well, it could be sitting next to each other, or standing in a relaxed manner, or facing each other.OK.Er … at that point they exchange “ritual gestures and phrases of greeting”. Really? What, even here?Well, of course, things like handshakes, “Hello”, er … “Nice to see you” — all that sort of thing …I see.Right?Yeah.

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S:P:S:

P:S:

P:S:

P:S:P:

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Then they exchange “stereotyped channel-opening remarks”.Now you’re going to have to explain that one.Of course, of course: “Lovely day!”… er … “How are things with you?”I see.And then, of course, the main business phase begins, so the actual discussion or conversation takes place.The main bulk of the conversation.Absolutely right. Then we come to the “parting phase”, the actual ending of the conversation when one or both of them decide it’s time to stop. So what they do is they exchange “appropriate cordial facial expressions”.Has to be cordial?

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S:P:S:

P:S:

P:S:

P:■

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Usually. A smile or a friendly look is helpful.OK.And then of course we have the exchange of “ritual gestures and phrases of parting”. Wow. This can take the form of looking at your watch, saying “It’s been nice talking to you”…Oh, right.… and then what usually happens is an “increase of distance between them”: you start to move, move backwards, starting to go. Then both partners break eye contact and the conversation is ended.

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S:P:S:

P:S:

P:S:

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Well! Thank you very much indeed, Sarah. Now, ha, next time I meet someone I think I’ll be watching myself to make sure I obey all the rules!Haha!

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P:

S:

■

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Lead-in questions Supplementary reading



Lead-in questions:

1.

2.

Imagine a stranger is standing close to you, will you feel comfortable? Why?

Do you care much about your personal space? How will you remain your personal boundary, physically and psychologically?

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Lead-in questions

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Space and Distance




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Larry A. Samovar et al

The flow and shift of distance between us and the people with whom we interact are as much a part of communication experiences as the words we exchange. Notice how we might allow one person to stand very close to us and keep another at a distance. We use space and distance to convey messages. The study of this message system, called proximics, is concerned with such things as our personal space, seating and furniture arrangement. All three have an influence on intercultural communication.

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Our personal space, that piece of the universe we occupy and call our own, is contained within an invisible boundary surrounding our body. As the owners of this area, we usually decide who may enter and who may not. When our space is invaded, we react in a variety of ways. We back up and retreat, stand our ground as our hands become moist from nervousness, or sometimes even react violently. Our response is manifestation not only of our personality, but also our cultural background. For example, cultures that stress individualism (England, the United States, Germany, Australia) generally demand more space than do collective cultures and “tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.” This perception and use of space is quite different from the one found in the Mexican and Arab cultures. As Condon tells us, in

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Mexico the “physical distance between people when engaged in conversation is closer than what is usual north of the border.” And for the Middle Easterners, Ruch writes, “Typical Arab conversations are at close range. Closeness cannot be avoided.” As is the case with most of our behavior, our use of space is directly linked to the value system of our culture. In some Asian cultures, for example, students do not sit close to their teachers or stand near their bosses; the extended distance demonstrates deference and esteem. Extra interpersonal distance is also part of the cultural experience of the people of Scotland and Sweden, for whom it reflects privacy. And in Germany, Hall and Hall tell us, private space is sacred.

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Seating Culture influences the manner and meaning in seating arrangements. Notice, for example, that Americans, when in groups, tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. This pattern also influences how they select leaders when in groups: in most instances, the person sitting at the head of the table is chosen. In America, leaders usually are accustomed to being somewhat removed physically from the rest of the group and consequently choose chairs at the ends of the table. In China, seating arrangements take on different meanings. The Chinese often experience alienation and uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite sides of a desk or table from someone. It makes them feel as if they are on trial. In China,

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meetings often take place with people sitting on couches. In Korea, seating arrangements reflect status and role distinctions. In a car, office, or home, the seat at the right is considered the one of honor. For the Japanese, seating arrangements at any formal or semiformal function are also based on hierarchy. The most important person sits at one end of the rectangular table, with those nearest in rank at the right and left of this senior position. The lowest in class is nearest to the door and at the opposite end of the table from the person with the most authority.Furniture Arrangement Furniture arrangement within the home communicates something about the culture. For example, people from France, Italy, and Mexico who visit the United States are often surprised

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to see that the furniture in the living room is pointed toward a television set. For them, conversation is important, and facing chairs towards a television screen stifles conversation. In their countries, furniture is positioned to encourage interaction. Even the arrangement of offices gives us a clue to the character of a people. According to Hall and Hall, “French space is a reflection of French culture and French institutions. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entirely country is laid out around centers.” In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office. In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls or partitions. The supervisors and managers are positioned nearest the windows. This

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organization encourages the exchange of information, facilitates multitask accomplishments, and promotes the Confucian concept of learning through silent observation. Co-cultures also have their own use of space. Prostitutes, for example, are very possessive of their territory. When they mentally mark an area as their own, even though it may be a public street, they behave as if it were their private property and keep other prostitutes away. In prisons, where space is limited, controlled, and at a premium, space and territory are crucial forms of communication. New inmates quickly learn the culture of prison by learning about the use of space. They soon know when to enter another cell, that space reduction is a form of punishment, and that lines form for nearly all activities. Women normally allow both

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men and other women to stand closer to them than do men. Summarizing other gender differences in the use of space, Leathers has concluded: Men use space as a means of asserting their dominance over women, as in the following: (a) they claim more personal space than women; (b) they more actively defend violations of their territories — which are usually much larger than the territories of women; (c) under conditions of high density, they become more aggressive in their attempts to regain a desired measure of privacy; and (d) men more frequently walk in front of their female partner than vice versa.

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About the text It is taken from Communication Between Cultures (Third Edition) written by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani and published by Wadsworth in 1998.

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Condon a linguist. Ruch, Hall, and Leathers who are

mentioned later in the text are also linguists. Memorable quotes





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Confucian concept Confucian ethics is based on moral feeli

ngs rather than moral principles. The mind which cannot bear to s

ee the suffering of others is the source from which all morals deri

ve. Ren (humanity) — the cornerstone of Confucian moral philos

ophy — like a plant, can be nourished but cannot be forced to gro

w. Therefore in the Confucian view, you can make one virtuous b

y immersing him in goodness, but you will certainly fail if you tr

y to win his allegiance by disciplining him in doctrines.

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Co-cultures The co-cultures are the non-mainstream cultures in the U. S. They include, but not limited to, African Americans, Mexican Americans and Asian Americans.

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Questions for discussion:1.2.

3.

Do you keep the same distance from other people?Where do you usually sit in a meeting room if you can make your choice? Try to explain why you have such a preference.Suppose a friend comes to see you when you are watching an interesting TV play in your sitting room. Will you turn off the TV before you start your conversation?





Answers for reference:

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Supplementary reading 1.

2.

No. The distance we keep from other people depends on our

interpersonal relationship. We tend to keep longer distance from

strangers and shorter distances from close friends and family

members. (In answering this question, you can be more specific

through exemplification.)

Tell your classmates whether you prefer to sit in the front, in the

middle, or at the back of a meeting room. There can be different

reasons for different people to make the same choice. For

example, if you prefer to sit in the front, you might want to hear

the speakers more clearly, or to catch the attention of the

chairman or the speakers.

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3. In most cases we will turn off the TV before the conversation starts. Any delay will mean that the visitor comes at a wrong time and therefore he or she is not welcome, at least at this moment.

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Based on the following quotes, hold a debate in the class: A Society of Privacy Shows Progress Vs. A Society of Privacy Shows Backwardness

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Let there be space in your togetherness.

— Kahlil Gibran

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Civilization is the progress toward a society of privacy. The savage’s whole existence is public, ruled by the laws of his tribe. Civilization is the process of setting man free from man.

— Ayn Rand

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