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H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma

* H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma

H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma `m [ohÎ`m ‡H$aUmV _wª`V: H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamM

ÒdÍ$[, H$mXß]arMm AW©, Ï`mª`m, KQ>H$, ododY ‡H$ma, À`mVrc dJi[Um, gm_moOH$ OrdZmM

oMÃU AmoU BVa dmL≤>_`‡H$mamßer VwcZm BÀ`mXtMm odMma H$a`mM `moOc Amh.

H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr amOdQ>rV gw_ma XrS>e dfm™[ydu CX`mg Amcm Amh. Ia

Va JmÓQ> gmßJU AmoU EH$U hr _mZdmMr ‡d•Œmr [wamVZ Amh. [wamU, Amª`mZ, ]Iar BÀ`mXr

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gßX^m©V Hw$gw_mdVr Xe[mßS> ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EH$m odoeÓQ> VËh¿`m H$pÎ[V$ H$Wcm H$mXß]ar h Zmd

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cm^cr Agcr Var oVMm odH$mg hm [mÌMmÀ` XemV Pmcm. ÂhUO IË`m AWm©Z AR>amÏ`m eVH$mVM

oVM Í$[ CÀH´$mßV Pmc. AmoU 19 d eVH$ CcQ>`m[ydu EH$ ‡YmZ gmohÀ`‡H$ma ÂhUyZ Vm

dmL≤>_òdÌdmV ‡oVpÓR>V Pmcm. 19 Ï`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©[mgyZ ododY AßJmßZr Ame`

Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m VßÃmZwgma À`mMm _amR>rV odH$mg hmVmZm oXgVm.

H$mXß]ar hm EH$ cmH$o‡` Agm ‡_wI J⁄ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh. H$mXß]ar h H$WZmÀ_H$ J⁄

AgV. ‡XrK© gmIirV Jwß\$cÎ`m H$hm`m, [wamU H$Wm, ZroVH$Wm, odkmZH$Wm, gmhgH$Wm, R>H$m¿`m

MmVw ©H$Wm, ahÒ`H$Wm BÀ`mXr J⁄‡H$ma H$WZmÀ_H$ AmhV. [aßVw H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ m gdm™hˇZ dJi

R>aV. ‡mMrZ H$mim[mgyZ H$hm`m, [wamUH$Wm ApÒVÀdmV hmÀ`m. [aßVw "H$mXß]ar' hr odoeÓQ> gßkm

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AmoU _amR>rV EH$mUrgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©V oZ_m©U Pmcm, Ag _mZc OmV.

* H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm

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BßJÓrVyZM Amcm Ag Zmhr qH$dm AmYwoZH$ AWm©Z ¡`m J⁄mcm Am[U H$mXß]ar ÂhUVm, À`mMr

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2

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gßH$Î[ZM ÒdÍ$[ d g_mOpÒWVr mßMm oZH$Q>dVu gß]ßY AgVm. H$mXß]ar¿`m gßH$Î[Zodf`r od.

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hr gßH$Î[Zm odH$ogV Pmcr. ÒWc, H$mc, g_mOpÒWVr, ^mofH$ gßÒH•$Vr AmoU H$mXß]ar

`mß¿`modf`r H$mhr gßH$Î[Zm [wT>rc‡_mU gmßJVm Vrc.

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CÀH•$ÓQ> odMmamßMm d [wÈfmWm©¿`m H$Î[ZmßMm ‡gma H$a`mg H$mXß]argmaI Xwga gm[ gmYZ Zmhr.

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H$mXß]arH$mamßZm XmIdm`M AgV, À`m Ï`∑Vr Ï`dhmamVrc dV©_mZ g_mOmV ‡m`: AgU Ae∑`M

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3

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A^mdr darc gd© JwU Ï`W© hmV. hr _Zmd•Œmr H•$oÃ_ VËhZ U Zmhr. hr B©ÌdamMr XUJr Amh.''4

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H$mZH$m[a Mm°H$g[U YwßS>miU, VŒdXoe©ÀdmMm qH$dm AX≤ wVmMm _mJ© YÍ$Z _ycV: _mZdr ‡ÌZmßMm

odMma H$aU hm H$mXß]arMm —pÓQ>H$mU, OrdZodf`H$ AZw d dm H$Î[Zm `m H$mXß]arMm _yi AmYma

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EH$m odÒV•V AmH$f©H$ H$WmZH$m¿`m ¤ma Ï`∑V H$aU hr H$mXß]arMr [’Vr hm .''5

"Yma AmoU H$mR>' `m JßWmM cIH$ Zaha Hw$ÈßXH$a am. O. Xe_wI `mßZm ocohcÎ`m [ÃmV

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gmH$ma hmV ZgVm. VW AZw dm¿`m gcJ AÒgc[UmIarO hm AZw d gmH$ma H$a`mgmR>r cmJUma

H$g] hr J•hrV Yacc AgV.''6

AmYwoZH$ H$mimV H$mXß]ar¿`m gßH$Î[ZMr gdm©V OmÒV ‡^mdr d odÒV•V _mßS>Ur ^mcMß–

Z_mS> mßZr H$ccr Amh. À`mß¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO ‡XrK© mofH$ AdH$me Agccr, Ame`-

gyÃmßM AZH$ [Xa Agccr, À`m_wi odÒV•V gßaMZm _mßS>Umar AZH$ [mÃ, [´gßJ, A[yU©V[jm

gß[yU©VH$S> OmÒV PwH$ccr AmhV, Aer gmohÀ`H•$Vr AgV. H$mXß]arV `m gd© JmÓQ>t_wi EImXr

_mR>r H•$Vr gmH$Î`mZ _mßS>Vm V. gm_moOH$ Ame` odemc Agmdm cmJVm. EIm⁄m g_Ò Mm

[mR>[wamdm oV¿`m ododY gßX^m©gH$Q> _mßS>ccm AgVm. Ame`gyÃ ]iH$Q> AgVmV. [mÃ gcJ

C^r amhVmV.''7 `m[wT> Z_mS>$ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""g_mOOrdZmMr Zm|X H$aUmam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma ÂhUyZ

O›_mcm AmcÎ`m H$mXß]arV gm_moOH$ dmÒVd h –Ï` AgV. gm_moOH$ dmÒVd d Ï`p∑VoZÓR>

dmÒVd Ag dmÒVdmM od^mOZ hmdy eH$V Zmhr. Ï`∑Vr AmoU g_mO `mß¿`mVrc h od^mOZ

gO©Z‡oH´$ cm [adS>Uma Zmhr. g_mOmcm AmYma yV ‡aUmßdaM AmO¿`m gd©M gm¢X ©H•$Vr oZ_m©U

hmVmV. gm¢X`m©M oZH$fhr ‡m`: g_yhoZÓR> AgVmV. gß[yU© Ï`p∑V_Œd _mßS>U ÂhUO _mUyg d g_mO

`mß¿`m_‹ Agcc EH$oOZgr gß]ßY _mßS>U hm .8

gmamße Om¡¡dÎ` _Zmd•Œmr, [moW©H$ gßgmamodf`rMr AmÒWm, AZw^dmßMm gcJ[Um,

g_yhoZÓR> AgUma gm¢X`m©M oZH$f m d°oeÓQ>ÁmßMm odMma H$cm H$s H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm Am[Umcm

AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

4

* H$mXß]arMm AW©

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H$mXß]ar.'11 `m H$memVrc AWm©¿`m _XVrZ H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ Ò[ÓQ> hmV Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]ar hm

dmL>≤_`‡H$ma Agm Amh H$s, ÒWc, H$mc AmoU H$cmdßVmMm —oÓQ>H$mU, Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m

d°oeÓQ>ÁmßZwgma ]XcV OmUmam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh. À`m_wi H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[, H$mXß]arMm CJ_,

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[mÌMmÀ` Agcm Var "H$mXß]ar' hm e„X _mÃ AÒgc maVr` Amh. ]mU^≈>mMr "H$mXß]ar' _wimVM

odefZm_mMr, oVcmM gm_m›`Zm_mM _mR> ÒWmZ ‡mflV Pmc d H$mXß]ar ]Zcr. _mÃ _hmH$mÏ`,

ZmQ>H$ h dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Og m XemV C_ccc, \w$ccc Vg H$mXß]ar]m]V ÂhUVm V Zmhr. H$maU

H$mXß]arMm KmQ> hm [mÌMmÀ`mß¿`m H$mßX]ar dmL≤>_`m¿`m AZwH$aUmVyZ Amcm AmoU [wT> ÒdVßÃ[U

odH$ogV Pmcm.''12

^r_amd Hw$cH$Uu "H$mXß]ar KQ>Zm d aMZm' `m cImV ÂhUVmV H$s, "H$mXß]ar' `m J⁄

H$pÎ[V H$WdÍ$Z "H$mXß]ar' h Zmd AmO _amR>r dmL≤>_`mV Í$T> Pmcc Amh. "Zm∞Ïhc' m [mÌMmÀ`

dmL≤>_`‡H$mamM "H$mXß]ar' h _amR>r Zm_H$aU Pmc. AJXr ‡maß r "Zm∞Ïhc' `m e„XmgmR>r "Zmdc'

Agm _amR>r e„X ‡MmamV Amcm hmVm. H$moeZmW, ]miH•$ÓU _amR> `mßZr 1872 ¿`m \$]wdmarV

_amR>r kmZ‡gmaH$ g [wT> Om oZ]ßY dmMcm À`mV "Zmdc' ÂhUO Zdc g_yh Agm AW©gmÂ`mdÍ$Z

_amR>rVhr gXahˇ JßWmM VM Zmd amIc AgVm qMVm Zmhr.''13 Agm CÎcI hmVm. gm¢X`m©M

Zmod›` Zd[UmV AgV. h cjmV KVÎ`mg Zd[UmMm d ZdcÀdmMm oZH$Q>Mm gß]ßY cjmV KVm

"Zm∞Ïhc'`m e„Xm[mgyZ H$mXß]ar¿`m Zdc[yU© ÒdÍ$[mMr H$Î[Zm `dy eH$V.''14 h lr. _m.

Hw$cH$UvM odYmZ darc odYmZmg [yaH$ Amh. ^mcMßX´ Z_mS> Am[Î`m "Q>rH$m Òd ßda' `m JßWmV

ÂhUVmV H$s, ""crimMnaÃ, Ò_•oVÒWi, ]Iar, _oh[VrH•$V MnaÃ BÀ`mXr aMZm[´H$ma H$mXß]arer

OwiUma AmhV. [aßVw Am[Î`m H$mXß]arH$mamßZr Í$T> H$cr VrM H$mXß]ar Agm AßY odMma [wT> dyZ

VrZ o[T>Ám À`mVM JÎ`m.''15

5

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"" "H$mXß]ar' hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr amOdQ>rVM O›_mcm Amcm. Vg [mohc Va JmÓQ> gmßJU AmoU

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H$mhr AßJm[mßJ OmUdVmV h Ia Amh.''16

"_amR>r odÌdH$me IßS> - 3' _‹` "H$mXß]ar' odf`r Ag ÂhQ>c Amh H$s, ""BßJÓr

gmohÀ`m_‹ H$mXß]arMm CJ_ AR>amÏ`m eVH$m¿`m _‹`mg Pmcm AmoU ^maVr` gmohÀ`mV Vm

BßJÓr H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m Z_w›`mda EH$moUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©V Pmcm.''17

_rZmjr _wIOu `mßZr "Vm°cmoZH$ gmohÀ`m‰`mg : VŒd AmoU oXem'`m JßWmVyZ ^maVr`

H$mXß]ar¿`m CX`mMm odMma _mßS>VmZm `m gmohÀ`‡H$mam¿`m dmT>rcm H$maUr yV Agcc KQ>H$

dgmhoVH$ XemVrc H$WZ[aß[amß_YyZ oZ_m©U Pmc hmV, Ag Z_yX H$c Amh. À`mß¿`m _V,

""H$mXß]ar¿`m odH$mgmV BßJÓr oejU AmoU À`m oejUmVyZ [mÌMmÀ` gmohÀ`[aß[aM Xe©Z h XmZ

KQ>H$ AÀ ßV [´ mdr hmV h Ia Amh.''18 `m gßX^m©V À`m ocohVmV H$s, ""19 Ï`m eVH$mVrc

wam[_‹ H$mXß]ar ¯m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamZ Am[c Ò[ÓQ>, ÒdVßÃ Ï`p∑V_Œd YmaU H$c. VÏhm À`mMm

KmQ> hm AmYr[mgyZ ApÒVÀdmV AgUmË`m _hmH$mÏ`, AX≤ wV H$Wm, draH$Wm (Saga) `m H$WZ-

‡H$mamß¿`m gßaMZ[jm oZpÌMV[U o^›Z hmVm.''19

_m∑g©dmXr Q>rH$mH$mamß¿`m _V "H$mXß]ar' h ^mßS>dcemhr g_mOaMZM A[À` Amh, h

_mÃ oZod©dmX[U ÒdrH$m © Zgc Var _mZdr g_mO pÒWamdÎ`mZßVa À`m¿`m gmßÒH•$oVH$ ‡JVrMm

EH$ ^mJ ÂhUyZ BVa H$cm AmoU gmohÀ` ‡H$mamß]am]a H$mXß]arMm O›_ Pmcm Agmdm h _mÃ

ZmH$maVm V Zmhr. Adm©MrZ H$mimMm odMma H$cm Va H$mXß]arMm CJ_ AR>amÏ`m eVH$mV wam[_‹

Pmcm Ag oXgyZ V. S\$>m, naMS>©gZ, o\$oÎS>ßJ h wam[_Yrc Am⁄ H$mXß]arH$ma AmhV.

dgßV o]amXma "AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg' `m JßWmV H$mXß]arodf`r ÂhUVmV

H$s, ""H$mXß]ar_Yrc H$pÎ[V H$WmZH$ dmMVmZm dmMH$ VÎcrZ hmVm. Xh^mZ odgÍ$Z OmVm. `m

AWm©Z "H$mXß]ar' `m e„XmMm gßÒH•$V AW© [mh`mgmaIm Amh. H$Xß], [wÓ[mMr XmÍ$, _Y, hŒmrMm

_X, gaÒdVr, H$moH$im, gmiwßH$s, drUm BÀ`mXr ododY ‡H$maM AW© `m e„XmM AmhV. V

H$mXß]ar¿`m aßOZVcm, Xh^mZ ha[ya Q>mH$UmË`m VÎcrZVcm cmJy hm`mgmaI AmhV. ]mU^Q≤>Q>mß¿`m

H$mXß]ardÍ$Z _amR>rV hm e„X Í$T > Pmcm Agmdm Agm OmUÀ`mßMm VH©$ Amh.''20

6

""H$mXß]ar h ]mU^≈>mM Ao_V J⁄H$mÏ` Amh. "H$mXß]ar' h À`mVrc Zmo`H$M Zmd. Mß–[rS>m

AmoU H$mXß]ar, d°eß[m`Z AmoU _hmÌdVm mß¿`m VrZ O›_mß¿`m H$Wm [m[Q> Am[Î`m _wImZ gmßJVm.

¯m J⁄H$mÏ`mMm [yd© mJ ]mU^≈>mZ aMcm AmoU À`mZßVa À`mM oZYZ Pmc. ÂhUyZ À`m¿`m [wÃmZ

yfU^≈>mZ Cd©naV ^mJ [yU© H$cm.''21

EH$ H$Î[ZmaÂ` AX≤ wV, AmXe©dmXr, agJ⁄[yU©, H$WmZH$ ÂhUyZ [aß[aV Amª`mZmßZm,

H$WmßZm "H$mXß]ar' ÂhU`mMm ‡KmV VWyZM [S>cm Agmdm. ]mU^≈>m¿`m ¯m H$mXß]argh ‡mMrZ

^maVr` Amf© _hmH$mÏ , ‡mH•$V H$Wm AmoU H$mÏ , H$WmH$ma, H$sV©ZH$ma, cmH$H$Wm, OmZ[X H$Wm,

Amª`mZ BÀ`mXr H$WZgmohÀ`m¿`m ‡XrK© [aß[aVrc H$pÎ[V, ‡XrK© cmß]r¿`m H$WmZH$mßZm X•ÓQ>rg_ma

R>dyZ "H$mXß]ar' h Zmd oXc Agmd.

darc gd© oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag ÂhUVm B©c H$s, H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á

Am[Î`m ‡mMrZ gmohÀ`mV AmT>iV Agcr Var hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr gmohÀ`mVyZ Am[UmH$S>

Amccm Amh.

* H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m

H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMm odMma H$cm Va XrS>e dfm™Mr ‡XrK© Aer EoVhmogH$ [aß[am

Agccm cdoMH$ d gd© g_mdeH$ Agm hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh. H$cm‡H$mam‡_mU H$mXß]arMr

‡H•$Vr [mhVm gd©gm_m›` dÒVwoZÓR> Aer Ï`mª`m H$aVm B©c Ag Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]ar hm ]XcÀ`m

g_mOdmÒVdmcm gm_mdyZ KUmam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh. `m gßX^m©V Cfm hÒVH$ ÂhUVmV H$s,

""H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma H$Wm, H$odVm qH$dm ZmQ>H$ mß¿`m[jm ‡H•$VrZ dJim Amh. H$mXß]arMr

gd©gm_m›` Aer Ï`mª`m H$aU AOyZhr e∑` Pmcc Zmhr. H$maU ]XcÀ`m _mZdr OrdZm‡_mU

H$mXß]arZhr ododY Í$[ YmaU H$cr AmhV. H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m Z H$aVm `mM H$maU oV¿`m

‡H•$VrVM XS>cc Amh.''22 À`mX•ÓQ>rZ BßJÓr, _amR>r, qhXr _Yrc H$mXß]ar¿`m Ï`mª`mßMm odMma

H$amdm cmJc.

‡W_V: BßJÓr g_rjH$mßZr H$ccr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m [mhmU ‡ÒVwV Amh.

* ∑cmam naÏh m coIH$¿`m _V, ""The Novel is a picture of real life and manners

and of the time in which it is written.''23

* X em∞Q©a Am∞∑g\$S>© oS>∑eZarVrc H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m AoYH$ C[`w∑V dmQ>V. Vr

7

[wT>rc‡_mU Amh.

"A fictitious prose narrative of considerable legnth in which characters

and actions representative of real life and portrayed in a plot of more or less

complexity.'

"A fictitious prose narrative dealing with human beings and their actions

over a period of time and displaying varieties of human character in relation

of life.'24

* H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H$er Agmdr `modf`r _m∞nag PS> lmS>a ÂhUVmV H$s,

"An adequate definition of the novel would, of course have to be totally

comprehensive, exhaustive and infallible. It would have to borrow at once from

the history of literature the study of external and the study of ficitional matter

of novels in general.'25

* H∞$_arZ crÏha¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO H$WZmÀ_H$ ocoIV J⁄mMm ]Ë`m[°H$s XrK© ÂhUVm

B©c Agm, cIH$mZ oZo_©cÎ`m ZÏ`m AmoU H$pÎ[V dmÒVdmV dmMH$mcm JwßJdyZ Q>mH$Umam aMZm]ßY

hm .''26

* [mÌMmÀ` H$mXß]arMm OZH$ \$spÎS>ßJ¿`m _V, ""Jß ra dmVmdaU Zgcc J⁄ _hmH$mÏ`

ÂhUO H$mXß]ar hm .''27

* EM. Or. dÎgZr H$mXß]arg oXccr odZmXr gßkmM H$mXß]arMr EH$ CÀH•$ÓQ> Ï`mª`m R>aV.

À`mß¿`m _V, ""¡`mV gd© H$mhr gm_mdc Aer JmÍ$S>ÁmMr W°cr.''28

* O. ]r o‡ÒQ>c `mßZr ÂhQ>c H$s, ""_mZdr OrdZmMm Amagm ÂhUO H$mXß]ar hm .''29

* S>pÏhS> ogogc `mßZr, ""OrdZ OJVmMm [naM` H$Í$Z XUmar H$cm ÂhUO H$mXß]ar.''30

Ag ÂhQ>c.

* h›ar OÂg¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO d° p∑VH$ OrdZmZw yVr hm .''31

B. g.1829 _‹ ‡og’ PmcÎ`m "_hmamÓQ≠> ^mf¿`m H$mem' _‹ H$mXß]ar `m gßkMm AW©

[wT>rc‡_mU Amh. -

8

1. oZ_©c H$Wm aMyZ H$drZ EH$ H$mÏ` H$c Amh.

2. H$pÎ[V$ H$mXß]ar Aem ÒdÍ$[mMm Amh ÂhUO BßJ´Or d _amR>r Aem Xm›hr ^mfV

"Zmod›`[yU©', J⁄, H$WmÀ_H$ ‡XrK© AmdmH$m Agccm hm gmohÀ`‡H$ma Amh. "Novel' `m ZmdmZ

gß]mYÎ`m OmUmË`m [mpÌM_mÀ` gmohÀ`‡H$mamdÍ$ZM ‡W_ "Zmdc' Ag Zmd oXc.

1872 _‹ ‡og’ PmcÎ`m "Zmdc d ZmQ>H$' `m [wÒVH$mV H$m. ]m. _amR> ÂhUVmV H$s,

""¡`mV AmÌM ©H$maH$ JmÓQ>r \$ma d Om dmMcm AgVm AÏdc[mgyZ AIa[ ™V dmMUmË`mg Zdc

dmQ>md Agm JßW ÂhUO Zmdc.''32

[´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc "_amR>r H$mXß]ar AmoU odH$mg' `m JßWmV H$mXß]arMr

Ï`mª`m H$aVmV H$s, ""gÀ` g•ÓQ>r¿`m AmYmamZ H$mÎ[oZH$ [mÃmßMr Òd^mdoMÃ d H$mhr VXdcßo]V

OrodV KQ>Zm `mM JmÓQ>Í$[mZ dU©Z H$Í$Z d H$mÏ`mZßXmMr ‡mflVr H$Í$Z OrodVmVrc JwßVmJwßVr¿`m

‡ÌZmda ‡H$me Q>mH$Umam J⁄dmL≤>_` od^mJ hm .''33

lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu `mßZr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H$aVmZm ÂhQ>c H$s, ""H$m ©H$maU e•ßIcm]’

Aem H$pÎ[V H$WmZH$m¤mam _mZdr OrdZmM Xe©Z KS>odUmar godÒVa J⁄H$Wm ÂhUO H$mXß]ar

hm .''34

H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V Hw$gw_mdVr Xe[mßS> `mßMr Ï`mª`m AÀ ßV _hŒdmMr Amh. À`mß¿`m

_V, ""[moW©d gßgmamodf`rMr AmÒWm hr H$mXß]arMr d•Œmr, OrdZmM H$mZH$m[a Mm°H$g[U YwßS>miU,

VŒdXoe©ÀdmMm qH$dm AX≤ wVmMm _mJ© YÍ$Z _ycV: _mZdr _ZmMm odMma H$aU hm H$mXß]arMm —pÓQ>H$mZ

OrdZodf`H$ AZw d dm H$Î[Zm oOdßV Ï`p∑VoMÃmß¿`m d EH$m odÒV•V AmH$f©H$ H$WmZH$m¿`m¤ma

Ï`∑V H$aU hr H$mXß]arMr [’Vr.''35

^mcMß– Z_mS> H$mXß]ar odf`r ÂhUVmV, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO ‡XrK© ^mofH$ AdH$me

Agccr, Ame`gyÃmßM AZH$ [Xa Agccr, À`m_wi odÒV•V gßaMZm _mßS>Umar AZH$ [mÃ, ‡gßJ

A[yU©V[jm gß[yU©VH$S> OmÒV PwH$cc AmhV Aer gmohÀ`H•$Vr AgV. H$mXß]arV m gd© JmÓQ>t_wi

EImXr _mR>r H•$Vr gmH$Î`mZ _mßS>Vm V. gm_moOH$ Ame` odemc Agmdm cmJVm. EIm⁄m

g_Ò Mm [mR>[wamdm oV¿`m ododY gßX^m™gh _mßS>ccm AgVm. EIm⁄m [mQ>g_yhmM, [mQ> gßÒH•$VrM

V[ercmgh Xe©Z KS>odcc AgV. gß[yU© H$mimMm qH$dm g_mOmMm N>X KVccm AgVm. Ame`gyÃ

9

]iH$Q> AgVmV. [mÃ gcJ C^r amhVmV.''36 hr Ï`mª`m H$mXß]ar¿`m odÒV•VVm, OrdZmo^_wIVm,

H$cmÀ_H$Vm, H$Î[H$Vm, dmÒVdVm BÀ`mXr JwUmßZm Ò[e© H$aV. ^mcMß– Z_mS>|¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]ar

hm odÒV•V ^mofH$ AdH$me Agccm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ oV¿`mVrc KQ>H$mßMm AmdmH$mhr

_mR>m AgVm. À`m_wi dJdJ˘`m ‡d•Œmr ew’ ÒdÍ$[mV XmIodUma H$mXß]arH$ma qH$dm H$mXß]Ë`m

H$mQ>H$ma [’VrZ dJuH•$V H$aVm V ZmhrV.''37

am. J. OmYd `mß¿`m _V, ""H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, cIH$mMm —pÓQ>H$mZ d `mßZm AZwÍ$[

Aer oZdXZ VßÃ, dU©Z, dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr, e°cr BÀ`mXr KQ>H$mßZr J⁄mV odÒV•V[U gßKoQ>V H$cc

dmÒVd OrdZmM oMÃU ÂhUO H$mXß]ar hm .''38

`m_wi H$mXß]ar ÂhUO Ï`p∑V_ZmM ododY —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ KS>odcc Xe©Z Aer Ï`mª`m

[wT> V Amh.

H$mXß]ar¿`m Ï`mª`mßMm odMma H$cm Va BßJOr, _amR>r‡_mU qhXr gmohÀ`mVyZhr H$mhr Ï`mª`m

AmT>iVmV. À`m [wT>rc‡_mU gmßJVm Vrc.

[_MßXmß¿`m _V, ""_¢ C[›`mg H$m _mZd MnaÃ H$m oMÃ _mÃ g_PVm h±$& _mZd MnaÃ[a

‡H$me S>mcZm Am°a CZH$ ahÒ`m| H$m ImcZm hr C[›`mgm| H$m _ycVŒd h°$&''39

]m]y Jwcm]am` `mßMr "H$mÏ` H$ Í$[' `m JßWmVrc Ï`mª`m _hŒdmMr dmQ>V. À`mß¿`m _V,

""C[›`mg H$m ©H$maU e•ßIcmg ]ßYm h˛Am dh J⁄ H$WmZH$ h°$& oOg_| A[jmH•$V AoYH$ odÒVma

VWm [Mr XßJr H$ gmW dmÒVodH$ OrdZ ‡oVoZYrÀd H$aZdmc Ï`p∑V`m| g gß]ßoYV dmÒVodH$ Am°a

H$mÎ[oZH$ KQ>Zm|¤mam _mZdr OrdZ H$ gÀ` H$m agmÀ_H$ Í$[ g CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m OmVm h°$&''40

Ì`m_ gwßXaXmg mß¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]ar _ZwÓ` H$ dmÒVodH$ OrdZ H$s H$mÎ[oZH$ H$Wm h°$&''41

XdamO C[m‹`m` `mß¿`m _V, ""C[›`mg J⁄ gmohÀ` H$m A›`V_ Í$[ h°$& oOZH$m AmYma

H$Wm h°$& Mmh dh grY _ZwÓ`m| H$s hm m _ZwÓ Va Ord Am°a oZOud ‡H•$Vr H$s, Mmh dh g¿Mr hm m

H$pÎ[V$&''42

darc BßJOr, _amR>r, qhXr gmohÀ`mVrc Ï`mª`mßM AdcmH$Z H$c Va OmUdccr VÀH$mcrZ

H$mimVrc dmÒVd OrdZmM oMÃ, H$_r AoYH$ Ï`mo_l OrdZmM Am^mgmÀ_H$ oMÃU, dmMH$mMm

JwßVdyZ Q>mH$Umam aMZm]ßY, J⁄ _hmH$mÏ`, gd© H$mhr gm_mdc Aer JmÍ$S>ÁmMr [mVS>r, H$mÎ[oZH$

[mÃmß¿`m AmYma H$cmZßX XUmar J⁄H$Wm, _mZdr OrdZXe©Z KS>dUmar cocV J⁄H$Wm, [moW©d$

10

gßgmamodf`r AmÒWm ]miJUmË`m d•ŒmrM oMÃU, ‡XrK© ^mofH$ AdH$me Agccr, Ame`gyÃmßM

AZH$ [Xa Agccr gmohÀ`H•$Vr, H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, cIH$mMm —pÓQ>H$mU, ZÏ`m H$pÎ[V

dmÒVdmMm aMZm]ßY, Jß ra dmVmdaU Zgcc J⁄, _hmH$mÏ`, d° p∑VH$ OrdZmZw yVr, EH$mM

dir dmL≤>_`‡H$mamodf`rMm A‰`mg d OrdZgÀ`mMm agmÀ_H$ AmodÓH$ma, _mZdr OrdZmda

‡H$me Q>mH$U d À`mM ahÒ` CcJSy>Z XmIdU BÀ`mXr H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á Am[Î`m MQ>H$Z cjmV

VmV.

* H$mXß]arM KQ>H$

`mZßVa H$mXß]ar¿`m KQ>H$mßMm aMZ¿`m —ÓQ>rZ odMma H$aU AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>V. H$WmZH$,

Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaU, oZdXZ, gßKf©, _ZmodÌcfU, mfme°cr h H$mXß]arM ‡_wI KQ>H$ AmhV.

1) H$WmZH$

H$mXß]arMm hm ‡_wI KQ>H$ AgyZ Vm H$mXß]arMm Jm^m Amh. EIm⁄m ]rOmVyZ _mR>m d•j

oZ_m©U Ïhmdm, À`m‡_mU H$mXß]argw’m EIm⁄m N>mQ>Ámem H$Wm]rOmVyZ AmH$ma KV AgV. H$maU

H$Wm]rOmoedm` H$mXß]ar Am[Î`m AmH$f©H$ ÒdÍ$[mV ‡H$Q> hmU H$R>rU AgV. H$WmZH$mV AZH$

‡gßJmßMr gmIir AgV; [U H$di H$mcmZwH$_mZ ‡gßJmßM oMÃU ZgyZ À`m_Yrc H$m ©H$maU^mdmMm

Xwdm Ò[ÓQ> dm gyoMV H$ccm AgVm. H$Wm]rO ÂhUO H$mXß]ar Zmhr Va m KQ>H$mßda BVa KQ>H$mßMmhr

[naUm_ hmV AgVm. À`mZßVa H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ g_OV. EImX oMÃ dm oeÎ[mH•$Vr [mohcr H$s,

EH$X_ oVMr [yUm©H•$Vr Am[Î`mg_ma V d oVM AmH$cZ hmV. [aßVw H$mßX]ar hr ^mofH$ H$cmH•$Vr

AgÎ`mZ oVM AmH$cZ EH$X_ hmV Zmhr. H$mXß]arM dmMZ hr EH$ H$mcH´$_]’ ‡oH´$`m Amh.

À`m_wi [mÃ, H•$Vr, ‡gßJ AmXr H$mXß]arVrc JmÓQ>tM oZdXZ H$mXß]arVrc H$pÎ[V H$mim¿`m

AdH$memV H$aU H$mXß]arH$mamcm ^mJ [S>V. H$mXß]arVrc [mÃ H$m` H$arV AmhV, À`mßM odMma

H$m` AmhV, h H$mXß]arH$ma gmßJV AgVm. m gdm™Mr OwiUr H$aUmË`m EH$mÀ_ K≈> odUrcm "H$WmZH$'

Ag ÂhUVmV. H$WmZH$m¿`m KQ>Zmß¿`m OwiUr_mJ H$m ©H$maUmM gyÃ AgV. H$mXß]arV EH$ JmÓQ>

AgV. `m JmÓQ>rV hOmam KQ>H$VŒd [mR>m[mR> aMccr AgVmV. CXm. "ÏhamßS>ÁmVrc [Q>rVyZ Vr ]\©$

H$mT>rV hmVr.', "Vm Jß_VrZ [mhˇ cmJcm', "Vr ]mccr Zmhr', "Am[Î`mM odMmamV amohcr.'

BÀ`mXr dm∑`mßVyZ H$WmZH$mMr aMZm hmV AgV. B. E_. \$m∞ÒQ>©a `mßZr H$WmZH$ d hH$sH$V `m_Yrc

\$aH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVmZm EH$ Jß_VrXma CXmhaU oXc Amh. À`mß¿`m _V, ""amOm _cm AmoU À`mZßVa

11

Xw:ImZ amUr _•À y [mdcr. h H$WmZH$ Amh.''43

H$WmZH$ ÂhUO H$mXß]arH$mamZ dmMH$mßg_ma R>dccr ‡gßJmßMr, Ï`∑Vr¿`m H•$VtMr, KQ>ZmßMr

OwiUr AgV. H$mXß]arVrc H$WmZH$ odoeÓQ> H$mc_`m©XV KS>V AgV. [aßVw m H$mimMr od^mJUr

H$mXß]arH$ma H$arV AgVm .OrdZmMr JVr H$mXß]arVyZ OmUdV. _mUgm¿`m MhË`mdÍ$Z, À`m¿`m

hmd^mdmVyZ, À`m¿`m ]XcÀ`m Òd^mdmVyZ XIrc H$mimMr JVr Ï`∑V hmV. H$mimM mZ Zh_r¿`m

H$mcH´$_]’ jU_mocH$VyZ Z XVm _mUgm¿`m ]XcÀ`m d•ŒmrVyZ, ‡oVoH´$`mVyZ XUmar H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ

"h B©Ìdaamd - h [wÈfmŒm_amd' `m Ì`m_ _Zmha `mß¿`m H$mXß]arMm CÎcI H$amdm cmJc.

[gu c]H$ `mßZr H$mimM VŒd ‡^mdr[U dm[aUmam H$mXß]arH$ma ÂhUyZ Q>m∞cÒQ>m∞ M CXmhaU oXc

Amh. H$mXß]ar¿`m KmQ>mVM, oV¿`m aMZVM H$mimM ‡oVq]] C_Q>V AgV Ag [gu c]H$

`mßM ÂhUU Amh.

H$WmZH$ hr EH$ gßaMZm AgV. À`mgmR>r cIH$ KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßMr oZdS> H$arV AgVm.

[mÃm¿`m odoeÓQ dmJ`m_mJ H$mhrVar hVy AgVm, [aßVw À`m_wi H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ dmQ>c Vg hm`mMm

YmH$m AgVm. H$WmZH$mM oeoWc, JwßVmJwßVrM, Òd¿N>ßXr, dmÒVd Ag ‡H$ma AgyZ EH$mM H$mßX]arV

À`mMr o_lU AmT>iVmV. H$WmZH$ hm H$WMm AmÀ_m AgyZ Amaß , _‹`, AßV h VrZ H$WmZH$m¿`m

aMZM odef AgyZ H$mXß]arM H$WmZH$ AmH$f©H$ hm`mgmR>r gß mÏ`Vm, H$m ©H$maU_r_mßgm, d

Hw$VyhcoZo_©Vr h JwU AmdÌ`H$ AgVmV. H$mXß]arVrc H$WmZH$ ÂhUO EH$ qH$dm AZH$ [mÃmß¿`m

OrdZmVrc oddojV ‡gßJmßMr "MVwamB©Mr Jwß\$U' hm . CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>H$ mßMr "Xm°cV' hr H$mXß]ar

`mMm CÀH•$ÓQ> Z_wZm Amh.

H$WmZH$mMm Amaß oMŒmdYH$ Agcm ÂhUO H$mXß]ar dmMH$m¿`m _ZmMr EH$X_ [H$S>

KV. H$WmZH$mMm ‡maß AmH$f©H$ H$a`mgmR>r H$mXß]arH$mamßZr AZH$ [`mJ H$cc oXgVmV. H$mXß]arMm

edQ> hm VßÃ—ÓQ>Ám AÀ ßV _hŒdmMm AgVm. edQ> H$W¿`m odH$mgmcm gmOgm, Òdm^modH$ AgU

AmdÌ`H$ Amh. H$WmZH$mVrc gd© KQ>Zm, ‡gßJ, emH$mÀ_ ÒdÍ$[mM, dmVmdaU Jß ra AgVmZm

H$di _Zmcm ]a dmQ>V ÂhUyZ H$WmZH$mMm edQ> JmS> H$aU VßÃ—ÓQ>Ám XmfmÒ[X>M ÂhUmd cmJc.

H$mXß]arH$ma H$WmZH$m¿`m¤ma [m°amoUH$, EoVhmogH$, H$mÎ[oZH$ Aem H$mUÀ`mhr H$mimVrc

_mZdr OrdZÏ`m[mamM oMÃU H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm. ÂhUO dmMH$mcm Am[Î`m Ame`–Ï`moYpÓR>V

Í$[mV JwßVod`mM gm_œ © H$WmZH$mV gm_mdcc AgV.

12

]Og Om∞›gZ¿`m _V, ""H$WmZH$ EHy$U Mma _yc yV odf`mßV od^mJVm VmV AmoU jwYm,

À`mJ, Ï`∑VrM Ï`p∑V[U AmoU ‡_ `m MmaM odf`mßV H$mUVhr H$WmZH$ ]godVm V.''44

VŒdV: H$mXß]ar hm H$WmÀ_H$ J⁄ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ À`mVrc KQ>Zm d KQ>Zmß¿`m

_mocH$cm AoYH$ _hŒd ⁄md cmJV. KQ>ZmßMr hr _mocH$m ÂhUO H$WmZH$ hm . H$mXß]ar_‹

H$WmZH$ A[nahm ©[U Agmd. Ag B. E_. \$m∞ÒQ>©a, Omg\$ H$m∞Za∞S>, Wm∞_g hmS>u, H$m∞ÂQ>Z ]ZQ>

BÀ`mXr [mÌMmÀ` odMmadßVmßZr _mßS>c Amh. _amR>rV ]m[Q>, JmS>]mc, Zm. gr. \$S>H$, [w. oe. aJ

`m g_rjH$mßZr H$WmZH$ hm KQ>H$ _hŒdmMm _mZcm. [aßVw AmYwoZH$ H$mim_‹ H$mXß]arcm H$WmZH$

Agmd Ag _mZc OmV Zmhr. H$mXß]ar¿`m odf`mM ]rO Ò\w$aÎ`mZßVa À`mVyZM hiyhiy H$mXß]arM

H$WmZH$ AmH$ma Kdy cmJV. `m H$WmZH$mVyZ cIH$ À`mcm PmcÎ`m gm_moOH$ OmoUdmßM Xe©Z

dmMH$mßZm KS>odVm d dmMH$mMr CÀHß$R>m, h˛ah˛a Aem VËhZ H$WmZH$mMr Jwß\$U H$amdr cmJV.

H$mXß]arM H$WmZH$ AÀ ßV ‡^mdr Agmd cmJV. AmO _mÃ _amR>r H$mXß]ar_‹ H$WmZH$‡YmZ

Ï`p∑VaIm‡YmZ, _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ Aem ododY [’Vr H$WmZH$ aMZgmR>r oZdS>Î`m OmVmV.

H$WmZH$m¿`m ]h˛Am`m_r Ame`gyÃmß¿`m oZo_©VrVyZ H$mXß]arH$ma Am[Î`m gmd©H$mocH$

_hŒdm¿`m H$cmH•$Vr gmH$ma H$aVm. `m—ÓQ>rZ Ï ßH$Q>e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r', "gÀVmßVa',

^mcMß– Z_mS>ÁmßMr "H$mgcm', "o]T>>ma', "Pyc', ^mD$ [m‹ ßMr "dUdm', "Oc ]S>©g≤' BÀ`mXr

H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎcI H$amdm cmJc. À`m_wi H$WmZH$ hm H$mXß]arMm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh.

2) Ï`p∑VoMÃU

H$mXß]arMm Xwgam _hŒd[yU© KQ>H$ ÂhUO Ï`p∑VoMÃU AgyZ H$c¿`m —ÓQ>rZ H$mXß]arVrc

Ï`p∑VoMÃU h odoeÓQ> JwUY_m©M [´VrH$ ZgyZ ‡À`hr Am[Î`m mdVr dmdaV AgcÎ`m _ZwÓ`m¿`m

Òd^mdmMr AmiI H$Í$Z XUma EH$ gmYZ AgV. H$mXß]arMr H$Î[Zm V Vr À`m Ï`∑Vr_wiM.

H$mXß]arVrc [mÃ hr H$mßX]arH$mamMr oZo_©Vr AgV. À`moR>H$mUr H$WmZH$m¿`m [yU©VgmR>r [mÃmßM

oMÃU V. Va H$mhr H$mXß]Ë`m Ï`∑Vr^mdVrM Jwß\$cÎ`m AgVmV. Ï`p∑VoMÃU ÂhUO H$m`, Agm

‡ÌZ CX≤ dVm, VÏhm Ï`∑Vr¿`m Òd^mdmVrc JwUXmf, dV©Z, dmJUyH$, Í$[ BÀ`mXtMm odMma H$amdm

cmJVm. À`m_wi H$mXß]arH$ma _mUgm¿`m gwIXw:Im¿`m, ÒdflZmß¿`m Aem H$mhrVar JmÓQ>tMm

AmodÓH$ma H$arV AgVm. H$WmZH$mgmR>r Ï`∑Vr _m‹`_ oH$Vr _hŒdmM AgV, `modf`r aoe`Z

H$mXß]arH$ma VwJ©ZÏh ÂhUVmV H$s, "_r cIZm‡maß r Zh_rM [mÃmßMm odMma H$cm Amh. H$Î[ZMm

Zmhr.'45 ÏhoO©oZ`m Hw$Î\$¿`m _V, "_mPr ImÃr Amh H$s, gd© H$mXß]Ë`m [mÃmßer gß]ßYrV

13

AgVmV.'46 `m oddMZmdÍ$Z H$mXß]arV Ï`∑VrM ÒWmZ oH$Vr _hŒd[yU© AgV `mMr H$Î[Zm V.

B©. E_. \$m∞ÒQ>©a `mßZr H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmßM pÒWa [mÃ AmoU odH$mgr [mÃ Ag dJuH$aU _mßS>c d

À`m_Yrc odef gmßoJVc AmhV. H$mXß]arVyZ [mÃmßM R>amdrH$ Z_wZ AmT>iVmV. Zm`H$, Zmo`H$m,

IcZm`H$, Bagmc [mÃ, chmZ _wc, ÂhmVmar, ‡_i _mUg, dS>rc _mUgmßM R>amodH$ ‡H$ma

BÀ`mXr Òd^mdmßMr odoeÓQ> Z_wZXma [mÃ AmT>iVmV.47

AmVJm¿`m _V, ""H$mXß]arM H$WmZH$ hm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ AgyZ H$mXß]arV "H$m` KS>V'

`mcm _hŒd AgyZ H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmßM OrdZ, À`mßM ApÒVÀd AmoU Vr ¡`m dmVmdaUmV AmT>iVmV

V dmVmdaU `m_‹ H$mXß]arM Ia ahÒ`, gŒd (Bg›g) gm_mdcc Amh.''48 A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>c¿`m

og’mßVm‡_mU, "dmL≤>_` ÂhUO AZwH•$Vr hm . H$_ H$aUmar _mUg hm AZwH•$VrMm odf`$ AgVm.

`m oMÃUmM VrZ ‡H$ma AgVmV. CXm. _mUg AmhV [U À`m[jm MmßJcr aßJodU, H$WmZH$m‡_mUM

Òd^mdoMÃUmVhr H$drZ O H$mhr A[nahm © Amh qH$dm O gß dZr` Amh, V Zh_r c˙` _mZmd

Ag A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>cM _V Amh.'49 Am[Umg ‡mflV PmcÎ`m gmYZgm_wJ´rMm C[`mJ H$mXß]arH$ma

H$gm H$aVmV `modf`r pÒQ>ÏhZgZ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""[wÓH$iXm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m H$mÎ[oZH$ Ï`∑Vr

ÂhUO [naoMV Ï`∑VrM WmS> ]h˛V \$a]Xc KS>odcc ZdrZ Z_wZ AgVmV. Aemdir Vm

‡oV^me∑VrZ [naoMV Ï`∑Vr¿`m gmßJmS>ÁmV AmH•$Vrodef AmoU JwUodefmßMr ^a KmcyZ ZdrZ

Ï`∑Vr oZ_m©U H$aVm.''50

am∞]Q>© ocS>c ÂhUVmV H$s, ""H$mßX]arVrc [mÃ hr ‡À`j OrdZmVyZ Oer¿`m Ver KVccr

AgVmV. Vr ]h˛Ym ‡À`jmVrc XmZ-VrZ Òd^mdd°oeÓQ>ÁmßM EH$ÃrH$aU H$Í$Z aImQ>ccr AgVmV.

cIH$mZ EH$M EH$ Ï`∑Vr [mhˇZ ‡À`jmdÍ$Z Oar [mÃoZo_©Vr H$cr Agcr Var cIH$ Vg H$aVmZm

odoeÓQ> OrdZmWm©¿`m gßX^m©V À`m¿`mH$S> [hmV AgVm. À`m_wi Vr gd©Òdr ZdrZ oZo_©Vr AgV.

H$mXß]arVrc BVa KQ>H$mß_wihr À`m [mÃmcm ‡À`jmhˇZ dJi[U ‡mflV Pmcc AgV. _mÃ H$mXß]ar

[yU© _mUyg XmIdy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]arH$ma A[nahm ©[U oZdS> H$arV AgVm.''51

‡og’ cIH$ d g_rjH$ JßJmYa JmS>Jri Ï`p∑VoMÃUmM _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$aVmZm ÂhUVmV

H$s, ""gmË`m odÌdmV AmoU _mZdr OrdZmV H$mhr _`m©X[ ™V gßJVr Amh. oZpÌMV [aÒ[agß]ßY

AmhV. À`mV [wZ:[w›hm H$mhr AmH•$Vr AmT>iyZ VmV. À`mZwgma _ZwÓ`m¿`m ‡dmhr AßVOudZmV

XIrc H$mhr odgßJVrhr odef OmUdVmV. AmoU AIa Vm gmam EH$M [´dmh AgVm. _ZwÓ`m¿`m

14

‡dmhr OrdZmVrc ¯m gßJVr Xe©odU, ¯m AmH•$Vr oQ>[U AmoU À`mVrc AH$pÎ[V d VH$m©V Z

]gUmË`m JmÓQ>tMr XIc KU ÂhUO Òd^md oMÃU.''52

_amR>r H$mXß]arVrc Ï`p∑VoMÃUmcm _hŒd XUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m ÒdÍ$[modf`r oddMZ

H$aVmZm Ï`p∑VoMÃUmM ododY ‡H$ma gmßJyZ À`mVrc VaV_^md Ò[ÓQ> H$cm Amh. [ohÎ`m ‡H$mamVyZ

Ï`∑Vr¿`m AßJr AgcÎ`m f∂S≤>na[wß¿`m gßH$mMmM oMÃU H$aUmam AgyZ Ï`∑Vr¿`m oMÃodoMÃ cH$]r-

gd`rM dU©Z, gwI-Xw:ImM dU©Z H$cc AgV. XwgË`m ‡H$mamVyZ H$mUÀ`mhr odH$mamM Vrd oMÃU,

oVgË`m ‡H$mamVyZ _ZwÓ` Òd^mdm¿`m C¿M d ZmOyH$ odMmamßM oMÃU AgV. Va C¿M H$c¿`m

—ÓQ>rZ H$WmZH$mVrc MmVw m©[jm Hw$ec Ï`∑VrXe©Zm¿`m em Z gOcÎ`m H$mXß]arcmM lÓR> ÒWmZ

AgV. ÂhUOM Òd^mdaImQ>Zmg H$mXß]arVyZ ]aM _hŒd AgyZ AZH$ dim H$mXß]arMm XOm©

R>aod`mV hr H$gmQ>r C[`mJmV AmUcr OmV. H$mXß]arVrc [mÃ H$mÎ[oZH$ Iar; [U À`mß¿`m_‹

oOdßV[Um `mgmR>r À`mßZm Xd qH$dm XmZd H$mQ>rVrc H$a`mEdOr _mZd H$mQ>rVrc H$aU OÍ$a

Amh. À`m_wi Ame`gyÃm¿`m `Wm`mΩ` ‡H$Q>ZmgmR>r oOdßV AmoU ‡À``H$mar Ï`p∑VoMÃUmMr

AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV. H$mXß]arVrc AdH$memMr C^maUr H$aVmZm cIH$ À`m H$WmZH$mMr C^maUr

Ï`∑Vr¤ma KS>odV AgVm. À`m [mÃmßM _ZmY_©, ]m¯mH$ma, odMma, H$Î[Zm BVa [mÃmßer Agcc

À`mßM gß]ßY ¯m gd© JmÓQ>tVyZ H$mXß]arM odÌd AmH$mamcm V AgV.

H$cmH•$VrVrc Ï`p∑VaImQ>Z hr À`m gmohÀ`m¿`m _mZogH$ [mVirdaMr AgVmV.

H$mUÀ`mhr H$cmH•$Vrda _mZgemÒÃmMm ‡^md [S>ccm AgVm. `m gßX^m©V MßX´H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a

ÂhUVmV H$s, ""H$mhr H$mXß]arH$mamß¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aVmZm À`mßZm _mZgemÒÃmMr ‡À`j

qH$dm A‡À`j OmU hmVr Ag OmUdV.''53 H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m _mZgemÒÃ A‰`mgmMr hr oQ>[Ur

_hŒdmMr Amh. À`mVyZM Ï`p∑VaImQ>Z oZ_m©U hmVmV. CXm. [w. oe. aJ `mßMr "gmodÃr'. aΩ`mßZr

gmodÃr¿`m Í$[mZ H$ccm H$mXß]ar cIZmVrc hm Zdm ‡`mJ AgyZ gmodÃr¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ OrdZmVrc

VmXmÀÂ`Vm, gm\$Î`, V•flVr, AmZßX `mßM ÒWmZ À`mßZr gO©Zerc [mVirda KS>odc Amh. gmodÃr

]mc[Um[mgyZ EH$Q>r, _Z_mH$˘`m Òd^mdmMr Amh. oV¿`m_‹ ‡g›ZVm, VQ>ÒWVm AmoU

AmÀ_g_[©UmMr d•Œmr Amh; VgM Xw:ImMm ÒdrH$ma H$a`mMr ‡JÎ^Vmhr Amh.

H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Ï`p∑VoMÃU aImQ>VmZm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m Hw$dVrZwgma \$aH$ [S>V OmVm. EImXm

15

Hw$ec H$mXß]arH$maM oOdßV, ‡À``H$mar, [naUm_H$maH$ Ï`p∑VoMÃUmßMr _mßS>Ur H$Í$ eH$Vm. À`m_wi

H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`p∑VoMÃU hm H$WmZH$mBVH$mM _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh.

3) dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr

H$mXß]arMm oVgam KQ>H$ ÂhUO dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr hm . BVa KQ>H$mß‡_mU `m KQ>H$mcm

AZ›`gmYmaU _hŒd Amh. H$mXß]arVrc H$pÎ[V Ï`∑Vr ¡`m g_mOmV dmdaV À`m g_mOmM Ia

oMÃU H$mXß]arVyZ `md AmoU _mZdr OrdZ, À`m¿`m AdVr^mdVr Agccm g_mO `mßMm EH$mM

dir AZw d `mdm hr A[jm dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr¿`m _mJ AgV. H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU hm KQ>H$

H$WmZH$ AmoU Ï`∑VroMÃUmVrc _hŒdmMm Xwdm Amh. `m KQ>H$m_wi OrdZXe©Z KS>odUma ododY

‡gßJ-KQ>Zm BÀ`mXtMr gmßJS> KmcVm V. H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaUmodf`r lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu ÂhUVmV

H$s, ""H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU h H$WmZH$ d Ï`p∑VXe©Z `mVrc ahÒ` CcJS>`mg \$ma C[ w∑V

R>aV.''54

`m KQ>H$modf`r [´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc `mßZr ÂhQ>c Amh H$s, ""ÒWc H$mc

d°oeÓQ>ÁmßM H$mXß]arV [S>cc ‡oVq]] ÂhUO dmVmdaU hm .''55 `m[wT> À`mßZr dmVmdaU ¯m

KQ>H$mcm H$mXß]ar¿`m [yaH$ KQ>H$mV g_modÓQ> H$c. À`m_wi `m KQ>H$mM H$mXß]araMZVrc ÒWmZ

qH$dm _hŒd H$mUÀ`mhr ‡H$ma H$_r hmV Zmhr. À`mß¿`m _V "oMÃH$cV [mÌd© y_rM H$m © VM H$mXß]arV

dmVmdaUmM AgV. À`m oMÃmßVrc XImÏ`mg Ogm EH$ ‡H$ma CR>md o_iVm, odoeÓQ> ‡gßJmM __©

H$i`mg _XV hmV. Vg H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU h H$WmZH$ AmoU Ï`p∑VXe©Z `mVrc ahÒ`

CcJS>`mg C[H$maH$ hmV.'56 WmS>∑`mV, ÒWcH$mc d°oeÓQ>ÁmßM H$mXß]arV [S>cc ‡oVq]] ÂhUO

dmVmdaU. `m ÒWc-H$mc d°oeÓQ>ÁmßMm _mZdr OrdZmda _mR>m [naUm_ hmVm qH$dm ‡^md [S>Vm.

Zm. gr. \$S>H$ H$WVrc dmVmdaUmH$S> Xwc©j H$c Va KmQ>mim hmVm Ag ÂhUVmV. [mÌMmÀ`

g_rjH$ hJc, JmÎS>_Z, VZ `mßZr H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaUmM _hŒd OmUc hmV. À`m_wi À`mß¿`m

odMmamßMm `m KQ>H$mß¿`m gßX^m©V odMma hmU JaOM Amh. hJc hm g_rjH$ H$mXß]arMm Am°⁄moJH$

g_mOÏ`dÒWVyZ oZ_m©U Pmccm [m`m _m›` H$aVm. "H$mXß]ar ÂhUO _‹`_ dJm©M _hmH$mÏ`,

eVr‡YmZ gßÒH•$VrVyZ C⁄mJ‡YmZ gßÒH•$VrH$S> OmUmË`m $ _mUgmMr gm_moOH$ EH$Vm ZÓQ> hmV.

‡Ia dmÒVdVm d ^mdZmÀ_H$ _mZdr _Z `mß¿`mVrc gßKf© H$mXß]arV ‡H$fm©Z oXgVm.'57

JmÎS>_Z¿`m _V, "gmohÀ` H•$Vr AmoU ‡À`j gm_wohH$ OmoUdM gmY ‡oVq]] ZgV Va

16

¯m g_whm¿`m OmoUd¿`m AZwfßJmZ oZ_m©U PmcÎ`m ‡d•ŒmrMm AoVe` odH$ogV Agm gwgßJV

[mVirdarc [na[mH$ AgVm AmoU OmoUdcmM [nadV©Zerc dmÒVdVm ÂhUyZ g_OU AmdÌ`H$

Amh. H$cm hr AmH$pÒ_H$[U AmH$memVyZ Imcr CVaUmar MrO ZÏh. oVMr [mi_wi dmÒVd

OrdZm¿`m y_rV Imcda Í$Occr AgVmV.'58

VZ m [mÌMmÀ` g_rjH$mZ gmohÀ`m¿`m gm_moOH$ ÒdÍ$[mMr MMm© EH$m og’mßVm¤ma H$ccr

Amh. À`modf`r À`mßZr EH$ gyÃ gmßoJVc. dße, dmVmdaU AmoU wJ h gmohÀ` ÒdÍ$[ R>aodUma

KQ>H$ AgVmV. À`mß¿`m _V, "H$mXß]ar OrdZmM ‡oVq]] XmIodUmam Amagm Amh.'59 gmohÀ` h

gd©Òdr g_mOM A[À` Amh, ‡oVq]] Amh. [U VZMm hm og’mßV _m›` hm`mgmaIm Zmhr. Jm.

_. Hw$cH$Uu `m og’mßVmodf`r ÂhUVmV, "gmohpÀ`H$ hm g_mOm[wT> Amagm YaVm Iam; [U Vm

Amagm hw]hˇ] ‡oVq]] XmIodUmam-Xe©odUmam ZgVm. yVH$mcrZ gmohÀ`[aß[am d gmohpÀ`H$,

Ï`p∑V_Œd À`mMr [´d•Œmr-‡H•$Vr, g_mOmMr pÒWVrJVr `m gdm™¿`m [aÒ[a gm[j gmH$Î`mZ hm

Amagm og’ hmVm. `m_wi gmohÀ`mV C_Q>cc ‡oVq]] h˛]hˇ] Z amhVm V gßÒH$mnaV hmV, dJi

[na_mU YmaU H$aV.'60

`m —ÓQ>rZ _amR>r gmohÀ`mV odgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m Mm°œ`m AmoU [mMÏ`m XeH$mV ‡mXoeH$

H$mXß]ar Í$T> hmdy cmJcr d H$WmZH$mgmR>r odoeÓQ> _`m©XrV [mÌd© y_r oZdSy>Z Vr CR>mdXma H$a`mH$S>

cIH$mMm H$c oXgy cmJcm.

_amR>r H$mXß]arH$ma J´m_rU OrdZmH$S> diÎ`mZßVa cIH$mßZm ^m°JmocH$ dmVmdaU oZ_m©U

H$a`mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AoYH$ ^mgy cmJcr. eßH$a [mQ>cmßMr "Q>ma\w$cm' qH$dm aUoOV XgmB™ ¿`m

"]mar', "_mPm Jmd' qH$dm Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßMr "AmÂhr ^JraWmM [wÃ' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m `m —ÓQ>rZ

CÎcIZr` AmhV. m gd© JmÓQ>tMm odMma H$cm Va H$mXß]ar¿`m AmH$f©Um¿`m —ÓQ>rZ dmVmdaUmcmM

[yaH$ KQ>H$ _mZmd cmJc. [aßVw ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arVZ dmVmdaUoZo_©VrgmaIm KQ>H$ AoVe` _hŒd[yU©

AgVm. dmVmdaUmVyZ T>J, [mD$g, odOmßMm H$S>H$S>mQ>, D$Z, WßS>r, dmam BÀ`mXr hdm_mZm¿`m KQ>H$mßMm

dm[agw’m H$cm OmVm. À`m_wi dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr hm BVa KQ>H$mß[jm Jm°U KQ>H$ Agcm Var H$mXß]arVyZ

À`mcm _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ Amh.

dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr¿`m —ÓQ>rZ od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' qH$dm O`dßV XidtMr "MH´$'

qH$dm ^mcMß– Z_mS>|Mr "H$mgcm', E. Ïhr OmetMr "H$mimImM AßJ' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc

17

dmVmdaUmM oMÃU AÀ ßV ‡^mdr Amh.

4) H$mXß]arM oZdXZ

H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡_wI KQ>H$mßMm odMma H$cm Va H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr AmoU

^mfme°cr h KQ>H$ _hŒdmM AmhV. `m gd© KQ>H$mßBVH$mM H$mXß]arMm _hŒd[yU© AmYma yV KQ>H$

ÂhUO oZdXZ hm . H$mXß]arV h oZdXZ H$mUrVar H$arV AgVm. H$mUm¿`m Var —ÓQ>rZ KS>cÎ`m

KQ>ZmßM, [mÃmßM, À`mß¿`m H•$VrM, Òd^mdmM Ia oMÃU H$c OmV. ÂhUO À`mß¿`modf`r H$WZ H$c

OmV. oZdXZ ÂhUO KQ>ZmßMr _mocH$m AgyZ oZdXZmV gmVÀ` d gyÃ Agmd cmJV. H$mXß]arMm

oZdXH$ Zh_r H$mXß]arH$maM AgVm Ag Zmhr. H$mXß]arM oZdXZ H$Yr [mÃmß¿`m Vm|Sy>Zhr H$c

OmV. mMm ‡À`` h. Zm. Am[Q>|Mr "[U cjmV H$mU KVm', dm. _. OmetMr "BßXy H$mi gacm mi'

qH$dm [w. ^m. ^md|Mr "AHw$ocZm' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Vm.

H$mXß]arcm _yV©Í$[ X`mgmR>r, gd© KQ>H$mßMm V[erc [waod`mgmR>r odoeÓQ> H$mZmVyZ À`mMr

_mßS>Ur H$a`mgmR>r H$mXß]arH$mamcm oZdXZ hM EH$ gmYZ C[c„Y AgV. `m oZdXZVßÃmMm dm[a

_mÃ ‡À`H$ cIH$ Am[Î`m _OuZwgma H$arV AgVm. cIH$ hm ÒdV:M oZdXH$ Amh H$s

H$WmodÌdmVrc EH$ [mÃ oZdXH$ Amh `mdÍ$Z oZdXZm¿`m ‡W_[wÈfr oZdXZ AmoU V•Vr`[wÈfr

oZdXZ Aem XmZ [’Vr AgVmV.

1) ‡W_[wÈfr oZdXZ :-

H$mXß]ar oZdXZm¿`m XmZ [’Vt[°H$s EH$ [’V ÂhUO ‡W_[wÈfr oZdXZ. `m [’VrMm

dm[a H$aVmZm H$mXß]arH$mamM EH$ qH$dm AZH$ [mÃmßer VmXmÀ_rH$aU Pmcc AgV. `m[’VrMm

hVy gmßoJVÎ`m OmUmË`m hH$sH$Vr]am]a [mÃ, [mÃmßMm —pÓQ>H$mZ, À`mßMr _Z:oÒWVr `mH$S> AgVm.

À`m_wi H$mXß]arV EH$gyÃr[Um, EH$dm∑`Vm oZ_m©U hmV. "VÈAm d oZaJmR>r' `m H$mXß]Ë`mVyZ

`m—ÓQ>rZ Jm°ar Xe[mßS> `mßZr S>m`ar AmoU [Ã `m Xm›hr gmYZmßMm dm[a H$cm Amh. [Ã AmoU

amOoZer `mßMm dm[a `m [’VrV H$cm OmVm. ‡W_[wÈfr oZdXZmV oZdXH$ h H$mXß]arVrc EH$ [mÃ

AgÎ`m_wi H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`∑V Pmcc OrdZdmÒVd ÂhUO EH$m [mÃmZ AZw dcc, À`m¿`m

—pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ Ï`∑V Pmcc dmÒVd AgV. `m ‡H$ma¿`m oZdXZmVyZ AmßVnaH$ dmÒVdmM Xe©Z

KS>od`mMr e∑`Vm AoYH$ AgV. h ‡W_[wÈfr oZdXZmM gm_œ © R>aV. CXm. "[U cjmV H$mU

KVm' _‹ "`_y'`m ÒÃr[mÃm¤ma H$cc oZdXZ qH$dm od. g. ImßS>H$amß¿`m "H´$m°MdY' _Yrc

18

dJdJ˘`m [mÃmßZr H$ccr AmÀ_oZdXZ hr `m ‡H$mamVrc CÀH•$ÓQ> Z_wZ AmhV.

2) V•Vr`[wÈfr oZdXZ

H$mXß]ar¿`m oZdXZmMr hr Xwgar [’V AgyZ `m ‡H$ma¿`m oZdXZmVrc oZdXH$ hm gd©-

gmjr AgVm. Vm gd©Ã gßMma H$arV AgVm. gd© [mÃmß¿`m Òd^mdmßM, À`mß¿`m_‹ KS>UmË`m

gß mfUmßM, KQ>ZmßM À`mcm kmZ AgV. À`m_wi Vm [mÃmß¿`m _ZmV ‡de H$Í$Z À`mßM odMma _mßSy>

eH$Vm. _mZdr Òd^mdmMr JwßVmJwßV, _mZdr _ZmMr AV∑ ©Vm `m ‡H$mam¿`m oZdXZ[’Vr_wi ‡H$Q>

hmD$ eH$V.

[gu c]Hß$Zr oZdXZmM "[∞Za∞o_H$' AmoU "ogoZH$' Ag XmZ ‡H$ma gmßoJVc AmhV.

Ï`m[H$ —Ì` H$dV KUmam [∞Za∞o_H$ —pÓQ>H$mU AmoU [mÃmß¿`m OrdZmVrc odoeÓQ> KQ>H$ AJXr

OdiyZ oQ>[Umam ogoZH$ —pÓQ>H$mU mMm JaOZwgma dm[a H$mXß]arH$ma H$arV AgVm. H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m

oZdXZmcm EH$ JVr d c` AgV. À`m_wi V•Vr` [wÈfr oZdXZ hr oZdXZmMr EH$ Í$T> [’V Amh.

H$maU m ‡H$mamVrc cIH$mMr yo_H$m hr gd©kmgmaIr AgV. m ‡H$maMm C‘e _wª`V: gmßoJVÎ`m

OmUmË`m hH$sH$VrH$S>, dmÒVdmH$S> AgVm. Va g_mOmVrc Ï`∑Vrd°oeÓQ>ÁmßM oMÃU H$aU, Xe©Z

KS>odU, h H$mXß]arH$mamM d°oeÓQ>Á AgÎ`mZ V•Vr` [wÈfr oZdXZmMr hr [’V gdm©V AoYH$

C[`w∑V Amh. `m [’VrZwgma cIH$ Ame`mMr _mßS>Ur odÒVmamZ H$Í$ eH$Vm. [mÃmß¿`m

^mdZmÀ_H$VMm, qMVZercVMm AmodÓH$ma H$aVmZm _mÃ V•Vr` [wÈfr oZdXZm¿`m OmS>rZM [Ã,

amOoZer BÀ`mXtMm cIH$ C[`mJ H$aVm.

oZdXZm‡_mU oZdXZmMm Òda (Q>mZ) hmhr _hŒdmMm AgVm. H$Yr cIH$ VQ>ÒW AgVm

Va H$Yr Am[Î`m [mÃmßodf`r ghmZw yVr ‡H$Q> H$arV AgVm. Va H$Yr À`mMm Òda C[hmgmMmhr

Agy eH$Vm. H$mXß]ar¿`m oZdXZmcm EH$ JVr d c` AgV. Vr gmß mi`mda oZdXZmM ‡^mdr[U

Adcß]yZ AgV.

5) gßKf©

gßKf© hm H$mXß]arMm EH$ KQ>H$ AgyZ gßKfm©oedm` H$mXß]ar [yU© hmV Zmhr. gßKfm©¿`m MT>-

CVmamßMr H$mXß]ar aßOZ‡YmZ AmoU dmMZr` ]ZV. gßKf© hm _ycV: _mZogH$ [mVir AmoU emarnaH$

[mVirda Adcß]yZ AgVm. Xm›hr gßKf© EH$_H$mßZm [yaH$ AgVmV. _mUgmM _Z h KS>ÁmimVrc

cmcH$m‡_mU AmßXmcV AgV. WyZM Iam gßKfm©g ‡maß hmVm. EH$m _ZmM XwgË`m _Zmer gßKfm©M

19

]rO AßHw$ac OmV. À`m_wi Ï`∑Vr, g_mO, OmVr, Y_©, C¿M-ZrM, Jar]-lr_ßV Aem ‡H$ma

gßKf© KS>V AgVm. H$mXß]arVyZ Zm`H$, Zmo`H$m, IcZm`H$ BVa Jm°U [mÃ BÀ`mXt¿`m _‹ gßKf©

AgVm. ÂhUO H$mXß]arMr dmQ>Mmc hr gßKfm©oedm` hmV Zmhr. À`m_wi gßKf© hm H$mXß]arMm EH$

_hŒd[yU© KQ>H$ Amh.

"H$mXß]ar : oddMZ AmoU odÌcfU' `m JßWmV ]mceßH$a Xe[mßS> gßKfm©odf`r ÂhUVmV

H$s, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhQ>cr H$s gßKf© AmcmM. _J Vm gßKf© _ZwÓ` d ]m¯ odamYr e∑Vr `mß¿`mVcm

Agc, _ZwÓ`m_ZwÓ`mVcm Agc, _ZwÓ` AmoU gm_moOH$ [napÒWVr `mß¿`mVcm Agc qH$dm

À`m¿`mM AßV:ÒW odMma odH$mamß_Ycm Agy eH$c. V H$mhr Pmc Var _ZwÓ`mcm AßV:ÒW AJa

]m¯ gßKfm©cm gm_ma JÎ`moedm` JÀ ßVa Zmhr. AmoU mM emÌdV gÀ`mda H$mXß]arg•ÓQ>rMr C^maUr

Pmccr AgV. h∞ÂcQ>cm Xm›hr ‡H$ma¿`m gßKfm™Zm Vm|S> ⁄md cmJc.AßV:ÒW d ]m¯ qH$dm

am_m`UmVrc gd©M Ï`∑Vr EH$mM aßJmZ dmpÎ_H$sZ aßJdÎ`m AgÀ`m qH$dm _hm^maVmVrc gd©M

[mÃmßM Òd^md-odef g_g_mZ AgÎ`mM Ï`mg _hfvZr XmIodc AgV Va À`m _hmH$mÏ`mcm

AmO¿`mgmaIr cmH$o‡`Vm cm^cr AgVr H$m` ? am_m`U, _hm^maV dJ°a Amf©H$mÏ , aKwdße,

Hw$_magß d, [∞aS>mB©O cm∞ÒQ> `mgmaIr _hmH$mÏ À`mVÎ`m gßKf©_` dmVmdaUm_wi cmH$o‡` Pmcr

AmhV.''61

6) _ZmodÌcfU

hm H$mXß]arMm ‡_wI KQ>H$ AgyZ H$mXß]ar hm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m gÀ`g•ÓQ>rVrc, [U H$mÎ[oZH$

Ii AgVm. H$mXß]arVyZ dJdJ˘`m [mÃmßMr oZo_©Vr H$Í$Z H$mXß]arH$ma À`mAmYma OrdZmVrc

gÀ`mM oMÃU H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$arV AgVm. Aem H$mXß]arVyZ _ZmodÌcfU ZmdmMm [mÃm¿`m

yo_H$m dm _mZogH$ OS>U-KS>U Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmam EH$ KQ>H$ H$m ©aV AgVm. ‡À H$ [mÃmMr _mZogH$

OS>U-KS>U d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© AgV. hr d°oeÓQ>Á[yU©Vm dmMH$mß¿`m cjmV mdr m hVyZ H$mßX]arH$mamcm

_ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ cIZ H$amd cmJV.

‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc mßZr H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡_wI KQ>H$mßMr MMm© H$aVmZm _ZmodÌcfU

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_ZmodÌcfUmMr EH$ ÒdVßÃ [mna^mofH$ e„Xmdcrhr Í$T> hmdy cmJcr Amh. À`m_wi

_ZmodÌcfUmMr odÒV•V MMm© H$aU AmVm H´$_‡mflV Pmc Amh.

20

_ZmodÌcfU ÂhUO [mÃmß¿`m _ZmMr AdÒWm CcJS>U, AZH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ ^mfMm dm[a

H$Í$Z [mÃmß¿`m _Zm¿`m hmcMmcr CcJSy>Z XmIodÎ`m AmhV. EH$moUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m edQ>¿`m

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Í$T> hmdy cmJcm. odefV: _ZmodÌcfUmMm AZw d H$cmH•$VrVyZ Vm. ]m[Q>, JmS>]mcß¿`m _V,

""_ZmM Aem ‡H$ma gy _ [arjU H$Í$Z À`mVrc gy _ [´d•ŒmtMm d AmH$mßjmßMm N>S>m cmdU mcmM

"_ZmodÌcfU' Aer [mna^mofH$ gßkm Amh.''62 À`m—ÓQ>rZ _ZmodÌcfU hm H$mXß]arMm EH$

_hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh.

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`mß¿`mda Zdm ‡H$me Q>mHy$Z _Z:[´d•Œmr XmIodVmZm AMVZ _Zm¿`m ‡oH´$ ]m]V odÌcfU H$c.

À`m_wi [aß[amJV ZrVr AZrVr¿`m H$Î[ZmßZm MmßJcmM Y∑H$m ]gcm AmoU ÒÃr-[wÈfgß]ßYmß]m]V

ZdrZ odMma-‡d•ŒmtZm MmcZm o_imcr. odgmÏ`m eVH$mV _ZmÏ`m[mamMr odMjUm AoYH$ emÒÃr`

[’VrZ hmdy cmJcr d _Zm¿`m ‡oH´$ gß]ßYr ZdrZ _mohVr C[c„Y Pmcr. `mVÎ`m kmZmMm

H$mßX]arH$mamßZr C[`mJ H$Í$Z KVcm. À`m_wi odf` d VßÃ `m Xm›hr —ÓQ>tZr H$mXß]ar¿`m ÒdÍ$[mV

]Xc oXgy cmJcm d _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar O›_mcm Amcr.

H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`mV aoe`Z H$mXß]arH$ma S>m∞ÒQ>mBÏhÒH$s mßZm _ZmodÌcfUodf`H$ H$mXß]Ë`mßM

OZH$ _mZc OmV. À`mß¿`m "H´$mB©_ A∞›S> [oZe_|Q>' qH$dm "]´Xg© H∞$a_PmÏh' `m H$mXß]Ë`mVyZ

_ZmÏ`m[ma, ^mdZmßM gy _ oZarjU d _ZmVrc odamYr ^mdZmßMm gßKf© `m_wi _mUgm¿`m H•$Vrda

hmUmam [naUm_ `mßMr _r_mßgm d _mo_©H$ oMÃU AmT>iV. S>m∞ÒQ>mBÏhÒH$sZßVa [mÌMmÀ` H$mXß]arH$ma

‚cm∞]a, _m[m∞gm, h›ar OÂg BÀ`mXt¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mßV _mZogH$ gßKfm©cm AoYH$ _hŒd dy cmJc.

`m gd© JmÓQ>tMm odMma H$cm Va _ZmodÌcfUmMm H$cmÀ_H$ C[`mJ H$di d°dmohH$ OrdZmgß]ßYr

ocohcÎ`m H$mXß]Ë`mVM H$cm OmVm Ag Zmhr. _mZdr OrdZmVrc ododY g_Ò`mßM oMÃU AgV.

(_Z ÃÒV, Co¤æ, Xmcm`_mZ oÒWVr) Aemdir H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmß¿`m _Z:pÒWVrM oXΩXe©Z

_ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ [’VrZ H$Î`mZ V ‡^mdr R>aV. `m—ÓQ>rZ lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr "aWMH´$', od^mdar

oeÈaH$amßMr "]ir', oedmOr gmdßVmßMr "_•À wßO`', odlm_ ]S>H$amßMr "aUmßJU', ]m. gr. _T>H$amßMr

"amÃrMm oXdg', ‡m. dgßV H$mZQ>H$amßMr "Ka', qM. Õ ß. ImZmcH$amßMr "AOJa', _Zmha ehmU

`mßMr "XdmMm e„X' `m H$mXß]Ë`m CÎcIZr` AmhV.

21

7) H$mXß]arMr mfme°cr

H$mXß]arVyZ H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr, gßKf©, _ZmodÌcfU, oZdXZ BÀ`mXr

KQ>H$mß‡_mU "^mfme°cr' hm EH$ _hŒd[yU© KQ>H$ Amh. ^mfme°crcm H$mXß]arV ÒdVßÃ ÒWmZ Amh.

odMma d ^mdZm Ï`∑V H$a`mM EH$_d gmYZ `m—ÓQ>rZ ^mfcm \$ma _hŒd Amh. ^mfme°crda

H$mXß]arMr [naUm_H$maH$Vm Adcß]yZ AgV. H$mXß]arVrc EIm⁄m [mÃmßMm CR>md H$aU, dmVmdaU

oZ_m©U H$aU `mgmR>r ^mfme°cr h _hŒdmM gmYZ Amh. [aßVw gmohÀ`mMr ^mfm Ï`dhmam¿`m

^mf[jm dJir H$er R>aV, `modf`r ^mcMß– Z_mS> ÂhUVmV, "gmohÀ`mMr ^mfm Ï`dhmam¿`m

^mf[jm AoYH$ odÒVmaerc, "ÒdVßÃ' aMZM AoYH$ ÒdmVßÕ` [´mflV H$Í$Z XUmar, AW©‡mflVr¿`m

ZdZÏ`m oXem XmIodUmar, AoYH$ AW©g_•’ AmoU [yU©[U gßohVmoZÓR> R>aV.'63 ^mfm hm

H$mXß]arMm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh.

^mfme°crcm H$mXß]arV ÒdVßÃ ÒWmZ Amh H$m` `modf`r _Vo^›ZVm Amh, [U odMma d

^mdZm e„Xmß¤ma Ï`∑V H$a`mM _m‹`_ h ^mfM _hŒd[yU© H$m © Amh. e°cr `m e„XmZ ^mfcm

o_imcc odoeÓQ> diU Agm AW© W gyoMV hmVm. ‡À H$ cIH$m¿`m ^mfme°crda XeH$mc

[napÒWVrMm Ogm ‡^md [S>Vm, Vgm ‡À H$m¿`m e°crda À`m¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm, gßÒH$mamMm, mofH$

g_•’rMm ‡^md [S>Vm. H$mXß]ar d ZmQ>H$ `m_‹ gßdmXmMr ^mfm oOVH$s MmßJcr, Zh_r¿`m

gamdmVrc Agc Va mfcm ghOgwßXaVm ‡mflV hmV. _amR>r H$mXß]arMm O›_ EH$moUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m

_‹`m›hr Pmcm. À`mdir _amR>r J⁄mM O ÒdÍ$[ hmV À`mMm odMma H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mfme°cr¿`m

—ÓQ>rZ H$aU OÍ$a Amh.

H$mXß]ar hm dmÒVdm›_wI gmohÀ`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ [mÃmß¿`m Vm|S>Mr ^mfm OmÒVrV OmÒV

dmÒVdXeu, Ï`dhmam¿`m OdiMr Agmdr Ag _mZc OmV. H$mXß]ar hr cIH$mMr oZo_©Vr AgV.

H$cmH•$Vr AgV. cIH$mZ oVW ^mfMm ghVwH$ dm[a H$ccm AgVm. _mÃ H$mXß]arH$mamZ O odÌd

H$pÎ[cc Amh, À`m odÌdmMr, À`mV dmdaUmË`m _mUgmßMr Or gßÒH•$Vr Amh, oVcm AZwgÍ$ZM

^mfm dm[amdr Aer A[jm AgV. H$mXß]arV oZdXZmMr ^mfm dJir d gßdmXmMr ^mfm dJir

AgV. H$mXß]ar¿`m "dmÒVdm' odf`r H$Î[Zm Oer ]Xccr Ver H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mfM ÒdÍ$[hr

]XcV Jc. H$mXß]ar ÂhUO h˛]hˇ] mdVmc¿`m OJmVrc Ï`∑VtM, KQ>ZmßM oMÃU ZgV Va V EH$

KS>cc H$pÎ[V odÌd AgV. À`mVrc ‡À H$ V[ercmcm H$mXß]arH$ma dJim AmH$ma XV AgVm.

22

¯m ZÏ`m OmoUd_wi H$mXß]arMr mfm AoYH$ AW©dmhr H$a`mH$S> cj [waodc Omdy cmJc. odefV:

[mÃmß¿`m [memImßM, cH$]rM, hmd^mdmM, JwUXmfmßM dU©Z H$aUmË`m AmKdÀ`m oMÃXeu mf[jm

IßoS>V, VwQ>H$ dmQ>UmË`m [U ‡oV^mgß[›Z, AW©dmhr ^mfMm dm[a hmdy cmJcm. H$mXß]arMr ^mfm

hr Ame`mZwgma ]XcV. [mÃmß¿`m Òd^mdd°oeÓQ>ÁmßZwgma e°crV ]Xc KS>Vm. `mda cIH$m¿`m

Ï`p∑V_ÀdmMm, À`m¿`m OrdZodf`H$ yo_H$Mm [naUm_ hmVm. `mMm ‡À`` od.g. ImßS>H$a, Zm.

gr. \$S>H$, [w. ^m. ^md, H$_c XgmB©, ^mcMß– Z_mS> BÀ`mXt¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Vm.

H$mXß]arM ^mofH$ ÒdÍ$[ h _w∑V AgV À`m_wi oV¿`m aMZ¿`m _mßS>UrVyZ AßJ^yV

cdoMH$VMm ‡À`` Vm. H$mXß]arV AZw dmM Í$[ OdT> H$mÏ`mÀ_ Agc VdT>m H$mXß]arV H$mÏ`mÀ_,

cmocÀ`[yU© ^mfMm Adcß] H$cm OmVm, [U H$odVVrc ^mf[jm H$mXß]arMr ^mfm dJir AgV.

Vr gm_m›`V: Ï`dhmamVrc [naoMV ^mf¿`m Odi OmUmar ^mfm AgV. H$mhr OU ]mcr ^mfMm

dm[a H$aVmV. cIH$m¿`m hVy, Ame`mer gwgßJV Aer mfm AgV. H$mXß]arVrc hVyda H$mXß]arMr

^mfm Adcß]yZ AgV. CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>∑`mßMr mfm hr cmoS>H$, AZwZ` H$aUmar, ZIac ÒdÍ$[mMr

Va od. g. ImßS>H$amßMr mfm hr g_OmdyZ X`m¿`m yo_H$Vrc Í$[H$mÀ_H$ AgV. dm. _. OmetMr

^mfm VŒdqMVZmÀ_H$, H$VH$amßMr ^mfm gm_moOH$ ‡ÌZ MMm©À_H$ [’VrZ _mßS>Umar AgV.

H$mXß]arcm gmYr-gai, ghO gßwXa, AW©dmhr, ‡dmhr ^mfm hr ‡^mdr R>aV. H$mXß]arM oZdXZ

AmoU mfm h KQ>H$ [aÒ[a[yaH$, [aÒ[amdcß]r AgVmV. À`m_wi \$∑V oZdXZmMm d mfMm odMma

H$aU H$mXß]ar]m]V e∑` Zmhr. H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`∑V hmUmam OrdZmZw d d OrdZdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ

`mMm H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mofH$ Í$[mer gß]ßY AgVm. À`m—ÓQ>rZ H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mfcm _yÎ` ‡mflV hmV.

À`m_wi H$mXß]ar¿`m _wª` KQ>H$mßMm odMma H$aVmZm ^mfme°cr Xya H$aVm V Zmhr.

H$mXß]arVrc gßdmXmMm odMma H$cm Va gßdmXm¿`m _XVrZ H$mXß]arH$ma Am[Î`m H$mXß]arVrc

[mÃmß¿`m _ZmÏ`m[mamßM, [aÒ[a gm_moOH$ gßß]ßYmßM ‡H$Q>rH$aU ghO[U H$aVm. H$mXß]arVyZ oMÃU

H$ccr odoeÓQ> g_mOmVrc _mUg, À`mßM Òd^mdodef, OrdZ[’Vr, AmMmaodMma m gd© JmÓQ>tM

dU©Z gßdmXmVyZ ‡H$Q> hmdy eH$V. gßdmXm_‹ KQ>Zm-‡gßJ Ao^Ï`∑Vr `mßZm EH$mMdir gmH$ma

H$a`mMr e∑Vr AgV. gßdmXmMr ^mfm hr ]mcr^mf¿`m Odi OmUmar ^mfm AgV. À`m_wi

gßdmXm¿`m mf¤mam ]mcr^mfM gd© odef, gm_œ ©ÒWi H$mXß]arV Òdm^modH$[U C[`mJmV AmUVm

VmV. gßdmX mfM EH$ Í$[ Amh. ÂhUyZ gßdmXmg ZmQ>H$mBVH$M H$mXß]arV _mR> ÒWmZ Amh. À`m_wi

23

gßdmX h ‡dmhr, IwgIwerV, dmMH$mcm AmH$of©V H$aUma, CÀHß$R>m dmT>>odUma, H$WmZH$mcm JVr

XUma, IQ>H$]mO AgmdV. ÂhUO H$mXß]ar dJirM CßMr JmR>V.

ZmQ>H$mV H$WmH$mXß]Ë`mßVhr gßdmX AgVmV. XeH$mc[napÒWVrcm AZwgÍ$Z V Agm`cm

hdV. [aßVw H$mhr cIH$mßZm `m JmÓQ>rMr OmUrd ZgV. À`mß¿`m H$WmH$mXß]Ë`mßVrc [mÃ À`mß¿`m

ÒdV:¿`m ^mfV Z ]mcVm Vr cIH$m¿`m ^mfV ]mcVmZm oXgVmV. `m gßX^m©V [w. J. ghÒÃ]w’

`mßZr "Òd^md cIZ' `m JßWmV Aem AÒdm^modH$, H•$oÃ_ ^mfV MmccÎ`m gßdmXmMr CXmhaU

oXcr AmhV. hna^mD$ Am[Q>, Zm. gr. \$S>H$ `mß¿`mgmaI Xhm-[mM cIH$ gmS>c Va ]h˛VH$

cIH$mß¿`m gm_moOH$ d EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc gßdmX AÀ ßV H•$oÃ_, ]mOS>, o∑cÓQ> AgÎ`mM

À`mßZr XmIdyZ oXc Amh. JS>H$ar, H$mÎhQ>H$a, daaH$a, ZmW _mYd, od. g. ImßS>H$a `mß¿`mgmaI

cIH$hr `m Xmfmß[mgyZ AocflV amhˇ eH$c ZmhrV. ghÒÃ]w’ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""ImßS>H$amßMr H$mQ>r

dmMVmM _Z oMigyZ OmV. H$mQ>r Uma `m H$Î[ZZ AßJ^a AmYrM ehma VmV. "ˆX`mMr hmH$'

`m H$mXß]arV H$_c, Hw$_wX, Hw$gw_, S>m∞.^JdßV, H$m\$aH$a, Hw$]a, oXdmH$a h gJi cmH$ AÀ ßV

C¤JOZH$ Aem H$mQ>Ám H$aVmV. C[_m XVmV d Í$[H$mMr mfm dm[aVmV. ImßS>H$ar mfM h diU

À`mß¿`m OdiOdi gd©M H$mXß]Ë`mßZr oJadcc oXgyZ V.''64

H$mXß]arMr mfm ‡gßJmZwÍ$[ Jß ra, IiH$a, o_ÒH$sc, IQ>H$]mO, MwaMwarV qH$dm [ÎcXma

Agcr [mohO. AcßH$mam_wi ^mfcm em m V [U oVMm dm[a VmaVÂ`[yd©H$ Pmcm [mohO.

VŒdV: H$mßX]ar m gmohÀ`‡H$mamM darc‡_mU KQ>H$ AgyZ À`mV H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU,

gßKf©, mfme°cr BÀ`mXtMm g_mde hmVm. h gd© KQ>H$ H$mXß]arVrc Ame`mMr EH$ gwgßJV AW©[yU©

gßKQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUVmV. hr gßKQ>Zm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m Co‘ÓQ>mßda qH$dm OrdZodf`H$ —pÓQ>H$mZmda

Adcß]yZ AgV. À`mZwgma H$mXß]arVrc H•$oV‡gßJ d oV¿`mVrc [mÃ `mßM [aÒ[agm[j _hŒd

oZpÌMV hmV. À`m[°H$s H$mUÀ`m KQ>H$mcm _hŒd ⁄m`M h H$mXß]arH$mamda Adcß]yZ AgV.

* H$mXß]arM ‡H$ma

H$mXß]ar EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma `m —ÓQ>rZ H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va XrS>e dfm™Mr ‡XrK©,

EoVhmogH$ [aß[am Agccm hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh. H$mXß]arM _wª`V: dmÒVddmXr, JmßYrdmXr,

[´mXoeH$ , EoVhmogH$, MnaÃmÀ_H$, [m°amoUH$, amOH$s`, _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$, Zdr, _hmZJar`,

Jm_rU, XocV, OZdmXr, AmoXdmgr h ‡_wI ‡H$ma AmhV. À`mßMm H$_e: odMma H$a`mM moOc Amh.

24

1) dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar

gm_moOH$ H$mXß]arMm EH$ ‡H$ma ÂhUO dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar. m gßX^m©V lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu

"H$mXß]arMr aMZm' m JßWmV ÂhUVmV, ""dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]arMm ‡mßV \$ma _mR>m Amh. dÒVwpÒWVrM

`WmW© Xe©Z KS>odUmË`m H$mXß]ar[mgyZ V A[dmXmÀ_H$ gÀ`mda AoYpÓR>V Aem H$Î[ZmaÂ`

H$mXß]Ë`mß[ ™V gdm™Mm g_mde dmÒVddmXr `m gXamV H$amdm cmJc.''65 `m[wT> V ÂhUVmV,

""H$mXß]arVrc gÀ`M _wir Ï`m[H$ ÒdÍ$[mM Amh. V KQ>ZmÀ_H$ ZgyZ ^mdZmÀ_H$ Amh. KS>cc

AJa KS>Uma ZgyZ KSy> eH$Uma Amh.''66

dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]Ë`m EH$m AWu H$Î[ZmaÂ`V¿`m odÍ$’ Q>mH$M AmhV. `m H$mXß]arM

‹ dÒVwpÒWVrM `WmW© oMÃU H$aU hM Agc Var ZwgV VdT>M H$Í$Z À`m Wmß]V ZmhrV; Va

g^mdVmc¿`m g•ÓQ>rMmM [naM` H$Í$Z XU hr dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]Ë`mßMr H$gmQ>r Amh. g_mOmVrc

VimJmimVrc cmH$mß¿`m OrdZmMr oMÃ aImQ>U, g_mOm¿`m OrdZmM gd© AßJmßZr oMÃU H$aU hm

H$mXß]arMm _wª` C‘e AgVm. _wª`V: OmadH$a `mßMr "odoMÃ[war' (1870), "Zmam`Uamd d

JmXmdar' (1879) `m H$mXß]Ë`mß[mgyZ ÒdVßÃ H$mXß]Ë`mßM [maS> dmÒVdmH$S> PwHy$ cmJcc $oXgyZ

V. À`mZßVa od. H$m. AmH$ `mßMr "oeaÒVXma' (1881), "oejH$' (1883) BÀ`mXr dmÒVddmXr

H$mXß]Ë`mßMr [mD$cdmQ> MmßJcr _icr Jcr. À`m—ÓQ>rZ hna^mDß$Mr "_Ycr pÒWVr' (1885),

"[U cjmV H$mU KVm' (1890) `m H$mXß]Ë`m CÎcIZr` AmhV.

_amR>r H$mXß]arcm R>amodH$ MmH$mar]mha Z`mM l` gw‡og’ H$mXß]arH$ma ^m. od.

daaH$amßH$S> OmV. À`mßZr "YmdVm YmQ>m' `m H$mXß]arVyZ lo_H$ cmH$mß¿`m OrdZmH$S> cj H|$o–V

H$Í$Z H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mfcm AoYH$ KaJwVr ÒdÍ$[ ‡mflV H$Í$Z oXc. ^m. od. daaH$amß‡_mU od. od.

]mH$sc, . Jm. Omer, Zm. gr. \$S>H$, od. g. ImßS>H$a, [w. . Xe[mßS> mß¿`m

H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [wZ: EH$Xm VmpŒdH$ MMcm ‡mYm›` Amc. odefV: w’H$mimV d w’mŒma H$mimV

_amR>r H$mXß]arVrc g_mOOrdZmM oMÃ AoYH$moYH$ dÒVwpÒWoVXe©H$ hmD$ cmJc. CXm. KamßMr

Q>ßMmB©, oZ`ßÃU d aeqZJ, _hmJmB©_wi Pmccr _‹`_dJu`mßMr Hw$Mß]Um `mM Jß^ra oMÃ

_mS>ImcH$amßMr "Zd gßgma' (1941), od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' (1946), lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr

"h‘[ma' (1950), od. g. ImßS>H$amßMr "Aly' (1953) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Amc

Amh. qH$dm mD$ [m‹ mßMr "dmgyZmH$m' (1965), O`dßV XidtMr "ÒdJV' (1968), Mß–H$mßV

ImVmßMr "C^`m›dr AÏ``' (1970) BÀ`mXtZr H$mXß]arg EH$ [na_mU oXc.

25

VŒdV: dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO g_mOpÒWVrM WmW© oMÃU H$aUmar, EHy$U dmÒVdmcm

AYmaoIV H$aUmar, ]XcÀ`m H$mimVrc _V‡dmhmßZm, odo^›Z [napÒWVrcm dmÒVodH$VM ^mZ

AmUyZ XUmar, Am_¿`mVrc K•UmÒ[X, À`m¡`mcm Z Km]aVm gm_mar OmUmar, ZdZdrZ, MmßJcm

gßÒH$maj_ odMma H$aUmar, OrdZXe©Zm¿`m Jß raV¿`m [naUm_Xe©H$ H$jmßZm ododY H$WmZH$mß¿`m

_m‹`_mVyZ AmodÓH•$V H$aUmar Aer H$mXß]ar hm .

2) JmßYrdmXr H$mXß]ar

`m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va _. JmßYrOt¿`m odMma‡UmcrVyZ ‡aUm KD$Z _amR>r

H$mXß]arH$mamßZr _. JmßYt¿`m Aqhgm, gÀ` , J´m_gwYmaUm, _mZdVm, C¿MVa Z°oVH$ AmoU

Am‹`mpÀ_H$ _yÎ , gßÒH•$VrVrc AmXe© odMmagaUr BÀ`mXt¿`m oH$Vr Var _yÎ`mÀ_H$ oMÃUmda a

oXcm AmoU H$mXß]ar cIZ H$c. ÒdmVßÕ` AmßXmcZmV gh^mJr PmcÎ`m ]wo’dmXr VÈUmß¿`m ¤mam

JmßYrdmXmMm [waÒH$ma Pmcm. Var À`mMm ‡^md [S>cm Zmhr. [U XmXm Y_m©oYH$mar, odZm]m ^md

`mßZr d°MmnaH$ [mVirda JmßYrdmXmMr _mßS>Ur H$cr. À`m—ÓQ>rZ JmßYrdmXr H$mXß]arMm Ame` cjmV

`B©c. CXm. dm. _. OmetMr "BßXy H$mi gacm ^mi', gmZ JwÈOtMr "Ì`m_Mr AmB©',

od. g. ImßS>H$amßMr "H$mßMZ_•J', BÀ`mXr.

‡_m Hß$Q>H$ ÂhUO cocV d d°MmnaH$ cIZ H$aUmË`m JmßYrdmXr coIH$m. JmßYr‡oUV

VŒdoZÓR> AmXe©dmXmMr ]°R>H$ À`mß¿`m cIZmV Amh. "H$m_ AmoU H$mo_Zr' (1937), "Aoæ`mZ'

(1952) `m XmZ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`mMm ‡À`` Vm.

3) ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimVrc EH$ _hŒdmMm Zdm ‡dmh ÂhUO ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar hm . "J´m_rU

gmohÀ` : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_Ò`m' `m JßWmVyZ AmZßX `mXdmßZr ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arMr Aer Ï`mª`m

H$cr H$s, ""EIm⁄m odoeÓQ> ‡XemVrc cmH$OrdZ, gßÒH•$Vr, [aß[am, OrdZ gßH$V, arVr, g_yh-

OrdZmVrc ^mdZmQ>Á AmoU `m gdm™VyZ oZ_m©U PmcÎ`m g_Ò`m AmoU OrdZZmQ>Á `mßM Xe©Z

KS>od`m¿`m C‘emZ ¡`m H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m OmVmV, À`mßZm ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUVmV.''67

‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arVrc cmH$OrdZ dmÒVdm¿`m [mVirdaM, H$mhrg ‡moVoZoYH$ ÒdÍ$[mM Agmd

cmJV. ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`m-À`m ‡XemVrc ehar OrdZ dy Z Aer A[jm AgV.

dmÒVodH$[U ‡mXoeH$ ÂhQ>Î`mda À`m odoeÓQ> ‡XemVrc "gd© H$mhr' Agm AW© Ao^‡V AgVm.

26

ÂhUO À`m [´XemVrc ehahr AmcrM. [U OJmVrc ]h˛VH$ _mR>r d C⁄mJ‡YmZ eha hr H$_r

AoYH$ ‡_mUmV À`m-À`m ‡XemVyZ _ZmZ VwQy>Z, C⁄mJ‡YmZ d°oúH$ gßÒH•$VrMr ]Q> Pmccr AgÎ`mZ

Vr ‡mXoeH$ d°oeÓQ>Á gß[yU©[U ZÏh; Va _mR>Ám ‡_mUmV J_mdyZ ]gccr AgVmV. ÂhUyZ

"‡mXoeH$' H$mXß]arV À`m-À`m ‡XemVrc Aem gßÒH•$VrM OrdZ d¡`© _mZmd cmJV. ÂhUyZ

"‡mXoeH$' hm e„X dm[aVmZm À`m-À`m ‡XemVrc "Jm_rU ÒdÍ$[mM cmH$OrdZ' Agm AW© Ao^[V

AgVm. edQ>r ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar J´m_rU H$mXß]arM _mZmdr cmJV.

‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar hm ‡H$ma 1950 V 1980 m H$mcIßS>mV Iy[M cmH$o‡` R>acm. cIH$

¡`m ‡XemV OJcm, dmT>cm, Or _mUg À`mßZr OdiyZ [mohcr, oOWcm oZgJ© À`mZ _Zgm∑V

C[^mJcm, Vm g]ßY [naga VWrc aßJJßYmgh, À`mVÎ`m OrdZ ZmQ>Ámgh, oOdßV H$a`mMm [´ ÀZ

Aem H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Pmcm. AmZßX `mXd, am .aß. ]mamS>|Zr gß[yU© ]mcrMm dm[a H$Í$Z ‡mXoeH$

H$mXß]arcm Zd [na_mU ‡mflV H$Í$Z oXc.

‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO "odoeÓQ> ‡XemVrc J´m_rU OrdZmM `WmW© d gˆX`VZ H$cc

oMÃU' AgyZ lr. Zm. [|S>g|¿`m "Jmaß]rMm ]m[y', "EÎJma', "hÀ`m', "aWMH´$' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

H$mH$U [nagamVrc oZgJm©M oMÃU Amh. _amR>rV ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar AmVm gß[wÓQ>mV AmÎ`mMr

VH´$ma ZmJZmW H$mŒmm[Îc `mßZr EH$m MMm©gÃm¿`m ‡gßJr _mßS>cr. À`mß¿`m _V, ""‡mXoeH$VMr

d°oeÓQ>Á Am[Î`m_‹ gm_mdyZ J´m_rU OrdZmcm gdm™JrU Ò[e© H$aUmar J´m_rU H$mXß]ar _mÃ

gmR>mŒmar _amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡mßVmV Zd-Zd ‡Xe [mXmH´$mßV H$arV AgÎ`mM oXgV. J´m_rU

H$mXß]ar¿`m gßkV H$mH$U, H$mÎhm[ya, gmVmam, gmßJcr, _amR>dmS>m, ImZXe, odX © Aem gd©

‡XemVrc Jm_rU OrdZmcm gmH$ma H$aUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm g_mde hmVm. VÏhm ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arMr

OmUrd[yd©H$ oZo_©Vr H$aUma A[dmX yV Agc Var Jm_rU H$mXß]arM odVÏ` _mÃ AoVe` C¡¡dc

Amh. ‡mXoeH$VM d°oeÓQÁ gm_mdyZ K`mMr j_Vm hr J´m_rU H$mXß]arVM Amh. VÏhm ‡mXoeH$

AmoU J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`mM A¤°V _m›` H$aU hM dmL≤>_`rZ—ÓQ>Ám H$mXß]arH$mamß¿`m AmÒdmXH$mß¿`m

AmoU g_rjH$mß¿`mhr ohVmM Amh.''68 À`m_wi ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arMm odMma H$aVmZm ‡mXoeH$

H$mXß]ar AmoU J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ¯m Xm›hr gßkm odefUmÀ_H$ AgyZ [aÒ[a[yaH$ AmhV. J´m_rUVm

h _yÎ` ÂhUyZ ÒdrH$mac H$s ‡mXoeH$Vm Agm ÒdVßÃ H$mXß]arMm ‡H$ma _mZ`mMr JaO Zmhr.

27

H$mH$U¿`m [mÌd© y_rda ocohcÎ`m gmohÀ`H•$Vr gmYmaUV: _amR>rV ‡mXoeH$ AmoU BVa

J´m_rU ‡Xem¿`m [mÌd©^y_rda oZ_m©U Pmcc gmohÀ` "J´m_rU' `m gXamV O_m hmV. ¡`mV

‡mXoeH$VMr CÀH•$ÓQ> dU©Z AgVmV Vr ‡mXoeH$ H$mßX]ar ÂhQ>c Var hm J´m_rU H$mXß]arMmM EH$

dmÒVd[yU© AmodÓH$ma Amh. `m Xm›hrhr gßkm EH$mM Zm`m¿`m XmZ ]mOy AmhV h dmÒVd Amh.

_mÃ 1950 ZßVa _amR>r gmohÀ`mV Zd wJ oZ_m©U Pmc. À`mMm [naUm_ ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßda

Pmcm. CXm. Ï ßH$Q>e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r', aUoOV XgmB™Mr "_mPm Jmd', C’d eiH$

`mßMr "YJ'.

_amR>r gmohÀ`mVrc EH$ AZmI XmcZ ÂhUyZ 1970 ZßVa¿`m ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßH$S> [mhˇ

OmVm am. aß. ]mamS>|Mr "[mMmim', AmZßX `mXdmßMr "JmVmdim', aUoOV XgmB™Mr "]mar',

oM. Õ ß. ImZmcH$amßMr "amÃ H$mir KmJa H$mir', Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßMr "_mMrdacm ]wYm' BÀ`mXr

H$mXß]Ë`m cjmV ø`mÏ`m cmJVmV. ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar]‘cMm Am[cm Ao^‡m` Z_yX H$aVmZm Zm.

gr. \$S>H$ ÂhUVmV, ""¡`m ‡Xem¿`m [mÌd© y_rda H$mXß]arM H$WmZH$ KS>V AgV, À`m ‡Xem¿`m

oZgJ©gm¢X`m©odf`r dmMH$mcm AmH$f©U dmQ>c Aer gwßXa dU©Z H$mXß]arV Agm`cm hdrV.

oV¿`mVc oZgJ©oMÃU ‡^mdr Agm`cm hd.''69

‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á

1. ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arcm À`m-À`m ‡Xem¿`m ]mcr_wi AmodÓH$mamÀ_H$ d°oeÓQ>Á ‡mflV hmV.

‡mXoeH$ ]mcr hm À`m ‡XemVrc cmH$OrdZmMm Aod^m¡` ^mJ AgVm.

2. ‡mXoeH$Vcm ‡mYm›`, odoeÓQ> ‡XemM ‡oVq]] `m H$mXß]Ë`mßV C_Q>cc AgV.

3. ‡mXoeH$ aroVnadmOmda cj H|$o–V H$c OmV.

4. AX≤ wVVH$S> cj Z XVm dmÒVd [mVirda cIZ H$cc AgV.

5. À`m - À`m ‡XemVrc oZgJm©Mr dU©Z odÒVmamZ AmT>iVmV. mVrc Ï`p∑VaIm m oZgJ©oZÓR>

Ï`dgm` H$aVmV.

darc gd© d°oeÓQ>ÁmßZr [na[yU© AgcÎ`m H$mXß]arMm CÎcI [´mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ H$aVm

B©c. Ia Va ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m EH$m AWm©Z Jm_rU dmL≤>_`mVM _mS>VmV. [U À`m odoeÓQ> ‡XemM

oMÃU H$arV AgÎ`mZ J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMm EH$ ^mJ ÂhUyZ ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aU

28

gm rM R>ac. ‡mXoeH$ d J´m_rU H$mXß]arV g_mZ _w‘ darc‡_mU Agc Var À`mV H$mhr \$aH$

Amh, hhr cjmV KVc [mohO.

gmamße, ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]arVyZ EIm⁄m ‡XemVrc OrdZ, VWrc gßÒH•$Vr, AmMmaodMma,

^m°JmocH$ d°oeÓQ>Á, _mJmgc[Um AmoU mfm BÀ`mXtM oMÃU Amcc AgV. Va Jm_rU H$mXß]arVyZ

EIm⁄m JmdmVrc OrdZamhmQ>r, J´m_rU OrdZmMr c`, JmdmVrc g_Ò`m, À`mMr ]mcr, gßÒH•$Vr,

oZgJ© BÀ`mXtM oMÃU Amcc AgV. Aem‡H$ma ‡mXoeH$ d J´m_rU H$mXß]arV \$aH$ AmT>iVm.

4) EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mim¿`m [ohÎ`m 15-20 dfm©V ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m `m cmH$o‡` PmÎ`m;

[U À`mZßVa À`mßMr cmH$o‡`Vm H$_r Pmcr AmoU EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m em_wi _amR>r gmohÀ`mV

[m°amoUH$, EoVhmogH$ AmoU MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm EH$ dJim ‡dmh oZ_m©U Pmcm. `m[ydu

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m JÎ`m hmÀ`m. [aßVw À`mVyZ \$∑V BoVhmgM _mßS>`mMm ‡`ÀZ Pmcm

hmVm. Zdr EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar _mÃ BoVhmgmVrc _mUyg emY`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ cmJcr.

H$cmÀ_H$VMm XOm© gmß mimV Zd gßX © emY`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ cmJcr. odefV: "KQ>ZmßMr gßJVr

cmdU', "Òd^mdmMr gßJVr cmdU' AmoU "Ï`p∑VaIm oOdßV H$aU' Ag oVhar Co‘ÓQ> g_ma R>dyZ

H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m JÎ`m.

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar hr BoVhmgm¿`m AmYma ocohccr AgV. BoVhmgH$mcrZ [mÃ, KQ>Zm,

‡gßJ, EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc Ï`∑VrodoeÓQ> H$mc, ÒWc d [napÒWVrer Vr ]mßYrc AgV.

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO BoVhmg ZÏh, BoVhmg ÂhUO KS>cÎ`m JmÓQ>tMr H$mcH´$_mZwgma H$ccr

Zm|X AgV d O KS>c V gmaM BoVhmgH$mamcm Zm|XU ^mJ AgV. [aßVw EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]arV

H$mXß]arH$ma BoVhmgmVrc gd© [mÃ, ‡gßJ, KQ>Zm Oem KS>Î`m Vem H$_mZ KV Zmhr. À`mcm AmdÌ`H$

VdT> Vm BoVhmgmVyZ CMcVm. EoVhmogH$ dmÒVdm¿`m AmYma EH$ H$pÎ[V odÌd C H$Í$Z Vm

EoVhmogH$ Ï`∑Vr d BoVhmgH$mcrZ KQ>Zm `mßMm ÒdV:¿`m ^yo_H$VyZ EH$ dJim A›d`mW©

cmd`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$arV AgVm. EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar H$mUÀ`m C‘emZ ocohcr OmV `mda À`m

H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ Adcß]yZ AgV.

_amR>rVrc [ohcr EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO am. o^. JwßOrH$a `mßMr "_mMZJS>' (1867)

AgyZ 1867 V 1920 m H$mimV JwßOrH$a, har Zmam`U Am[Q>, Zmam`U har Am[Q>. qM. od. d°⁄,

29

ZmW _mYd `mß¿`m AZH$ EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ‡H$moeV PmÎ`m. Zm.h. Am[Q> - "gßoYH$mc'

(1922), hS>[ od«>c dm_Z -"[edmB©Mr ‡mU‡oVÓR>m'(1934 ). _mÃ 1960 ZßVa Iam Va

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßZm ]ha Amcm. aUoOV XgmB©, Zm. gß. BZm_Xa, Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$a, oedmOr

gmdßV BÀ`mXr H$mXß]arH$mamßZr 1960 ZßVa¿`m EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]arM Í$[ og’ H$c.

aUoVO XgmB© `mßZr "Òdm_r' (1962), "lr_mZ `mJr' (1968) `m XmZ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

[ohc _mYdamd d N>Ã[Vr oedmOr _hmamO `mß¿`mVrc _mUyg emY`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm Amh.

1959 gmcr ‡H$moeV PmcÎ`m "Òdm_r' _YyZ a_m_mYdm¿`m ^mdOrdZmMr CXmŒm H$hmUr Ò[ÓQ>

H$cr Amh. [edmB©Mr CVaVr H$im, _mYdamd [edm `mß¿`mda [S>ccr O]m]Xmar, ^mD$]ßXH$s,

H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ H$ch AmoU g_mOmMm Ëhmg, AY:[VZ BÀ`mXr gd© JmÓQ>tM oMÃU `m H$mXß]arV Amc

Amh. À`mM]am]a H$maÒWmZr AmZßXr]mB©, am_emÒÃr ‡ wU, gImam_[ßV, a_m BÀ`mXr Ï`p∑VaIm

hr oMoÃV H$Î`m AmhV. "lr_mZ `mJr' hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO oedmOr _hmamOmß¿`m OrdZmM gwaI

oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh.

Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßZr "H$mXß]ar_` oedH$mc' `m _mocH$_‹ "]`m Xma CKS'> (1966),

"haha _hmXd' (1966), "X`m© ^dmZr' (1969), "PwßOma _mMr" AmoU "h Vm ltMr B¿N>m'

(1974) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m. `m H$mXß]ar cIZmVyZ VÀH$mcrZ g_mO, oZgJ©, AmMmaodMma,

[aß[am, dZÒ[Vr, Am°fY BÀ`mXr JmÓQ>rß]am]a oedH$mcrZ BoVhmgmM Xe©Z À`mßZr KS>odc Amh.

Zm. gß. BZm_Xma `mßZr "PwßO' (1963), "P[' (1966), "_ßÃmdJim' (1969), "amD$'

(1972), "ehZehm' (1976) m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [edH$mcrZ EoVhmogH$ KQ>ZmßMm [am_e© KVcm

Amh. "P[' _YyZ BZm_Xma qÃ]H$Or S>|Ji¿`m YJYJÀ`m OrdZmM Xe©Z KS>V. "PwßO' _‹

`edßVamd hmiH$amß¿`m AIßS> PwßOrM oMÃU Amc Amh. "_ßÃmdJim' ÂhUO Xwgam ]mOramd `mM

oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar; "amD$' `m H$mXß]arVyZ [ohcm ]mOramd AmoU _ÒVmZr `mß¿`m ‡_mMr H$Wm

gmH$ma H$cr Amh. ]mOramdmMm [amH$_ AmoU `dZ ÒÃrda CKS>[U H$cc CÀH$Q> ‡_ AoVe` ZmQ>Á_`

e°crV Zm. gß. BZm_XmamßZr _mßS>c Amh. "ehZehm'VyZ Am°aßJO]m¿`m OrdZmda ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh.

g. eß. XgmB© mßMr "_hm[d©' (1961), "Mß]i¿`m [crH$S>' (1968), H∞$flQ>Z ]cdcH$a

`mßMr "AQ>H$V amodc P|S>' (1200 [•ÓR>mßMr oÃIßS>mÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar) Y Mm _m H$aUmË`m AmZßXr]mB™Mr

‡oV_m COiUmar r_amd Hw$cH$Uu mßMr "Am|H$ma'(1968) AmoU odÌdmg [mQ>rc mßMr "[moZ[V'

(1990) BÀ`mXr EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m [´og’ AmhV.

30

darc oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag oXgyZ `V H$s, 1960 ZßVa oZ_m©U PmcÎ`m EoVhmogH$

H$mXß]Ë`mß_‹ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [wZÈ¡OrdZmM AßJ AZwÒ yV Va hmVM; [U À`mhr[jm AoYH$ H$mhr

KD$Z hr Zdr EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ‡H$memV Amcr.

5) MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar

_amR>r H$mXß]ar odÌdmVrc AJXr AcrH$S>Mm ‡dmh ÂhUyZ MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMm CÎcI

H$aU CoMV R>ac. amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, AW©H$maU, oejU, d°⁄H$ BÀ`mXr jÃmV CŒmwßJ Ag

H$m © H$cÎ`m Ï`∑Vr^mdVr hr H$mXß]ar Jwß\$cr OmV. r_amd Hw$cH$UvZr hna^mD$ Am[Q>|¿`m OrdZmda

ocohcÎ`m "hna^mD$' `m H$mXß]ar[mgyZ MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ApÒVÀdmV Amcr. [aßVw IË`m AWm©Z

lr. O. Omer `mßZr S>m∞. AmZßXr]mB© Omer d Jm[miamd Omer `mß¿`m OrdZmda ocohcÎ`m

"AmZßXrJm[mi' m H$mXß]arcm MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ cmH$o‡` H$a`mM l OmV. MnaÃmÀ_H$

H$mXß]ar ocohU ÂhUO H$m` ? Vg [mohc Va ‡À H$ H$pÎ[V dm dmÒVd KQ>Zmßda AmYmacÎ`m

H$mXß]arV [mÃmß¿`m AZwamYmZ À`mM MnaÃ V. \$aH$ EdT>mM H$s, `m Aem H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc Zm`H$-

Zmo`H$mßM, [mÃmßM MnaÃ H$mXß]Ë`mß]mha C[c„Y AgV. À`m_wi MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO EIm⁄m

Ï`∑VrM MnaÃ ocohU ZÏh Va H$cmdßV ÂhUyZ Aem MnaÃmVyZ C[c„Y KQ>H$mßVyZ gwgßJV _mZdr

Ï`p∑V_Œd gmH$ma H$aU AmoU À`m Ï`∑Vr¿`m OJ`m_mJ`m¿`m ‡aUmßMm AW© emYU Agm EH$

odMma AgVm. MnaÃm_‹ H$di KQ>Zm Z_yX H$Î`m OmVmV. Va MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar_‹ cmocÀ`[yU©

[’VrZ Ï`p∑V_Œd aßJodcc AgV. MnaÃmß_‹ KQ>ZmßMr VmoH©$H$ _mßS>Ur H$Í$Z EH$ gÀ` emY`mH$S>

cIH$mMm H$c AgVm. Aem MnaÃmda AmYmacÎ`m H$mXß]arV gÀ`m[jm H$pÎ[Vm¿`m AmYma

_mZdr Ï`p∑V_Œd C H$a`mMr —ÓQ>r Ao^[V AgV.

_amR>rVyZ "AmZßXr Jm[mi' (1968) (lr. O. Omer), "`k' (1968) (^m. X. Ia),

"[wÃ _mZdmMm' (1969) (_•UmocZr XgmB©), "CŒma`mJr' (1973) (¡`mÀÒZm XdYa), " wJ‡dV©H$'

(1970) (hna^mD$ [Jma), "gmh]' (1975) (C’d eiH$), "hma[i' (1961)

(od.J. H$moZQ>H$a), "OrdZÒdflZ' (1975) (S>m∞. gw_Vr jÃ_mS>), "XwX©Â` IßS> -1' (1970),

"XwX©Â` IßS>-2' (1971) (JßJmYa JmS>Jri), "_hmÀ_m' (1999) (adt– R>mHy$a) BÀ`mXr MnaÃmÀ_H$

H$mXß]Ë`mßZr MmßJc e o_iodc Amh. _amR>r H$mXß]ar OJVmVrc EH$ R>iH$ ‡H$ma m H$mXß]ar¿`m

oZo_ŒmmZ O›_mcm Amcm AmoU AÎ[em H$mimVM Vm cmH$o‡` Pmcm.

31

lr. O. OmetMr "AmZßXr Jm[mi' (1969) hr H$mXß]ar AmZßXr]mB© AmoU Jm[miamd

Omer `mß¿`m ghOrdZmMr H$hmUr Amh. gw_Vr jÃ_mS>|Zr "OrdZÒdflZ' (1975) `m H$mXß]arVyZ

eaX]m]yß¿`m OrdZmM Xe©Z KS>odc Amh. C’d eiH|$Zr "gmh]' _YyZ AmMm © AÃ `mß¿`m

Am wÓ`mMr _hVr gmßoJVcr Amh.

"`k' (1968) hr H$mXß]ar ^m. X. Ia AmoU e°cOm amO `m XmKmßZr o_iyZ ocohccr

AgyZ Vr ÒdmVßÕ`dra gmdaH$amßM OrdZMnaÃ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV. gmdaH$amßM Am wÓ`, À`mJ, YmS>g,

Xe^∑Vr AmoU À`mßMr qhXwÀdoZÓR>m, OrdZmVrc MT>CVma, _mZ-A[_mZm¿`m KQ>Zm BÀ`mXtMm [Q>

CcJS>Umar hr H$mXß]ar Amh.

_•UmocZr XgmB© `mß¿`m "[wÃ _mZdmMm' (1969) `m H$mXß]arV JmßYrOt¿`m OrdZmM

AmXe©dmXr —pÓQ>H$mUmVyZ oMÃU H$a`mV Amc Amh. XojU Amo\´$H$VyZ JmßYrOr VmV BW[mgyZ

V EH$m _mWo\$Í$Z À`mßMm IyZ H$a[ ™VMm H$mcIßS> `m H$mXß]arV Amccm Amh.

¡`mÀÒZm XdYa mßZr "CŒma mJr' (1973) m H$mXß]arVyZ _hm`mJr AaqdXmß¿`m OrdZmda

‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh. Va S>m∞. gw_Vr jÃ_mS> `mßZr eaXMß– MQ>Ou `mß¿`m OrdZmM `WmW© Xe©Z

"OrdZ ÒdflZ' (1975) _YyZ KS>odcc Amh. ^m. X. Ia `mßZr "AmZßXdZ' (1974) _YyZ ZhÍ$

Kam`mM oMÃU H$c Amh. hna^mD$ [Jma|Zr " wJ[dV©H$' _‹ ]m]mgmh] Amß]S>H$a mß¿`m OrdZmMr

_hVr gmßoJVcr Amh. C’d eiH$ mßMr "gmh]' hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO AmMm © AÃ mß¿`m Am wÓ`mM

oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh. Va cm. oQ>iH$mß¿`m OrdZmda "XwX©Â`' (1971) `m ZmdmZ XmZ

IßS>mV JßJmYa JmS>Jri `mßZr H$mXß]ar ocohcr. od. J. H$moZQ>H$a `mßMr "hma[i' (1971) ÂhUO

JmËh Zmdm¿`m oºÌMZ PmcÎ`m [ohÎ`m ÒÃr¿`m OrdZmMr [adS> oMoÃV H$aUmar H$mßX]ar.

MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO AmZßXr]mB© Omer, AmMm © AÃ, cm. oQ>iH$, `mJr AaqdX, eaXMßX´

MQ>Ou, gmdaH$a, _. JmßYr, S>m∞. Amß]S>H$a BÀ`mXt¿`m OrdZ MnaÃmßMm AmcIM Amh.

6) [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]arer OdiM ZmV gmßJUmam ‡dmh ÂhUO [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar hm . H$maU

EoVhmogH$ Ï`∑Vt¿`m MnaÃmda ZÏ`mZ ‡H$me Q>mHy$ [mhUmË`m EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß‡_mUM

[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMmhr EH$ [´dmh _amR>r H$mXß]arcm dyZ o_imcm Amh. m H$mXß]arcm EoVhmogH$

H$mßX]Ë`mß‡_mUM Ï`∑Vr qH$dm ‡gßJ, ÒWc modf`rMr _mohVr C[c„Y H$Í$Z XUmar gmYZ ZgVmV.

32

À`m_wi [wamUmVrc Ï`∑Vr, ÒWi mßM CÎcI dJiVm [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar gß[yU©[U H$Î[Z¿`m AmYma

oZ_m©U H$cr OmV. Varhr am_mÙ, _hm^maVmXr _hmH$mÏ`mßVyZ odefV: À`mVrc Ï`∑Vt¿`m AmYma

H$mXß]Ë`m oZ_m©U PmÎ`m AmhV. CXm. od. g. ImßS>H$amßMr "``mVr' (1959) hr EH$ CÀH•$ÓQ> H$mXß]ar

Amh. "``mVr'ZßVa H$Um©¿`m OrdZH$Wda ¡`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMr oZo_©Vr Pmcr Vr _wª`V: H$Um©¿`m

Ï`p∑VaIcm ›`m` X`mgmR>r Pmcr. dmÒVodH$[U _hmH$mÏ` qH$dm [wamU `m H$di AX≤ wVaÂ`

H$Î[Zm H$Wm ZgVmV. À`mß¿`m oZo_©VrH$S> gmd©H$mocH$ Agm Z°oVH$ d gm_moOH$ _yÎòdMma AgVm.

[m[-[w`, Y_©-AY_© `mßMm odMma H$Í$Z g_mOoZ`_Z d g_mOXe©Z KS>odU hm [wamUm_mJMm

hVy AgVm. À`m_wi [wamUmVrc Ï`∑Vr d ‡gßJ ‡VrH$mÀ_ AgVmV. gy _ _ZmÏ`m[mamßM oMÃU [wamU,

H$WmÍ$[mZ, ‡gßJmÍ$[mZ H$arV AgVmV. h gd© JwUodef [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ CVaU AmdÌ`H$ R>aV.

[m°amoUH$ H$Wda AmYmaccr [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO _ycV: [na[yU© H$cmÍ$[ [mdcÎ`m

AZw dmßM [wZg™KQ>Z AgV. EH$m oZo_©VrMr Vr EH$ [wZoZ©o_©Vr AgV. AcrH$S> "H$U©' dm "H°$H$`r'

AmXr Ï`∑VtZm ›`m` X`mgmR>r H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m OmVmV. [U H$di Ï`p∑VoMÃU

dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr, KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßM X•H≤$ ‡À``H$mar dU©Z `m [mVirda [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar pÒWamdV.

EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]arV ÙmË`m H$mim¿`m _mZmZ [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß_‹` Ùmam H$mi \$ma

_mJMm AgVm.

wam[r` dmL≤>_`mV Q>r. Eg. Eoc`Q>, AmÎ]Q>© H$mÂ y, OÂg Om∞Bg Aem Zm_dßV ‡oV^mdßVmßZr

Am[Î`m gO©Zerc ‡oV VyZ À`m—ÓQ>rZhr _mZdr OrdZmMm dY K`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm Amh.

[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma H$cm Va Ow›`m H$mimV lr. ^md|Mr "gmodÃr-gÀ`dmZ'

(1911), lr. Zm. H$. ]ha|Mr "grVmdZdmg' (1912), "AohÎ`m’ma' (1929), od. dm. hS>[

`mßMr "oMaßOrd' (1937), "_hmaWr H$U©' (1950) BÀ`mXr A[dmXmÀ_H$ H$mXß]Ë`m _amR>rV

ocohÎ`m JÎ`m AmhV.

_amR>r [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMr ImU ÂhUO _hm^maV `m Acm°oH$H$ JßWmMm CÎcI H$amdm

cmJc. 1959 gmcr od. g. ImßS>H$amßZr "``mVr' ochˇZ _amR>r [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßM XmcZ Iwc

H$c. od. g. ImßS>H$amßZßVa [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m gßX^m©V Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßZr "H$Um© Z' (1962),

"AOyZ Zmhr OmJ JmHy$i' (1963) hr H$mXß]ar Hw$„Ogmaª`m C[ojV [mÃmMr, oV¿`m _Zm mdmMr

AmßXmcZ Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmar Amh. AmO¿`m [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma H$cm Va H$Um©¿`m OrdZmda

33

AmYmnaV AocH$S> ‡H$moeV PmcÎ`m [mM H•$VtMm CÎcI H$amdm cmJc. Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßMr

"H$Um©`Z' (1962), oedmOr gmdßVmßMr "_•À`wßO`' (1967), AmZßX gmYc|Mr "_hm[wÈf'

(1969), aUoOV XgmB™Mr "amY ' (1983), adt– R>mHy$a `mßMr "Y_© w’' (2003). `moedm`

_hm^maVmVrc [mÃmßda ocohcÎ`m [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m AmhV. od. _. JmIc|Mr "gÀ`‡oVkm'

(^rÓ_mMm`m™da AmYmnaV O›_ V _•À y[ ™VMm OrdZ ‡dmg oMÃU), gw_Vr jÃ_mS>|Mr "`mkgZr',

"_°Wcr' (grVm_mB©M OrdZXe©Z), "gÀ`o‡` JmßYmar' (1987) (AßY_mVM oMÃU), ‡^mH$a

_hmOZ `mßMr "JmßJ ' (1983) (^rÓ_mMm`m™M OrdZoMÃU), AmZßX gmYc|Mr "Y›` AßOZrMm

gwV', Za|– qgXH$amßMr "‹dOXßS>' (c˙_UmM OrdZoMÃU), eaX XidtMr

"EH$cÏ`' (1988), _. od. JmIc|Mr "^rÓ_' (1989), gamOZr

gmaßJ[mUtMr "JmßYmar' (1996) BÀ`mXr [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m CÎcIZr` AmhV. VgM [X≤_mH$a

JmdB©H$amßMr "_wßJr CS>mcr AmH$mer' (1970) (gßV kmZÌdamßM OrdZoMÃU), oX.

]m. _mH$metMr "AmZßX Amdar' (1975), Jm. Zr. XmßS>H$amßMr "_mJam \w$ccm' (1975) BÀ`mXr

[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m AmhV.

7) amOH$s` H$mXß]ar

amOH$s` H$mXß]ar AmoU EoVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar `mß¿`m gr_mafm oZpÌMV H$aU H$R>rU Amh.

H$mXß]argmaª`m gßo_l d OrdZm¿`m g_JVcm H$dQ>miy [mhUmË`m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamgß]ßYr H$mQ>H$ma[U

]mcU gm[ Zmhr. gm_m›`V: amOH$s` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ amOH$s` KQ>Zm À`mVrc Ï`∑Vt¿`m OrdZ`mÃV

[mÌd© y_rgmaª`m AgVmV. ÂhUOM amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM, amOH$s` OrdZmZw dmßM, amOH$s` ‡dmhmßM

oMÃU AgV qH$dm ¡`m H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H$Î[ZmßMm dm amOH$s` dmVmdaUmMm dm[a ‡m]Î`mZ,

R>iH$[U H$ccm AgVm, Vr H$mXß]ar amOH$s` AgV. ¡`m H$mXß]arV amOaOdmS>, Xa]ma, gaH$mar

H$m_H$mO, _ßÃr_ßS>i Ag amOH$maUmßer gß]ßoYV odÌd Amh Vr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar AgV Ag Zmhr.

H$di amOH$maUmMr MMm© H$aUmar [mÃ ¡`m H$mXß]arV AgVmV oVcm "amOH$s`' ÂhUU ÂhUO

"amOH$s`' e„XmMm AW© AÀ ßV gßHw$oMV H$aU. [mÃ amOH$s` AgÎ`mZ H$mXß]ar amOH$s` R>aV

Zmhr. amOH$s` H$mXß]ar hr amOH$s` Agcr Var H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ oVM _yÎ`_m[Z H$aVmZm À`m

H$mXß]arH$mamZ OrdZmda H$mUVm ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh AmoU Am[Î`mcm H$mUVr Z°oVH$ —ÓQ>r oXcr

Amh h _hŒdmM AgV. amOH$s` H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H•$Vr, amOH$s` Mm°H$Q> hr AÀ ßV _hŒdmMr

JmÓQ> Amh.

34

amOH$s` H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va amOH$s` H$mXß]ar `m e„XmßVyZ H$mXß]arH$ma H$mUÀ`m

JmÓQ>tda â XVm hM _wª`V: gwoMV H$am`M AgV. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma AmoU ÒdmVßÕ`‡mflVrZßVa¿`m

H$mimVrc dJdJ˘`m ZmQ≤> _` amOH$s` KQ>ZmßMr [mÌd© y_r, amOH$maUmßMm gya H$mhr H$mXß]Ë`mßZm

Amh. CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>H$ mßMr "‡dmgr' hr EH$ eÒdr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar Amh. ÂhUOM "‡dmgr',

"oZaßOZ', "g_a y_r', "Amem', "emHwß$Vc' m H$mXß]Ë`m amOH$maUmMr [mÌd© y_r KdyZ ocohcÎ`m,

H$mhr Ï`∑Vt¿`m gwI-Xw:ImM oMÃU H$aUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`m AmhV. od. g. ImßS>H$amßMr "H´$m¢MdY'

hr H$mXß]ar amOH$maUmM WmS> JS>X aßJ KdyZ Amcr Agcr Var À`mVrc amOH$maU Ï`∑Vt¿`m gwI-

Xw:Imß¿`m oMÃUm_wi o\$H$ R>ac Amh. H$maU À`mVrc amOH$maU o]´Q>remß¿`m odamYr ZgyZ gßÒWmZr

amOH$maU Amh. [w. . Xe[mßS> mßMr "odemcOrdZ', "H$mir amUr' (1941), "Zd OJ' (1941)

(d°pÌdH$ amOH$maUmM ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ oMÃU), J. Õ ß. _mS>ImcH$a mßMr "H$mßVm' (1930), "_w∑VmÀ_m'

(1933), "em[' (1936), "_wIdQ>' (1940), "Xwhar OrdZ' (1940), "Zd gßgma' (1941),

"MßXZdmS>r' (1943) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßZm amOH$s` [mÌd© y_r Amh. J. Õ ß. _mS>ImcH$amßMr

"_w∑VmÀ_m' hr IË`m AWm©Z amOH$s` H$mXß]ar Amh. _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc amOH$s` [jmßMr yo_H$m AmoU

_dmi amOH$maU H$_e: H$g Ohmc d CJ ]ZV OmV AmoU VÈU o[T>r H$er g_mOdmXmH$S> AmH$of©V

hmV `mM [naUm_H$maH$ oMÃU `mV V. XŒmm Amfl[mOr VwiOm[yaH$amßMr "_mP am_mÙ' (1927)

hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO 1850 V Omoc`Zdmcm ]mJ ‡H$maUm[ ™V¿`m amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM oMÃU H$aUmar

gwaI H$mXß]ar Amh. am. H•$. ^md `mßMr "Iam Xe^∑V' (1930), Xm. Z. oeIa|Mr "Wmacr AmB©'

(1934), J. c. R>mH$i mßMr "JmdJwßS>' (1945), m. X. Ia mßMr "gwImMm c[ßS>md' (1945),

Zm. H$. _hmOZ mßMr "oH$gmZ' (1945), od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' (1946) m H$mXß]Ë`mßZm

amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM ‡aH$ AÒVa Amh. EH$ gm_m›` oejH$ Xe^∑Vr¿`m ^mdZMm Ò[e© hmVmM H$gm

AßV]m© ]XcyZ OmVm AmoU ZV•Àd H$aVm `mM ‡À``H$mar oMÃU `m H$mXß]arV C_Q>cc Amh.

amOH$s` H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V MßXH$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EHy$U amOH$s` H$mXß]arMm

odMma H$aVmZm EImXr "‡dmgr' dm "_w∑VmÀ_m', "_wIdQ>' `mIarO _hŒdmMr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar

oZ_m©U hmdy Z , h _amR>r _Zm¿`m gßdXZerc d•Œmr]‘c ]aM H$mhr gmßJyZ OmV. _hmamÔ≠>mcm

amOH$maUmMr AmdS> o[R>c-^mVmBVH$sM _mR>r Amh, Ag ÂhUVmV. [U hr AmdS> _mR>Ám

Amdm∑`m¿`m èÒdr H$mXß]ar¿`m Í$[mZ Ï`∑V Pmcr Zmhr.''70 `m[wT> ]mßoXdS>H$a ÂhUVmV,

""o]Zr¿`m cIH$mßZr amOH$s` g_a‡gßJ AgUmË`m, amOH$s` dmVmdaUmZ ^mÍ$Z Q>mH$UmË`m d

35

ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVrc OZ_Zm¿`m ‡À``Xeu AZw d XUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m ZmhrV. 1920

ZßVa H$mXß]arda [S>cc gwIdmXr _ZmM gmdQ>, ‡U`‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`mßMr EHy$U gm_yohH$ OrdZmH$S>

dÒVwoZÓR>[U Z [mhVm Ï`p∑VoZÓR> X•ÓQ>rZ [mh`mMr d•Œmr `m_wi _amR>rcm "amOH$s` H$mXß]ar' Agm

Ao^_mZ dmQ>mdm Aer H•$Vr o_imcr Zmhr `mMr Zm|X ø`mdrer dmQ>V.''71

ÒdmVßÕ`mZßVa¿`m H$mimVrc amOH$maUmMm gya AgcÎ`m H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUO E. od. OmetMr

"amZ yc' (1957), [w. ^m. ^md|Mr "AmJ' (1963), AÈU gmYyßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973),

"qghmgZ' (1977) BÀ`mXr H$mßX]Ë`m À`mX•ÓQ>rZ _hŒdm¿`m AmhV. "amZ yc' hr h°–m]mX¿`m

ÒdmVßÕ` gßJ´m_mda AmYmnaV H$mXß]ar Va AÈU gmYy `mßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973), "qghmgZ'

(1977) hr gŒm¿`m amOH$maUmMm odYroZfY-ey›` Ii H$gm Mmcy Amh h Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmË`m

H$mXß]Ë`m AmhV.

amOH$s` H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V \|$M H$mXß]arH$ma ÒVm›Ymc ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EIm⁄m dmL≤>_`rZ

H•$VrV `Uma amOH$maU ÂhUO OUy EIm⁄m gßoJVm¿`m _Ywa _°\$crV CS>mcÎ`m o[ÒVwcm¿`m

]mamgmaIr H$H©$e AmoU Ao^ÈMrhrZ JmÓQ> Amh; [aßVw Varhr Vr EH$X_ Am[c cj dYyZ KV. hr

JmÓQ> ZmH$maVm V Zmhr.''72

gmamße, amOH$s` H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H•$Vr, amOH$s` Mm°H$Q> hr _hŒdmMr AgV.

8) _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar

_amR>rV _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMr gwÈdmV 1925 ZßVa Pmcr Ag _mZc OmV.

_ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar [mÃmß¿`m _mZogH$ d ^mdoZH$ AZw dmßM oMÃU H$aV. [mÃmßM dmJU,

À`mßM odMma d À`mVrc CcWm[mcW, À`mß¿`m Ï`p∑VÀdmMr KS>U AmoU À`mß¿`m dV©Zm_mJM Ï`mo_l

Ag AßV:ÒW hVy ¯mda hr H$mXß]ar ‡H$me Q>mH$V. _mÃ `m H$mXß]arV ‡À`j _ZmodÌcfU ZgV.

_ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO [mÃmß_‹ , À`mß¿`m _ZmV, Òd^mdmV hmUmË`m ]Xcmßda

dm odH$mgmda, À`mVrc KS>m_mS>tda cj H|$o–V H$aUmar H$mXß]ar hm . m H$mXß]arV dmMH$ [mÃmß¿`m

AZw dmV gh^mJr hmVm. "_mUyg' Zmdm¿`m ‡m`m¿`m Òd^mdY_m©M ododY Z_wZ, ‡H$ma, À`mV

KS>Uma gy _]Xc _Zmd°kmoZH$ H$mXß]ar oMoÃV H$aV. _mZdr Òd^mdm¿`m Agßª`, AV∑ © JwßVm-

JwßVrda ‡H$me Q>mH$U, hmM H$mXß]arMm hVy AgVm. `m ‡H$ma¿`m H$mXß]arV _mUgm_mUgmßVrc

gßKfm©M oMÃU V d "H$Wm' `m KQ>H$mcm \$mag _hŒd ZgV. H$maU [mÃmßM _Z OdiyZ ›`mhmiU

36

hmM H$mXß]arMm hVy AgVm. `m ‡H$ma¿`m H$mXß]arV _mUgm_mUgmßVrc gßKfm©M oMÃU V d

"H$Wm' `m KQ>H$mcm \$mag _hŒd ZgV. H$maU [mÃmßM _Z OdiyZ ›`mhmiU hmM H$mXß]arMm hVy

AgVm. ÂhUO _mZdr _ZmVrc gy _moVgy _ KS>m_mS>tM oMÃU H$a`mda H$mXß]arMm ^a AgVm.

"Ï`∑Vr¿`m AßV`m©_mVrc ^mdOrdZmMm odÌcfU[yd©H$ AmodÓH$ma' `m X•ÓQ>rZ _hŒdmMm cIH$

ÂhUyZ [w. `. Xe[mßS> `mßMm CÎcI H$cm OmVm. À`mß¿`m "H$miramUr' (1941) d "gwH$cc \y$c'

(1963) `m XmZ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`mMm ‡À`` Vm.

_ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va m H$mXß]ar‡dmhmVyZ \$mB©S> AmoU wßJ mß¿`m

_mUgm¿`m AßVaßJmVrc OoQ>c JwßVmJwßV XmIodUmË`m _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$ og’mßVmßMm [naUm_ Am[Î`m

cIH$mßda Pmcm. À`m_wi ‡rVr, oVM AmH$f©U, ¤f, K•Um, c¢oJH$ AmH$f©U, gß]ßY, odH$mg BÀ`mXr

gd© JmÓQ>tH$S> [mh`mMm Zdm X•pÓQ>H$mU oZ_m©U Pmcm. ]m¯dmÒVdmH$S> Xwc©j H$Í$Z _Zm¿`m

AßVaßJmH$S> Om`mMr ‡d•Œmr oZ_m©U Pmcr.

gßkm[´dmhmgmaIr VßÃ oZ_m©U Pmcr. Aem _ZmodÌcfU‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`mV [w. `. Xe[mßS>

`mßMr "gwH$cc \y$c' (1931), "H$mir amUr' (1941), JßJmYa JmS>Jri `mßMr "occrM \y$c'

(1955), dgßV H$mZQ>H$amßMr "Ka' (1951), [maH$m' (1956) BÀ`mXtMm g_mde hmVm.

9) Zdr H$mXß]ar

_amR>r H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ aßOZ‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`m, \$S>H$-ImßS>H$amß¿`m _mJm©Z ocohÎ`m OmUmË`m

Zm`H$-Zmo`H$m ‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`m Ag XmZ ‡dmh gwÍ$ AgVmZm 1960 ZßVa Zd ‡dmh oZ_m©U Pmc.

ÂhUO dJi odÌd YwßS>miUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎcI _amR>r gmohÀ`mV "Zdr H$mXß]ar' ÂhUyZ H$cm

OmVm. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimV _T>H$amß¿`m H$odVZ Zdm _mZXßS> oZ_m©U H$cm, H$Wm XmcZmVyZ JßJmYa

JmS>JrimßZr Zd ‡`mJ H$c. `m ZÏ`m ‡`mJmß_wi Zdr Ao^ÈMr ÈOV Mmccr hmVr. [aßVw H$mXß]ar

odÌdmV _mÃ Ag H$mhr ]ßS>mM oZemU KD$Z Hw$Ur ZdrZ ‡`mJ H$c ZmhrV. _mÃ hc∑`m [mdcmZ

H$m hmB©Zm [U H$mhr Zd KSy> [mhV hmV. od^mdar oeÈaH$amßMr "]ir' (1950), lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr

"Jmaß]rMm ]m[y', (1952), Ï ßH$Q>e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r' (1955), mcMß– Z_mS>ÁmßMr

"H$mgcm' (1963), O`dßV XidtMr "MH´$' (1963) BÀ`mXr H$mhr ZÏ`m ]XcmßMr oM›h ÂhUyZ

gmßJVm Vrc.

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimV Om OZVMm A[jm ßJ Pmcm hmVm. O Zd-Zd ‡ÌZ oZ_m©U Pmc hmV.

37

À`m ‡ÌZmß¿`m AZwamYmZ qMVZ hmdy cmJc. À`m qMVZmVyZ ZÏ`m H$mXß]arMm O›_ Pmcm. oVMr

"Hw$Vyhc jÃ' dmT>cr. ehamVrc ]H$mcdÒVr[mgyZ V IS>JmdmVrc JmR>Ám[ ™V, Pm[S>r[mgyZ V

AÀ w¿M dJm©¿`m ‚c∞Q> gßÒH•$Vr[ ™V oVMm [´dmg Pmcm. AZH$ ÒVamßVrc cmH$mßZm gm_mdyZ KUmË`m

odemc g_mOmM ÒdÍ$[ oVcm ‡mflV Pmc. aQ>mi AZ≤ Zrag dU©ZmßZm \$mQ>m X`mV Amcm. VßÃm[jm

Ame`mcm AmoU [naUm_mcm ‡mYm›` X`mV Amc. C[ojV dJm©M, C[ojV g_mOmM Xw:I

H$mXß]arVyZ H´$_e: dy cmJc. AZH$ ZdrZ odf`mßZm Ò[e© Pmcm. À`m_wi "Zdr H$mXß]ar' hr

[aß[amJV H$mXß]arhˇZ dJir R>acr.

ZÏ`m H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á

1) _amR>rVrc Zdr H$mXß]ar hr oV¿`m JwUd°oeÓQ>Ámß_wi BVa H$mXß]ar[jm dJir dmQ>V. ZÏ`m

H$mXß]arM AZw dodÌdM _wir dJi hmV. EIm⁄m odf`mda H$mXß]ar ocoh`m[jm ‡À`j

OrdZmZw dmMmM H$cmÀ_H$ AmodÓH$ma H$a`mH$S> oVMm OmÒV H$c Amh.

2) _mUgmM ÒdV:er, BVamßer AmoU oZgJm©er Agcc gß]ßY AoYH$ ZQ>H$[UmZ `m

H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ AdVaVmV.

3) ZÏ`m H$mßX]arM AZw d d jÃ odÒVmac. gXmoed[R>r dmVmdaUmV AZ≤ _mOKamV a_ccr

H$mXß]ar hr AmVm IwÎ`m odÌdmV oeacr. eVr, C⁄mJ, H$m_Jma, ]H$mar, amOH$maU, odkmZ

BÀ`mXr jÃmV Vr gßMma H$Í$ cmJcr. AßYl’m, ÒÃrg_Ò`m, [wÈfr AhßH$ma, Ï`o^Mmar

d•Œmr, Hw$_mnaH$mßMm ‡ÌZ, oddmh]m¯ gß]ßY, EH$Q>[Um, odYdm dm odYwamdÒWm, AZmWml_,

c¢oJH$ N>idmX, H$m∞cO AmoU hm∞ÒQ>c OrdZ, _‹`_dJu` OrdZmVrc AW©ey›`Vm Aem

oH$Vr Var odf`mcm Zdr H$mXß]ar gm_mar Jcr. oVZ H$mUVm odf` d¡ © _mZcm Zmhr.

CcQ> ZdZÏ`m odf`mßM ÒdmJV H$c.

4) Ow›`m H$mXß]arVrc Ï`p∑VaImßMr mfm cIH$mMr hmVr. [aßVw ZÏ`m H$mXß]arVrc Ï`p∑VaImßZm

AZwHy$c Aer À`mßMrM mfm cIH$mßZr dm[acr. mcMß– Z_mS> mßZr Am[Î`m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

H$m∞cO- Hw$_mamßMr dV©_mZmer gßdmX gmYUmar ^mfm `moOcr. À`m_wi hr H$mXß]ar COdr

R>acr. qM. Õ ß. ImZmcH$amßZr _mcdUr ]mcr^mfMm dm[a H$Î`mZ À`mß¿`m Ï`p∑VaIm

oOdßV PmÎ`m.

VŒdV: Zdr H$mXß]ar hr _amR>r dmL≤>_`m¿`m AmO[ ™V¿`m odH$mgmVrc AIaMr emIm

38

Amh. "`_wZm [ ©Q>Z' [mgyZ gwÍ$ Pmccr, dmÒVdmer ZmV gmßJUmar, H•$Vr‡YmZVm, gO©H$VMm

Aod^m¡` KQ>H$ _mZUmar hr H$mXß]ar OJ`mMm Zdm _yÎ`odMma _mßS>V. Ame`gyÃ, [mÃ, ‡gßJ,

VßÃ, ^mfm, H$WmZH$, oZdXZ, e°cr `m gd© VŒdmßZm EH$M AßJ yV Ame`–Ï`mM Í$[ ‡mflV Pmc

hmV. À`mX•ÓQ>rZ ^mD$ [m‹ - "S>m|]mË`mMm Ii' (1960), "d°VmJdmS>r' (1964), "dmgyZmH$m'

(1965), E. od. OmetMr "H$mimImM AßJ' (1966), _Zmha ehmU|Mr "XdmMm e„X' (1968),

O`dßV XidtMr "ÒdJV' (1968), ‡^mH$a [|T>maH$amßMr "Aa gßgma gßgma' (1971), oH$aU

ZJaH$amßMr "gmV g∑H$ß ÃMmirg' (1974), XrZmZmW _ZmhamßMr "am]m' (1976), O`dßV

XidtMr "AWmßJ' (1977), gw mf |S>|Mr "AßYmadmQ>m' (1978) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m _hŒd[yU©

AmhV.Aem ‡H$ma ZÏ`m H$mXß]arZ odemc Ag odÌd Am[Î`m H$dV KdyZ ÒdVßÃ[U Am[cm R>gm

C_Q>odcm.

10) _hmZJar` H$mXß]ar

_amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m odH$mgmMm EH$ Q>fl[m ÂhUO _hmZJar` OrdZmda ocohcÎ`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm

hm . 1960 ZßVa _hmZJar` OrdZmdarc H$mXß]ar od[wc ‡_mUmV oZ_m©U Pmccr AmT>iV.

À`mX•ÓQ>rZ _amR>rVrc _hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aU `mΩ` hmB©c. _hmZJamVrc OrdZ,

ZmJar AmoU J´m_rU OrdZm[jm dJi AgV.

odefV: gm_moOH$ OrdZmMm A^md _hmZJar` OrdZmV AmT>iVm. _hmZJar` OrdZ

Ï`∑VrH|$o–V AgV. À`m_wi AgwaojVVMr ^mdZm OmUdV. ^m°oVH$ gß[Œmr o_idyZ EH$Q>[Um

Kmcod`mgmR>r, [°gm o_iod`mgmR>r YS>[S> gwÍ$ AgV. ÂhUyZ Ï`p∑VH|$o–VVcm Uma _hŒd hm

_hmZJar` H$mXß]arMm odef Amh. _hmZJa h amOH$maUmVrc KS>m_mS>rM _hŒd[yU© H|$– AgÎ`mZ

À`mM [S>gmX H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ OmUdVmV. CXm. gŒmm Ò[Ym©, amOH$maUmVrc S>md[M, hmcMmcr,

gm_moOH$ ÒVam‡_mU _yÎ`H$Î[Zm BÀ`mXr _hmZJar` dmVmdaUmV Pm[S>[≈>r[mgyZ V \y$Q>[mW[ ™V

Q>rM^a OmJV gßgma H$aUmar, OmJgmR>r YS>[S>Umar, A[wË`m OmJ_wi ZmH$iÀ`m d`mVrc _wcmßZm

emarnaH$ gß]ßYmßMr AmT>, À`mVyZ CX≤ dUmar odH•$Vr, ÒÃr-[wÈf gß]ßYmVrc ]mYm, c¢oJH$ odH•$Vr,

Òd°aVm, amJQ> _mZogH$Vm, gm_moOH$ VmUVUmd, Ï`∑Vrda Umam ‡MßS> _mZogH$ VmU, ]XcV

OmUma ZmVgß]ßY, OrdZ OJ`mgmR>r, OrdZ_mZ CßMmd`mgmR>r H$amdr cmJUmar YS>[S>, À`mgmR>r>

OrdZ_yÎ`mßH$S> Xwc©j, amOJmam¿`m AmeZ Amccm JXuMm _hm[ya, ]H$mar, MmË`m_mË`m, IyZ,

39

XheV, JwßS>oJar, OwJma, XmÍ$M A»>, dÌ`md•Œmr, Xna–r, Jar], oZÓ[m[ Ord, Joc¿N> Pm[S>[≈>r

BÀ`mXr JmÓQ>tM ‡oVq]] [S>cc Amh.

Aem ‡H$ma _hmZJar` H$mXß]arM ÒdÍ$[ gmßJVm B©c. H$maU darc gd© JmÓQ>tM oMÃU

_amR>r H$mXß]arH$mamßZr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ H$c Amh. CXm. ^mD$ [m‹`, gw^mf ^|S>, AÈU gmYy,

_._ß. H$oU©H$, O`dßV Xidr, lr. Zm. [|S>g, c. Zm. H$aH$a, mZy H$mi, oXdmH$a H$mß]ir BÀ`mXtZr

_hmZJar` OrdZmM gwaI oMÃU H$cc Amh.

AÈU gmYwßZr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973) `m H$mXß]arVyZ dJdJ˘`m gm_moOH$ ÒVamVrc

Ï`∑Vt¿`m _mZogH$ VmUVUmdmM oMÃU H$c Amh. _wß]B©gmaª`m AdmT>Ï` ehamMm Vi JmR>`mMm

‡`ÀZ m H$mXß]arVyZ H$cm AgyZ EH$ _hmZJa mgß]ßYr H$mXß]arMm H|$X´q]Xy Amh. "dÒQ>Z© ÒQ>ma'_‹

Y_mc CS>odUmam AÊ`a, Am[U `m OJmV OJm`cm Zmcm`H$ AmhmV Ag ÂhUUmam oH$ema dP,

Ò_Jcamß¿`m Q>mirV AS>H$ccm h˛ema VÈU X`mZßX [moZQ>H$a, _wª`_ßÃr oOdmOramd qeX, woZ`Z

crS>a S>r. H$mÒQ>m AmoU [°em_wi `^rV Pmccr gwZßXm BÀ`mXr Ï`∑Vr ododY gm_moOH$ ÒVamßVrc AmhV.

Aem _mUgmß¿`m _Zmcm Ò[e© H$Í$Z AßV_©ZmV oea`mMm cIH$mZ ‡`ÀZ H$cm Amh.

dgßV H$mZQ>H$amßMr "Ka' (1952), ^mD$ [m‹ |Mr "d°VmJdmS>r' (1964), ‡^mH$a [|T>maH$amßMr

"Aa gßgma gßgma' (1971), AÈU gmYwßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßßH$' (1973), "qghmgZ' (1977),

^mD$ [m‹ |Mr "Oc]S>©g≤' (1982), _Yw _ßJe H$oU©H$mßMr "dmÈi' (1989) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

_hmZJar` OrdZmMm odÒVrU© [Q> CcJSy>Z XmIodcm Amh.

gmamße, H$mXß]ar hm odÒV•V ^mofH$ AdH$me Agccm AmoU A[nahm ©[U gm_moOH$

Ame` Agccm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ _hmZJar` OrdZmM oMÃU Òdm^modH$[U H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

Amcc oXgyZ V. XwgË`m _hm w’mZßVa Am°⁄moJH$ H´$mßVr_wi ehar OrdZmMm gd© AßJmßZr odH$mg

Pmcm. `mM [S>gmX ]m. gr. _T>H$amß¿`m H$mÏ`mV [S>cc AmT>iVmV. JßJmYa JmS>Jri, AaqdX

JmIc `mß¿`m H$WmVyZ _hmZJar` OrdZm¿`m OmUrdm oMoÃV PmcÎ`m AmhV. À`m_wi _hmZJar`

OrdZmdarc H$mXß]Ë`m _mR>Ám ‡_mUmV PmÎ`m Var À`mßM ÒdÍ$[ [ydu[jm dJi [U d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© Amh.

_hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßMr d°oeÓQ>Á Imcrc‡_mU gmßJVm Vrc -

1) _hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ _wª`V: _hmZJamVrc Ï`∑Vr¿`m _mZogH$ VmU-VUmdmM,

gßKfm©À_H$ OrdZmM gÀ` oMÃU Amcc AgV.

40

2) _hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë ßmVyZ OrdZ_mZ CßMmd`mgmR>r YS>[UmË`m _mUgmß¿`m oMÃUm]am]a

C¿M _‹`_dJu` cmH$mß¿`m Òd^mdmVrc ImQ>[Um, T>m|Jr[Um, Xmßo^H$Vm BÀ`mXtM Xe©Z

KS>V.

3) _hmZJamVrc Ò[Ym©À_H$d•Œmr, amh`m¿`m OmJgmR>r H$amdr cmJUmar YS>[S>, À`mgmR>r

H$ccm OrdmMm AmQ>mo[Q>m BÀ`mXr ‡ÌZ e„XmßoH$V hmVmV.

4) _hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [mßT>a[e ]Zy [mhUmË`m cmH$mßM ^mdodÌd CcJS>V.

5) _hmZJamVrc ]H$mcdÒVr, Pm[S>[≈>r BÀ`mXtM oMÃU AgV.

11) J´m_rU H$mXß]ar

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimVrc H$mXß]arMm EH$ Zdm ‡dmh AmoU _amR>r dmL≤>_`mcm cm^cc EH$

cU ÂhUO J´m_rU H$mXß]ar. ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVhr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ocohcr Jcr. [U oVcm Iam

]ha ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimV Amcm. ÒdmVßÕ`mZßVa¿`m [ßYam-drg dfm©V _amR>r gmohÀ`mV _mR> [nadV©Z

Pmc. Jm_rU mJmVrc gO©Zerc cIH$ Am[Î`m OrdZmM AZw d ÒdV:¿`m ]mcrVyZ _mßSy> cmJc.

g_mOmMr ]mßoYcH$s odMmamV KD$Z ÒdmVßÕ`, g_Vm, odÌd]ßYwÀd, odkmZoZÓR>m BÀ`mXr

OrdZ_yÎ`mßgh J´m_rU cIH$ Am[cr gwIXw:I e„XmßoH$V H$Í$ cmJc. À`m_wi Zdm , oOdßV

M°V›`_`r ÒÃmV ‡dmhrV Pmcm AmoU _amR>r gmohÀ`m¿`m H$jm ÈßXmdÎ`m. 1920 ¿`m gw_mamg

OZ_mZgmdarc _hmÀ_m JmßYtMm ‡^md dmTy> cmJcm. "IS>ÁmH$S> Mcm' Aer hmH$ À`mßZr ‡^mdr[U

g_mOmcm oXcr. À`m_wi amOH$maUr, g_mOgwYmaH$, odMmadßV BÀ`mXtM cj IS>ÁmH$S> dYc

Jc. À`mMm [naUm_ cIH$mßda Pmcm AmoU IS>ÁmVrc [naga, VWrc oZgJ©aÂ` dmVmdaU, mi-

^m]S> cmH$, eVr-dmS>r, Jwa-T>ma mßM Xe©Z gmohÀ`mVyZ KSy> cmJc. ‡maß r ZmJar OrdZmM oMÃU

AgcÎ`m gmohÀ`mM AZwH$aU J´m_rU H$mXß]arH$mamßZr H$c. _mÃ ZßVaMr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ]Xccr.

J´m_rU ^mJmVrc qH$dm OrdZmVrc ]H$mc[Um, XmnaX´Á, AkmZ, [maß[naH$Àd, Í$T>r, o[icm

OmUmam _mUyg BÀ`mXr AmO¿`m H$mXß]arM odf` AmhV. À`mX•ÓQ>rZ J´m_rU H$mXß]arMr dmQ>Mmc

Mmcy Amh.

VŒdV: J´m_rU H$mXß]arVyZ 1920 V 1980 VgM ZßVa¿`m H$mXß]arH$mamßZr J´m_rU

[nagamVrc _mUg, oZgJ©, À`mMr d•Œmr, J´m_rU X°dV, MmcrarVr, l’m, [aß[am `mß¿`m oMÃUmMr

EH$ [aß[am gwÍ$ Pmcr. oVMm Ame`, Ao^Ï`∑Vr, H$cmÀ_H$ JwUdŒmm, ^mfmodef, Aem ododY

41

AßJmßZr H$mXß]arMm odH$mg hmV Jccm oXgyZ Vm. `mM H$mXß]arcIZmVyZ J´m_rU [nagamVrc

PmS>-PwS>[, S>m|Ja-XË`m, eVr-Zmc, Vcmd-odohar, D$Z-dmam, oZgJ©, [mD$g, [rH$[mUr

BÀ`mXt¿`m Xe©Zm]am]a, J´m_rU ^mJmVrc _mUg, À`mß¿`m JmB©-Âher, ]°c, Hw$Ãr, JmT>d, KmS>,

H$m|]S>Ám h gJi [ew-[jr [mÃ ÂhUyZ AdVaVmV. ¯m J´m_rUV¿`m AßJmZ ocohÎ`m JcÎ`m

H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma `m ‡H$mamV H$cm OmVm.

AmZßX `mXd "J´m_rU gmohÀ` : ÒdÈ[ AmoU g_Ò`m' `m JßWmVyZ J´m_rU gmohÀ`modf` r

ÂhUVmV H$s, "" "J´m_rU gmohÀ`'hr gßH$Î[Zm EIm⁄m [´XemßVJ©V OrdZmVyZ oZ_m©U PmcÎ`m

gmohÀ`mcm `mOcr OmV. À`m gmohÀ`mV À`m ‡XemVrc dmÒVd OrdZmM ‡oVq]] [S>cc AgV.

gmohÀ`m¿`m ‡XeoZa[j Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm AmodÓH$ma À`mV Jm°U ÒWmZr Jccm AgVm. À`m_wi "Jm_rU

gmohÀ`' hm J´m_rU _ZmMm, g_mOmMm AZH$ VmU-VUmdmßgh e„XÍ$[ Pmccm EH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$

R>dm AgVm. Vm À`m ‡XemMm MmcVm-]mcVm _mZogH$ BoVhmg AgVm.''73

J´m_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V ]mießH$a Xe[mßS> "H$mXß]ar : oddMZ AmoU odÌcfU' `m

JßWmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""emßV, gßW[U odÒVmamZ OrdZmMr OmUrd Ï`∑V H$aU, V[oecmV OmdyZ

gy _[U gm_moOH$ OmUrd Ï`∑V H$aU, h H$mXß]ar m gmohÀ` ‡H$maM Co‘ÓQ> AgV. _mR>m Ame`,

OrdZmH$S> [mh`mM dJdJi X•pÓQ>H$mU, OrdZmVcr JwßVmJwßV, Ï`mo_lVm H$mXß]ar_‹ AmodÓH•$V

Pmccr AgV. Jm_rU OrdZm¿`m AmH$cZmMr OmU dmT>odUmar H$mXß]ar _amR>rV Í$Oy-ZÏh ocohcr

Jcr Zmhr Ag ZmB©cmOmZ H$m hmB©Zm ÂhUmd cmJV.''74

_amR>rV Jm_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V AmUm mD$ gmR>, C’d eiH$, eßH$a [mQ>rc, aUoOV

XgmB©, h_rX XcdmB©, am. aß. ]mamS>, AmZßX `mXd, Ï ßH$Q>e _mS>JyiH$a, Mß–Hw$_ma ZcJ, _hmXd

_ma BÀ`mXtMm CÎcI H$amdm cmJc. [aßVw H•$ÓUamd ^mcamdmßMr "]ir]m [mQ>rc' (1888) hr

_amR>rVrc [ohcr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar Amh. AmZßX `mXdmß¿`m _V, " E. od. oQ>H$H$amßMr "o[amOr

[mQ>rc' (1903) hr [ohcr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar Amh.'75

_amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]arodÌdmMm ‡dmg "]ir]m [mQ>rc' d "o[amOr [mQ>rc' `m XmZ

H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m oZo_©VrZßVa cJM Pmccm AmT>iV Zmhr. [U 1925 [mgyZ _amR>rV J´m_rU

gmohÀ`mMr oZo_©Vr hmdy cmJcr. m H$mimV J´m_rU gmohÀ`mda JmßYrdmXr, _m∑g©dmXr, g_mOdmXr

odMmagaUrMm ‡^md hmVm. J´m_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡W_ H$mcIßS>mda _. \w$c `mß¿`m odMmagaUrMm

42

‡^md AgyZ _.JmßYt¿`m "IS>ÁmH$S> Mcm', "^maVmMm AmÀ_m IS>ÁmV Amh' `m C[Xem_wi

J´m_rU gmohÀ`m¿`m oZo_©Vrda AoYH$ ^a oXcm Jcm. AZ≤ _amR>rV J´m_rU H$mXß]arMr oZo_©Vr

hmdy cmJcr. CXm. ‡. h. ImoS>cH$amßMr "ÒdmYrZ gßgma' (1927), ^m. od. daaH$amßMr

"gmV cmImVrc EH$' (1930), od. dm. hS>[ `mßMr 'A›ZXmVm C[mer' (1937), a. dm. oXK

`mßMr "[mUH$im' (1939), _. ^m. ^mgc `mßMr "g_amßJU' (1941), X. a. H$dR>H$amßMr

"ae_m¿`m JmR>r' (1942), ]m. gr. _T>H$amßMr "Vmß]S>r _mVr' (1943), J. c. R>mH$i `mßMr

"JmdJwßS>' (1945), od. dm. oeadmS>H$a `mßMr "d°ÓUd' (1945), ]m. gr. _T>©H$amßMr "[mUr'

(1948) `m H$mXß]Ë`mßZr OrdZmVrc dmÒVdVm d AmYwoZH$sH$aUmZ CX≤‹dÒV hmUmË`m J´m_rU

gßÒH•$VrM Xe©Z KS>odc. À`m‡_mU lr. Zm. [|S>g mß¿`m "EÎJma' (1948) d "h‘[ma' (1950),

]m. . ]maH$amßMr "^mdrU' (1950), _Yy _ßJe H$oU©H$ mßMr "dmS>JrU' (1950), m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

H$mH$UmV dmÒVÏ` H$aUmË`m AßYl’miy dmacr O_mVrM oMÃU Amc Amh.

J´m_rU OrdZmM Xe©Z KS>odUmË`m H$mhr J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`m [wT>rc‡_mU AmhV.

J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ‡dmhmVrc _°cmMm XJS> R>aUmar _hŒd[yU© H$mXß]ar ÂhUO Ï`ßH$Q>e

_mS>JyiH$a `mßMr "]ZJadmS>r' (1955), aUoOV XgmB™Mr "]mar' (1959), AmUm ^mD$ gmR>|Mr

"\$oH$am' (1959), C’d eiH$ mßMr "YJ' (1960), aUoOV XgmB© mßMr "_mPm Jmd' (1960),

Mß–H$mßV H$mH$mS>H$a `mßMr "A›Z[yUm©' (1960), eßH$a [mQ>rc `mßMr "Q>ma\w$cm' (1964),

h_rX XcdmB™Mr "BßYZ' (1965), eßH$a IßSy> [mQ>rc `mßMr "ga[ßM' (1969), am. aß. ]mamS>|Mr

"[mMmim' (1971), AmZßX `mXdmßMr "JmVmdim' (1971), Zm. Ym|. _hmZma `mßMr "JmßYmar'

(1973) m gd© H$mXß]Ë`m Img J´m_rU e°crVrc AgyZ _amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]ar odÌdmcm odoeÓQ>

diU XUmË`m AmhV.

Mß–Hw$_ma ZcJ|Mr "AmJrZ\y$cm' (1974), "XdmMr gmj' (1979), d. dm. ]mY|Mr

"H$mVU' (1979), "dmKrU' (1980), Ï`ßH$Q>e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "H$ÈUmÓQ>H$$' (1982),

lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr "Vwß]mS>M ImV' (1987), AmZßX `mXdmßMr "Pm|]r' (1987), "ZmßJaUr'

(1987), am. aß. ]mamS>|Mr "gmdQ>' (1987), "Mmam[mUr' (1989), CŒm_ ]ßSy> Vw[|Mr "BOmi'

(1984), "oM[mS>' (1989), "Iwir' (1991), amOZ Jdg `mßMr "Mm¢S>Hß$' (1985),

" ßS>ma^mJ' (1988), _YwH$a dmH$mS> mßMr "PcP[mQ>' (1988), odÌdmg [mQ>rc mßMr "[mßJram'

43

(1990), gwae ¤mXerH$amßMr "hmiw_r' (1989), amOZ ImZ `mßMr "`Vr_' (1990),

]m. J. H$gH$amßMr "Hw$Um¿`m Imß⁄mda ' (1995), ]m]amd _wgi `mßMr "hmÎ`m hmÎ`m XwXy X'

(1995), "[Imc' (1995) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m J´m_rU dmÒVdmM oMÃU H$aUmË`m AmhV.

12) XocV H$mXß]ar

H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`m¿`m X•ÓQ>rZ XocV H$mXß]ar hm _hŒdmMm ‡dmh AgyZ XocV H$mXß]arZ

‡mXoeH$, J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`mß‡_mU Am[cm _mham C[ojV Aem J´m_rU d gm_moOH$ OrdZmH$S>

diodÎ`mZ gm_moOH$ OrdZmVrc AZßV Xw:I oVZ _mßS>cr. À`m_wi OrdZmM EH$ Zd odÌd gmH$ma

Pmc. XocV OmoUdMr XocV OrdZmgh Ao^Ï`∑Vr H$aUmar H$mXß]ar ÂhUO "XocV H$mXß]ar'.

`mVyZ XocV-gm_moOH$ OmoUdmßM Xe©Z KS>V. XocV H$mXß]ar hr gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s _mZUmar

H$mXß]ar Amh.

XocV H$mXß]arMm ‡maß 1960 ZßVa Pmccm oXgyZ Vm. XocV H$Wm-H$odVm mß¿`m VwcZZ

XocV H$mXß]ar \$maer odH$ogV Pmcr Zmhr. XocV gmohÀ`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ XocV H$mXß]arM XmcZ

gßª`mÀ_H$—ÓQ>rZ g_•’ Zmhr. _mÃ `m H$mXß]Ë`mßMr gßª`m H$_r Agcr Var Vr cjUr` Amh.

XocV H$mXß]ar EH$m AWm©Z gm_moOH$ dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]arM AgV. ¡`m‡_mU gm_moOH$

H$mXß]arH$ma VÀH$mcrZ g_mOmMm BoVhmgH$ma AgVm À`m‡_mU XocV H$mXß]arH$mahr Am[Î`m

g_mOm¿`m yVH$mi d dV©_mZH$mimMm gmjrXma AmoU ^mÓ`H$ma AgVm. XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

odemc, Ï`m[H$ _mZdVMm ‡À`` Vm. [ydm©Ò[•Ì` Aem ododY g_mOmVrc, dJm©Vrc, ÒVamVrc,

AmoW©H$ AmoU gmßÒH•$oVH$ _mJmgc[UmM oMÃU `m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ dmMm`cm o_iV. Am[Î`mdarc

A›`m`, AÀ`mMmamßMm [mT>m À`mßZr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ dmMcm. Am[c H$ÓQ>_` OrdZ OJVmZm Am[Î`m

g_mOmVrc Í$T>r, amhUr_mZ, [memI, X°dV, gUdma, CÀgd, OÃm, ‡Wm, [aß[am, AßYl’m,

XdXdÒH$s AmoU OmV[ßMm`VrM H$m`X H$mZyZ BÀ`mXrßM Xe©Z hr H$mXß]ar gmXa H$aV.

XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßM AdcmH$Z H$c Va XocVmßMr H$odVm, XocVmßMr H$Wm oMÃ dYyZ KV

AmoU XocV H$mXß]ar hr dmMH$mßZm AmH$of©V H$aV. AmUm^mD$ gmR>, ]m]wamd ]mJyc, H$ed _lm_

AmoU eßH$aamd IamV BÀ`mXr A[dmX dJic Va XocV H$mXß]arH$mamßM cIZmXe© \$S>H$-

ImßS>H$a‡oUV H$mXß]arMM AmhV Ag dmQ>V. 1935 ¿`m Amg[mg S>m∞. ]m]mgmh] Amß]S>H$amßM

H$m © gwÍ$ Pmc AmoU À`m H$m`m©¿`m gm_moOH$ AmßXmcZmßVyZ XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßMm ‡maß Pmcm. CXm.

44

Zm. am. e|S> `mßMr "H$mOir amÃ' (1956), AmUm ^mD$ gmR> `mßMr "\$oH$am' (1959), ]m]wamd

]mJwcmßMr "gyS>' (1970), eßH$aamd IamVmßMr "hmV^Q≤>Q>r' (1970), "JmdMm oQ>Zm[mc JwÈOr'

(1971), "_r _w∑V _r _w∑V' (1971), H$ed _lm_ `mßMr "hoH$H$V d OQ>m y' (1972),

"[mIaU' (1972), ]m]wamd ]mJwcmßMr "[mdem' (1981), "H$m|S>r' (2000) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ

XocV OrdZmM gÀòMÃU Amcc Amh. H$maU m H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUO XocV H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m BoVhmgmM

_mZmM [mZ AmhV.

har^mD$ [Jma "PwßOma'(1965), "H$mqcXr' (1968), AemH$ cmIßS> "oZÓR>m' (1974),

AÈU gmYy "]ohÓH•$V' (1978), o^. gr. qeX "A_•VZmH$' d "am`ZmH$' (1980), gwYmH$a

Jm`H$dmS> "ew–' (1980), _mYd H$m|S>odcH$a "AOyZ COmS>m`Mß Amh' (1981), Zm_Xd T>gmi

"hmS>H$s hmS>dim' (1981), èdßV _Zmha "a_mB©' (1981), _mYd H$g] "ZHy$c' (1981),

_mYd H$m|S>odcH$a "N>X' (1982), AemH$ ÏhQ>H$a "_ccß [mUr' (1982), ‡_mZßX J¡dr "OmJa'

(1982), ]m. g. hmQ> " wJodYmZ' (1983), _wacrYa OmYd "H$m ©H$Vm©' (1984), ]idßV

H$mß]i "Zm[mV' (1984), odO` H$mi "OmJ•Vr' (1985), CŒm_ ]ßSy> Vw[ "Pwcdm' (1986),

`mJ|– _lm_ "_mPm Jmd Hw$R> Amh' (1988), ]m. g. hmQ> " wJßYa' (1988), AoZc ghÒÃ]w’

"_mVßJ' (1990), Zm. ]. OmYd "S>m∞. AßOZm' (1991), Zm_Xd Mß–^mZ H$mß]i "amKd di'

(1993), "D$Zgmdcr' (1997), "gmßOaßJ' (1999), "gcPmS>m' (2001) BÀ`mXr

H$mXß]arH$mamßZr XocV H$mXß]arM ^mdodÌd CcJSy>Z XmIodcc Amh. _amR>r gmohÀ`mVyZ Amcc

h XocV oMÃU AZwfßJmZ _‹`_dJu` OrdZ—ÓQ>rVyZ Amcc Amh.

13) OZdmXr - AmoXdmgr H$mXß]ar

_amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡dmhmVyZ OZdmXr-AmoXdmgr H$mXß]ar EH$ ‡H$ma AgyZ 1920 V

1980 `m H$mcIßS>mV AmoXdmgr, OZdmXr OZOrdZmdarc H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ AmoXdmgr g_mOOrdZ,

À`mß¿`m g_Ò`m, ‡ÌZ, ZjcdmXr MidirMm ‡^md BÀ`mXr JmÓQ>tM gÀòMÃU AmT>iV. À`m—ÓQ>rZ

Imcrc H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎcI H$amdm cmJc.

gwae ¤mXerH$amßMr "hmHy$_r' (1980) `m H$mXß]arVyZ JS>oMamcr oOÎ¯mVrc _moS> m

AmoXdmgt¿`m OZOrdZmM oMÃU Amcc Amh. odefV: À`m À`m mJmVrc ZjcdmXr MidirM

[S>gmX `m H$mXß]arVyZ [S>cc AmhV. AoZc ghÒÃ]w’|Mr "S>mßJUr' (1985) hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO

45

ZJa oOÎ¯mVrc AmoXdmgtM gÀòMÃU KS>odUmar CÀH•$ÓQ> H$mXß]ar Amh. _YwH$a dmH$mS>|Mr

"PcP[mQ>' (1988) `m H$mXß]arVyZ A_amdVr [aVdmS>m [nagamVrc H$maHy$¿`m OrdZmM oMÃU

Amc Amh. H$mXß]Ë`mßMr gßª`m H$_r Agcr Var À`mVrc ‡^mdr OrdZoMÃUm_wi À`m cjUr`

R>acÎ`m AmhV.

14) d°kmoZH$ H$mXß]ar

_amR>r gmohÀ`mV AcrH$S>¿`m H$mimV d°kmoZH$ H$mXß]arMm ‡dmh ÈOy cmJcm Amh. `m

H$mXß]ar ‡dmhmVyZ odkmZ wJmVrc AY:[oVV _mZdr gßÒH•$Vr AmoU AßVnajmV Hw$R>Var AgcÎ`m

‡JVrda gßÒH•$VrM oMÃU AmT>iV. CXm. O ßV ZmairH$a `mßMr "‡ofV' (1983), c˙_U cm|T> d

qMVm_U Xe_wI `mßMr "Xdmog oOd _mnac' (1983), AÈU gmYy `mßMr "odflcdm' (1985),

O ßV ZmairH$a `mßMr "dm_Z [aV Z Amcm' (1986) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m odkmZm¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ

gwYmnaV VßÃkmZm¿`m _XVrZ _mZdr OrdZmdarc gÀ` AgÀ`mßMm odMma H$Í$Z ocohÎ`m JÎ`m AmhV.

`m gßX^m©V adt– R>mHy$a "gmohÀ` : g_rjm AmoU gßdmX' `m JßWmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""odkmZ

H$mXß]arV \$mag Ao^Zd Zgcc odH$Î[ZM AmT>iV.''76

* H$mXß]arMr BVa dmL≤>_` ‡H$mamßer VwcZm

H$mXß]arMr ZmQ>H$, H$Wm `m ‡_wI dmL≤>_`‡H$mamß]am]a VwcZm H$aVm V. H$mXß]ar H$m`

qH$dm ZmQ>H$ H$m` `m XmZ dmL≤>_`‡H$mamV gmÂ` Amh VdT> Xhr AmhV. ZmQ>H$m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ odMma

H$cm Va ZmQ>Á‡`mJmMm AmZßX EH$mM dir hOmam ‡jH$ Kdy eH$VmV Vg H$mXß]ar¿`m ]m]VrV

Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]arM dmMZ, _ZZ, qMVZ, _mÃ aogH$ dm dmMH$ Am[Î`m _Or©Zwgma H$Í$ eH$Vm.

H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`p∑VoMÃUmM Xe©Z KS>V. Va ZmQ>H$mV Vg KS>V Zmhr. ZmQ>H$H$mamcm Am[cm

H$cmodÓH$ma ÒdVßÃ[U H$aVm V Zmhr. À`mgmR>r À`mcm ZmQ>ÁJ•h, ZQ> AmoU ‡jH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm

AgV. h AgVrc VaM ZmQ>H$H$À`m©M cIZ IË`m AWm©Z gmW©H$s cmJc. ZmQ>ÁH•$VrM èm[è

_wª`V: ‡jmJ•h, Z[œ`, ZQ>ZQ>ÁmßM Ao^Z`H$m°eÎ` AmoU ‡jH$mßMm ‡oVgmX `m Mma JmÓQ>tda

Adcß]yZ AgV. [aßVw H$mXß]arH$mamcm Am[Î`m H$cmÀ_H$VM ‡Xe©Z H$am`cm XwgË`m H$mUÀ`mM

JmÓQ>t¿`m _XVrMr JaO ZgV. H$mXß]arcIZm¿`m èmcm qH$dm A[èmcm Vm ÒdV: O]m]Xma

AgVm. H$mXß]arH$ma H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmß¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm odH$mg gmdH$me[U, H´$_mH´$_mZ

XmIodVm. [U ZmQ>H$H$mamcm EH$m Ï`∑VrEdOr g_wXm`mM _mZgemÒÃ odMmamV ø`md cmJV.

H$mXß]arH$mamcm EH$H$Q>Ám Ï`∑Vr]am]a ÒdVßÃ[U gwgßdmX gmYVm Vm. ZmQ>H$H$mamcm h ÒdmVßÕ`

ZgV. À`mcm g_yh_ZM odMmamV ø`md cmJV.

46

H$mXß]arVrc KQ>Zm, [mÃ, À`mßM odMma, gwI-Xw:I, À`mß¿`m Amem-AmH$mßjm m gd© H$Î[Zm

H$mXß]arV H$WmZH$m¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ gmH$ma hmVmV. ZmQ>H$mV Vg Zmhr.

H$mXß]ar AmoU H$Wm `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMm odMma H$cm Va odf`mMr _mßS>Ur, oZdXZVßÃ,

Òd^md [nadV©Z Aem AZH$ ]m]VrV H$Wm hr H$mXß]arhyZ _ycV:M o^›Z Amh. H$mXß]ar dmMZmZ

_ZmMr H$a_UyH$ hmV. [U X°ZßoXZ OrdZmV oZ_m©U hmUmË`m g_Ò`m, gm_moOH$ ‡ÌZ BÀ`mXtMm

odMma H$mXß]arVyZ H$cm OmVm. H$mXß]ar¿`m odÒVmam_wi oV¿`m Òd^mdXe©Zmcm, odH$gZmcm qH$dm

[nadV©Zmcm dmd AgVm. [U H$WV Vgm ZgVm. H$WMm _`m©XrV AmQ>m[era odÒVma cjmV KdyZ

oVMr gd© d°oeÓQ>Á cjmV ø`mdr cmJVmV. CXm. _m∞_¿`m qH$dm Q>m∞cÒQ>m∞ ¿`m H$Wm. H$mXß]arVyZ

g_J´ OrdZmM Xe©Z KS>V. Vg H$W¿`m ¤ma cIH$mcm H$aVm V Zmhr.

gmamße, H$mXß]arMm odÒVma ododYmßJmßZr hmV AgÎ`m_wi oV¿`m_‹ ‡gßJmßMr ododYVm,

C[H$WmZH$, oZgJ© gm¢X`m©M dU©Z, dmMH$mßMr CÀHß$R>m, odÒ_` BÀ`mXr ^mdZm VmUÎ`m OmVrc

Aem H$m°eÎ`[yU© aMZm H$mXß]arH$ma H$Í$ eH$c; [U H$Wm cIH$mcm h ÒdmVßÕ` KVm V Zmhr.

darc gd© oddMZmdÍ$Z Am[Umg Imcrc oZarjU Zm|XdVm Vrc.

* H$mXß]arMm VmpŒdH$ odMma od. H$m. amOdmS>, Hw$gw_mdVr Xe[mßS>, Zaha Hw$Íß$XH$a, mcMß–

Z_mS> `mßZr H$cm.

* Om¡¡dÎ` _Zmd•Œmr hm JwU H$mXß]arH$mamH$S> Agcm [mohO.

* _ycV: ‡ÌZmßMm odMma H$aU hm H$mXß]arMm —ÓQ>rH$mZ AgVm.

* H$mXß]arV AZw dm¿`m gcJ AÒgc[UmIarO hm AZw d gmH$ma H$a`mgmR>r cmJUma

oH$_mZ H$g]hr A[ojV Amh.

* g_yhoZÓR> AgUma gm¢X`m©M oZH$f H$mXß]arV AmT>iVmV.

* H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á ‡mMrZ _amR>r gmohÀ`mV AmT>iV Agcr

Var hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJ´Or gmohÀ`mVyZ _amR>rV Amcm Amh.

* BßJ´Or, _amR>r, qhXr g_rjH$mßZr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H$ccr Amh.

* H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaU, oZdXZ, gßKf©, _ZmodÌcfU, ^mfme°cr h H$mXß]arM

_wª` KQ>H$ AmhV.

47

* H$mXß]arM _wª`V: dmÒVddmXr, aßOZdmXr, JmßYrdmXr, ‡mXoeH$, EoVhmogH$, MnaÃmÀ_H$,

[m°amoUH$, amOH$s`, _ZmodÌcfUmÀ_H$, Zdr, _hmZJar`, J´m_rU, XocV, OZdmXr-

AmoXdmgr, d°kmoZH$ h _wª` ‡H$ma AmhV.

* ZmQ>H$ d H$Wm m ‡_wI dmL≤>_`‡H$mamßer VwcZm H$aVm H$mXß]ar m dmL≤>_` ‡H$mamMr aogH$mßer

d° p∑VH$ gßdmX gmY`mMr H•$Vr, g_J´ OrdZmM Xe©Z hr cjUr` d°oeÓQ>Á cjmV VmV.

WmS>∑`mV, H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma OrdZ^mÓ` H$a`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ EH$ _hŒd[yU© dmL≤>_`

‡H$ma Amh.

gßX © Q>r[m

48

1. ^mcMß– \$CH$ - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar' (‡H$meH$) AoZÈ’ AZßV Hw$cH$Uu, ‡XojUm IßS>

[ohcm, [mMdr Amd•Œmr, [wU 1972, [•. 202 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

2. aßJZmW [R>ma - "H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm', (gß[m.) Jm. Vw. [mQ>rc "AZwÓQ>w ' AßH$ ghmdm.

_-OyZ 2003, [•. 5

3. VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

4. VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

5. VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

6. VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

7. VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

8. VÃ°d, [•. 7 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.

9. dm. oe. Am[Q> - "oX ÒQw>S>›S>g gßÒH•$V BßoΩce oS>∑eZar', [. Am. 1970, oXÎcr, [•. 27

10. am. J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$me IßS> - 3', (gß[m.) c˙_UemÒÃr Omer, _hmamÓQ≠>

am¡` gmohÀ` gßÒH•$Vr _ßS>i, _wß]B©, [ohcr Amd•Œmr - _wß]B©, 1976, [•. 599

11. VÃ°d, [•. 599

12. _XZ Hw$cH$Uu -"_amR>r ‡mXoeH$ H$mßX]ar : VßÃ AmoU ÒdÈ[', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya,

[•.2

13. "^r_amd Hw$cH$Uu - [ßoS>V AZßV Hw$cH$Uu Ï`∑Vr gßÒWm' gß[mXH$ - [ßoS>V Hw$cH$Uu,

[ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU 1972, [•. 15

14. lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya, 1956, [•.15

15. ^mcMß– Z_mS> - " Q>rmH$ Òd ßda', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX, 1990, [•. 196

16. ^mcMß– \$S>H$ - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar', ‡XojUm IßS> [ohcm, CoZ. [•. 202

17. am. J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$me IßS> - 3', CoZ. [•. 599

18. _rZmjr _wIOu - "Vm°cmoZH$ gmohÀ`m‰`mg : VŒd AmoU oXem' (gß[m.) Mß–eIa

OhmoJaXma, [ohcr Amd•Œmr, H$mÎhm[ya, [•. 242

19. VÃ°d, [•. 242

20. dgßV o]amXma - "AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), ‡W_md•Œmr,

49

[wU 1989, [•. 3 d 4

21. am. J. OmYd,$ CoZ. [•. 599

22. Cfm hÒVH$ - "gmohÀ` : A‹`m[Z AmoU ‡H$ma' ( dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu Jm°ad JßW), [ohcr

Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 1987, [•. 255

23. S>m∞. adrß– R>mHy$a - "_amR>r J´m_rU H$mßX]ar', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 1993, [•. 9 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

24. S>m∞. Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]arMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), ‡W_md•Œmr,

[wU 1989, [•. 6 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

25. Cfm hÒVH$ - "H$mXß]ar AmoU _amR>r H$mßX]ar' (g_rjm cI), ‡W_md•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX,

1993, [•. 20, 21

26. (gß[m.) ‡^m JUmaH$a d BVa - "dmL≤>_`rZ gßkm - gßH$Î[Zm H$me', J. am. ^Q>H$i

\$mD$S>eZ, [ohcr Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 2001, [•. 170 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

27. ‡. Zm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc - "_amR>r H$mßX]ar : VßÃ AmoU odH$mg', oVgar Amd•Œmr,

[wU 1973, [•. 37 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

28. VÃ°d, [•. 37

29. Om›hÏhr gßV - "H$mXß]ar EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, H$mÎhm[ya 1971, [•. 12

dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

30. VÃ°d, [•. 12 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

31. VÃ°d, [•. 12 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

32. H$m.]m. _amR> - "oZdS>H$ _amR>r g_rjm', gß[mXH$ - Jm. _m. [dma, _. X. hmVH$UßJcH$a,

[ohcr Amd•Œmr, oXÎcr 1990, [•. 1

33. [´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc - CoZ. [•. 37

34. lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', CoZ. [•. 15

35. Hw$gw_mdVr Xe[mßS> - "_amR>r H$mXß]arM [ohc eVH$', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 1975,

[•. 16

36. aßJZmW [R>ma - "H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm', CoZ. [•. 6

37. ^mcMßX´ \$S>H$ - "Q>rH$m Òd ßda', CoZ. [•.240

50

38. am.J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$me, IßS> - 3', CoZ. [•.600

39. Q>ßS>Z ‡Vm[ Zmam`U - "qhXr C[›`mg H$m CX≤ d Am°a odH$mg', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, cIZD$,

1974, [•. 12 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

40. amOoH$ema qgh Edß XwJm©eßH$a o_l - "^maVr` Edß [mÌMmÀ` H$mÏ`-emÒÃ H$ og’mßV',

[ohcr Amd•Œmr, cIZD$ 1992, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

41. VÃ°d, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

42. VÃ°d, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

43. [´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. JmS>]mc - CoZ. [•. 87 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

44. (gß[m.) ‡^m JUmaH$a d BVa - "dmL≤>_`rZ gßkm-gßH$Î[Zm H$me', CoZ. [•. 174 dÍ$Z

CX≤Y•V.

45. _XZ Hw$cH$Uu - "_amR>r ‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar VßÃ AmoU ÒdÈ[, CoZ. [•. 8 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

46. VÃ°d, [•. 8 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

47. (gß[m.) ‡^m JUmaH$a d BVa - CoZ. [•. 175 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

48. VÃ°d, [•. 176 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

49. Jm. od. H$aßXrH$a - "A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>cM H$mÏ`memÒÃ', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© [•. 62, 63

50. [´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc - CoZ. [•. 114 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

51. am∞]Q>© ocS>c - "oX. naceZ Am∞\$ o\$∑eZc H$a∑Q>g© Qy> XAa AmnaoOZcg≤', A qQ≠>>Q>mBO

Am∞Z Xr Zm∞Ïhc - OmZmWZ H$[ [ohcr Amd•Œmr, cßS>Z 1967, [•. 97

52. JßJmYa JmS>Jri - "IS>H$ AmoU [mUr', oVgar Amd•Œmr, [wU 1985, [•. 36

53. Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar qMVZ AmoU g_rjm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU 1983,

[•. 41

54. lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', CoZ. [•.10

55. ‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. JmS>]mc - CoZ. [•. 129, 130

55. VÃ°d, [•. 129

57. H$. aß. oeadmS>H$a - "_m∑g©dmXr gmohÀ` odMma', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU,1980,

[•. 154

58. VÃ°d, [•. 155 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

51

59. Jm. _. Hw$cH$Uu - "_amR>r gmohÀ`mVrc Ò[ßXZ', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU 1985, [•. 14,

15 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

60. VÃ°d, [•. 10

61. ]mc eßH$a Xe[mßS> - "H$mXß]ar oddMZ AmoU odÌcfU', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 1987,

[•. 26, 27

62. ‡. ]m. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. JmS>]mc - CoZ. [•. 124

63. ^mcMß– Z_mS> - "gmohÀ`mMr ^mfm', ‡W_md•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX, 1987, [•.68

64. ]mießH$a Xe[mßS> - CoZ. [•. 41, 42 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

65. ‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. JmS>]c - CoZ. [•. 196, 197

66. VÃ°d, [•. 197

67. AmZßX mXd - "Jm_rU gmohÀ` : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_Ò`m', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 1979, [•.

76

68. (gß[m.) B©Ìda ZßXm[wa,"gmohÀ` - J´m_rU AmoU XocV' (S>m∞. _XZ Hw$cH$Uu Jm°ad JßW),

[ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya 2002, [•. 55

69. ]mceßH$aXe[mßS> -$ CoZ. [•. 62 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

70. S>m∞. Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]arMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), CoZ. [•. 68, 69.

71. VÃ°d, [•. 69

72. (gß[m.) ‡^m JUmaH$a d BVa - CoZ. [•. 185 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

73. AmZßX `mXd - "J´m_rUVm gmohÀ` AmoU g_Ò`m', CoZ. [•. 68, 69 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

74. ]mi eßH$a Xe[mßS> - CoZ. [•. 65

75. AmZßX `mXd - "J´m_rU gmohÀ` AmoU dmÒVd', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 1989, [•. 68, 69

76. S>m∞. adt– R>mHy$a - "gmohÀ` g_rjm AmoU gßdmX', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU, 1961, [•. 119

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52

1 ‡h$au[ohc{ h$mxß]areh$dml≤>...

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