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An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations

Information Systems in Organizations

اطالعاتي سيستمهاي بر اي مقدمهسازمانها در

سازمانها در اطالعاتي سيستمهاي

What is management?

PlanningOrganizingDirectingControlling

What about Leadership?

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Data versus Information

Data: Raw facts, such as an employee’s name and

number of hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.

Information: A collection of facts organized in such a way

that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves

Data and information

“A” goes with “D” and “B” goes with “E.” A. 98,72,87,85,74,83,96 B. 23,27,21,28,31,37,32 C. MIST 2090 Lab Practical D. Test #1 Scores E. Early morning temperatures for 1/1/02 to 1/7/01

Where is the CPU (central processing unit)?

Data, Information & KnowledgeOne of the primary goals of Information Systems is to economically process data into information or knowledge.

Data items refer to an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored, but not organized to convey any specific meaning.

Information is data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.

Knowledge consists of data or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise.

What is Information?According to your textbook,

information is data that has been processed into a form that is useful to the user(s) of that data.

Organizing data into information is a process that is especially important to decision making.

What about knowledge?

What is a system?

A set of interrelated parts, with an identifiable boundary, unified by design to achieve some goal

Why Define System?

MIS is concerned with designing systems - Information Systems

Our IS will support businesses and business processes - which can be thought of and modeled as systems

General Systems Theory

Began around 1955 Applicable to any theoretical system not just

information systems Important to MIS because it’s propositions

suggest human systems can be mapped to computer systems.

Example of an Organization as a general system

Organization (System) boundary

Environment – surrounds the organization (system)

inputs outputsprocesses

Decision makers(control)

Feedback•Raw Materials•Land•Capital (money)•Information•Labor (people)

•Product•Service•Waste•Pollution

What are the Characteristics of a System?

1. Components 2. Inter-related components 3. Boundary 4. Purpose 5. Environment 6. Interfaces 7. Input 8. Output 9. Constraints

What is the goal of a system?

Determined by the objectives of the systems designers

Becomes the standard for measurement of quality

Control versus “Out-of-Control”

The Automobile as a System Boundary – physical limits of car Environment – road conditions, weather, traffic

patterns Inputs – gasoline, air, steering wheel movements,

pressure on pedals Outputs – exhaust, forward and other movements,

farhvernugen Processes – moving, driving, braking, internal

combustion Decision maker – driver, significant other Feedback – feel of speed and road, blue lights

Depiction of an Environment with Interrelated Systems

EnvironmentSystems

Depiction of a System with Subsystems

Environment Subsystem

SystemBoundary

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What is an Information System?

A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

BusinessGoals

WorkPractices

People

Information

Technology

Processes

CBIS Model

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Types of Data

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Transforming Data - Information

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Characteristics of Valuable Information

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Characteristics of Valuable Information

: اطالعات های سیستم انواع

رایانه ) بر مبتنی اطالعاتی سیستم‌های .CBISاین می‌باشند ( ( تراکنش پردازش ( TPSسیستم( دانش کارگران (KWSسیستم ( مدیریت اطالعاتی (MISسیستم( یار تصمیم ( DSS سیستم( اجرایی اطالعات ( EISسیستم ( حسابرسی اطالعات (AISسیستم( راهبردی اطالعات ( SISسیستم( سازمانی منابع ریزی ( ERPبرنامه…

Classifications of Information Systems

Information Systems can be classified according to;

Organizational Structure ساختارسازماني

Functional Area عملياتي ناحيهSupport ProvidedSystem ArchitectureActivity Supported

Classification by Organizational Structure

Departmental information systems. Frequently, an organization uses several application programs in one functional area or department. چندين سازمان يك اوقات؛ از بسياري

دهد مي قرار استفاده مورد بخشي يا اي وظيفه محدوده يك در را نياز مورد برنامه Enterprise information systems (EIS). While a departmental

IS is usually related to a functional area, the collection of all departmental applications when combined with other functions’ applications comprises the enterprise wide information system. اي، وظيفه محدوده يك به معمول يطور اداري اطالعاتي سيستم يك كه هنگاهيموقعي اداري؛ درخواستهاي و نيازها همه به پاسخگويي باشد شده جاري و متصلو درگير سازمان اداري كسترده سيستمهاي ديگر با سيستم آن كه است پذير امكان

باشد شده مرتبط

Interorganizational systems. Some information systems connect several organizations.

Classification by Functional Area

The major functional information systems are the following:

The accounting information system The finance information system The manufacturing (operations/production)

information system The marketing information system The human resources management information system

Classification by Support Provided

The major types of systems under this classification are: Transaction processing system (TPS) Management information system (MIS) Knowledge management system (KMS) Office automation system (OAS) Decision support system (DSS) Enterprise information system (EIS) Group support system (GSS) Intelligent support system

Transaction Processing

Transaction processing systems (TPS) support the monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of the organization’s basic business transactions.

They provide the input data for many applications involving other support systems.

The transaction processing systems are considered critical to the success of any organization.

The TPS collects data continuously, frequently on a daily basis, or even in “real time”.

سيستمهاي‌پردازش‌رخداد‌بطور‌کلي‌اولين‌مدخل‌ورود‌به‌سيستمهاي‌اطالعاتي

‌مي‌باشد.مجموعه‌اي‌از‌اطالعات‌مانند‌فروش،‌توليد،خريد،‌اطالعات‌مشتريان‌محصول‌،‌سفارشات‌،‌کارکنان‌و......در‌آن‌ثبت‌و‌نگهداري‌

مي‌گردد.‌چرا‌TPS)عمومي‌ترين‌نوع‌سيستمها‌هستند؟‌)

بدليل‌اينکه‌اغلب‌اطالعات‌پايه‌در‌آن‌براي‌تصميم‌سازي‌گردآوري‌مي‌ گردد.

بطور‌کلي‌در‌يک‌‌TPS):کاربردي‌داريم‌‌):تراکنشها،‌رويدادهاورودي‌:بهنگام‌سازيفرايند‌‌:گزارشات‌خام‌ناشي‌از‌وروديها‌و‌اطالعات‌بهنگام‌شده‌خروجي‌‌:کارکنان‌عملياتيکاربران‌‌

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

MIMISS

MIS FILESMIS FILES

SALES DATA

UNIT PRODUCT COST

PRODUCT CHANGE DATA

EXPENSE DATA

MISREPORTS

MANAGERSMANAGERS

TPSOrder Processing

System

Materials Resource

Planning System

General Ledger

System

ORDER FILE

PRODUCTION MASTER FILE

ACCOUNTING FILES

TPSTPSاطالعاتاطالعات MISMIS براي است براي کاربردي است کاربردي

OK, so what is MIS?

MIS is the management of processes, people, information, and technology in order to accomplish a goal. (Dr. Huber)

How does this apply to businesses and other organizations?

اطالعات‌خالصه‌يک‌سيستم‌اطالعاتي‌بعنوان‌مکانيزمي‌است‌که‌‌بمنظور‌حمايت‌از‌عمليات‌مديريت‌سازمان‌در‌جهت‌اتخاذ‌‌‌سازمان‌را

تصميم‌برنامه‌ريزي‌استراتژيک‌،‌تاکتيک‌و‌عملياتي‌و‌کنترل‌سازماني‌از‌طريق‌ايجاد‌،‌ذخيره‌سازي‌،‌بازيابي‌و‌توزيع‌اطالعات‌مناسب‌،‌

دقيق‌،‌سريع‌و‌صحيح‌در‌اختيار‌مديران‌قراردهد.به‌عبات‌ديگر‌سيستمي‌است‌که‌داده‌ها‌و‌اطالعات‌مورد‌نياز‌مديران‌را‌تهيه‌و‌

دراختيار‌انها‌مي‌گذارد.ضمنا‌تعيين‌مي‌نمايد‌که‌چه‌اطالعاتي‌،‌درچه‌زماني‌و‌در‌چه‌مکاني‌و‌شرايطي‌بايد‌به‌مدير‌داده‌شود‌تا‌او‌با‌صرف‌کمترين‌هزينه‌و‌امکانات‌وبا‌دراختيار‌داشتن‌فرصت‌،‌مبادرت‌به‌اتخاذ‌

مناسبترين‌تصميم‌نمايد.:اطالعت‌با‌حجم‌باالورودي‌‌:مدلهاي‌ساده‌پردازش‌:گزارشات‌‌خالصه‌شده‌خروجي‌‌مديران‌ميانيکاربران‌::گزارش‌خالصه‌بودجه‌ساالنه‌مثال‌‌

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)

:سيستمهايي‌هستند‌که‌به‌کمک‌‌سيستمهاي‌مبتني‌بر‌کار‌دانش‌انها‌کاربران‌حرفه‌اي‌با‌استفاده‌از‌دانش‌باال‌سعي‌در‌ابداع‌و‌يا‌

ايجاد‌خالقيتهاي‌فکري‌مي‌نمايند.‌سطح‌متخصصين‌:اطالعات‌‌طراحي)طراحي‌معماري/طراحي‌ورودي‌

اتومبيل/طراحي‌قطعه(:مدل‌سازيپردازش‌:طرحها‌و‌نقشه‌ها‌خروجي‌:کارکنان‌متخصصکاربران‌‌

KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)

سيستمهاي‌پشتيباني‌تصميم‌گيري‌سيستمهايي‌هستند‌که‌به‌مديران‌در‌تصميماتي‌استراتژيک‌ومنحصر‌بفرد‌

که‌نسبتا‌ساخت‌يافته‌نمي‌باشند‌کمک‌مي‌نمايند.سطح‌مديريت‌:اطالعات‌با‌حجم‌کمورودي‌:تعامليپردازش‌:تجزيه‌وتحليل‌تصميمخروجي‌:کارمندان‌،‌خبرگانکاربران‌

:تجزيه‌وتحليل‌هزينه‌توليد،‌هدف‌يابيمثال‌‌

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

اعضای دیگر گروه

پایگا ه

داده

بیرونی محیطحل سازمان

کنندگان مشکل

یار تصمیم سیستم

توضیحات : داده ارتباطاتاطالعات

کلییک کلییک ساختار DSSDSSساختار

افزار افزار نرم نرمگزارش گزارش نویسنویس

بیرونی محیطسازمان

مدل ریاضی سیستم

نرم افزا

ر

Executive Information System (EIS)

EIS از خاصی گیری DSSنوع تصمیم به که است. کند می کمک سازمانی باالی سطوح در

EIS تصویر سازمان باالی سطح مدیران بهاز ای خالصه و سازمان عملکرد از دقیقی

. دهد می نشان را رقبا های فعالیت اطالعات و است راحت سیستم این با کردن کار

قابل راحتی به که می‌دهد ارائه گونه‌ای به را)... (. و نمودار ، گراف بصورت می‌باشند دریافت

EIS (cont.)

دهه در بار اولین برای واژه در 1970این.MITدانشگاه گرفت قرار استفاده مورد

EIS به بزرگ شرکتهای توسط بار اولین. شد گرفته کار به رقابتی تمایز ایجاد منظور

نیاز پیش های EISفعالیت

های سیستمکارآیی و خرید

ITاستانداردهای

نیازهای اطالعاتی

سازمان تحلیل

نقشه سیستم اطالعاتی

مدل داده‌ای شرکت

EIS

دسترس دردادن قراراطالعات شرکت

درخواستی اطالعات

اجرایی داده پایگاه

داده • پایگاهبه وایسته

شرکت های • نامهالکترونیکی

کتابخانه •نرم

افزاری

اخبارو توصیف وضعیت جاری

خارجی اطالعات و ها داده

اطالعات نمایش

WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی

مرکزی پردازندهسازمان به وابسته

یک EISساختار

WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی های هایدیگردیگر

WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی های هایدیگردیگر

Early 1950s

1960s

Late 1960s

Early 1970

Transaction processing system (TPS)

Management information systems (MISs)

Office automation system (OAS)

Decision support system (DSS)

Evolution of Support Systems (cont.)

Evolution of Support Systems (cont.)

Early 1980s Executive information systems Enterprise information systems (EISs)

Group support systems (GSSs)

Mid- 1980s Expert systems (ES)

Knowledge management systems (KMS)

1990s Artificial neural networks (ANNs)

تاريخچه‌سيستمهاي‌اطالعاتي‌بر‌مبناي‌Computer Based Information Systemsکامپيوتر

1940 Scientific, military applications

1950 Routine business applications, TPS

1960 MIS, office automation

1980Client/server executive information system,

PC’s, AI, Groupware

1970 DSS, LANs

1990Integration, intelligent systems

the Web, intranets, extranets, ERP software

2000 Internet, Electronic commerce, Smart systems

:سيستمهايي‌که‌به‌‌سيستمهاي‌پشتيباني‌اجرايي‌مديران‌ارشد‌سازمان‌در‌نحوه‌اجراي‌فعاليتهاي‌

استراتپيک‌شرکت‌کمک‌مي‌کنند.سطح‌استراتژيک:اطالعات‌انبوه‌ورودي‌:تعامليپردازش‌:گزارشات‌پروژه‌ايخروجي‌:مديران‌ارشدکاربران‌ساله‌سازمان5مثال:‌‌برنامه‌اجرايي‌‌

EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)

STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIS)

:سيستمهايي‌هستند‌سيتمهاي‌اطالعات‌استراتژيک‌‌که‌ميتوانند‌در‌تغيير‌دادن‌هدفها،‌عمليات‌،‌توليد،‌

خدمات‌سازمان‌دردستيابي‌به‌مزيت‌رقابتي‌سازمان‌موثر‌باشند.

SISميتواند‌در‌هر‌سطح‌سازمان‌استفاده‌گردد‌. مشکل‌اين‌است‌که‌عليرغم‌سودمندي‌،‌مزيت‌

‌ممکن‌نيست‌در‌SISرقابتي‌پيشنهاد‌شده‌توسط‌هر‌يک‌رنج‌بلند‌مدت‌سوددهي‌را‌تضمين‌نمايد.‌

جهت‌بکاربستن‌‌ sisدريک‌سازمان‌بايد‌فهميد‌کجا‌‌فرصتهاي‌استراتژک‌پيدا‌مي‌شود.‌مدل‌نيروهاي‌

‌مدل‌زنجيره‌عرضه‌را‌بکارگرفت–رقابتي‌

سيستمهاي‌اطالعات‌استراتژيکSTRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

(SIS)

چهار‌استراتژي‌مي‌تواند‌با‌نيروهاي‌رقابتي‌در‌نظر‌گرفته‌شود.‌

تولبدات‌متمايز-‌ايجاد‌محصول‌وخدمات‌منحصر‌بفرد-مثل‌عمليات‌-‌‌onlineبانک‌داري‌ديجيتالي‌و‌

تمرکwز‌تمwايز‌بwراي‌تعwيين‌يwک‌محصwول‌يwا‌خwدمات‌منحصwر‌بفwردي‌کwه‌‌-مثwل‌ آwورد.‌ بwوجwود‌ بفwرد‌ منحصwر‌ راwه‌ يwک‌ ‌wدر توانwد‌ مي‌ سwازماwن‌

شرکت‌کامپيوتردل‌‌‌سوييچ‌روي‌هزينه‌ها-‌سازمانها‌‌با‌ايجاد‌رابطه‌با‌مشتريان‌و‌-

عرضه‌کنندگان‌خودمي‌توانند‌عرضه‌کنندگان‌را‌واداربه‌تحويل‌محصول‌بر‌اساس‌زمان‌بندي‌نمايند.

توليد‌با‌هزينه‌پايين-‌تامين‌کاال‌ها‌و‌خدمات‌پايين‌تراز‌قيمت‌رقيب-

رقابتي نيروهاي مدل

Strategic Information System ( SIS )

رقابتی مزیت تولید و پیشرفت های روش دادن ترقی توانایی ایجاد

سازمان مدیریت راهبردی اهداف در بودن سهیم. می‌دهد افزایش را بهره‌وری و کارآیی محسوسی بطور

بیرونی SISنمای... و رقابت در پیروزی جدید، محصول

درونی SISنمای... و ارتباطات ، همکاری روحیه ، بهره‌وری افزایش

آن .Game Theoryمدل است

:SISاجزای

مدت 1. دراز ریزی برنامهاهداف - کردن ساله 10تا 5مشخص

واکنش‌ها 2. مدیریتبحرانی - زمان‌های در فعالیت‌ها به واکنش

نوآوری3.اصلی - SISعمل-. است رقبا برای تهدیدی موفق نوآوری یک

توسط بکاررفته در PorterمدلSIS

. کنیم لیست را رقابتی زمینه هر بازیگران را شده لیست زمینه هر در رقبا تصمیمات

. دهیم شرح. کنیم تدوین رقبا با مقابله برای استراتژی یک ازIT استفاده خود استراتژی از حمایت برای

کنیم.

Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP )

میتواند که است رایانه بر مبتنی سیستم یکتمام در حسابرسی استاندارد کارهای

هماهنگ روش یک به را سازمان بخشهای. دهد انجام

داده انتشار و آوری جمع سیستم این هدف. باشد می سازمانی فرآیندهای همه برای

ERPاجزای

( مجتمع افزاری نرم برنامه (Integrated یک داده پایگاه یک ردوبدل و شده گذاشته اشتراک به اطالعات

شده. صدور سفارشات، تکمیل مشتری، سفارشات

. می‌کند خودکار را نقل و حمل و صورتحساب سوابق نگهداری

تکامل :ERPروند

دهه در اطالعاتی های سیستم ها TPS 1960اولینبودند.

MIS هاManufacturing requirements planning (MRP)

. شد تولید دفاتر و انبارداری کنترل پیچیده مسائل حل برای

MRP II از کاال جریان شامل که است اطالعاتی سیستم یک

مشتری دست به رسیدن و کارخانه طول در فروشنده،است.

تکاملی روند :ERPادامه

ERP: بودند بعدی گام ها را سازمانی درون فرآیندهای اطالعات تمام

. کردن هماهنگ نرم گسترده، افزاری سخت منبع یک به احتیاج

پایگاه مدیریت سیستم‌های باال، سطح افزارهای. دارد خبره کاربران و داده

رقابتي نيروهاي مدلCOMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL

‌شرکت‌رقابت‌تجاري

ورود‌بازار‌جديد

تامين‌‌کنندگان

‌مشتريان

جايگزيني‌‌توليد‌و‌خدمات

Interrelated Support Systems

Transaction Processes

MIS

Non Computer Support

EIS

DSS

External Information

Data Warehouse

Non Computer Support

Internet, other Computer Support

Classification by System Architecture

Information systems can be classified according to three types of architecture:

A mainframe-based system.

A standalone personal computer (PC).

A distributed or a networked computing system (several variations exist).

Functional MISs

Functional Management Information Systems (MISs) are put in place to ensure that business strategies come to fruition in an efficient manner.

Typically a functional MIS provides periodic information about such topics as operational efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity by extracting information from the corporate database and processing it according to the needs of the user.

MISs can be constructed in whole or in part by end-users.

MISs are also used for planning, monitoring, and control.

Functional MISs Sales forecast by region generated by marketing MIS.

Classification by the Activity Supported

Another important way to classify information systems is by the nature of the activity they support. Such support can be:

Operational– Day-to-day operations of an organization

Managerial– Middle-management activities such as short-term planning,

organizing, and control Strategic

– Decisions that significantly change the manner in which business is being done

New Strategic Systems

Electronic commerce (EC) has become a new way of conducting business in the last decade or so. In this new model, business transactions take place

via telecommunications networks, primarily the Internet.

e-Commerce provides organizations with innovative and strategic advantages, such as; Increased market share Better ability to negotiate with suppliers Better ability to prevent competitors from entering into

their territory

Information Systems & People

Information Infrastructure

There are five major components of the infrastructure: Computer hardware Development software Networks and communication facilities

(including the Internet and intranets) Databases Information management personnel

Information Architecture

Information architecture is a high-level map or plan of the information requirements in an organization.

In preparing information architecture, the designer requires two kinds of information:

1. The business needs of the organization —that is, its objectives and problems, and the contribution that IT can make.

2. The information systems that already exist in an organization and how they can be combined among themselves or with future systems to support the organization’s information needs.

Types of Information Architecture

Mainframe environment. In the mainframe environment, processing is done by a mainframe computer. The users work with passive (or “dumb”) terminals,

which are used to enter or change data and access information from the mainframe.

PC environment. In the PC configuration, only PCs form the hardware information architecture.

Networked (distributed) environment. Distributed processing divides the processing work between two or more computers.

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Information System Components

Input: the activity of gathering and capturing raw data

Processing: converting or translating data into useful output

Output: production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports

Feedback: output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities

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Computer-Based Information Systems

A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

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Components of a CBIS

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Growth of Business-to-Business E-Commerce

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Business Information Systems

Electronic Commerce Transaction Processing Systems Information and Decision Support Systems Special Purpose Business Information

Systems

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Electronic Commerce

Any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C), business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector. Also a new aspect (C2C), people trading on-line.

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Transaction Processing Systems

An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions. (Transactions are any business-related exchange)

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Payroll Transaction Processing System

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Information and Decision Support Systems

Management Information Systems (MIS) An information system used to provide routine

information to managers and decision makers

Decision Support System (DSS) An information system used to support problem-

specific decision making

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Management Information Systems

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Decision Support Systems

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Special-Purpose Information Systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Expert System (ES) Virtual Reality

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Artificial Intelligence

A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence

Definition of Intelligence

It is very essential to define intelligence for the

sake of developments of artificial intelligence

system

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) ?

AI is that part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer system capable of exhibiting all the characteristic that we associate with intelligence

AI is that part of computer science that investigates symbolic, non-algorithmic reasoning process and the representation of knowledge for use in machine inference

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Major Elements of AI

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Expert System

A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and act as an expert in a particular field

Introduction to Expert Systems

Expert System is a program that contains a large

body of knowledge concerning one special field,

this having been provided by one or more human

experts in that filed and it is able to achieve the

same performance in problem-solving as those

experts. To solve the problem, the Expert System

simulates the human reasoning process by

applying specific knowledge and inferences

What is an Expert System ?

An Artificial Intelligence System created to solve problems in a particular domain (like Broadcast Transmitter) is called an Expert System

An Expert System for a Broadcast An Expert System for a Broadcast Transmitter is an intelligent computer Transmitter is an intelligent computer program that is capable of performing at program that is capable of performing at the level of a transmitter expertthe level of a transmitter expert

An ideal Expert System contains the following

Application of search techniques

Support for heuristic analysis

Capacity to infer new knowledge from existing knowledge

Symbolic processing

Ability to explain its own reasoning

Advantage of Expert System

The knowledge used for problem solving is transparent and is isolated from the inference strategies

It provides explanations for the conclusions it arrives as it could be used for tutoring

It act as a systematizing repository of knowledge of many experts thus perform at a higher level than any single human expert

It enable us to capture the knowledge of cooperating experts and use it for posterity

This technology allows the development of expert system in narrow domains in one-tenth the time required for developing equivalent systems using conventional programming techniques

Advantage of Expert System

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Virtual Reality

Immersive virtual reality, which means the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.

It may represent a building, human anatomy, or any other three-dimensional setting

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Head-Mounted Display

First device to provide an immersive experience

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Data Glove

Allows for manipulation of objects in a virtual world

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Systems Development

The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems

Includes: Systems investigation Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems maintenance and review

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Organizations and Information Systems

Organization A formal collection of people and other resources

established to accomplish a set of goals

Value Chain A series (chain) of activities that includes inbound

logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service

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General Model of an Organization

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Manufacturing Value Chain

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Technology Diffusion and Infusion

Technology diffusion A measure of how widely technology is spread

throughout an organization

Technology infusion The extent to which technology is deeply

integrated into an area or department

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Competitive Advantage

A significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition What is Wal-Mart's major competitive

advantage?

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Strategic Planning

Altering the industry structure (Microsoft) Creating new products and services (3M) Improving existing product lines and

services (Saturn, MCI, ) Using information systems for strategic

purposes (Taco Bell)

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Productivity

A measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement

Productivity ratio=(Output/Input) x 100%

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Quality

The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations

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Return on Investment (ROI)

One measure of IS value that investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in information systems technology

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Information Systems Personnel

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Three IS Functions

Operations Maintains and supports the use of corporate

information systems Systems Development

Development of corporate information systems Support

Provides assistance to users