1: Background 1

System Programming (系統程式 )

Main goal: What is a system

software? Compiler Assembler Loader and Linker Debugger…

To design and implementation of system software.

Book content: Background (SIC & SIC/XE) Assemblers Loaders and Linkers Macro Processors Compilers Operating Systems Other system software Software Engineering Issues

1: Background 2

Chapter I: Background

Chapter goal: To familiar with a pseudo

machines: SIC (SIC/XE) SIC

(Simplified Instructional Computer)

SIC/XE(XE stands for “extra equipment”)

Overview: The SIC

SIC machine architecture SIC programming examples

SIC/XE machine architecture SIC/XE programming

examples

Machine dependency

1: Background 3

Why using SIC machine? Most system software differs from application

software is machine dependency. System software are usually related to the architecture

of the machine on which they are to run.

SIC is a hypothetical computer that has been carefully designed to include the hardware features most often found on real machine.

The SIC machine

1: Background 4

Memory 8-bit bytes Word: 24 bits (three consecutive bytes)

Registers Each register is 24 bits in length.

The SIC machine architecture

1: Background 5

Data formats

Addressing modes.

The SIC machine architecture (cont.)

1: Background 6

Instruction set Load and store registers (LDA, LDX, STA, STX, etc.) Integer arithmetic operations (ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV) Compare the value in register A with a word

in memory (COMP) Conditional jump instructions (JLT, JEQ, JGT) … For detailed see Appendix A

Input and Output Test device (TD), Read data (RD), Write data (WD)…

The SIC machine architecture (cont.)

1: Background 7

Data movement

The SIC programming examples

1: Background 8

Arithmetic operations

The SIC programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 9

Looping and indexing operations

The SIC programming examples (cont.)

MOVECH

STR1

STR2

ZERO

ELEVEN

1: Background 10

Indexing and looping operations

The SIC programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 11

Input and output operations

The SIC programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 12

Subroutine call and record input operations

The SIC programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 13

Memory The same as that previously described for SIC. Maximum memory available on a SIC/XE system is

1MB.

Registers

The SIC/XE machine architecture

1: Background 14

Data formats (48-bit floating point) f*2^(e-1024)

Instruction formats and addressing modes e=0 means Format 3 ; e=1 means Format 4 i=0, n=0 means SIC machine (for upward compatible) i=1, n=0 means immediate addressing i=0, n=1 means indirect addressing i=1, n=1 means simple addressing

The SIC/XE machine architecture (cont.)

1: Background 15

1: Background 16

1: Background 17

Instruction set SIC/XE provides all of the instructions that are available on

the standard versions. It also provides instructions to perform floating-point

arithmetic operations (ADDF, SUBF, MULF, DIVF..) Register-to-register arithmetic operations (ADDR, SUBR,

…)

Input and Output SIO (start I/O channel), TIO (test I/O channel) and HIO (halt

I/O channel)

The SIC/XE machine architecture (cont.)

1: Background 18

Data movement

The SIC/XE programming examples

1: Background 19

Data movement

Compared the SIC with SIC/XE

1: Background 20

Arithmetic operations

The SIC/XE programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 21

Looping and indexing operations

The SIC/XE programming examples (cont.)

MOVECH

STR1

STR2

1: Background 22

Indexing and looping operations

The SIC/XE programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 23

Subroutine call and record input operations

The SIC/XE programming examples (cont.)

1: Background 24

CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computers machine. relatively large and complicated instruction set. several different instruction formats and length many different addressing modes.

E.g., VAX, Pentium…

The implementation of such an architecture in hardware tends to be complex.

CISC vs. RISC

1: Background 25

Introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1978.

Memory All addresses used are byte addresses. 2 bytes forms a word, 4 bytes forms a longword 8 bytes forms a quadword, 16 bytes forms a octaword

Registers 16 general-purpose register. (R15: program counter,

R14: stack pointer, R13: frame pointer, R12: argument pointer…)

…

The VAX architecture (CISC)

1: Background 26

RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computers machine Standard, fixed instruction length Single-cycle execution of most instructions Relatively large number of general-purpose registers Relatively small number of machine instructions Relatively small number of instruction formats and

addressing modes.

E.g., UltraSPARC, PowerPC, Cray T3E…

The implementation of such an architecture in hardware tends to be simple.

CISC vs. RISC

1: Background 27

Introduced by Sun Microsystem in 1995. Memory

All addresses used are byte addresses. 2 bytes forms a halfword, 4 bytes forms a word

Registers A large register file (more than 100 general-purpose

register) Fixed instruction length

…

The UltraSPARC architecture (RISC)