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Senior Acquisitions Editor: John GoucherSenior Development Editor: Dana KnightenSenior Project Editor:Senior Marketing Manager: Aimee SirmonCover and Interior Designer: Armen Kojoyian

Compositor: Maryland Composition, Inc.Printer: R.R. Donnelley & Sons-Willard

Copyright © 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

351 West Camden StreetBaltimore, MD 21201

530 Walnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in anyform or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval sys-tem without written permission from the copyright owner.

The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise) for any injuryresulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to generalprinciples of medical care that should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients.Manufacturers’ product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information,including contraindications, dosages, and precautions.

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cohen, Barbara J.Memmler’s The human body in health & disease / Barbara JansonCohen. 10th ed.p. cm.Includes index.

ISBN1. Human physiology. 2. Physiology, Pathological. 3. Human anatomy.[numbers, etc.]

The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they haveinadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first oppor-tunity.

To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or faxorders to (301) 824-7390. International customers should call (301) 714-2324.

Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST.

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Reviewers

We gratefully acknowledge the generous contributions of the reviewers whose names appearin the list that follows. These instructors were kind enough to read the text thoroughly and

make suggestions for improvement. Their comments determined many of the changes in con-tent and direction for this revision, such as the increased number and types of learning aids,addition of new art and revisions to existing art, a stronger focus on teaching and learninganatomic and medical terminology, and an increased emphasis on physiology and the interre-latedness of structure and function. We hope they will be pleased with the results of their hardwork in this 10th edition of Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease.

LaVon Barrett, RN, BSNAmarillo CollegeAmarillo, TX

Nina Beaman, MS, CMA, RNCAllied Health Program Area

CoordinatorBryant and Stratton CollegeRichmond, VA

Mark Andrew Bloom, BS, MSInstructor of BiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort Worth, TX

Kathleen Bode, RN, MSChair, Division of HealthFlint Hills Technical CollegeEmporia, KS

William J. Burke, BAMadison Area Technical CollegeMadison, WIBlackhawk Area Technical CollegeMonroe, WI

Patti Calk, MEd, LOTRUniversity of Louisiana at Monroe

Monroe, LA

Kathy Carson, RPHThe Cleveland Institute of Dental-

Medical Assistants, Inc.Mentor, OH

Michelle Cleary, PhDFlorida International UniversityMiami, FL

Stephen M. Colarusso, BS, NCTMB,ACST

Director of EducationCharles of Italy School of Massage

TherapyLake Havasu City, AZ

Zoe Hanson Cujak, BSN, MEdAssociate Dean, Service OccupationsFox Valley Technical CollegeAppleton, WI

Katherine Fukuyama, BSN, MEdVancouver Community CollegeVancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Glenn Grady, MEd, BSMT (ASCP),CMA

Allied Health Department ChairMiller-Motte Technical College Wilmington, NC

Kerry Hull, PhDAssociate Professor

Department of BiologyBishop’s UniversityLennoxville, Quebec, Canada

Tammee Neuhaus, MLTMinnesota School of Health SciencesApple Valley, MN

Debra J. Paul, BAM, CMAMedical Assisting Program InstructorIVY Tech State College

South Bend, IN

Lisa S. Reed, RN, MS, CNORDepartment Chairperson for Surgical

TechnologyNew England Institute of Technology Warwick, RI

Dyal N. P. Singh, BSc (Honors), MSc,PhD

Professor of AnatomyDirector of Neuroscience

Ross University School of MedicineDominica, West Indies

Rox Ann Sparks, RN, BSN, MICNVocational Nursing InstructorMerced CollegeMerced, CA

Alan H. Stephenson, BS, MS, PhDChair, Science DepartmentEdgecombe Community CollegeTarboro, NC

Jean A. Zorko, MS, BSMT (ASCP)Assistant Professor, ScienceStark State College of TechnologyCanton, OH

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Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease is a text-book for introductory-level health professions and nursing

students who need a basic understanding of anatomy andphysiology, the interrelationships between structure andfunction, and the effects of disease on body systems.

Like preceding editions, the tenth edition remains trueto Ruth Memmler’s original vision. Designed for healthprofessions and nursing students, the features and con-tent specifically meet the needs of those who may be start-ing their health career preparation with little or no sciencebackground. This book’s primary goals are:

◗ To provide the essential knowledge of human anato-my, physiology, and the effects of disease, at an ideallevel of detail, and in language that is clear and

understandable.◗ To illustrate the concepts discussed with anatomic

art that depicts the appropriate level of detail withaccuracy, simplicity, and elegance, and that is inte-grated seamlessly with the narrative.

◗ To incorporate the most recent scientific findingsinto the fundamental material on which RuthMemmler’s classic text is based.

◗ To include pedagogy designed to enhance interest inand understanding of the concepts presented.

◗ To teach the basic anatomic and medical terminolo-gy used in healthcare settings, preparing students tofunction efficiently in their chosen health career.

◗ To present an integrated teaching-learning packagethat includes all of the elements necessary for a suc-cessful learning experience.

This revision is the direct result of in-depth market feed-back solicited to tell us what instructors and students at thislevel most need. We listened carefully to the feedback, andthe results we obtained are integrated into every feature of this book. The text itself has been thoroughly revised andupdated to reflect the latest accepted scientific thought ineach area of the book. Because visual learning devices are soimportant to students at this level, this edition also featuresa completely revamped and expanded art program that

includes revised versions of many of the figures from previ-ous editions as well as numerous all-new, full-color anatom-ic line drawings and photographs. Last but not least, thesefeatures appear in an all-new design that makes the contentmore user-friendly and accessible than ever.

◗ Organization and Structure

Like previous editions, the tenth edition uses a bodysystems approach to the study of the normal human body

and how disease affects it. The book is divided into sevenunits, grouping related information and body systems

together as follows:◗ Unit I, The Body as a Whole (Chapters 1–4), focus-

es on the body’s organization; basic chemistry need-

ed to understand body functions; cells and their

functions; and tissues, glands, and membranes.

◗ Unit II, Disease and the First Line of Defense

(Chapters 5 and 6), presents information on disease,

organisms that produce disease, and the integumen-

tary system, which is the body’s first line of defense

against injury and disease.

◗ Unit III, Movement and Support (Chapters 7 and 8),

includes the skeletal and muscular systems.

◗

Unit IV, Coordination and Control (Chapters 9–12),focuses on the nervous system, the sensory system,

and the endocrine system.

◗ Unit V, Circulation and Body Defense (Chapters

13–17), includes the blood, the heart and heart dis-

ease, blood vessels and circulation, the lymphatic

system, and the immune system.

◗ Unit VI, Energy: Supply and Use (Chapters 18–22),

includes the respiratory system, the digestive sys-

tem, metabolism, nutrition, temperature control,body fluids, and the urinary system.

◗ Unit VII, Perpetuation of Life (Chapters 23–25), covers

the male and female reproductive systems, develop-

ment and birth, and heredity and hereditary diseases.

The main Glossary defines the chapters’ boldfaced

terms, and a Glossary of Word Parts is a reference tool

that not only teaches basic medical and anatomic termi-

nology but also helps students learn to recognize unfa-

miliar terms. Appendixes include a variety of supplemen-

tary information that students will find useful as they

work with the text, including answers to the Chapter

Checkpoint questions and Zooming In illustration ques-

tions (Appendix 6) that are found in every chapter.

◗ Pedagogic FeaturesEvery chapter contains pedagogy that has been

designed with the health professions and nursing student

in mind (the User’s Guide that follows the Preface pro-vides a “guided tour” of these features and their pedagog-

ic benefits). Features marked with an asterisk (*) appear

in every chapter:

◗ *Learning Outcomes: Chapter objectives on the

first page of every chapter help the student organize

and prioritize learning.

Preface

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User’s Guide

In today’s health careers, a thorough understanding of human anatomy and physiology is more important than

ever. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease notonly provides the conceptual knowledge you’ll need butalso teaches you how to apply it. This User’s Guide intro-duces you to the features and tools that will enhance yourlearning experience.

A unifying theme of this text is the relationshipbetween structure and function, and how they differ inhealth and disease. We’ve woven that theme into thebook’s design and approach. Take a few minutes to lookthrough the text and get acquainted with its organization.The two tables of contents provide a framework for yourlearning: the Brief Contents gives a wide-angle view of thebook’s “skeleton”—the units and chapters—while thedetailed Contents focuses in on the individual “bones,”the topics themselves. As with the different body systems,specific topics build on each other from chapter to chap-ter, with each supporting the ones that follow.

Next, take a look at the chapters themselves. We’veincluded some important tools to help you learn aboutanatomy and physiology and apply your new knowledge:

◗ Objectives and key terms highlight important con-cepts—helping you organize and prioritize learning.

◗ “Health Professions” boxes focus on a variety of health careers—showing how the knowledge of anatomy and physiology is applied in real-world

jobs.◗ “Hot Topic” boxes provide cutting-edge content on

trends and research—giving a view to what is hap-pening in the larger scientific community.

◗ “Clinical Perspective” boxes focus on physical disor-ders and related body processes as well as techniquesused in clinical settings—providing additional con-tent on diseases and their treatments.

◗ “A Closer Look” boxes provide additional detail onselected topics from the text—focusing in on the

details of structure and function.◗ “Health Maintenance” boxes cover common health

issues—offering useful information about how tokeep the body healthy.

◗ “Checkpoint” questions test your understanding of the chapter’s key points—helping you review as youproceed through the chapter.

◗ “Zooming In” questions ask you to focus in on theillustration’s details and answer questions based onwhat you see—reviewing important concepts andhoning your conceptual thinking.

◗ Phonetic pronunciations follow selected terms—help-ing you say the term correctly without having to stopand look up complicated pronunciation symbols.

◗ The “Word Anatomy” chart helps you learn to rec-ognize new terms based on your knowledge of wordparts—building vocabulary.

◗ Chapter summaries provide a quick review of keypoints in outline form—helping you prepare for exams.

◗ Questions for Study and Review cover chapter con-tent thoroughly—testing your recall of facts, rein-forcing understanding of concepts, and teachingcritical thinking.

The bonus CD contains a glossary of pronunciationsfrom Stedman’s Medical Dictionary and an electronic

image atlas. The pronunciation glossary allows you tohear the correct pronunciation of key terms from the textand practice them yourself, helping to prepare you tocommunicate effectively in the healthcare setting. Theelectronic image atlas, which contains the most importantillustrations from the text, is a convenient study tool thatlets you review and test your understanding of key bodystructures.

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Every time a patient receives medical treatment, informa-tion is added to the patient’s medical record, which

includes data about symptoms, medical history, test results,diagnoses, and treatment. Health information techniciansorganize and manage these records, working closely withphysicians, nurses, and other health professionals to ensurethat medical records provide a complete, accurate basis forquality patient care.

Accurate medical records are also essential for administra-tive purposes. Health information technicians assign a code to

each diagnosis and procedure a patient receives, and thisinformation is used for accurate patient billing. In addition,health information technicians analyze medical records to dis-cover trends in health and disease. This research can be used

to improve patient care, manage costs, and help establish newmedical treatments.

Health information technicians need a strong clinicalknowledge base. A thorough background in medical termi-nology is essential when reading and interpreting medicalrecords. Anatomy and physiology are definitely required!

Most health information technologists work in hospitalsand long-term care facilities. Others work in medical clinics,government agencies, insurance companies, and consultingfirms. Job prospects are promising because of the growingneed for healthcare. In fact, health information technology isprojected to be one of the fastest growing careers in the UnitedStates. For more information about this profession, contactthe American Health Information Management Association.

Health Information Technicians

Box 1-3 • Health Professions

Health Information Technicians

Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of the male sex hor-mone testosterone by promoting metabolism and stimu-

lating growth. These drugs are legally prescribed to promotemuscle regeneration and prevent atrophy from disuse aftersurgery. However, athletes also purchase them illegally, usingthem to increase muscle size and strength and improveendurance.

When steroids are used illegally to enhance athletic per-formance, the doses needed are large enough to cause seriousside effects. They increase blood cholesterol levels, which maylead to atherosclerosis, heart disease, kidney failure, and

stroke. Steroids damage the liver, making it more susceptibleto disease and cancer, and suppress the immune system,increasing the risk of infection and cancer. In men, steroidscause impotence, testicular atrophy, low sperm count, infertil-ity, and the development of female sex characteristics such asbreasts (gynecomastia). In women, steroids disrupt ovulationand menstruation and produce male sex characteristics suchas breast atrophy, enlargement of the clitoris, increased bodyhair, and deepening of the voice. In both sexes steroidsincrease the risk for baldness and, especially in men, causemood swings, depression and violence.

Anabolic Steroids: Winning at All Costs?

Box 8-2 Hot Topics

Anabolic Steroids: Winning at All Costs?

Most body structures lie beneath the skin, hidden fromview except in dissection. A technique called landmark-

ing allows health care providers to visualize hidden structureswithout cutting into the patient. Bony prominences, or land-marks, can be palpated (felt) beneath the skin to serve as ref-erence points for locating other structures. Landmarking isused during physical examinations and surgeries, when givinginjections, and for many other clinical procedures. The lowertip of the sternum, the xiphoid process, is a reference point inthe administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Practice landmarking by feeling for some of the other bonyprominences. You can feel the joint between the mandible andthe temporal bone of the skull (the temporomandibular joint,or TMJ) anterior to the ear canal as you move your lower jawup and down. Feel for the notch in the sternum (breast bone)between the clavicles (collar bones). Approximately 4 cm

below this notch you will feel a bump called the sternal angle.This prominence is an important landmark because its loca-tion marks where the trachea splits to deliver air to bothlungs. Move your fingers lateral to the sternal angle to palpatethe second ribs, important landmarks for locating the heartand lungs. Feel for the most lateral bony prominence of theshoulder, the acromion process of the scapula (shoulderblade). Two to three fingerbreadths down from this point isthe correct injection site into the deltoid muscle of the shoul-der. Place your hands on your hips and palpate the iliac crestof the hip bone. Move your hands forward until y ou reach theanterior end of the crest, the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS). Feel for the part of the bony pelvis that you sit on.This is the ischial tuberosity. It and the ASIS are importantlandmarks for locating safe injection sites in the gluteal re-gion.

Landmarking: Seeing With Your Fingers

Box 7-1 Clinical Perspectives

Landmarking: Seeing With Your Fingers

The hemoglobin molecule is a protein made of four chainsof amino acids (the globin part of the molecule), each of which holds an iron-containing heme group. Each of the fourhemes can bind one molecule of oxygen.

Hemoglobin allows the blood to carry much more oxygenthan it could were the oxygen simply dissolved in the plasma.A red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobins,each capable of binding four molecules of oxygen. So, a singlered blood cell can carry about one billion oxygen molecules!Hemoglobin reversibly binds oxygen, picking it up in thelungs and releasing it in the body tissues. Active cells needmore oxygen and also generate heat and acidity. These chang-ing conditions promote the release of oxygen from hemoglo-bin into metabolically active tissues.

Immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) produce hemoglo-bin as they mature into erythrocytes in the red bone marrow. When the liver and spleen destroy old erythrocytes they breakdown the released hemoglobin. Some of its components arerecycled, and the remainder leaves the body as a brown fecalpigment called stercobilin. In spite of some conservation,dietary protein and iron are still essential to maintain supplies.

Hemoglobin: Door to Door Oxygen Delivery

Box 13-1 A Closer Look

Hemoglobin: Door to Door Oxygen Delivery

Hemoglobin. This protein in red blood cells consists of fouramino acid chains (globins), each with an oxygen-bindingheme group.

Heme group

Globin chains

Every year, an estimated one billion Americans suffer fromthe symptoms of the common cold—runny nose, sneez-

ing, coughing, and headache. Although most cases are mildand usually last about a week, colds are the leading cause of doctor visits and missed days at work and school.

Colds are caused by a viral infection of the mucous membranesof the upper respiratory tract. More than 200 different viruses areknown to cause cold symptoms. While most colds occur in win-ter, scientists have found that cold weather does not increase therisk of “catching” a cold; the incidence is probably higher in win-ter because people spend more time indoors, increasing thechances that the virus will spread from person to person.

Colds spread primarily from contact with a contaminatedsurface. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, smalldroplets of water filled with viral particles are propelledthrough the air. One unshielded sneeze may spread hundredsof thousands of viral particles several feet. Depending upon

temperature and humidity, these particles may live as long as3 to 6 hours, and others who touch the contaminated surfacemay pick up the particles on their hands.

To help prevent the transmission of cold viruses:

◗ Avoid close contact with someone who is sneezing orcoughing.

◗ Wash hands frequently to remove any viral particles youmay have picked up.

◗ Avoid touching or rubbing your eyes, nose, or mouth withcontaminated hands.

◗ Clean contaminated surfaces with disinfectant.

There are currently no medically proven cures for the com-mon cold, and treatments only ease the symptoms. Becauseviruses cause the common cold, antibiotics are of no benefit.Getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of fluids are the bestways to speed recovery.

The Cold Facts about the Common Cold

Box 5-2 • Health Maintenance

The Cold Facts about the Common Cold

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Ancillaries

A complete teaching and learning package is available forboth faculty and students. For more information, please visit

the text’s companion website at http://connection.LWW.com/ memmler, or contact your local LWW representative.

◗ Free Instructor’s Manual packaged with Instructor’s

Resource CD, which includes a test generator, image

bank, PowerPoint™ slides, and the Instructor’s

Manual files (0-7817-5392-9).

◗ Free transparency set (0-7817-6167-0).◗ Free course preparation assistance for instructors and

tutoring for students, powered by Smarthinking™ , anonline support service featuring access to live e-struc-

tors. To demo this service, please visit the website listedabove.

◗ Online course materials and management poweredby WebCT and Blackboard. To demo the onlinecourse, please visit the website listed above.

◗ Student Study Guide available for purchase eitheralone (0-7817-5172-1) or packaged with the text(0-7817-6207-3).

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Acknowledgments

To prepare a textbook, an author needs the assistance of many skilled people. This is myopportunity to thank those who have helped with revisions for the 10th edition of Memmler’s

The Human Body in Health and Disease. My editor, John Goucher, has guided this projectthrough from start to finish and showed great skills in putting out fires. Senior DevelopmentEditor Dana Knighten kept her eye on the big picture as well as the tiniest details—and every-thing in between. Jason Taylor gave advice on the entire manuscript and also wrote the spe-cial interest boxes and chapter summary questions. Kerry Hull’s contribution as a reviewerlanded her the job of writing all of the ancillary materials, assisted by Ancillary Editor Molly Ward. Elizabeth Connolly and Jennifer Clements kept the art program on track, managing allof the electronic art files.

My thanks to all the many reviewers, listed separately, who made such valuable anddetailed comments on the text. Their insights and advice truly guided every aspect of this newedition.

Enormous thanks to Craig Durant and Dragonfly Media Group for their brilliant work on

the art program. They understood our needs, often better than we did, and rendered art aston-ishing in its clarity, instructional value, and beauty of design.And as always, thanks to my husband Matthew, currently an instructor in anatomy and

physiology, for his advice on and contributions to the text.

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Brief Contents

The Body as a Whole 1

1. Organization of the Human Body 0002. Chemistry, Matter, and Life 000

3. Cells and Their Functions 000

4. Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 000

Disease and the First Line of Defense 000

5. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms 000

6. The Skin in Health and Disease 000

Movement and Support 000

7. The Skeleton: Bones and Joints 000

8. The Muscular System 000

Coordination and Control 000

9. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 000

10. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 000

11. The Sensory System 000

12. The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones 000

Circulation and Body Defense 000

13. The Blood 000

14. The Heart and Heart Disease 000

15. Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation 000

16. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Tissue 00017. Body Defenses, Immunity, and Vaccines 000

Energy: Supply and Use 000

18. Respiration 000

19. Digestion 000

20. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Body Temperature 000

21. Body Fluids 000

22. The Urinary System 000

Perpetuation of Life 000

23. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems 000

24. Development and Birth 000

25. Heredity and Hereditary Diseases 000

Glossary 000

Glossary of Word Parts 000

Appendices 000

Index 000

Unit 1

Unit II

Unit III

Unit IV

Unit V

Unit VI

Unit VII

xix

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◗

◗

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xxi

Contents

Movement That Requires Cellular Energy

How Osmosis Affects Cells

Cell Aging 000Cells and Cancer 000

Cancer Risk Factors 000

4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 000Tissue Classification 000Epithelial Tissue 000

Structure of Epithelial Tissue 000

Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue 000

Glands 000

Connective Tissue 000Soft Connective Tissue 000

Fibrous Connective Tissue 000

Hard Connective Tissue 000

Muscle Tissue 000Nervous Tissue 000

The Neuron 000

Neuroglia 000

Membranes 000Epithelial Membranes 000

Connective Tissue Membranes 000

Membranes and Disease 000

Benign and Malignant Tumors 000Benign Tumors 000

Malignant Tumors 000

Symptoms of Cancer 000

Diagnosis of Cancer 000

Tissues and Aging 000

Unit II

DISEASE AND THE FIRST LINE OFDEFENSE 000

5 Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms 000Categories of Disease 000

Predisposing Causes of Disease 000

The Study of Disease 000Disease Terminology 000

Treatment and Prevention of Disease 000Complementary and Alternative Medicine 000

Prevention of Disease 000

Infectious Disease 000Modes of Transmission 000

Microbiology- The Study of Microorganisms 000Normal Flora 000

Bacteria 000

Viruses 000

Fungi 000

Protozoa 000

Parasitic Worms 000Roundworms 000

Flatworms 000

Unit I

THE BODY AS A WHOLE 0001 Organization of the Human Body 000Studies of the Human Body 000

Levels of Organization 000

Body Systems 000Metabolism and Its Regulation 000

Homeostasis 000

The Effects of Aging 000

Directions in the Body 000

Directional Terms 000

Planes of Division 000

Body Cavities 000Dorsal Cavity 000

Ventral Cavity 000

The Metric System 000Units of Length 000

Units of Weight 000

Units of Volume 000

Temperature 000

2 Chemistry, Matter, and Life 000Elements 000

Atoms 000

Molecules and Compounds 000The Importance of Water 000

Mixtures: Solutions and Suspensions

Chemical Bonds 000Ionic Bonds 000

Covalent Bonds 000

Compounds: Acids, Bases and Salts 000The pH Scale 000

Buffers 000

Isotopes and Radioactivity 000

Use of Radioactive Isotopes 000

Chemistry of Living Matter 000Organic Compounds 000

3 Cells and Their Functions 000The Role of Cells 000Microscopes 000Cell Structure 000

Plasma Membrane 000The Nucleus 000

The Cytoplasm 000

Surface Organelles 000

Cellular Diversity 000

Protein Synthesis 000Nucleic acids- DNA and RNA

Cell Division 000Stages of Mitosis 000

Movement of Substances Across the PlasmaMembrane 000

Movement That Does Not Require Cellular Energy 000

◗

◗

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xxii ✦ CONTENTS

Microbial Control 000Microbes and Public Health 000

Aseptic Methods 000

Infection Control Techniques 000

Antimicrobial Agents 000

Laboratory Identification of Pathogens 000

Bacterial Isolations and Tests 000

Staining Techniques 000Other Methods of Identification 000

6 The Skin in Health and Disease 000Structure of the Skin 000

Epidermis 000

Dermis 000

Subcutaneous Layer 000

Accessory Structures of the Skin 000

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 000

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands 000

Hair 000

Nails 000

Functions of the Skin 000

Protection Against Infection 000Protection Against Dehydration 000

Regulation of Body Temperature 000

Collection of Sensory Information 000

Other Activities of the Skin 000

Observation of the Skin 000Color 000

Lesions 000

Burns 000

Tissue Repair 000Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 000

Care of the Skin 000Skin Disorders 000

Dermatitis 000

Psoriasis 000

Cancer 000

Acne and Other Skin Infections 000

Alopecia (Baldness) 000

Allergy and Other Immune Disorders 000

Pressure Ulcers 000

Unit III

MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT 0007 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints 000

Bones 000Bone Structure 000

Bone Growth and Repair 000

Bone Markings 000

Bones of the Axial Skeleton 000

Framework of the Skull 000

Framework of the Trunk 000

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton 000

The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton 000

The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton 000

Disorders of Bone 000Metabolic Disorders 000

Tumors 000

Infection 000

Structural Disorders 000

Fractures 000

Skeletal Changes in the Aging 000

The Joints 000More About Synovial Joints 000

Disorders of Joints 000

8 The Muscular System 000Types of Muscle 000

Smooth Muscle 000

Cardiac Muscle 000

Skeletal Muscle 000

The Muscular System 000Structure of a Muscle 000

Muscle Cells in Action 000

Energy Sources 000

Effects of Exercise 000

Types of Muscle Contractions 000

The Mechanics of Muscle Movement 000

Muscles Work Together 000Levers and Body Mechanics 000

Skeletal Muscle Groups 000

Muscles of the Head 000

Muscles of the Neck 000

Muscles of the Upper Extremities 000

Muscles of the Trunk 000

Muscles of the Lower Extremities 000

Effects of Aging on Muscles 000Muscular Disorders 000

Diseases of Muscles 000

Disorders of Associated Structures 000

Unit IV

COORDINATION AND CONTROL 0009 The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and

Spinal Nerves 000Role of the Nervous System 000

Structural Divisions 000

Functional Divisions 000

Neurons and Their Functions 000

Structure of a Neuron 000

Types of Neurons 000

Nerves and Tracts 000

Neuroglia 000The Nervous System at Work 000

The Nerve Impulse 000

The Synapse 000

The Spinal Cord 000Structure of the Spinal Cord 000

The Reflex Arc 000

Medical Procedures Involving the Spinal Cord 000

Diseases and Other Disorders of the Spinal Cord 000

The Spinal Nerves 000Branches of the Spinal Nerves 000

Disorders of the Spinal Nerves 000

◗

◗

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xxiiiCONTENTS ✦

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 000

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 000

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 000

10 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial

Nerves 000

The Brain 000Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord 000

Cerebrospinal Fluid 000

The Cerebral Hemispheres 000

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex 000

Communication Areas 000

Memory and the Learning Process 000

The Diencephalon 000

The Limbic System 000

The Brain Stem 000

The Midbrain 000

The Pons 000

The Medulla Oblongata 000

The Cerebellum 000

Brain Studies 000The Electroencephalograph 000

Disorders of the Brain and Associated Structures 000

Hydrocephalus 000

Stroke and Other Brain Disorders 000

Injury 000

Degenerative Diseases 000

Cranial Nerves 000

Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves 000

Disorders Involving the Cranial Nerves 000

Aging of the Nervous System 000

11 The Sensory System 000

The Senses 000Sensory Receptors 000

Special and General Senses 000

The Eye and Vision 000

Coats of the Eyeball 000

Pathway of Light Rays and Refraction 000

Function of the Retina 000

Muscles of the Eye 000

Nerve Supply to the Eye 000

Errors of Refraction and other Eye Disorders 000

The Ear 000

The Outer Ear 000

The Middle Ear and Ossicles 000

The Inner Ear 000Otitis and Other Disorders of the Ear 000

Other Special Sense Organs 000

Sense of Taste 000

Sense of Smell 000

The General Senses 000

Sense of Touch 000

Sense of Pressure 000

Sense of Temperature 000

Sense of Position 000

Sense of Pain 000

Sensory Adaptation 000

12 The Endocrine System: Glands and

Hormones 000Hormones 000

Hormone Chemistry 000

Hormone Regulation 000

The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones 000The Pituitary 000

The Thyroid Gland 000The Parathyroid Glands 000

The Adrenal Glands 000

The Pancreas and Its Hormones 000

The Sex Glands 000

The Thymus Gland 000

The Pineal Gland 000

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues 000Prostaglandins 000

Hormones and Treatment 000Hormones and Stress 000Aging and the Endocrine System 000

Unit V

CIRCULATION AND BODY DEFENSE 00013 The Blood 000

Functions of the Blood 000

Transportation 000

Regulation 000

Protection 000

Blood Constituents 000Blood Plasma 000

The Formed Elements 000Hemostasis 000

Blood Clotting 000

Blood Types 000The ABO Blood Type Group 000

The Rh Factor 000

Uses of Blood and Blood Components 000 Whole Blood Transfusions 000

Use of Blood Components 000

Blood Disorders 000

Anemia 000

Leukemia 000

Clotting Disorders 000

Blood Studies 000

The Hematocrit 000

Hemoglobin Tests 000

Blood Cell Counts 000The Blood Slide (Smear) 000

Blood Chemistry Tests 000

Coagulation Studies 000

Bone Marrow Biopsy 000

14 The Heart and Heart Disease 000Circulation and the Heart 000

Location of the heart 000

Structure of the Heart 000The Pericardium 000

Special Features of the Myocardium 000

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Divisions of the Heart 000

Blood Supply to the Myocardium 000

Function of the Heart 000Cardiac Output 000

The Heart’s Conduction System 000

Control of the Heart Rate 000

Heart Sounds 000

Heart Disease 000Classifications of Heart Disease 000

Congenital Heart Disease 000

Rheumatic Heart Disease 000

Coronary Artery Disease 000

Heart Failure 000

The Heart in the Elderly 000Prevention of Heart Disease 000Heart Studies 000Treatment of Heart Disease 000

Medications 000

Correction of Arrhythmias 000

Heart Surgery 000

15 Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation 000Blood Vessels 000

Blood Circuits 000

Vessel Structure 000

Systemic Arteries 000The Aorta and Its Parts 000

The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivisions 000

Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head 000

Anastomoses 000

Systemic Veins 000The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries 000

Venous Sinuses 000

The Hepatic Portal System 000

The Physiology of Circulation 000

Capillary Exchange 000The Dynamics of Blood Flow 000

The Pulse 000

Blood Pressure 000

Arterial Degeneration and Other Blood VesselsDisorders 000

Hemorrhage 000

Shock 000

Thrombosis 000

Varicose Veins 000

16 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Tissue

000

The Lymphatic System 000Functions of the Lymphatic System 000

Lymphatic Circulation 000Lymphatic Capillaries 000

Lymphatic Vessels 000

Movement of Lymph 000

Lymphoid Tissue 000Lymph Nodes 000

The Spleen 000

The Thymus 000

The Tonsils 000

Other Lymphoid Tissue 000

The Reticuloendothelial System 000Disorders of the Lymphatic System and LymphoidTissue 000

Lymphedema 000

Lymphadenopathy 000

Splenomegaly 000

Lymphoma 000

17 Body Defenses, Immunity, and Vaccines 000 Why Do Infections Occur? 000Nonspecific Defenses 000

Chemical and Mechanical Barriers 000

Phagocytosis 000

Natural Killer Cells 000

Inflammation 000

Fever 000

Interferon 000

Immunity 000Inborn Immunity 000

Acquired Immunity 000

The Antigen—Antibody Reaction 000

Naturally Acquired Immunity 000Artificially Acquired Immunity 000

Disorders of the Immune System 000Allergy 000

Autoimmunity 000

Immune Deficiency Diseases 000

Multiple Myeloma 000

The Immune System and Cancer 000Transplantation and the Rejection Syndrome 000

Unit VI

ENERGY: SUPPLY AND USE 00018 Respiration 000Phases of Respiration 000

The Nasal Cavities 000

The Pharynx 000

The Larynx 000

The Trachea 000

The Bronchi 000

The Lungs 000

The Process of Respiration 000Pulmonary Ventilation 000

Gas Exchange 000

Transport of Oxygen 000

Transport of Carbon Dioxide 000

Regulation of Respiration 000Abnormal Ventilation 000

Breathing Patterns 000

Disorders of the Respiratory System 000Disorders of the Nasal Cavities and Related Structures 000

Infection 000

Hay Fever and Asthma 000

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 000

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 000

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 000

Cancer 000

Disorders Involving the Pleura 000

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Unit VII

PERPETUATING LIFE 000 23 The Male and Female Reproductive

Systems 000

Reproduction 000Meiosis 000

The Male Reproductive System 000The Testes 000

Accessory Organs 000

Semen 000

The Urethra and Penis 000

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction 000The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction 000

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System 000Structural Disorders 000

Infections 000

Tumors 000

The Female Reproductive System 000

The Ovaries 000The Ova and Ovulation 000

Accessory Organs 000

The Menstrual Cycle 000Beginning of the Cycle 000

Ovulation 000

The Menstrual Phase 000

Menopause 000Hormone Replacement Therapy 000

Birth Control 000Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 000

Menstrual Disorders 000

Benign and Malignant Tumors 000

Infections 000

Infertility 000

24 Development and Birth 000Pregnancy 000

Fertilization and the Start of Pregnancy 000

The Placenta 000

Development of the Embryo 000

The Fetus 000

The Mother 000

Childbirth 000

The Four Stages of Labor 000

Cesarean Section 000

Multiple Births 000

Termination of Pregnancy 000

The Mammary Glands and Lactation 000Disorders of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Lactation 000

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension 000

Postpartum Disorders 000

Lactation Disturbances 000

25 Heredity and Hereditary Diseases 000

Genes and Chromosomes 000Dominant and Recessive Genes 000

Distribution of Chromosomes to Offspring 000

Sex Determination 000

Sex-Linked Traits 000

Hereditary Traits 000Gene Expression 000

Genetic Mutation 000

Genetic Diseases 000Congenital Versus Hereditary Diseases 000

Examples of Genetic Diseases 000

Treatment and Prevention of Genetic Diseases 000

Genetic Counseling 000

Progress in Medical Treatment 000

Glossary 000

Glossary of Word Parts 000

Appendixes 000Appendix 1 Metric measurements 000Appendix 2 Celsius-Fahrenheit temperature conversion

scale 000Appendix 3 Periodic table of the elements 000

Appendix 4 Laboratory tests 000Table 1, Routine urinalysis 000

Table 2, Complete blood count 000

Table 3, Blood chemistry tests 000

Appendix 5 Infectious diseases and their causativeconditions 000

Table 1, Bacterial diseases 000

Table 2, Viral diseases 000

Table 3, Prion diseases 000

Table 4, Fungal diseases 000

Table 5, Protozoal diseases 000

Appendix 6 Answers to Chapter Checkpoint andZooming In questions 000

Index 000

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