1 development of adaptive ecosystem management and co-management plan in a marine world natural...

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Development of adaptive ecosystem management and co-management plan in

a marine world natural heritage, Shiretoko

Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama Nat’l Univ)Co-working with

Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency)Yasunori SAKURAI (Hokkaido Univ)

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt

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Profile -- Hiroyuki MATSUDA

Mathematical ecologist, (adaptive dynamics, fisheries management, wildlife anagement)

Yokohama National UniversityProfessor of Environmental Risk Management

Program Leader of JSPS Global COE “Global Eco-Risk Management from Asian Viewpoints” (10 postdocs)

The 1st Japanese Pew Marine Conservation FellowWWF Japan: Advisory Committee for Nature Consv.Standing Committee of Ecol Soc Japan

former Chief Editor of Jpn J Cons Ecol


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Overview1. Role of Scientific Committee in Shiretoko

World Natural Heritage– 1st SC for Japan World Heritage – Zig-zag review process of the Heritage

2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries3. Why do I expect in

Shiretoko Heritage?


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Scientific Committeefor Shiretoko Heritage

1st meeting July 16 2004

• Plant- Ishikawa, Kudoh, Takahashi• Forest- Igarashi, (Ishigaki* until 2006)• Mammal- Ohtaishi*, Kaji*, M.Kobayashi• Bird- Nakagawa• Fish- Komiyama, Kaeriyama• River- Nakamura*• Marine- Sakurai*, Sano, Hattori• Matsuda (model), Kaneko (GIS),

A.Kobayashi (Sociology since 2006)

Deer WGafter IUCN 2nd letterMarine WGRiver Structures WG

{

(*chair of SC, WGs)

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• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.

• 04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)• 04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise• 05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”• 05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation

without regulation”• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit

“Dutch roll” in review process of Shiretoko World Heritage

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•More conserve marine•Try to make MPAs•Impact assessment of dams on salmons

•Need not only fish path but more essential solution for dams

•Need MPAs for sustainable fisheries, committed by Fisheries Agency, making Marine WG

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We do not need more regulation for walleye pollock

•Expand marine area•Hurry up to make Marine Management Plan for more conservation

Japan still needs pressure from abroad.Shiretoko World Heritage• 1st SC for World Heritage in Japan

• IUCN’s letter that recommends more conservation (Aug 2004)

• The press reported the 1st letter by IUCN (19 Sep 2004).

• The Government replied to IUCN ignored SC’s advise (5 Nov 2004).

• IUCN sent the 2nd letter to expand marine area (2 Feb 2005)Fishers increased fishing-ban area (10 Mar 2005)

• UNESCO registered Shiretoko Heritage (31 May 2005)

Aichi EXPO 2005 • 1st Application of Japan EIA law (1999).• BIE informally criticized post-EXPO land

development (Sep 1999).• EIA Advisory Committee accepted the EIS

with major revision (13 Jan 2000).• The local newspaper scooped BIE’s

criticism (14 Jan 2000)• Japan Delegates visited Paris but BIE

explicitly requested agreement with environmental NGOs (2 Feb 2005).

• Government and Env. NGOs agreed cancellation of post-EXPO development & revision of EXPO plan (30 Mar 2000)

• BIE registered Aichi EXPO 2005 (Nov 2000) 8

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/EXPO-Shiretoko.html

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Problems in SC & Marine WG

• Government promised to Fishers Associations not to make further regulation for World Heritage

• IUCN requested further conservation efforts.

• SC’s solution:– Increasing effort for

conservation by fishers– Describe management plan

as fishers are doing.– Expand area including shelf

読売新聞

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An SC member said to fishers, “it is impossible to add no more regulation forever”

SC chair and members got angry because Governm’t ignoured our advise for IUCN’s 1st comments. Gov-ernment asked SC’s advise for IUCN’s 2nd comments and resulted in “expand marine area without regulation”

Fishers accepted expansion of m

arine area

Hokkaido

New

spaper

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Spawning ground

Since 2005

“MPAs” to protect Walleye pollock

Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area

177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization

Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995Fishing-ban area since 1995

Shiretoko Peninsula

Fishers expanded Fishing ban area in 2005

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… we still have many problems.

• Many dams and tourists• Make marine management plan that…

– must show how to conserve ecosystems.

• Invite IUCN Inquiry in 2008.• Former Chair said, heavy and concrete

problems.

31 May 2005

Nation-wide top-news celebrated accept of Shiretoko Heritage

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Fishers & Mayor were worried about further requests for conservation

• On May 31st, Mayor Wakinori read an evening paper showing that UNESCO will accept Shiretoko Heritage proposal but IUCN recommended more effort on conservation. He lost words and was worried about reality of more and more regulation due to World Heritage. He was not glad to hear the news of acceptance of World Heritage…

http://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htm

(Yomiuri Newspaper, June 2nd 2005, Tokyo)

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Overview

1. Role of scientists in management planning

2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries• Making the Marine Management Plan• Coastal fisheries in World Heritage• Dams, salmonids sapling, cull of sea lions

3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?


2006/5/22 15

Draft for Marine Ecosystem Management in Shiretoko World Heritage

Oceanographic review of marine environment

Dam assessment for salmonids

Control of bycatch and cull of marine mammals

Marine debris source traceability

Co-management of salmons fishery

Control of marine ecotourism

Ecological and economical preview of

fisheriesLand-

marine ecosyste

m interactio

ns

Conservation of sus-tainable fisheries

Gather data of Russian fisheries

Corrabolation between Japan and

Russia

Conservation of wild salmons

Co-management of walleye pollock fishery

Management of coastal fishing grounds

Marine ecosystem

conservation in adjacent regions

Sustainable ecotourism

Sustainable fisheries

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Data collection and Monitoring

• The Science Committee depicted the food web structure in the Shiretoko Heritage site.

• Government compiles catch data of species. • SC choose other necessary data for ecosystem

management, such as weather, water quality, ice drift, planktons, key stone species, etc.

• Clarify benchmarks!!

H.M. 24 Sep 06

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Walleye pollock problems for Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

• Russia exploit this fish by big trawl nets

• Lack of data in Russian waters

• Do not exploit spawning fish too much

http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17

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Overview





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Most of keystone species are caught and recorded by local

fishers org.s!Sustainable fisheries play

roles of “umbrella species” like top predators!

Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage

Draft food web by SC

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Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Areato

ns

Very informative time-series data for monitoring the changes in ecosystem structure/functions

Made by Mitsutaku Makino

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Spawning ground

Since 2005

Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area

MPA to protect walleye pollock• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49%

reduction)– Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries

Organization

• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005

Since 1995

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Overview





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Goals of marine management plan

• Sustainable use of walleye pollock• Wild population of salmonids

– Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons

– Sapling is fishery’s benefit

• Conservation of sea lions & marine mammals and birds

• Control of eco-tourism• Survey of debris sources• Cowork with Russian scientists

5th World Fisheries Congress at Yokohama, Oct 2008.

Advisors for cull limit review by Jpn Fish Agency (HM & YS)

Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan-Russia Scientists Meeting

5th World Fisheries CongressFisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental Conservation

Yokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008

Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda)7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services 7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management 7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis 7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & …

8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation

1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations 1-7. Fisheries by-catch

1-8. Seamount fisheries 5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general)

8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

2007/12/1 24

http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html

Looking for invited speakers

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Missions of the SC

• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of coastal fisheries as they do

• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and make a stock recovery plan – By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian

data.

• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …

• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild population and fisheries

• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data

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Kuril Population of Steller sea lions Kuril Population of Steller sea lions Po

pula

tion

size

Adults+juveniles (Perlov 1991)

ca 80% decline

# killed sea lions in Japan

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InjuriedMissing into the seaCulledCull + injuried + missingDamage on fishing nets

# st

ruck

, dam

age

(mill

ion

yen)

• Ohtaishi & Wada (eds, 1999), Hokkaido Pref.

Recently, the western Pacific Steller’s sea lions are recovering （ Burkanov and Loughlin 2005 ）

2006/5/22 28http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf

Sea lion problems now

• When the Shiretoko became the World Heritage in 2005, IUCN did not requested cull-ban of sea lions but conserve their prey.

• Damage on fishers by sea lions is increasing• Number of by-catch is still unreported.• Since 1995, cull limit was 116 per year.• Sea lions is now gradually recovering• We can eat meat of culled sea lions• 1 professional hunter has 50 catch quota.

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Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for sea lions (Japan Fisheries Agency, Oct 2007)

• PBR = 0.5 Nmin Rmax Fr

• PBR = 0.5 x 5063 x 0.12 x 0.75 = 227• However, the number of by-catches is unknown!• No data show that culling decreases damage• We estimated 107 by-catches (probably overestimation)• #Annual cull limit is (116 to) 120 sea lions.• We encourage compiling by-catch and catch report.

2006/5/22 30http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf

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Overview

1. Role of scientists in management planning2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?

– Nature evaluated by IUCN– Voluntary activities of fishers– Jpn-Russia co-management


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IUCN Review Report Criterion II Ecosystem processes

Shiretoko provides an outstanding example of the interaction of mar-ine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity, largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude in the nor-thern hemisphere. This process supports the formation of phyto-plankton, the primary producer in the marine ecosystem and pro-vides the source of food for marine and terrestrial species…

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IUCN Review Report Criterion IV Biodiversity

Shiretoko has particular importance for a number of marine and terrest-rial species. These include a number of endangered and endemic species, such as the Blackiston’s fish owl and the plant species Viola kitamiana. The property is globally important for salmonids, marine mammals, including the Steller’s sea lion and cetaceans. The property has significance as a habitat for globally threatened sea birds and is a globallyimportant area for migratory birds….

http://www.bioindustry.nodai.ac.jp/~food/Food%20Sci%20&%20Technol/images/05-2.jpg

http://www5.hokkaido-np.co.jp/nature/danger-wildlife/img/04ph.jpg

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Overview

1.Role of scientists in management planning2.Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries3.Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?

– Nature evaluated by IUCN– Voluntary activities of fishers– Jpn-Russia co-management


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Forestation activities by local people (http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm)

Local legend says

“Forests are the roots of coastal fish”(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)

Voluntary Activities(Makino 2005)

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Resource Enhancement (release of seeds)

Voluntary Activities(Makino 2005)

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Voluntary Activities• Introduction of MPAs

(no-take zones) in Kyoto prefecture for snow crab fishery (Makino 2007 in FAO Tech. Paper)

(Makino 2005)

Japan played an active role at the establishment of MPAs

MPA is an area for sustainable useand ecosystem conservation

＊ 1st Conference for World Natural Parks (1962 Seattle)

Marine park system in Japan was established after this conference

＊ International Conference for Marine Parks (1975 Tokyo) 1st international meeting to establish MPAs

T.Tamura

Dr Y. Kagami

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Laws for MPAs in Japan(Simard 1995, Takahashi 2004)

Natural Park Law (1957, 1970)1) Ordinary area -Inland Sea of Japan, Shiretoko

2) Marine park area -64 areas, 2690.1haNature Environment Protection Law (1972) 　3) Marine Special Area -1 area (Sakiyama Bay 128ha)Law of Fisheries Resource Conservation (1951) 4) Fisheries conservation area-120 areas5) Voluntary fishing-ban area – Shiretoko, Kyoto, Aichi,…

UNESCO MAB (Man and Biosphere Program)6) Biosphere Researve -Yakushima…

MPA includes No-take Zone

The oldest “MPA” in Japan

1665m of Muko coasts in Settsu County (August 689 AD, “Nihon-Shoki”)

Dr Y. Kagami

Sanda city

Takarazuka city

Muko River

Upper Stream

Lower Stream

Nishinomiya city

Estuary

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Institutional Advantages of Japanese fisheries management for EBM

• Decentralized management systems.• Mutual watch against cheaters with lower

cost• Use of both local and scientific knowledge.• Multi-scale and interlinked coordinating

organizations.• Flexible management processes based on

daily fishery operations.

(Makino 2005)

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Institutional Challenges and necessary policy measures for EBM

• Ecosystem perspectives (e.g. inter-species relationships) .

• Stakeholder involvement (not only fishers). • Identification of ecologically important data,

and role-sharing in data collection.• Use of ecosystem indices & benchmarks.• Use of the systems of MPAs.

(Makino 2005)(Makino 2005)

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Overview

1.Role of scientists in management planning2.Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries3.Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?

– Nature evaluated by IUCN– Voluntary activities of fishers– Japan-Russia co-management


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IUCN’s Technical evaluation5.3 Neighbouring Islands

There are clear and apparent similarities bet-ween the environment and ecology in Shiretoko and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that there has been contact between Japanese and Russian researchers. Should it be possible for the States Parties to agree to promote the conservation of these propertiesin the future, there may be the potential for development of these properties as a wider “World Heritage Peace Park”.

Mr ShepardYomiuri HP

http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf

Present protected areas in Japan and Russia

2006/5/22 45(Dr M.Kobayashi)

My policy for consensus building

1. Seek a feasible solution that stakeholders can agree to.

2. Make a scientific plan of stakeholders’ idea3. Encourage practice of agreed management4. Balance between sustainability and diversity5. Acknowledge diversity in nature and culture6. Scientists do not play as stakeholders!7. Build trust between stakeholders!8. Imagine more than one possible outcomes.

2006/5/22 46

2006/5/22 47

Thank you for invitation!

I like to try real time case studies with field ecologists!

2004/1/29 47Windfirm birdstrikes

Shiretoko World Heritage

Pelagic fish management

Mongoose eradication program at Amami Island

Mainichi Shimbun

N. Ishii

FSNRI

H.M. at Shiretoko

Plant Red Data Book

Deer management

EXPO2005 at Aichi,Revision of RDB

Bear management

1 development of adaptive ecosystem management and co-management plan in a marine world natural...

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