1 hidrologia

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Hidrológia 1 BME jegyzet.

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  • +,'52/*,$, $/$3,60(5(7(.

    +,'52/*,$, $/$3,60(5(7(.

    $ KLGUROyJLD WiUJ\D IHORV]WiVD IHODGDWD

    $ KLGUROyJLD iOWDOiQRV pUWHOHPEHQ D Yt]]HO IRJODONR]y WXGRPiQ\RN

    |VV]HVVpJH

    6]&NHEE pUWHOHPEHQ D KLGUROyJLD D] D WXGRPiQ\ DPHO\ D YL]HN I|OGL

    HOIRUGXOiViYDO pV HORV]OiViYDO IHOWiUiViYDO pV Q\LOYiQWDUWiViYDO

    YDODPLQW D Yt] WHUPpV]HWEHQ W|UWpQ N|UIRUJiViQDN YL]VJiODWiYDO

    IRJODONR]LN

    $ KLGUROyJLD IHORV]WiVD DV]HULQW W|UWpQLN KRJ\ D )|OG PHO\ UpV]

    WHUOHWHLQHN Yt]YLV]RQ\DLW NXWDWMD

    $ KLGURPHWHRUROyJLD D OpJN|UEHQ OpY Yt]W|PHJHN iOODSRWiW pV

    IRUJDOPiW D V]iUD]I|OGL KLGUROyJLD D NRQWLQHQVHN pV NLVHEE V]iUD]I|OGL

    WHUOHWHN Yt]YLV]RQ\DLW PtJ D] RFHDQROyJLD D WHQJHUHNHW pV D]

    yFHiQRNDW YL]VJiOMD

    $ KLGUROyJLD KiURP I UpV]WHUOHWH WHKiW D KLGURPHWHRUROyJLD D

    V]iUD]I|OGL KLGUROyJLD pV D] RFHDQROyJLD

    $ KLGUROyJLDL V]ROJiODW IHODGDWD KRJ\ D Yt]JD]GiONRGiV WHUYH]pVL pV

    ]HPLUiQ\tWiVL SUREOpPiLQDN PHJROGiViKR] KLGUROyJLDL LQIRUPiFLyNDW

    V]ROJiOWDVVRQ (EEHQ D WHYpNHQ\VpJL N|UEHQ D KLGUROyJLDL V]ROJiODWRN

    IHODGDWDL D] DOiEELDN V]HULQW FVRSRUWRVtWKDWyN

    $ KLGUROyJLDL pV]OHOKiOy]DWRN OpWHVtWpVH pV IHQQWDUWiVD

    $] DODSDGDWRN J\&MWpVH IHOGROJR]iVD pV N|]UHDGiVD

    $ Yt]NpV]OHWHN V]iPEDYpWHOH pV NH]HOpVH

  • +,'52/*,$ e6 +,'5$8/,.$

    +LGUROyJLDL HOUHMHO]pVHN NpV]tWpVH pV WHUMHV]WpVH

    (OHP] pV WHUYH]pVL WDQXOPiQ\RN NpV]tWpVH

    +LGUROyJLDL NXWDWiV pV IHMOHV]WpV

    $ Yt] WHUPpV]HWHV N|UIRUJiVD pV D N|UIRO\DPDW HOHPHL

    $ Yt] HJ\ UpV]H D WHUPpV]HWEHQ iOODQGy N|UIRUJiVEDQ YDQ .|UIRUJiVD

    IRO\DPiQ iOWDOiEDQ OpJQHP& KDOPD]iOODSRWEDQ SiUD IRUPiMiEDQ

    PHJWDOiOKDWy D OpJWpUEHQ IRO\pNRQ\ pV V]LOiUG KDOPD]iOODSRWEDQ SHGLJ

    D I|OG IHOV]tQpQ YDJ\ D IHOV]tQ DODWW

    $ IHOKNEO D OpJQHP& KDOPD]iOODSRW~ SiUD FVDSDGpN IRUPiMiEDQ D

    )|OG IHOV]tQpUH pV D IHOV]tQL YL]HNEH KXOO $ I|OGUH KXOORWW FVDSDGpN D

    WDODMED V]LYiURJ HOSiURORJ YDJ\ OHIRO\LN $ OHIRO\y Yt] HUHFVNpNEO

    SDWDNNi PDMG IRO\yYi YpJO IRO\DPPi LV HJ\HVOKHW $ WDODMED

    V]LYiUJRWW Yt] KRVV]DEE U|YLGHEE YiQGRUOiV XWiQ YDJ\ D IHOV]tQUH NHUO

    LVPpW YDJ\ D PpO\ UpWHJHN YL]HLW J\DUDStWMD $ OHIRO\y Yt] pV D] ~MUD

    IHOV]tQUH NHUO Yt] IRO\DPDWRVDQ SiURORJ tJ\ Q|YHOL D OHYHJ

    SiUDWDUWDOPiW DKRO LVPpW IHOKN NHOHWNH]QHN DPLNEO D FVDSDGpN ~MEyO

    D WDODMUD KXOO (NNRU D Yt] N|UIRUJiVD ~MUD NH]GGLN iEUD

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    iEUD

    $ Yt] WHUPpV]HWHV N|UIRUJiVD

    $ SiUROJiV pV D OHYHJ QHGYHVVpJWDUWDOPD

    $ OHYHJEHQ PLQGLJ WDOiOKDWy OpJQHP& KDOPD]iOODSRW~ Yt] YDJ\LV SiUD

    $ Yt] SiUROJiVVDO MXW D OHYHJEH 3iURORJ D V]DEDG Yt]IHOOHW pV D WDODM

    QHGYHVVpJH LV $ Q|YpQ\HN pOHWP&N|GpVN VRUiQ XJ\DQFVDN

    QHGYHVVpJHW SiURORJWDWQDN $ SiUROJiV PpUWpNpW V]iPRV WpQ\H]

    EHIRO\iVROMD H]HN N|]O D OHJIRQWRVDEE D KPpUVpNOHW D OHYHJ

    SLOODQDWQ\L SiUDWDUWDOPD pV D OHYHJ iUDPOiVD $ SiUROJiV PpUWpNH

    PDJDVDEE KPpUVpNOHW pV DODFVRQ\DEE SiUDWDUWDORP HVHWpQ QDJ\REE

    /pJPR]JiV VRUiQ D SiUROJy Yt]IHOOHW IHOHWWL OpJW|PHJHN IRO\DPDWRVDQ

  • +,'52/*,$ e6 +,'5$8/,.$

    FVHUpOGQHN DPL D SiUROJiV Q|YHOpVpKH] YH]HW $ SiUROJiV N|]YHWOHQ

    PpUpVH PpJ QHP PHJROGRWW GH W|EE HOIRJDGKDWy HUHGPpQ\W DGy

    N|]YHWHWW PyGV]HUW DONDOPD]QDN D KLGURPHWHRUROyJLDL PpUiOORPiVRNRQ

    6]DEDG Yt]IHOOHWHN SiUROJiVDLUD DG MHOOHP] pUWpNHW D SiUROJiV

    PpU NiG $ SiUROJiVPpU NiGQDN VRNIpOH WtSXVD KDV]QiODWRV YDQQDN

    N|]|WWN V]|JOHWHV pV N|U DODSUDM]~DN HJ\HVHN WHOMHVHQ D WDODM IHOHWW

    KHO\H]NHGQHN HO PiVRN WHOMHVHQ EHOH YDQQDN VOO\HV]WYH ~J\ KRJ\ D

    NiGEDQ OpY Yt] HJ\ V]LQWEHQ YDQ D WDODM IHOV]tQpYHO $ 0HWHRUROyJLDL

    9LOiJV]HUYH]HW :02 V]DEYiQ\RVtWiVUD MDYDVROWD D] $PHULNDL (J\HVOW

    OODPRNEDQ KDV]QiOW $ WtSXV~ PpUNiGDW DPHO\QHN IHOOHWH P

    PpO\VpJH FP pV D WDODM IHOV]tQpQ YDQ HOKHO\H]YH pV D YROW

    6]RYMHWXQLyEDQ ).EDQ KDV]QiODWRV **, WtSXV~ P

    IHOOHW& FP PpO\ WDODMED VOO\HV]WHWW NiGDW LV $ QDSL SiUROJiV

    pUWpNpW D] HJ\PiV XWiQL QDSRNRQ OHROYDVRWW NiGYt]V]LQWHN

    NO|QEVpJHNpQW D] LGN|]EHQ HVHWOHJ KXOORWW FVDSDGpN ILJ\HOHPEH

    YpWHOpYHO V]iPtWMiN pV PPEHQ DGMiN PHJ

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    iEUD

    $ WDODM SiUROJiViQDN PpUpVH OL]LPpWHUUHO

    $ WDODM SiUROJiViQDN PpUpVpUH OL]LPpWHUW KDV]QiOQDN iEUD

    $ OL]LPpWHU RO\DQ WDUWiO\ DPLEHQ D Yt]V]LQW I|Op D] HUHGHWL

    WDODMV]HUNH]HWQHN PHJIHOHO iOODSRW~ WDODMW|PE|W KHO\H]QHN pV tJ\ D

    WDUWiO\EyO D Yt] FVDN D WDODMUpWHJHQ NHUHV]WO WXG SiURORJQL $

    Yt]YHV]WHVpJ DGMD D WDODMSiUROJiV PpUWpNpW $ Yt]YHV]WHVpJ

    OHJHJ\V]HU&EEHQ V~O\PpUpVVHO iOODStWKDWy PHJ

    $ OHYHJ SiUDWDUWDOPD SRQWRVDQ PHJKDWiUR]KDWy pUWpN 7|EEIpOH

    PpUWpNHJ\VpJEHQ LV NLIHMH]KHW

    $EV]RO~W SiUDWDUWDORP DGRWW KPpUVpNOHWHQ P

    OHYHJEHQ OpY

    Yt]SiUD PHQQ\LVpJH JUDPPEDQ PHJDGYD JP

    7HOtWHWWVpJL SiUDWDUWDORP D] D PD[LPiOLV SiUDPHQQ\LVpJ DPL DGRWW

    KPpUVpNOHWHQ P

    OHYHJEHQ HOIRUGXOKDW $ WHOtWHWWVpJL SiUDWDUWDORP

    QiO DGRWW KPpUVpNOHWHQ D OHYHJ WRYiEEL SiUDW|PHJHW QHP NpSHV

    PiU IHOYHQQL $ KPpUVpNOHW Q|YHNHGpVpYHO DUiQ\RVDQ Q D WHOtWHWWVpJL

    SiUDWDUWDORP LV H]pUW SO D

    R

    & KPpUVpNOHW& WHOtWHWW OHYHJ

    R

    &

    KPpUVpNOHW HVHWpQ PiU QHP WHOtWHWW tJ\ WRYiEEL SiUDPHQQ\LVpJHW LV

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    NpSHV IHOYHQQL &VDSDGpNNpS]GpVNRU D OHYHJ W~OWHOtWHWWp YiOLN

    iOWDOiEDQ

    5HODWtY SiUDWDUWDORP D] DEV]RO~W SiUDWDUWDORP pV D KPpUVpNOHWKH]

    WDUWR]y WHOtWHWWVpJL SiUDWDUWDORP KiQ\DGRVD +D D KiQ\DGRVW V]i]]DO

    V]RUR]]XN D UHODWtY SiUDWDUWDOPDW V]i]DOpNEDQ NDSMXN $ UHODWtY

    SiUDWDUWDORP KD D] DEV]RO~W SiUDWDUWDORP HJ\HQO D WHOtWHWWVpJL

    SiUDWDUWDORPPDO (] D] iOODSRW QHP FVDN ~J\ N|YHWNH]KHW EH KRJ\ Q

    D] DEV]RO~W SiUDWDUWDORP KDQHP ~J\ LV KRJ\ D OHYHJEHQ OpY

    SiUDPHQQ\LVpJ YiOWR]DWODQ GH D KPpUVpNOHWFV|NNHQpV PLDWW FV|NNHQ

    D WHOtWHWWVpJL SiUDWDUWDORP

    $ KDUPDWSRQW D] D KPpUVpNOHW DPHO\EHQ D OHYHJ QHGYHVVpJH HOpUL

    D WHOtWHWWVpJL iOODSRWRW +D D KDUPDWSRQW DOi FV|NNHQ D KPpUVpNOHW

    PHJLQGXO D SiUDNLFVDSyGiV KDUPDW YDJ\ HV IRUPiMiEDQ

    $ OHYHJ SiUDWDUWDOPiW V]iUD]QHGYHV KPpUSiUUDO SV]LFKUR

    PpWHU PpULN $ NpW KLJDQ\RV KPpU N|]O D] HJ\LN HJ\ N|]|QVpJHV

    OpJKPpUVpNOHWPpU H]HQ ROYDVKDWy OH D] ~Q V]iUD] KPpUVpNOHW $

    PiVLN KPpU KLJDQ\JRPEMiW iOODQGyDQ QHGYHVHQ WDUWRWW PXV]OLQEXURN

    ERUtWMD H]HQ ROYDVViN OH D] ~Q QHGYHV KPpUVpNOHWHW $ QHGYHV

    KPpUVpNOHW D SiUROJiV RNR]WD KYHV]WHVpJ PLDWW PLQGLJ DODFVRQ\DEE

    D V]iUD]QiO pV D NpW KPpUVpNOHW HJ\WWHV pUWpNpEO

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    PHJ OHKHW iOODStWDQL D OHYHJ SLOODQDWQ\L SiUDWDUWDOPiW

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    $ FVDSDGpN NHOHWNH]pVH PpUpVH

    $ FVDSDGpN KLGUROyJLDL V]HPSRQWEyO D OHJIRQWRVDEE LGMiUiVL HOHP $

    Yt] WHUPpV]HWHV N|UIRUJiViEDQ D FVDSDGpNKXOOiV D OHJLVPHUWHEE

    PR]]DQDW

    $ FVDSDGpN KDOPD]iOODSRWD V]HULQW OHKHW

    V]LOiUG FVDSDGpN Ky

    MpJ

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    IRO\pNRQ\ FVDSDGpN HV

    KDUPDW

    $ IHOV]tQUH MXWiV PyGMD V]HULQW PHJNO|QE|]WHWQN

    PDNURFVDSDGpNRW DPL D OpJWpUEHQ NLFVDSyGLN pV KRVV]DEE

    U|YLGHEE V]DEDGHVpV XWiQ pUL HO D WDODMIHOV]tQW HV Ky MpJHV

    PLNURFVDSDGpNRW DPL N|]YHWOHQO D WDODM IHOV]tQpQ FVDSyGLN NL

    KDUPDW GpU

    $ FVDSDGpN NHOHWNH]pVH OiWV]yODJ HJ\V]HU& IL]LNDL WpQ\H]N KDWiViUD

    LQGXO PHJ D WHUPpV]HW D]RQEDQ D FVDSDGpNNpS]GpVQHN LJHQ VRN

    NO|QE|] PyGMiW WHUHPWL PHJ $ FVDSDGpNNpS]GpV IHOWpWHOH KRJ\ D

    OHYHJ SiUDWDUWDOPD HOpUMH D WHOtWHWWVpJL SiUDWDUWDOPDW $ PHOHJ

    OHYHJ QDJ\REE PHQQ\LVpJ& SiUiW WXG HOUDNWiUR]QL D KLGHJ OHYHJ

    NHYHVHEEHW $ PHOHJHEE OpJW|PHJ IHOV]iOO D KLGHJHEE OpJW|PHJHN

    N|]p NHUO YDJ\ D KLGHJ OpJW|PHJ HUHV]NHGLN OH D PHOHJHEE

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    OpJW|PHJHN N|]p pV iOWDOiQRV OHK&OpVW RNR] tJ\ D KPpUVpNOHW D

    KDUPDWSRQWLJ VOO\HG D UHODWtY SiUDWDUWDORP SHGLJ D WHOtWHWWVpJLJ YDJ\

    iWPHQHWLOHJ D]RQ W~O LV Q|YHNV]LN $ FVDSDGpNNpS]GpV HOWW D

    OHYHJEHQ OpY SiUD IHOKYp V&U&V|GLN $ NLFVDSyGiVKR] D]RQEDQ

    WHOtWHWWVpJ HVHWpQ LV HVNpS] DHURVRORN V]NVpJHVHN DPHO\HNHQ D

    SiUDNLFVDSyGiV PHJLQGXOKDW (]HN PLNURPpWHU VXJDU~ UpV]HFVNpN

    YDJ\ HVHWOHJ D WHOtWHWW IHOKEH PHVWHUVpJHVHQ MXWWDWRWW FVHSSNpS]

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    $ FVDSDGpN NLYiOiViW Q\iURQ D OpJN|UL HOHNWURPRVViJ LV HOVHJtWL (]HN

    NLVOpVHNRU QHYH]]N D ]iSRUFVDSDGpNRW ]LYDWDUQDN

    $ V]LOiUG FVDSDGpNNpS]GpVKH] HUV OHK&OpV V]NVpJHV *\DNUDQ

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    NHUHV]WO pV D I|OGUH pUpV HOWW HOROYDG

    $ FVDSDGpN PDJDVViJiW D FVDSDGpNPpU P&V]HUHNNHO PpULN

    $ FVDSDGpNPpU P&V]HUHN NpW I FVRSRUWED VRUROKDWyN

    1HP UHJLV]WUiOy FVDSDGpNPpUN

    $] RPEURPpWHU HJ\ IJJOHJHV IDO~ IpP KHQJHU DPLW P PDJDV

    ViJEDQ KHO\H]QHN HO D WHUHSV]LQW IHOHWW pV D FVDSDGpN IHOIRJiViUD

    V]ROJiO $ Yt] D KHQJHU DOVy UpV]pEHQ J\&MWSDODFNEDQ WiUROyGLN

    DPLW HJ\ NDOLEUiOW PpUSiOFiYDO YDJ\ HJ\ PpUKHQJHUUHO PpUQHN OH

    QDSRQWD iOWDOiEDQ HJ\V]HU $ FVDSDGpN PDJDVViJiW PLOOLPpWHUEHQ NHOO

    PHJDGQL $ FVDSDGpNJ\&MWNHW WiYROL ODNDWODQ KHO\HNHQ KRVV]DEE

    LGV]DN DODWW KXOORWW FVDSDGpN |VV]PHQQ\LVpJpQHN pV]OHOpVpUH

    KDV]QiOMiN (]HNQHN D J\&MWWDUWiO\ UpV]H HOpJ QDJ\ DKKR] KRJ\ DNiU

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    HJ\ HJpV] pYV]DN FVDSDGpNPHQQ\LVpJpW LV WiUROQL WXGMD $ SiUROJiV

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