PHARMA STARS 2014 HISTOLOGY

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طيبين يا دكاترة بمناسبة العام الدراسى الجديد انتمكل سنة و

يارب السنة دى تبقى سنة سعيدة عليكم

احنا هنتكلم ان شاء اهلل عن مادة الHISTOLOGY .. اللى هى علم االنسجة ..

عارفين احد فروع مادة ال و هى زى ما احناMedical ..

الHistology درجة 50عليها

. Essay درجاتMCQ ..13 درجة 23درجة فى امتحان النظرى .. 03 .1

درجة فى امتحان العملى .. 23 .2

و هتبقى ان شاء هللا المادة جميلة بس هى محتاجة متابعة و تركيز اول بأول

: ان شاء هللا محاضراتنا هيكون فيها اآلتى

شرح المحاضرة بصورة سهلة و بسيطة تسهل علينا المذاكرة .. -1

التنبيه على الحاجات اللى بتيجى دايماً فى االمتحانات بالنص .. -2

..ملخص فى اخر المحاضرة على اهم الحاجات اللى قلناها و الزم نركز عليها -0

.اسئلة الهم الحاجات اللى جت فى امتحانات السنوات السابقة عشان نتدرب على االسئلة من االول -4

Cytology

CYTOLOGY

The cell is the functional & structural unit of all living tissues. .. وحدة بناء جسم االنسان و هى المسئولة عن اداء وظائف اجهزة الجسم

The cell is the smallest living structure which has vital properties such as growth,

secretion, excretion, digestion, contraction, respiration & reproduction.

خلية فى الجسم بتتكون من حاجتين اساسيتين هم : اى

I. Cytoplasm.

II. Nucleus.

يال بقى نبدأ فى الCytoplasm

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1 I. Cytoplasm is formed of:

1. Cytoplasmic Matrix : It is a colloidal solution contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals & enzymes.

ده سائل لزج .وفى أشياء عايمة ..وهى الـORGANELLES & INCLUSIONS ..

2. Cytoplasmic organelles: They are minute living permanent structures that are essential for the

vital processes of all cells e.g. respiration, secretion, digestion

جدا جدا حجمها صغير ..)جمع عضو( ألناسمها عضيات مش أعضاء ..

تعتبر ثابتة ودائمة وحيوية .. ومينفعش أى خلية تكون مش موجودة فيها ..

3. Cytoplasmic inclusions: They are non living temporary structures, not essential for the vitality of the cell.

They are no more than stored substances within some cells e.g.

أشياء غير ثابتة وغير دائمة وغير حيوية ..وهى تتغير من صورة ألخرى ..

: ندخل بقى على واحدة واحدة فيهم

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES They are classified according to presence or absence of membranes into:-

MEMBRANOUS CELL ORGANELLES

1- Cell membrane.

2- Mitochondria.

3- Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth).

4- Golgi apparatus.

5- Lysosomes.

اهم الحاجات اللى هناخدها فى المحاضرة النهاردة .. ودول

NON MEMBRANOUS CELL ORGANELLES

1- Ribosomes

2- Cytoskeleton:

a- Microtubules (centrioles & cilia).

b- Rlaments (Thin, intermediate& thick)

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1 و مش هندرسها ودول مش مهمين أوى ..

.. يال نبدأ بقى بأول واحدة فيهم

Membranous cell organelles

1 - Cell membrane DEFINITION:-

It is an ultra thin membrane that surrounds the cell i.e. it forms an envelope or a cover

for the cell.

ده الغشاء الخارجى الذى يفصل الخلية عن الخاليا االخرى ..وهو رفيع جدا ..

Under Light microscope (L.M.):-

It is invisible by LM as it is very thin (8-10 nm), but can be stained by Ag or PAS.

خاصة ...لما نشوفه بالميكرسكوب الضوئى ..مش هنشوفه فهنصبغه بصبغات

Under Electronic Microscope (E.M.):- It appears as three parallel lines, two dark layers separated by a light one .

i.e. it is a trilamellar membrane.

The cell membrane has an outer covering rich in carbohydrates called cell coat.

خطوط موازية لبعض . 0بيتكون من لما نشوفه تحت الميكروسكوب االلكترونى هنالقيه

.. عبارة عن خطين غامقين بينهم خط فاتح

.. و ليه غطاء رقيق جدا

.. عايزين نشوف هو بيتركب من ايه بقى

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ! CELL MEMBRANE:-

The cell membrane is composed

of lipids, protein & carbohydrate:

1 - Lipids component (30¾): Cell membrane has two types of lipids:

a) Phospholipids molecules b) Cholesterol molecules.

نخلى بالنا عشان المكونات ديه بتيجىMCQ

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a) Phospholipid molecules:-

They are arranged into two layers.

مركب بيتكون منكل :

Each molecule has a polar end & a non polar end.

POLAR END: NON POLAR END:

It forms ! head of ! phospholipid molecule.

It carry charges. Directed to outside . It is also called ! hydrophilic end. [Has

affinity to H2O]محب للماء

It forms ! tail of ! phospholipid molecule.

not charged. Directed to the center . It is called ! hydrophobic end. [No

affinity to H2O] كاره للماء

b) Cholesterol molecules:

They are present in between tails of ! phospholipids molecules.

Lipid component of ! cell membrane allows passage of fat soluble compounds through it.

: تانى مكون هو

2- Protein component (60%): Cell membrane contains two types of protein:

a) Intrinsic protein (integral protein): present in ! form:

Small particles that extend for some distance within ! thickness of ! cell membrane.

Large globules which extend along ! whole thickness of ! cell membrane & act as a

pathway for water soluble substances.

b) Extrinsic protein:

It is represented by small molecules which are loosely attached to ! Extracellular &

intracellular surfaces of ! cell membrane forming a non continuous layer.

: تالت مكون هو

3- Carbohydrate component (10%):

They are polysaccharides either attached to protein molecule & form glycoprotein or to

lipid one and from glycolipid.

فى بروتين .. او كربوهيدرات ماسك فى ليبيد ..كربوهيدرات ماسك

Glycolipid & glycoprotein are known as ! cell coat or glycocalyx.

!كده خلصنا المكونات .. ندخل بقى على اهميته ايه للخلية ؟؟

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FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE:-

A. It keeps ! internal composition of ! cell. كيب الداخلى للخلية يحافظ على الرت

B. Cell coat as a part of ! cell membrane is responsible for cell adhesion, cell recognition &

cell immunity (functions of cell coat).

مسؤل عن تقريب والتصاق الخاليا ... والتعرف على األدوية والهرمونات ... والمناعة

C. It allows passage of substance through it by: - مهم جدا جدا

1) Passive diffusion:

(e.g. gases & water). molecules cross according to concentration gradient.

المواد عن طريق اختالف التركيز بين األماكن.. وتتم من التركيز األعلى لألقل رعبو

2) Facilitated diffusion:

This diffusion needs the help of intrinsic protein which acts as a carrier e.g. glucose.

ه بيبقى عبارة زى اللى فوق بس الفرق ان الجزء اللى عايز يعدى كبير فمحتاج حد يشيله .. اللى بيشيله د عن بروتين .. زى الجلوكوز

3) Active transport:

This process needs energy & takes place against the concentration gradient e.g. Na

pump outside ! cell.

عكس التدرج فى التركيز . وتتم من التركيز األعلى لألقل )العكس( طاقةهذه العملية محتاجة

! و ده اهم واحد فيهم

4) Selective permeability:

By presence of receptors in ! cell coat that allow certain substance only to enter into !

cell, so it is also called receptor-mediated endocytosis.

عبور مواد معينة عن طريق التعرف عليها بمستقبالت معينة (RECEPTOR)

5) Bulk transport (vesicular transport):

Macromolecules enter & leave the cell by vesicular transport that involves changes in

plasma membrane at a localized site & formation of vesicles from the cell membrane

or fusion of vesicles with ! cell membrane.

مثال فيما سبق هو الـ أهمACTIVE TRANSPOT وليه أسم تانى وهو الـ BULK TRANSPORT

مواد حجمها كبير تدخل الخاليا )قد تكون سوائل أو صلبة ( عن طريق تغيير شكل الغالف وتكوين حويصالت تبتلع المادة وتدخلها

داخل الخلية

: المواد ديه بتعدى بطريقتين

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VESICULAR TRANSPORT MAY BE ONE OF TWO PROCESSES:

1. Exocytosis 2. Endocyosis in which substances leave ! cell to outside. in which substances enter ! cell.

يعنى طرد المواد )الفضالت( الى خارج الخلية ابتالع المواد الى خارج الخلية

a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis

a) If ! subs. that enters ! cell is solid !

process is called phagocytosis. بلع b) If ! sub. that enters ! cell is fluid !

process is called pinocytosis. شرب

كده نبقى خلصنا الCell Membrane .. ندخل بقى على تانى مكون من مكونات الخلية ..

2-MITOCHONDRIA

Definition:-

It is a membranous cell organelle.

It is ! power house of ! cell responsible for

cell respiration & energy production.

تسمى بيت الطاقة للخلية

مسئولة عن إنتاج الطاقة وتنفس الخلية

Site: - at site of most activity e.g. apical part in

ciliated cells.

.توجد فى الخاليا النشيطة كالكبد والعضالت

توجد فى كل الخاليا اال كرات الدم الحمراء

LM.:- الدكتور قالت مش مهم

E.M.:-

Appears as a vesicle rounded or oval in shape & covered with double membranes, which

are separated by a narrow space which is called inter-membranous space.

............. تتكون من طبقتين )غشائين( مفصولين عن بعض بفراغ يسمى

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1 ! outer membrane is smooth while ! inner one is thrown into incomplete folds, which are

called shelves or cristae.

)الغشاء الخارجى ناعم ...والداخلى عليه رفوف أو أعراف )حاجات بارزة

Mitochondrial matrix is ! substance, which fills ! internal cavity of mitochondria .

The matrix, contains lipid, protein, carbohydrate, Ca & Mg as well as DNA & RNA

Oxidative enzymes are also present attached by heads to ! cristae.

واحدة .. 1333عددها مش ثابت بس فى انشط خاليا الجسم بتبقى

Functions:-

1. Mitochondria are ! Power House of ! cell as they contain oxidative enzymes which

produce energy. This energy is stored in ! form of ATP & released at time of need.

فيها إنزيمات مؤكسدة ..تولد طاقة عن طريق تكسير المواد .وتخزن هذه الطاقة على شكلATP التى تستخدم وقت اللزوم

2. They can form their own protein & can divide, as they contain DNA & RNA.

.تكون البروتين الخاص بها ...وتستطيع أن تنقسم ألنها تحتوى على دى ان ايه

كده خلصنا تانى مكون من مكونات الخلية .. ندخل بقى ع تالت واحد و هو مهم جدا جدا جدا !

3- ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Definition:

It is a membranous organelle.

It is formed of flattened communicating vesicles & tubules, that form reticulum inside !

cytoplasm.

ةعبارة هن مجموعة من األنابيب والحويصالت متصلة ببعض وتكون شبك

It is classified according to presence or absence of ribosomes into two types: بيتكون من

جزئين

1- Rough (granular) E.R. الخشن

2- Smooth (agranular) E.R. الناعم

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1 a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rE.R.)

Site: In protein forming cells e.g. pancreas, plasma cells, fibroblasts are rich in rER.

L.M.:- It appears as a basophilic (blue) structure due to presence of ribosomes = rRNA.

تظهر بلون أزرق دايما علشان األحماض

النووية اللى موجودة فيها

E.M.:- It appears as a network of

parallel flattened communicating

vesicles & tubules called cisternae

with its outer surface covered with

ribosomes.

Functions:-

1- Synthesis of protein by ! help of ! ribosomes attached to ! surface of rough endoplasmic

reticulum.

الريبوسومات نع البروتين بمساعدةتص ..

2- Condensation & packing of ! protein formed within r.E.R.

3- Budding of ! packed protein at one end of r E.R. in ! form of transfer vesicle.

4- It acts as intracellular pathway for transport of protein to Golgi apparatus.

5- It shares in ! formation of Lysosomes, by formation & segregation of their hydrolytic

enzymes.

وزوومز ألنها بتصنع ليها االنزيمات اللى بتكسر المواد تساعد الليس

b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sE.R.)

Site:- in lipid forming cells e.g. liver & cells of some endocrine

glands.

L.M.:- Acidic philic . بيظهر بلون احمر

E.M.:- It is formed of branching & anatomising tubules &

vesicles. It is surrounded with a smooth membrane which has

NO RIBOSOMES.

Functions: مهم جدا جدا

1. Lipid synthesis. )تصنيع الدهون )مش الربوتني

2. Steroid hormones synthesis.

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1 3. Formation & storage of glycogen, e.g. in liver & muscles.

4. It helps muscle contraction by Ca pump. تساعد انقباض العضالت

5. Detoxification of drugs & hormones in liver. التخلص من املواد السامة فى الجسم

6. Acts as intracellular pathway. مسار داخلى لنقل املواد

: ندخل بقى على رابع مكون و هو ال

4- GOLGI APPARATUS Definition:-

It is a membranous organelle.

It is considered as ! secretory system of ! cell.

نظام االفراز فى الخلية

So it is well developed in protein forming cells

and secretory cells.

L.M.:-

It is demonstrated by (Ag) stain.

It appears as a dark brown network & fibrils

around ! nucleus (perinuclear) in nerve cell or between ! nucleus & secretory pole

(supranuclear) in secretory cell.

e.g. pancreas.

N.B. In sections stained with H & E ! area occupied by Golgi apparatus appears as unstained

area & so it is called negative Golgi Image.

E.M.:- It is formed of saucer-shaped flattened saccules stacked over each other.

Functions:-

1- Concentration of protein formed by r E.R.

بتزود تركيز البروتينات اللى صنعتها الشبكة االندوبالزمية

2- Modification of protein by adding sulphates or carbohydrates.

3- Discharge of secretion in ! form of secretory vesicles

4- Isolation and package of hydrolytic enzymes in ! form of Lysosomes.

5- Formation & maintenance of cell membrane & cell coat.

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س و اخر جهاز و هو ال :ندخل بقى على خام

5-Lysosomes

Def. : Digestive system of the cell contain hydrolytic enzymes .

.. يعنى هى المسئولة عن الهضم فى الخلية

Lm:- مش مهم

Em:- بيظهر لنا حاجتين

1. Primary Lysosmes : Newly formed & homogenous .

2. Secondary Lysosomes : Primary lysosomes + Intracytoplasmic molecules . و ده عبارة عن

: انواع

Heterolysosomes : Primary lysosomes + solid (Bactria or food)

Multivesicular Lysosomes : Primary lysosomes + pinocytic vesicles (fluids) .

Autolysosomes : Primary lysosomes + old organelle .

Resident Body : Contain undigested material fate extruded .

Function :-

1. Digestion of nutrients . 2. Defensive function. 3. Removal of old organelles. 4. Lysis of cells & body after death. 5. Help sperm to penetrate ovum .

وخلصنا الدكاترة ..المحاضرة النظرى خلصت يا كده MEMBRANOUS CELL ORGANELES ..

درجة سليدات تتعرف عليها .. 15درجات رسمة ترسمها لجهاز من االجهزة .. و 5درجة .. 23بالنسبة للعملى : هو عليه

.. مع كتاب النظرى فيه كتاب فيه رسومات بس .. هو ده كتاب العملى

على اهم السليدات و الرسومات و احنا بنحفظها .. و ساعتها هنكون معاكوا اول باول ان شاء هللا ..اخر الترم الدكاترة بتعلملنا

الكتاب موجود فى المكتبات اللى تحت المدرجات فى كلية الطب .. مش فى قسم الهستولوجى ..

بسرعة اهم الحاجات اللى اخدناها فى المحاضرة : تعالوا بقى نفتكر

Conclusion :-

1. Cell & structure . 2. Cell Membrane & structure & function . 3. Mitochondria & structure & function . 4. Endoplasmic reticulum RER & SER .

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1 5. Golgi apparatus &structure & function . 6. Lysosomes & under Em & function .

بقى كده شوية اسئلة عشان نختبر نفسنا فى المحاضرة : ناخد

Questions 1-CHOOSE THE WRITE ANSWER

1) Responsible for Isolation and package of hydrolytic enzymes in the form of Lysosomes is :

(Mitochondria – golgi apparatus – cell membrane).

2) Responsible for Lipid synthesis:

(Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – Rough endoplasmic reticulum- lysosomes)

3) Appear with red philic uncer EM :

(Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – Rough endoplasmic reticulum- lysosomes).

4) Process need energy and take place against the conc. Gradient :

(passive diffusion – Facilitated diffusion – Bulk transport)

2- Mention 3 functions of lysosomes . 3- Mention the differentiation between RER and SER . 4- Mention the function of cell Membrane .

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