§1. qartlis samefo iv-v saukuneebsieprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1035/2/57-72.pdf · qartlis samefo iv-v...
TRANSCRIPT
57
II Tema. saqarTvelo IV saukunidan VII saukunis I naxevramde
§1. qarTlis samefo IV-V saukuneebSi
298 wlis nizibinis zaviT romma garkveuli upirateso-ba moipova sparseTze, _ ganmt-kicda misi politikuri gavlena amierkavkasiis qveynebze. saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta Tavis sa-sargeblod gamoiyena sparseTmac. metoqesTan momavali brZolebis sawarmoeblad da dakarguli teritoriebis kvlav SemoerTebis mizniT gatarda mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi, ramac ganamtkica qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba da samxedro Zliereba.
sparseTi ver egueboda marcxs da zavis vadis amowurvamde, 338 wels, Sahma Sabur II-m romis winaaRmdeg omi ganaaxla. omi or frontze war-moebda, _ SuamdinareTsa da amierkavkasiaSi, xanmokle SesvenebebiT da ocdaxuT wels gagrZelda.
meomari mxareebis warmateba damokidebuli iyo amierkavkasieli xalxebis mxardaWeraze. maTi mimxrobiT, jarisa da cixe-simagreebis gamoyenebiT, Znelad gasavleli adgilebis dauflebiT da, agreTve, adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan jaris sursaTiT momaragebiT isini meto-qesTan SedarebiT seriozul upiratesobas moipovebdnen.
amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebs ki romsa da sparseTs Soris dapirisp-irebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani pozicia hqondaT. al-baneTi, sparseTTan siaxlovisa da misi samxedro-politikuri zewolis gamo, sparseTis mxares ibrZoda. iberiis samefos ki, romelic romis impe-rias formalurad eqvemdebareboda da mis samxedro mokavSired iTvleboda, neitraluri pozicia ekava.
kiTxvebi1. Seni azriT, ra ganapirobebda qarTlis samefos neitralur pozicias?2. ramdenad momgebianad Tvli arsebul viTarebaSi qarTlis neitralitets?
wyaro 1`isini iranelebs ubrunebdnen xuT provincias da uTmobdnen qalaqebs
nizibinsa da singaras. amasTan pirobas debdnen, rom ar Caereodnen somxeTis saqmeebSi da daxmarebas ar gauwevdnen Tavis yofil qveSevrdomsa da mokav-Sire somxebs iranelebTan brZolaSi. zavis pirobebSi iberiaze laparaki ar yofila. Cans, misi politikuri statusi ucvlelad rCeboda~.
l. janaSia.
saboloo jamSi, omi sparseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. imperatori ivliane brZolis velze sasikvdilod daiWra. 363 wels daido axali, 30 wliani zavi. zavis pirobebi romisTvis sakmaod mZime aRmoCnda.
saqarT
velo
IV sau
kunid
an VII sau
kunis I naxevr
amde
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSiqar
Tl
is samefo
IV-V
sauku
neebSi
kiTxvebi1. rogor fiqrob, iqoniebda Tu ara gavlenas zavis pirobebi qarTlis same-fos sagareo politikur mdgomareobaze?2. Seni azriT, rogor isargeblebda sparseTi bizantiasTan miRweuli SeTanx-mebiT?
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V saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg brZolebi kvlav ganaxlda. qarT-lis samefos gaZlierebas sxva mowinaaRmdegec gamouCnda. es iyo aRmosavleT romis imperia, romelic bizantiis saxeliTaa cnobili.
wyaro 5mefe mirdati `mter eqmna berZenTa da sparsTa. berZenTagan eZiebda klarjeTs, sazRvarsa qar-
Tlisasa, xolo sparseTs ara miscemda xarksa~.`qarTlis cxovreba~.
wyaro 6`politikurad qarTuli qveynebi warmoadgendnen Semdeg suraTs: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo da
samxreT saqarTvelos nawili vidre klarjeTamdis Seadgendnen qarTlis samefos, romelic spar-seTis monarqiis damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda da uSualod emorCileboda sparseTis CrdiloeTi provinciebis did marzpans anu mmarTvels... klarjeTi da misi mimdebare qveynebi Woroxis xeobaSi aRmosavleT romis (bizantiis) imperiis uSualo gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda. aRm. romis imperiis aseve uSualo mmarTvelobaSi imyofeboda megruli (Wanuri da sxv.) qveynebi...~
s. kakabaZe.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisa
qar
Tve
lo
IV s
auku
nid
an V
II sa
uku
nis
I nax
evr
amd
eqa
rT
lis
sam
efo
IV-V
sau
kune
ebSi
wyaro 2`arSaki dabrunda qarTlis jariT, Seagrova agreTve mcireodenni Tavisi erTgulni da See-
brZola naxararebs Tavisi qalaqis arSakavanis dangrevisaTvis Suris saZieblad~.movses xorenaci, somexi istorikosi.
sparseTma zavis pirobebiT isargebla da somxeTSi SeiWra. somxeTi romisagan daxmarebas ve-Rar miiRebda. Zlieri mokavSiris gareSe darCenili somxeTis mdgomareobas isic arTulebda, rom adgilobrivi warCinebulebis (`naxararebi~) nawili sparseTis waqezebiT mefe arSak II-s ganudga, _ `man Tavs uSvela maTgan kavkasiis mxareSi qarTvelTa daxmarebiT~.
romsa da sparseTs Soris amierkavkasiaSi politikuri batonobisaTvis brZola amiT ar dasrulebula. maTi warmatebebi aramyari iyo, rasac, pirvel rigSi, TavisuflebisaTvis ad-gilobrivi xalxebis Tavdauzogavi brZola ganapirobebda.
iberiaSi sparselTa mmarTveloba didxans ar gagrZelebula. romaelTa mxardaWeriT mefe saurmagi brZolas aaxlebs maT winaaRmdeg. gadamwyveti upiratesoba verc amJamad moipova romelime mxarem. zavis mixedviT, qarTlis samefo orad unda gayofiliyo, _ asfarugis samkvidro kvlav sparseTis uzenaesobas cnobda, saurmagis xelaxali gamefebiT ki qarTlis nawili romaelTa gavlenis sferoSi eqceoda.
somxeTisaTvis brZola sparseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. amas mohyva qarTlze sparselebis gamolaSqreba.
wyaro 3sparselebma qarTlidan gaaZeves mefe saurmagi, `romelic romaelTa SemweobiT ganagebda ibe-
rias, da am xalxis gamgebloba vinme asfarugs gadasca; Tanac gvirgvini daadga, raTa Cveni gadaw-yvetilebisaTvis Seuracxyofa mieyenebina~
amiane marceline, romaeli istorikosi.
davaleba 1imsjele im faqtorebze, romlebmac sparseTs gauadvila qarTlis daqvemdebareba da teqstisa da wyaro 3-isa da 4-is mixedviT daazuste movlenebis Tanmimdevroba.
wyaro 4`...(imperatori) daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sazRvrad SuaSi mdinare kirosi (mtkvari)
dadebuliyo da savromaks (saurmags) armeniisa da lazebis mosaRvre mxare rgeboda, asfarugs _ albaniisa da sparselebis momijnave~
amiane marcelini.
davaleba 2rukis (sur. 2.2.1.1.) da wyaros 5-is mixedviT daadgine da amowere or nawilad gayofili qarTlis sasazRvro punqtebi da mezobeli qveynebi.
qris
tia
noba
da
saqa
rT
vel
o
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saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
eqar
Tl
is samefo
IV-V
sauku
neebSiwyaro 7
`... bizantia mitacebul qarTul miwebs swrafad rTavda imperiis sisxlsavse cxovrebaSi da swrafadve kulturulad `aberZnebda~ qarTvel mosaxleobas. Tuki qarTvelebs sparselTa winaaR-mdeg farad hqondaT qristianuli sarwmunoeba, berZnuli asimilaciisgan qarTvelebs araferi ar ifaravda. miuxedavad amisa, radganac saqarTvelos didi umTavresi nawili sparsTa gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, mTavari safrTxe mainc sparseTisgan modioda~.
a. jafariZe.
davaleba 31. wyaroebis 5-is, 6-isa da 7-is mixedviT imsjele bizantiisa da sparseTis politikur intere-sebze qarTlis samefos mimarT.2. imsjele, Tu rogor aisaxa bizantia-sparseTis urTierTobebi qarTlis samefos politikur mdgomareobaze.
sparseTi qarTlze Tavisi gavlenis ganmtkicebas religiuri niSniTac cdilobda. qris-tianobas saqarTvelosTvis, sarwmunoebrivTan erTad, politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. gaqristianebiT qarTlis samefos kavSiri romis, SemdegSi bizantiis, imperiasTan kidev ufro mtkicdeboda, rac sparseTis politikuri da kulturuli (religiurTan erTad) gavlenis Sesustebasac moaswavebda. amierkavkasiis qveynebze batonobis gasamyareblad sparseTi cdi-lobda maTSi mazdeanobis gavrcelebas.
wyaro 8`sparseTis gavlenasa da batonobas somxeTsa da iberiaSi qristianoba uSlida xels... amis
gamo sparseTis mTavroba sul imis sagonebelSi iyo, rom qarTvelTa, somexTa da albanelTaTvis sarwmunoeba Seecvala. winaT, roca am samTave xalxSi cecxlTayvanismcemloba gavrcelebuli iyo, sparseTTan maT sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri hqondaT da axlac sparseTis Sahin-Sahi da mTavroba mowadinebuli iyo, rom kavkasiaSi rogorme mazdeanoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gaexada~.
iv. javaxiSvili.
wyaro 12`am miznis misaRwevad iranelebma gadaw-
yvites am qveynebis izolacia arairanuli samyarosagan, maTi kulturis mospoba da mosaxleobis sruli asimilacia. irane-lebs kargad hqondaT mofiqrebuli samo-qmedo gegma, romelsac didi Tanamimdev-robiTa da SeupovrobiT axorcielebdnen... Tavdapirvelad SemoiRes metad samZimo samxedro begara, romelsac mohyva axali sagadasaxado sistema. Semdeg iranelebi apirebdnen amierkavkasiis qveynebSi yovel-gvari Sinagani politikuri damoukide-blobis likvidacias da qristianuli religiis mazdeanuriT Secvlas...
... unda daexuraT eklesiebi... gaerekaT mTeli qristianuli samRvdeloeba da samudamod aR-moefxvraT qristianoba amierkavkasiaSi. mogvebs unda gaexsnaT skolebi da mazdeanoba eswavlebinaT ara marto didebulTa aramed ubralo mdabiurTaTvisac. unda gaevrcelebinaT, agreTve, iranuli wes-Cveulebanic, magaliTad, qorwinebis, dasaflavebisa da sxv.
raTa warmodgena viqonioT, Tu raoden masStaburad tardeboda es RonisZieba, sakmarisia aRin-iSnos, rom mxolod somxebs Svidasze meti mogvi mihyveboda~.
l. janaSia.
sur. 2.2.1.2. amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebi (albaneTi).
davaleba 41. wyaro 8-isa da 9-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe sparseTis religiuri da kulturuli politika am-ierkavkasiis xalxebis mimarT.2. imsjele sparseTis religiur-kulturuli eqspansiis mosalodnel Sedegebze amierkavkasiis qveynebisaTvis.
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wyaro 10`roca zogi aznauri gamdidrda da gaZlierda, mas ukve mefis morCileba aRar surda. garda
amisa, aznaurebs mefisagan mamulebi hqondaT miRebuli samsaxuris pirobiT. mefe am mamulebs Tavis sakuTrebad Tvlida. aznaurebs ki maTi daTmoba enanebodaT da sabolood miCemeba surdaT. gaCaRda brZola mefesa da did aznaur-mTavrebs Soris. amiT isargebles sparselebma, mefis ukmayofilo aznaurebTan kavSiri gaabes da isini Tavis mxareze gadaibires~.
s. janaSia.
adgilobrivi didaznaurebis mimxrobiT sparseTma 428 wels SeZlo somxeTSi mefobis gauqmeba, rac, faqtiurad, qveynis damoukideblobis dakargvas niSnavda. 463 wels igive bedi gaiziara albaneTis samefomac.
amierkavkasieli xalxebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo sparseTis mier dakisrebuli samxedro begara _ Sahis moTxovniT mravalricxovani jaris gamoyvana Soreuli laSqro-bebisaTvis. aseTi politikiT sparseTi zrdida sakuTar samxedro SesaZleblobebs da sxva qveynebis dapyrobiT ifarToebda samflobelos, amave dros asustebda misdami daqvemdebare-buli qveynebis Tavdacvisunarianobas.
dakisrebuli xarkis sidide ki mosaxleobis ekonomikur gaRatakebas iwvevda.
qarTvel warCinebulTa am nawilisgan sparseTis `erTguleba~ iseTive droebiTi movlena iyo, rogorc maTi batonoba saqarTveloze.
wyaro 11`esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani... da warg-
zavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raTa... iyvnen erisTavni igi Tuis-Tuissa saerisTaosa Seucvlelad~.
`qarTlis cxovreba~.
davaleba 51. wyaro 10-isa da 11-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe sparseTis socialuri politika amierkavkasiis qvey-nebis mimarT.2. imsjele, ra socialuri faqtori Seuwyobda xels qarTlSi sparseTis politikuri interesebis gatarebas.
damoukidebeli samuSaoSeajame, ra Sedegebi gamoiRo sparseTis mmarTvelobam qarTlis samefoSi da zogadad amierka-
vkasiis qveynebSi.
wyaro 12`TviTonac didad ukvirdaT saidan modis mTeli es ganZi, an rogor aris kidev es qveyana
Senebulio~eliSe, V saukunis somexi istorikosi.
ganmartebebi
neitraluri _ iseTi (qveyana, teritoria), sadac saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT ar SeiZleba omis warmoeba, samxedro Zalebis ganlageba; vinc ar emxroba arc erT mxares brZolaSi.
berZenTa _ aq:, igivea rac bizantielTa.
saqa
rT
vel
o IV
sau
kuni
dan
VII
sau
kuni
s I n
axev
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de
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad sparseTi kargad iyenebda qveynebs SigniT arsebul winaaRmde-gobebs _ dapirispirebas mefis xelisuflebasa da msxvil miwaTmflobelTa nawils Soris. mefe sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisTvis ibrZoda da am amocanis ganxorcielebas ga-Zlierebuli mTavrebis Zalauflebis SekveciT, maTi damorCilebiT cdilobda. warCinebulTa nawili ki sakuTari privilegiebisa da SeuzRudveli Zalauflebis SenarCunebas eswrafoda da mefis xelisuflebis dasustebiT dainteresebul sparseTs zogjer mokavSireobasac uw-evda. warCinebulTa umravlesoba mxolod piradi interesebiT rodi moqmedebda, _ maT kargad esmodaT qveynis erTianobis mniSvneloba Tavisuflebisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi, amitom maTi umravlesoba bolomde erTgulebda sakuTar samSoblos da qveynis Ta-visuflebisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSiqa
rT
lis
sam
efo
IV-V
sau
kune
ebSi
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saqarT
velo
IV sau
kunid
an VII sau
kunis I naxevr
amde
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSivaxt
ang gor
gaslis mef
oba
es sainteresoa:mefis mcirewlovanobis dros saxelmwifos vaxtangis deda _ sagduxti
ganagebda. Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, is warmoSobiT sparseli, sparseTis CrdiloeTis provinciebis didi marzpanis Svili iyo. did marzpans emorCileboda qarTlis samefoc da, rogorc Cans, Tavis droze sagduxtisa da qarTlis mefis mirdatis qorwinebas politikuri xasiaTi hqonda. wyaroebis mixedviT, sagduxti qarTlis Rirseuli dedofalia. man qarTuli ena da wes-Cveulebebi swrafad Seiswavla da qristianobac aRiara. didia misi damsaxureba qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. sagduxti mefe mirdatis gardacvalebisTanave eaxla mamas _ did marzpans, Seavedra mcirewlovani vaxtangi da gamoiTxova misi gamefebis nebarTva.
§2. vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba
vaxtang gorgaslis gamefebis TariRi dRemde dauzustebelia. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi ̀ moqcevai qarTlisai~ da, gansakuTrebiT, juanSeris ̀ cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, marTalia, bevr saintereso cnobas gvawvdis vaxtangis mefobisa da im drois saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram qarTvel istorikosTa azriT, maTSi gadmocemuli ambebi zogjer istoriul sinamdvilesTan Seusabamoa, rig SemTxvevebSi ki, vaxtangis mefobis zRaprul aRwerilobas gvTavazoben.
istorikosTa umravlesoba vaxtangis gamefebis savaraudo TariRad V saukunis 40-iani wlebis miwuruls asaxelebs. gaziarebulia is azric, rom gamefebisas vaxtangi mcirewlovani iyo _ wyaroebis mixedviT Svidi wlis.
kiTxva 1. Seni azriT, riT SeiZleba aixsnas istorikosTa mier cnobebis gazviadeba?
rogorc viciT, V saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTlis samefo sparseTis eqspansiis realuri saSiSroebis winaSe idga. samefo kari iZulebuli iyo Tavi sparseTis qveSevrdomad gamoecxadebina, eZlia misTvis xarki da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mas samxedro ZaliTac daxmareboda.
arc qveynis SigniT iyo saxarbielo mdgomareoba. sparseTi mefis mowinaaRmdege warCinebulebis gadabirebas cdilobda da sanacvlod maT xalSeuxeblobasa da did wyalobas hpirdeboda. moxerxebuli diplomatiiT aRwevda kidec sawadels da romelime msxvil
xelisufals mainc aumxedrebda xolme mefes.sparseTis mxardaWeriT gandidebuli aseTi xelisufalia qvemo
qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni, romelic Sahis ndobisa da mxardaWeris mosapoveblad uaryofs qristianobas da gamazdeanebuli, sparseTis daxmarebiT daimedebuli, aSkarad upirispirdeba mefes.
sur. 2.2.2.1. vaxtang gorgasali.
wyaro 1`... varsqenisa da SuSanikis damokidebuleba Sors gascda ojaxuri
dramis farglebs da didi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba miiRo. miuxedavad amisa, varsqeni aravis ar erideba: scems Tavis Zmas jojiks, romelic gamoeqomaga SuSaniks, joxs daartyams erT xucess; TviT umaRlesi samRvdeloebac ki erideba pitiaxSis risxvas...
amrigad, varsqenis risxvisagan SuSaniki ver daufaravs verc qarTul eklesias, verc qarTlis aznaurobas da, miT umetes, verc xalxs _ `wvril ers~.
... damaxasiaTebelia, rom `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ erTxelac ar ixsenieba qarTlis mefe. TviT TariRis aRniSvnis drosac iranis mefea moxseniebuli...~
l. janaSia.
igive iTqmis bolnisis sionis warweris (V s. 90-iani wlebi) Sesaxebac. sapitiaxSos teritoriaze am taZris ageba daTariRebulia sparseTis Sahis, perozis, zeobis wlebis mixedviT.
sur. 2.2.2.2. SuSaniki.
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davaleba 1 1. riT aixsneba is faqti, rom `SuSanikis wamebasa~ da bolnisis sionis warweraSi araa moxseniebuli vaxtang gorgasali, xolo movlenebi ki daTariRebulia sparseTis Sahis zeobis wlebiT.2. gansazRvre da Seafase varsqen pitiaxSis roli sparseTisa da qarTlis dapirispirebaSi.3. imsjele im Sedegebze, rac sparseTis socialurma politikam gamoiRo.
qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis brZola mxolod xalxis erTianobisa da saxelmwifos simtkicis pirobebSi gamoiRebda sasurvel Sedegs. amitomac mefem upirveles miznad Sida winaaRmdegobebis daZleva daisaxa.
sur. 2.2.2.3. bolnisis sioni.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSiva
xtan
g go
rga
slis
mef
oba
saqa
rT
vel
o IV
sau
kuni
dan
VII
sau
kuni
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de
wyaro 2`gorgaslis epoqis Tanadrouli bizantiuri da somxuri wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze...
leonti mrovelis mowmoba Seesabameba sinamdviles... rom qarTlis mefem vaxtang gorgasalma namdvilad gaaerTiana dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi...~.
d. musxeliSvili.
vaxtang gorgasals ara mxolod saero pirebi upirispirdebodnen, aramed maRali samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebic. maT xelmZRvanelobda mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli.
wyaro 3`... mTavar episkoposi iyo miqael da man miamTxvia (aukra) ferxi pirsa mefisasa vaxtangs. xolo
mefeman waravlinna mociqulni saberZneTs da iTxova mefisagan da patriarqisagan kaTalikozi. xolo man mosca petre kaTalikozi. da Tana hyvanda mas samoel monazoni, wmindai da Rirsi. da aRaSena qvemoi eklesiai vaxtang mefeman. da dasua petre kaTalikozi~.
`moqcevai qarTlisai~.
mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris momxdari incindentis mizezebs istorikosebi ara-erTgvarovnad xsnian. erTiani azris ararseboba wyaroTa cnobebis simwiriTacaa ganpi-robebuli.
wyaro 4`episkoposebad am dros ukve warCinebulebs, aznaurebs vxedavT. am episkoposebs axla Tavisi mefe
iseve moZulebuli hyavdaT, rogorc mTavrebsa da sxva did aznaurebs. eklesias V saukuneSi ukve didi mamulebi hqonda. am mamulebis gamo qarTlis mefesa da samRvdeloebas Soris iseTive brZola gaCaRda, rogoric mefesa da sxva did aznaurebs Soris iyo. amitom dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs sparselebi da qarTlis samRvdeloeba. TandaTan qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi da episkoposebis umravlesoba sparseTis mxares gadavida iseve, rogorc mezobel somxeTSi. samagierod sparselebi Tavis momxre episkoposebs uxvad ajildoebdnen. iyo iseTi SemTxvevac, roca qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi erisTavadac ki iyo daniSnuli sparselebis mier. ase daiwyo qarTlis mTavrebisa da episkoposebis brZola sparseTTan xelixel CakidebiT qarTlis mefis winaaRmdeg~.
s. janaSia.
wyaro 5`is garemoeba, rom dakrulva da eklesiidan gaZeveba (miqaelisagan) mefis garda spasac ewia...
imis momaswavebeli unda iyos, rom uTanxmoeba maSin marto mefis moqmedebis gamo ki ar unda iyos Camovardnili, aramed spas, e. i. maRal samxedro wres da raindobasac edeboda brali. maSasadame, vaxtang gorgaslis gegma da moqmedeba marto misi piradi ganzraxva ar unda yofiliyo, aramed, am mowinave samxedro wrisac.
amgvarad irkveva, kaTalikosobis dawesebasa da axal episkoposTa daniSvnasTan dakavSirebul uTanxmoebaSi or mopirdapire banakTan unda gvqondes saqme. erTi mxriv yofila vaxtangi, `spa~ da petre da samuel episkoposebi danarCeni 12 saepiskopozo piriTurT, meore mxriT, miqael mTavarepiskopozi Tavisi TanamoazreebiTurT~.
iv. javaxiSvili.
63
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
evaxt
ang gor
gaslis mef
oba
davaleba 2 1. wyaro 4-isa da 5-is safuZvelze gansazRvre da Camoayalibe is savaraudo mizezebi, romelTac mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris dapirispirebis gamowveva SeeZlo.2. Seni azriT, ra saSiSroebas qmnida saxelmwifosaTvis samefo da saeklesio xelisufalTa Soris dapirispireba?
mTavarepiskopos miqaelis winaaRmdegobis daZlevas vaxtangis mier qarTlSi kaTaliko-sobis daweseba mohyva.
wyaro 6`kaTalikosobis dawesebiT vaxtangi ramdenime miznis miRwevas cdilobda. pirvel yovlisa, eklesi-
is TviTmwysoba, cxadia, aZlierebda qveynis damoukideblobas. Semdeg, samefo xelisufleba, ueWvelia, met gavlenas iZenda mRvdelmTavarze, romlis arCevaSi mefes meti xma eZleoda. dabolos, vaxtangma moicila mTavarepiskoposi (miqaeli), romelic, etyoba, mis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaks ekuTvnoda~.
l. janaSia.
wyaro 7`SemTxveviTi ar iyo qarTlSi sworad 12 saepiskoposos daarseba: amieridan qarTlis eklesias
gaaCnda sakuTari saeklesio kreba (saeklesio samarTliT saeklesio kreba 12 episkoposisagan unda Semdgariyo), romelic uflebamosili iyo Tavisi Sinagani saqmeebi _ episkoposTa xeldasxma _ gadayeneba _ TviTve ganego... es garemoeba adasturebs qarTlis eklesiis mier damoukideblobis, avtokefaliis miRebas~.
n. lomouri.
kiTxvebi 1. Seni azriT, ratom Sedgeboda saeklesio kreba 12 episkoposisgan?2. wyaro 7-is mixedviT ra uflebebi hqonda saeklesio krebas?3. rogor gesmis eklesiis `TviTmwysobis~, damoukideblobis mniSvneloba?4. Seni azriT, Seuwyobda Tu ara xels vaxtangis saeklesio RonisZiebebi samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas?
damoukidebeli samuSao Seafase vaxtang gorgaslis mier ganxorcielebuli reformis saeklesio da saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvneloba
es sainteresoa:`qristianul organizacias, qristianebis krebuls, berZnuli sityviT `eklesiiT~ aRniSnavdnen.
SemdegSi qarTulad eklesia daerqva im Senobasac, sadac qristianebis krebuli Tavs iyrida locvisaTvis. raki qarTlSi qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gadaiqca, qarTlis eklesiamac iseTive wyobileba miiRo, rogoric hqonda qarTlis samefos... calke saerisTavoebis saeklesio saqmeebs ganagebdnen episkoposebi, romelnic emorCilebodnen qarTlis anu mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposs (saeklesio reformis Semdeg umaRlesi samRvdelo piri gaxda kaTalikosi). episkoposebs eqvemdebarebodnen xucebi anu mRvdlebi... ~.
s.janaSia.
bizantiis imperiaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobas iZleva arqiepiskoposi lolii:
`msoflio saeklesio kreba imperatorisa da saxelmwifos krebaa, mas ama Tu im olqis mitro-politi ki ar iwvevs, aramed imperatori. krebas eswrebian ara TavianT samitropolitoebSi arCeuli episkoposebi, aramed imperatoris xelisuflebis Sexedulebisamebr daniSnulni da ga-moZaxebulni, ris gamoc yvela adgilobrivi eklesiis episkoposis daswreba ar iyo savaldebulo. krebis yvela gansazRvreba (aqti), kanoni da sarwmunoebis dogmati ZalaSi Sedioda, avtoritetsa da qmediTobas iZenda imperatoris mier maTi damtkicebis Semdeg. amitom saeklesio krebis dadgenilebaTa mowinaaRmdege ganixileboda imperatoris gankargulebis mowinaaRmdeged da amis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo kanonebis Tanaxmad isjeboda~.
davaleba 3 1. Seqmeni saeklesio TanamdebobaTa ierarqiuli kibe an sqema.2. imsjele bizantiaSi saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
64
ajanyebis dawyebas uSualod ukavaSirdeboda qarTlSi sparseTis mokavSire Zalebis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti ieriSis mitana. sparseTis orientaciis momxreTa erT-erTi aRiarebuli meTauri varsqen pitiaxSi iyo. mefem 482 wels varsqeni moakvlevina, rac erovnuli Zalebis did gamarjvebad unda CaiTvalos.
kargad iqna SerCeuli ajanyebis dawyebis droc. sparseTs garTulebuli hqonda mdgomareoba Sua aziaSi, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen somxebica da albanelebic. mezobel xalxebSi iranisadmi
mtruli ganwyoba, agreTve, Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan damyarebuli kavSiri, karg safuZvels iZleoda dampyroblis winaaRmdeg saerTo kavkasiuri brZolis dawyebisaTvis.
ajanyeba warmatebiT daiwyo, _ moxerxda qarTlidan iranelebis gandevna. magram ajanyebulTa mdgomareoba mainc ar iyo sanugeSo. hunebis mier Sepirebuli mravalricxovani jaris magier vaxtangs samas kaciani razmi ewvia. erTianoba arc somexTa Soris iyo. aqaur warCinebulTa nawili sparsuli mmarTvelobis samsaxurSi idga. patriotTa banaki ki, cnobili sardlis vahan mamikonianis (SuSanikis mamis) meTaurobiT, marTalia, ajanyebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda, magram mcirericxovnobis gamo mowinaaRmdegesTan pirispir brZolas erideboda da mTis viwrobebSi iyo gamagrebuli.
wyaro 10`icoda (vahan mamikonianma) somexTa jaris sisuste da xedavda, rom mas dahkargvoda mxneoba,
dauZlurebuliyo da srulebiTac ara hgavda sxva drois gulmodginebasa da mondomebas~.lazar farpeci, somexi istorikosi.
gaerTianebuli qarTul-somxuri jari, vaxtangisa da vahan mamikonianis meTaurobiT, seriozul winaaRmdegobas uwevda sparseTis laSqars, magram misi damarcxeba da dawyebuli brZolis gamarjvebamde miyvana mainc ver SeZlo.
davaleba 4 1. imsjele vaxtang gorgaslis kavkasiuri politikis Sesaxeb.2. Seafase erTiani samxedro frontis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi.
sur. 2.2.2.7. vahan mamikoniani.
samefo xelisuflebis gantkicebisa da zogadad qveynis gaZlierebisken iyo mimarTuli is masStabu-ri aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba, rasac samefo kari awar-moebda.
wyaro 8`aRaSena naSenebiTa uzomoTa... amagrebda cixeTa da qalaqTa da
hkazmida mxedarTa da ganamzadebda brZolad sparsTa...~.`qarTlis cxovreba~.
sparseTis winaaRmdeg dagegmil omSi warmatebis miRweva mxolod qarTlis samefos ZalebiT Zneli iqneboda. mezobel saxelmwifoebSi _ somxeTsa da albaneTSi, rogorc iciT, sparseTma mefoba gaauqma da es qveynebi uSualod daiqvemdebara. am viTarebaSi rTuli iyo erTiani frontis Seqmna da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli Zalebis gaerTianeba.
vaxtang gorgasalma, pirvel rigSi, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebTan _ osebTan, yivCaRebTan da hunebTan ganamtkica samxedro kavSiri. aseT mokavSireobas ukve didi xnis istoria hqonda da, bunebrivia, axlac, sparseTis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti brZolebis dawyebis win, CrdilokavkasielTa mxardaWeras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
wyaro 9`... Seqmna kari ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena mas zeda mcvelni
maxlobelni mis adgilisani da uwoda karad mas darialisa, da aw Tvinier mefisa ver xel-ewifebis gadmosvlad~.
`wminda ninos cxovreba~.
sur. 2.2.2.6. nariyalas cixe.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisa
qar
Tve
lo
IV s
auku
nid
an V
II sa
uku
nis
I nax
evr
amd
eva
xtan
g go
rga
slis
mef
oba
65
484 wels sparseTma amierkavkasiaSi mravalricxovani jari gamogzavna. vaxtangi egrisSi gaixizna da axali laSqrobisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. arc sparselebis mdgomareoba iyo saxarbielo. iranis Sahi perozi, mowinave jarTan erTad aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis dros daiRupa. iranelTa is jari ki, romelic saqarTveloSi salaSqrod emzadeboda, ukan iqna gawveuli.
wyaro 11`iranelebi uaRresad mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. aman aiZula isini mTel rig mniSvnelovan
daTmobebze wasuliyvnen... ajanyebuli somxeTis moTxovniT, iranelebma piroba dades SeewyvitaT qristianobis devna, ar daerRviaT adgilobrivi tradiciebi da mniSvnelovani saqmeebi TviTon Sahs gaerCia. iranelebma gamoacxades, rom isini ar adanaSaulebdnen ajanyebulebs, radgan ajanyeba TviT perozis Zalmomreobam gamoiwviao... 485 wels, ajanyebulTa meTauri vahan mamikoniani som-xeTis marzpanad daniSnes. iranelebi albanelebis winaSec wasulan daTmobaze. kerZod, iq maT me-foba aRudgeniaT...
ueWvelia, ajanyebas dadebiTi Sedegebi qarTlisTvisac unda moetana. amdenad, Tumca vaxtangma ver SesZlo sabolood gaeTavisuflebina qarTli iranuli uRlisagan, magram misma ajanyebam nawilobriv mainc miaRwia mizans. samwuxarod Cven ar SegviZlia imis Cveneba, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixata es~.
l. janaSia.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
evaxt
ang gor
gaslis mef
oba
kiTxvebi 1. Seni azriT, ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moetana iranis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas qarTlis samefo-saTvis?2. wyaro 11-is mixedviT, riT dasturdeba, rom miuxedavad garkveuli warmatebebisa, qarTli mainc iranis Sahis gavlenis qveS rCeboda?
wyaro 12`sparsma vinme sca isari mkerdsa vaxtangissa... damZimda
wyluleba vaxtangisi, rameTu Seweul iyo isari firtuad (filtvi). da warvida ujarmos~.
`da iyo igi umaRles kacTa mis JamisaTa, da uSunieres saxiTa da Zlier ZaliTa, romel Wurvili (aRWurvili) qveiTi iremsa miewiis, upyris rqa da daiWiros, da cxeni Wurvili aRiRis mxarTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa~.
`qarTlis cxovreba~.
garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, vaxtangs ar Seuwyvetia qveynis sruli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola. vaxtangis mematianis cnobiT, mefe erT-erT brZolaSi daWrila, rac misi sikvdilis mizezic gamxdara.
davaleba 5 1. yuradRebiT gaecani wyaro 13-s. Seni azriT, teqstis romeli nawili adasturebs istorikosebis varauds juanSeris Txzulebis gazviadebulobis Sesaxeb?2. gaixsene, ras niSnavs qarTulad vaxtang mefis metsaxeli _ `gorgasali~.3. gaixsene legenda Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb.
damoukidebeli samuSao dawere ese vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis Sesaxeb. airCie SenTvis sasurveli Tema:1. “vaxtang gorgaslis pirovneba”.2. “vaxtang gorgasali _ politikosi”.3. “vaxtang gorgasali _ reformatori”.
ganmartebebi
eqspansia _ aq, igivea rac dapyroba.kontribucia _ fuladi gadasaxadi, romelsac omSi gamarjvebuli mxare damarcxebuls akisrebs
sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT.dogmati _ igive dogma. dogma _ dausabuTeblad, brmad miRebuli debuleba, romelsac miiCneven uryev WeSmaritebad.
sur. 2.2.2.5. ujarmis cixe.
66
davaleba 1 1. imsjele religiuri ganxeTqilebis mizezebze.2. imsjele im faqtorebze, ramac saeklesio ganxeTqileba gaamwvava da mas politikuri elferi SesZina.
wyaro 1`ar iqneboda swori, Tu warmovidgendiT, rom sparseTi qristianobis yovel mimarTulebas ebrZoda.
sparseTi mxolod im mimarTulebas, im frTas ebrZoda, romelic im momentSi romis (bizantiis) imperiaSi iyo aRiarebuli. TviTon sparseTSi mravali qristiani cxovrobda da sparselebis arcTu mcire nawili qristiani iyo, maT hqondaT TavianTi eklesia da TavianTi saeklesio ierarqia, xolo sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebi, magaliTad, sirielebi da somxebi qristianebi iyvnen, romelTa eklesiebic sparseTisaTvis misaRebi iyo~.
a. jafariZe.
wyaro 2`mis Semdeg, rac daeca somex mefeTa taxti (428 w.), somxeTSi sparsTa xelisuflebam fexi
mtkiced moikida, bizantiis imperiisadmi dapirispirebuli iranis Sahis kari im xanebSi mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebas berZnulis sawinaaRmdegod (siriaSi gavrcelebuli iyo monofizitoba). siriul kulturas somxeTSi isedac Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gamdgari da mTavrobis mfarvelobis pirobebSi mas kidev ufro gaeSala frTebi~.
mose xoreneli, somexi istorikosi.
davaleba 2 1. wyaro 1-isa da 2-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe sparseTis religiuri politika. 2. Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze imsjele religiisa da politikis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
§ 3. saeklesio ganxeTqileba
V-VI saukuneebSi qristianuli samyaro didma saeklesio ganxeTqilebam moicva. erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori mimarTuleba _ diofizitoba da monofizitoba. qristianuli moZRvrebis am ori konfesiis warmomadgenlebi RmerTis bunebas gansxvavebulad xsnidnen: diofizitebi qristeSi RvTaebrivTan erTad adamianur sawyissac xedavdnen, monofizitebi ki aqcents mxolod mis RvTiur bunebaze akeTebdnen. erTi SexedviT dava saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebs exeboda da mas politikuri da erovnuli dapirispirebis xasiaTi TiTqos arc ki hqonda, magram, sinamdvileSi, am mimdinareobebis warmomadgenelTa Soris xangrZlivma da mwvave konfliqtma sxvadasxva sfero moicva.
religiuri dapirispireba gascda qristianuli samyaros farglebs da masSi cecxl-Tayvanismcemeli sparseTic aqtiurad CaerTo. bizantiis imperiaSi oficialurad aRiarebuli iyo diofizituri eklesia, monofizitoba ki idevneboda. amdenad, bizantiis politikuri da, masTan erTad, religiuri mokavSireoba ukve ara zogadad qristianobis, aramed uSualod diofizituri mrwamsis aRiarebiT mtkicdeboda. da piriqiT, imperiaSi akrZaluli da devnili monofizitobis miReba konstantinopolTan politikur dapirispirebas niSnavda.
es kargad hqondaT gaazrebuli sparseTis mmarTvelebs. maTi upirvelesi amocana qristian mosaxleobaSi mazdeanobis gavrceleba iyo, rac am xalxebis iranul samyarosTan daaxloebisa da SemdegSi masTan Serwymis sawindari unda gamxdariyo. magram iq, sadac mazdeanobis gavrceleba SeuZlebeli xdeboda, sparseli politikosebi qristianobis im mimarTulebas uWerdnen mxars, romelic bizantiaSi idevneboda.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisa
qar
Tve
lo
IV s
auku
nid
an V
II sa
uku
nis
I nax
evr
amd
esa
ekl
esio
gan
xeT
qil
eba
sparseTis religiuri politika gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTs somxeTSi Rebulobs. som-xeTis iraneli mmarTvelebi yoveli gziT cdilobdnen adgilobrivi eklesiis Camocilebas bizantiisgan.
wyaro 3`(sparsi mmarTveli) ra wignsac ki waawydeboda, igi wvavda, brZana, rom eswavlaT sparsuli da ara
berZnuli wera-kiTxva, aravis hqonda ufleba elaparaka berZnulad anda eTargmna am enidan. amas TiTqos imitom Svreboda, rom somxebs jer kidev ar gaaCndaT anbani da berZnulad asrulebdnen RvTismsaxurebas~.
mose xoreneli.
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saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
esaekl
esio ganxeT
qileba
bizantiis xelisufleba da saeklesio pirebi cdilobdnen viTarebis gamosworebas. am mizniT maT scnes somxeTis eklesiis damoukidebloba, raTa rogorme SeerbilebinaT misalodneli dapirispireba da ramdenadme mainc SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari gavlena somxur eklesiaze. rig SemTxvevebSi ki, mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad somxeTSi cnobil diofizit RvTismetyvelebs agzavnidnen, raTa maT eqadagaT xalxisaTvis berZnuli qristianobis upiratesoba.
kiTxva 1. Seni azriT, ra gavlenas iqoniebda sparseTis religiuri politika somxeT-bizantiis politi-kur da kulturul urTierTobebze?2. ra saSualebebiT cdilobda bizantia somxeTis eklesiaze gavlenis SenarCunebas?
rac Seexeba qarTul eklesias, mas maincdamainc ar ganucdia sparseTis religiuri politikis gavlena. marTalia, qarTlSic Camoyalibda monoTeisturi Temebi, magram am process masStaburi xasiaTi ar miuRia. qarTveli xalxis politikuri da religiuri mrwamsi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebSi `wminda raJdenis cxovreba~.
wyaro 6`aRdges sparsni qristianeTa zeda... rameTu didi iyo maSin brZola da daucxromeli mtroba
qristianeTA zeda da ufroisad berZenTa mimarT, xolo Cuen qarTvelTA mimarT amisaTvis, rameTu eZneleboda Cueni berZenTa mimarT siyvaruli da erToba da ese iyo neba maTi, raTa Cuenca maTTana mter veqmneT berZenTa~.
wyaro 7`... 574 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi monofizitobas simtkice
ukve Seryeuli uCans da qalkedonianobas (diofizitobas) qarTul saeklesio wreebSi TanagrZnoba ukve mopovebuli hqonia. asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis faqti swored qalkedonianobis saqarTveloSi am gamarjvebis gagebas gviadvilebs. rogorc asurel berebs qalkedonianobis TavianTi rwmenis gabatonebisaTvis samSoblo miutovebiaT da albaneTSi misulan saqadagod, iseve momxdara saqarTveloSic da asureli mamebi mosulan. Sinaganma sarwmunoebrivma brZolam, asurel mamaTa energiulma moRvaweobam, bizantiisaken cxadad gadaxrili politikuri orientaciis mZlavrma gavlenamac qalkedonianobas saqarTveloSi monofizitobaze gamarjveba SeaZlebina~.
iv. javaxiSvili.
sur. 2.2.3.1. qalkedonis taZari.
davaleba 3 wyaro 4-isa da 5-is mixedviT imsjele qarTuli eklesiis sarwmunoebrivi da politikuri poziciebis urTierTmimarTebaze.
religiurma ganxeTqilebam qarTvel da somex samRvdeloebas Soris mwvave diskusias mis-ca biZgi. orive mxare erTnairi mondomebiT cdilobda saeklesio erTobis miRwevas, magram yoveli aseTi mcdeloba urTierTbraldebebis wamoyenebiT sruldeboda.
qarTlis kaTalikosi arseni brals sdebda somxeTis samRvdeloebas politikuri mosazrebiT _ sparseTis SiSiTa da misi mokavSireobis surviliT, diofizituri mrwamsisagan gadaxvevaSi.
wyaro 6arsen kaTalikosis cnobiT, Sahma xosro I-ma somxebs mosTxova `erTi orTagan gamoirCieT _ an
miiReT asurelTa sarwmunoeba (monofizitoba) anda datoveT Tqveni qveyana da datoveT sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebio. somxebi Zalian Sewuxdnen, maT arc sarwmunoebis Secvla surdaT da arc qveynis datoveba...~. sabolood maT mainc sparseTis winaSe daTmoba arCies da gadawyvites _ `... umjobesia Cveni sikvdili, vidre amJamad berZenTadmi mibruneba, qveynidan meored ayra-gadasaxleba da Cveni amowyveta siRaribeSio... ~.
sapasuxo werilSi somexTa kaTalikosi abraami WeSmariti sarwmunoebidan gandgomilad qarTul mxares asaxelebda.
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wyaro 7`Tqven axla rom qadiliT mogvwereT Cven _
Cvensa da Tqven mamebs wminda grigolma ierusalimis sarwmunoeba misca da Cven igive gvaqvso, aba kargad gamoiZieT da naxeT, rom Tqvenc da sxvebic mravalni, wminda qalaqis (ierusalimis) mkvidrebTan erTad, SeicvaleT misgan, ara Tu igive gaqvT, xolo Cven exlac ierusalimis sarwmunoeba gvaqvs~.
damoukidebeli samuSao 1. imsjele qarTul-somxuri saeklesio ganxeTqilebis mosalodnel politikur Sedegebze.2. isaubre tolerantobis, kompromisis mniSvnelobaze religiuri ganxeTqilebis dros.
ganmartebebi
konfesia _ garkveuli religiuri mimdinareobis aRmsareblobis Tavisebureba.tolerantoba _ sxvisi azrebis, rwmenis Semwynarebloba.kompromisi _ urTierTdaTmobis gziT miRweuli SeTanxmeba.
sur. 2.2.3.3. eCmiaZini, somxeTis saeklesio centri.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSiqa
rT
lis
sam
efo
VI s
auku
neSi
saqa
rT
vel
o IV
sau
kuni
dan
VII
sau
kuni
s I n
axev
ram
de
§ 4. qarTlis samefo VI saukuneSi
vaxtangis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTlis samefo taxtze misi Ze daCi adis. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT:
wyaro 1`aman daCi mefeman iwyo Senebad qarTlisa, samefo mooxrebul iyvnes xevni qarTlisani, Tuinier
kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da egrisisa. da ganasrula zRudeni Tbilisisani, da, viTa ebrZana vaxtangs, igi Seqmna saxlad sameufod~.
amave periodSi samefo karze mwvavdeba politikuri oriantaciis sakiTxi, rac saxelmwifoSi garkveuli ganxeTqilebis safuZveli xdeba.
wyaro 2`mieriTgan ganiyvnes naTesavni vaxtang mefisani. rameTu Svilni daCisani hmonebdes sparsTa,
xolo Svilni mirdatisni daadges morCilebasa berZenTasa~.`qarTlis cxovreba~.
sparseTis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri pozicia daikava mefe gurgenma. bizantiisgan daxmarebiT daimedebulma mefem 523 wels sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba moawyo.
wyaro 3`imperatorma... petre strategosi gagzavna ramdenime
huniTurT rom is daxmareboda gurgens, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo. amave dros kavadmac (iranis Sahi) didZali jari gagzavna gurgenisa da iberebis winaaRmdeg... gurgenma rom dainaxa, rom is sustia, sparselTa ieriSis atanisaTvis, radgan romaelebis (bizantielebis) gamogzavnili damxmare Zalebi sakmarisi ar iyo, lazikaSi gaiqca iberTa yvela didebuliTurT da Tan waiyvana coli, Svilebi da Zmebi... lazikis sazRvrebSi rom movidnen, aq sur. 2.2.4.2. imperatori iustiniane.
69
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
eqar
Tl
is samefo
VI sau
kuneSi
gaCerdnen da Znelad gadasasvleli adgilebiT daculni, igeriebdnen mters. sparselebi ki daedevnen maT, magram maincdamainc veraferi daakles, radgan saqmes aferxebda Zneladgasasvleli adgilebi. Semdeg iberebi bizantionSi Cavidnen~.
prokopi kesarieli.
sparseTma ajanyebis marcxiT isargebla da qarTlSi samefo xelisufleba gaauqma. amieridan qarTls marTavs marzpani _ iraneli moxele, romelsac sruli Zalaufleba upyria xelT.
wyaro 4gaqristianebul sparss, evstats, mcxeTeli mogvebi Seipyroben da gansasjelad mcxeTis sparsel
cixisTavs miuyvanen. cixisTavi ase mimarTavs maT: `amis kacisa patiji me arara xelmewifebis, arca pyrobileba, aramed waruZRuano ege tfiliss qalaqsa, qarTlisa marzpansa... rameTu yovlisa kacisa qarTlisa mas xel-ewifebis sikudili da cxoreba~.
`evstati mcxeTelis martviloba~.
davaleba 1 1. wyaro 3-is mixedviT imsjele qarTlis ajanyebis damarcxebis mizezebze.2. imsjele qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebis Sedegebze.3. wyaro 4-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe marzpanis xelisufleba.
bizantiaSi gadaxvewili gurgeni cdilobs, daxmareba imperatorisgan miiRos. misi mizania qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis aRdgena da qveynis ganTavisufleba sparselebis batonobisgan, magram male, 532 wels, bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris e.w. `saukuno zavi~ daido.
wyaro 5`SeTanxmdnen erTmaneTTan sazavo pirobebSi, saxeldobr, rom orive mxare daabrunebda im adgilebs,
romlebic am omSi erTmaneTs waarTves... romaelebma misces sparselebs farangioni da bolonis simagre (mdinareebis: Woroxisa da araqsis saTaveebTan mdebare simagreebi), xolo sparselebma romaelebs _ lazikis simagreebi~.
prokopi kesarieli.
zavi mebrZol mxareTagan srulad arc erTs ar akmayofilebda da miRweuli SeTanxmebac, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, droebiTi aRmoCnda.
davaleba 2 imsjele, ra mniSvneloba hqonda am zavs bizantia-iranisa da saqarTvelosTvis.
es sainteresoa:`sasanidebis imperia administraciuli TvalsazrisiT oTx mxared iyo dayofili, romelTac
sparsulad qustebi an qustakebi ewodeboda... es kustakebi, Tavis mxriv, calkeul qveynebad nawildeboda. kavkasiis kustaki 13 aseTi qveynisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa Soris pirveli iyo atropatakani (azerbaijani), meore _ armni (somxeTi), mesame _ varjani (qarTli), meoTxe _ rani (alvaneTi)... da a.S. TiToeuls, rogorc wesi, `marzpani~ (mxaris ufrosi) marTavda~.
d. musxeliSvili.
am droisaTvis iranSi jer kidev mZvinvarebda mazdakidebis ajanyeba. misi sulisCamdgmeli iyo vinme mazdaki, romelic qadagebda adamianTa Soris gabatonebuli siZulvilisa da mtrobis mospobas, rac sikeTiTa da SemwynareblobiT unda Secvliliyo. mazdakis azriT, siZulvilsa da urTierTmtrobas iwvevda materialuri uTanabroba, simdidrisa da siRatakis gverdigverd arseboba. mazdaki moiTxovda qonebis gaTanasworebas, agreTve, qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, misTvis sakuTrebis flobisa da gankargvis uflebis miniWebas. mazdakis moZRvreba male gavrcelda mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi da mZlavr ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. ajanyebulebi arbevdnen warCinebulTa saxlebs, itacebdnen maT qonebas... saboloo jamSi, ajanyeba marcxiT dasrulda. mazdaki da misi mravali mimdevari ki sikvdiliT iqnen dasjilni.
davaleba 3 1. imsjele mazdakis moZraobis gamomwvev mizezebze.
2. Seafase mazdakis moZRvrebis socialuri Sinaarsi.
70
wyaro 6`iqmnes SfoTi didi sparseTs
Sina~.`esreT ra ucalo iqnes sparsni,
maSin SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da qvemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnes erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvissa saerisTavosa Seucvlelad. maSin keisarman aRasrula, Txovna maTi, da mosca mefed... romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da javaxeTs... amas guarams misca keisarman kurapalatoba da warmogzavna mcxeTas~.
`qarTlis cxovreba~.
VI saukunis bolosaTvis sparseTis Zalaufleba qarTlSi TandaTan sustdeba:
wyaro 7`Sekrba qarTli ganaCines erisTavad guaram didi. ese iyo pirveli erisTavi~.
`moqcevai qarTlisai~.
`mTavrobda gurgeni (guaramis momdevno xelisufali), xolo iberTa dedaqalaqi maSin tfilisi iyo~.
Teofane bizantieli, VI saukunis istorikosi.
sxva wyaroebi guaramsa da mis memkvidreebs mefeebad ar moixsenieben.
kiTxvebi 1. ra pirobas uyeneben erisTavebi bizantiis imperators?2. rogor fiqrob, ratom daTanxmda imperatori erisTavebis moTxovnebs?3. rogor fiqrob, guaramisa da misi memkvidreebis xelisufleba mefisas Seesabameba Tu erisTavT-erisTavisas, anu `erismTavrisas~?4. riT gansxvavdeba mefisa da erismTavris xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan?
sur. 2.2.4.3. bizantia da sparseTi.
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisa
qar
Tve
lo
IV s
auku
nid
an V
II sa
uku
nis
I nax
evr
amd
eqa
rT
lis
sam
efo
VI s
auku
neSi
davaleba 4 wyaros safuZvelze imsjele qarTlis mmarTvelobiT xasiaTze; miiCnev Tu ara mas srulyofilad?
daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.
qarTli gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebuli Cans stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobisas (daaxl. 593_604 ww.). misi xelisufleba mTlianad moicavs sparselTa politikuri gavlenisagan srulad ganTavisuflebul aRmosavleT saqarTvelos.
wyaro 8`... sparseTSi bizantielTa wyalobiT gamefebuli xosro II keTilganwyobil atmosferos
qmnis qristianTa mimarT da qristianoba iq mazdianizms upirispirdeba. meore mxriv bizantia, romelic didi xania ibrZoda qarTlis dasaufleblad, dainteresebuli unda yofiliyo qarTlis siZlieriT Tavisi Crdilo-aRmosavleTi periferiis da, kerZod, lazikis usafrTxoebisaTvis, romlis mimarT iranis pretenziebi, ra Tqma unda, bizantiis samefo kars kargad axsovda. aseTi politikuri viTareba qarTlisaTvis, misi kulturuli da politikuri aRorZinebisaTvis, friad xelsayreli iyo da es ar SeiZleboda ar gamoeyenebina mis gamgebels~.
d. musxeliSvili
damoukidebeli samuSao imsjele im sagareo faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves qarTlis kulturul da
politikur aRmavlobas.
71
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisaqar
Tvel
o IV
sauku
nidan V
II sauku
nis I naxevramd
e
§ 5. egrisis (lazikis) samefo IV-VI saukuneebSi
IV-V saukuneebis bizantiuri wyaroebi kolxeTs egrisad moixseniebdnen _ `kolxeTi aris igive egrisi... ~. mas aseve lazikasac uwodebdnen.
wyaro 1`afSilebi da abazgebi... ZvelTaganve lazTa qveSevrdomebi arian... ~.
prokopi kesarieli.
`arc lazebi da arc TviT svanebi ar miiCneven sadavod, TiTqos svaneTi winaT lazTa qveSevrdomebi ar yofiliyos, arc imas, rom svaneTis mmarTvels lazTa mefis gadawyvetilebiT eniWeboda Zalaufleba~.
menande protiqtori, bizantieli istorikosi.
kiTxvebi 1. ra saxis gaerTianebad warmogvidgeba lazika?2. garda CamoTvlilisa, Seni azriT, kidev romel qarTvelur tomebsa da kuTxeebs moicavda lazTa samefo?
es sainteresoa:egrisi sityva `egridan~, igive `megridan~, momdinareobs da aRniSnavs
`megrTa~ e. i. megrelTa saxelmwifos. es ki imas niSnavs, rom egrisis samefo, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomebisagan Sedgeboda, megruli modgmis tomTa hegemonobiT Seiqmna da SemdegSiac, isini am saxelmwifoSi wamyvan politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen. rac Seexeba lazebs, isini megrelebisgan eTnikur-tomobrivad TiTqmis arc ganirCeodnen.
egrisis (l
azikis) samef
o IV
-VI sau
kuneebSi
sur. 2.2.5.1. lazikis droSa.
egrisis gaZlierebas im drois saerTaSoriso politikuri viTarebac uwyobda xels. romis imperia IV saukunis II naxevridan axlo aRmosavleTSi TandaTan Tmobs poziciebs. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi Zlierdeba iranis politikuri gavlena. sparseTi axla ukve SavizRvispireTSic gegmavs gabatonebas, rac regionidan romis imperiis gaZevebis tolfasi iqneboda.
im viTarebaSi, rodesac roms aRar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi mokavSireebi `sparsuli safrTxisagan~, Zalauneburad Tanxmdeba mokavSireebis gaZlierebas, im pirobiT, rom isini imperiasTan `megobrul~ urTierTobas SeinarCunebdnen.
lazikis mimarT sakuTari interesi hqonda sparseTsac. Sahi kargad acnobierebda, rom egrisSi gabatonebaze: `iqneboda damokidebuli, rom mosazRvre barbarosebma yovel weliwads arbion romaelTa miwa-wyali. Tqven albaT iciT (eubnebian Sahs mrCevlebi), _ rom lazTa qveyana dRemde kavkasiis mTebis safars warmoadgens... agreTve, lazikis mezoblad mosaxle hunebisganac sparsTa saxelmwifo samudamod daurbeveli iqneboda... kavkasiaSi mosaxle barbarosebisaTvis lazike aris mxolod sawinaaRmdego tixari...~ (prokopi kesarieli).
lazika sxva mxrivac iyo ucxoTaTvis mimzidveli:
sur. 2.2.5.2. lazika.
wyaro 2`puri maT (svanebs) kolxTa mefisagan egzavnebodaT... ~.`(lazika) Seicavs mravals mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels... Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva
nayofic iq kargad xarobs... ~.`(lazebi) mudam awarmoebdnen pontoSi mcxovreb romaelebTan sazRvao vaWrobas... ~.
prokopi kesarieli.
`svanebis sardali emorCileboda lazs da masTan aRricxuli iyo saxarko siaSi da lazi kidevac iRebda misgan futkris nayofs da tyavebs da zog sxva ramesac... ~.
menandre protiqtori.
72
saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSisa
qar
Tve
lo
IV s
auku
nid
an V
II sa
uku
nis
I nax
evr
amd
eeg
ris
is (l
azik
is) s
amef
o IV
-VI s
auku
neeb
Si
davaleba 1 1. imsjele im pirobebze, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves lazikis samefos gaZlierebas.2. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT ra faqtorebma ganapiroba romisa da sparseTis daintereseba lazikis samefoTi?
lazika kulturuladac dawinaurebuli qveyanaa. misi dedaqalaqia cixe-goji, igive arqeopolisi.
wyaro 3`arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
gamovlenili iqna qalaqis grandiozuli safortifikacio (samxedro-TavdacviTi) sistema, Sida qalaqis teritoriaze _ ori abanos Senoba, romelTagan erTi, Tavisi gegmarebis sirTuliT, daxvewili arqiteqturuli formebiT, gamoirCeva yvela msgavsi amavdroindeli nagebobisagan saqarTvelos teritoriaze... qalaqis qveda teritoriaze ganlagebuli iyo sasaxle, sameurneo nagebobani da IV-V saukuneebis uZvelesi eklesiebi. ar-qeologiuri masala, romelic Seicavs adgilobriv keramikul nawarms (Wur-Weli, kramitebi), minis nakeTobebs
(WurWeli, fanjris minebi), rkinis iaraRis (isris wverebi, javSnis firfitebi, danebi) da importuli masalac, aSkarad mowmobs, rom IV-V saukuneebis cixe-goji warmoadgens msxvil qalaqur dasaxlebas, administraciul-politikur, saeklesio da savaWro-saxelosno centrs~.
d. musxeliSvili.
davaleba 2 gaixsene dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebi; wyaro 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe Zveli qalaqi _ CamoTvale mTavari nagebobebi, aRwere mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saqmianoba.
sur. 2.2.5.3. cixe-goji.
rogorc viciT, 523 wlis ajanyebas qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis gauqmeba da sparseTis uSualo mmarTvelobis damyareba mohyva. sparseTi axla ukve daufaravad acxadebda pretenziebs dasavleT saqarTvelozec.
bizantiam, lazikis SesanarCuneblad, gazarda iq Tavisi laSqris raodenoba da strategosebis Zalaufleba, rasac egrisis mefeTa xelisuflebis dasustebasTan erTad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gauaresebac mohyva.
Seviwroebuli lazebi bizantiis mimarT mxardaWeras sul ufro naklebad amJRavnebdnen. isini sparseT-bizantiis dapirispirebis procesSi TiTqos ganze gadgnen da bizantielebs samxedro mxardaWeras ar ucxadebdnen.
safrTxis moaxloebasTan erTad, bizantia sul ufro metad ereva egrisis saSinao saqmeebSi da VI saukunis dasawyisSi faqtobrivad iqvemdebarebs kidec mas.
wyaro 4`mefem gadawyvita gaegzavna jari da sardali irene. iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea
lazebis miwa. wyalze ori simagrea, romelTa dacva ZvelTaganve adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis sazrunavs Seadgenda... iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe. sxva adgilidan risame Semozidva, viwrobebis wyalobiT, SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu kacebi TviTon moitanen... (bizantiis imperatorma undoblobis gamo) gamoiyvana iqidan es mcvelebi da romael jariskacebs ubrZana simagreebis sadarajoze damdgariyvnen. Tavdapirvelad maT lazebi awodebdnen Zlivs-ZliobiT saWiro sursaTs, magram Semdeg maT uari ganacxades am samsaxurze da romaelebma es simagreebi datoves; isini xelT igdes sparselebma sruliad gaurjelad... ~.
prokopi kesarieli.