1-s2.0-s2211812815004253-main articulo
TRANSCRIPT
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 1/6
Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
2211-8128 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of UFGNSM15
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.083
ScienceDirect
5th International Biennial Conference on Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials,UFGNSM15
Preparation and Characterization A Novel Nano Composite Barrier
For Gtr / Gbr
N. Alikhanifard a, A. Zargar a,*, S. Karbasia
a Biomaterials,Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Group,Department of Advanced Medical Technology,Isfahan university of Medical
sciences,Isfahan,Iran
Abstract
Lack of bone tissue and its regeneration has been one of the important challenges of dentistry. Periodontitis is a chronic
inflammatory disorder such factors can lead to periodontal tissue destruction, loss of bone tissue and eventually cause tooth loss.
Currently, to repair and replace lost bone tissue, membranes are used. In this research, the Nanocomposit barrier was made by poly
(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) as matrix with different percentage Diopside nanoparticles as reinforcement were prepared by
Electrospining process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showed uniform fibers with diameter less than 200 nanometres
and the image processing by MATLAB software shown 85% porosity with interconnected porous architecture. The FTIR results
demonstrated the proper interaction between the polymer and Nono powder Diopside. Thin sheeting, as well as, confirmed optimal
strength as a barrier to stability in the affected area by applying compressive forces during chewing. In conclusion, this Nano
composite could be used as a admissible nomination for Guided tissue regeneration and Guided bone regeneration (GTR/GBR)
applications.© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of UFGNSM15.
Keywords:Barrier; Nanocomposite; Guided tissue regeneration; Guided bone regeneration.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: 098-31-3266-6138; fax: 098-31-95016490
E-mail address:[email protected]
© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of UFGNSM15
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 2/6
589 N. Alikhanifard et al. / Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
1.
Introduction
Aging population and unpredictable events of the main reasons for the development of dental biomaterials. This
causes a significant increase in the number and reconstructive surgery, dental implants and crowns with a ceramic or
prostheses are to rebuild gums, this often leads to the use of membranes for guided tissue regeneration or bone (GTR
/ GBR) with or without the hybrid materials. Apart from the above, periodontitis is also one of the most devastating
injuries that affect periodontal integrity system and periodontal tissue damage and ultimately tooth loss, Pihlstrom et
al. (2005). To repair and replace lost bone graft materials, membranes, or both are used Membranes as a physical
barrier to prevent penetration of fibroblasts into the connective tissue and create space and help to regenerate the
periodontal tissues used. In order to connect need membranes and biocompatibility with the host tissue without
causing inflammatory responses, Profile destruction in order to comply with the new tissue formation, physical and
mechanical properties are suitable for inclusion in body and sufficient strength to prevent collapse of the membrane
and spontaneous performance are as a barrier, Rakhmatia et al. (2013). But is important that, membrane absorption
time to comply with the restoration of the affected area and stabilize the site of injury by applying compressive forces
during chewing. Commercially available membranes has many structural constraints, mechanical and biological
functions. Among the variety of methods used for fabricating the membranes, electrospinning is promising for
applications such as GTR / GBR, Dimitriou et al. (2012). Essentially, the three-dimensional structure obtained by the
electrospun membranes with a high level of structural, mechanical strength and performance tuning guide the newcells into the bone defect offers. Electrospinning has attracted much attention because it is a unique technique to obtain
the scaffolds with micro or nanofibrous structure which are similar to extracellular matrix (ECM). due to the high
surface area, the functional groups associated pore size at the nanoscale, the scaffold-based nanofibers more favorable
micro-fiber scaffolds or other morphological forms, Venugopal et al. (2008), Ayres et al. (2010).
Polymer/bioceramicnanocomposites have indicated improved mechanical and structural properties, optimum
degradation kinetics, bioactivity and tissue interaction. P3HB as a member of the Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
family, has attracted much attention for a variety of medical applications because of its biodegradation, excellent
cytocompatibility to various cell including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, endothelium and epithelium cells
and Compared with polymers of poly-alpha-hydroxy acids (e.g., poly-lactic acid or poly lactic glycolic acid) have a
longer degradation time, Misra et al. (2006), Yang, et al. (2009). In recent years, diopside ceramics, biomaterials
applications are considered. Allowing the formation of apatite in simulated body fluid and will connect seamlessly to
the bone. In addition, studies, Hase et al. (2011), indicate a much higher mechanical strength of hydroxyapatite andWollastonite was much slower degradation rate. Haes et al. (2011), has been recommended diopside in the treatment
of dentinal caries due to rapid deposition of apatite on the surface. Another bioactive diopsideceramics, provides
desirable properties in the human mouth. So, dental applications such as bone repair in periodontal disease can be a
good option. Generally, the purpose of adding nanoparticles to the polymer material used in bio-mimicking
compounds are to improve the response of biological tissue such as cell adhesion, cell proliferation or destruction and
mainly improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposite structures.
Nomenclature
ND NanoDiopside
PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate
D Distance
V Voltage
2.
Experimental procedure
2.1.
Fabrication and sample preparation
Poly (3hydroxybutyrate) powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich USA (CAS=26063-00-3, Mw=3000,000g
mol-1,LOT NUMBER: S68924-099). Chloroform (CF) and Dimethylformamid (DMF) were bought from MERCK,
Germany. Diopsid nanoparticles, were synthesized as described by(Iwata, Lee et al. 2004) with following precursors:
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 3/6
590 N. Alikhanifard et al. / Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
analytical grade Ca(NO3)2.4H2O,MgCl2.6H2O, Ethanol and Si(OC2H5)4(Merck). Transmission electron
microscope, TEM (CM120 PHLIPS), was utilized to study the morphology and to determine the size of diopside
nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of samples was performed using (Bruker. DB ADVANCE. Germany)
diffract meter. For preparation of polymer solution with 6% Wtconcentration, P3HB dissolved in a mixture of
CF/DMF solvents. The solution was stirred for 30 min at 50 ºC. Then nD with different (5, 10, 15%Wt) were added
to the solution and stirred for 30 min. Homogenizer was used for improving homogenization and preventing of
nanoparticles agglomeration. Finally, electrospinning was done with applying different voltage and distance betweenthe nozzle and the webs collector .
3.
Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of NanoDiopside powder
Figure 1 shows the TEM image (a) and XRD (b) pattern of diopside nanoparticles. According to Fig. 1a, the
diopside nanoparticles are in the range of 50 – 100 nm and exhibit agglomerative morphologies with irregular shapes.
The XRD analysis of the prepared powder indicated the peaks associated with the diopside phase according to JCPDS
standard. (Fig. 1b).
Fig. 1. (a) TEM image; (b) XRD pattern of diopside Nanoparticles.
3.2. FT-IR analysis
To characterize the surface of modified samples, attenuated total The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy analysis was performed using FT Infrared Spectroscope, JASCO, FT/IR-6300 (400-4000 cm-1), Japan.
FTIR spectroscopy of the P3HB /nD nanocomposite revealed proper interaction between PHB and nD. In Fig.2, the
peak of carbonyl groups was shifted from 1725.98 to 1721.16 cm¹ and the intensity is shorter than the same peak for
pure PHB. These changes could be related to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl groups of the
nD.
Fig. 2. FT Infrared Spectroscope of PHB/ NanoDiopside.
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 4/6
591 N. Alikhanifard et al. / Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
3.3.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
The results of Scanning electron microscope (SEM) kyky- EM3200, images show that the fibers in the composite
with ND (10% wt) in comparison with other amount is more uniform (Fig. 3b). Also fibers diameter compared with
pure polymer significantly from average about 600 nm to lesser than 200 nm dropped (Fig. 3 (h and k)) .The reduced
diameter of the fibers makes the composite produced closer to ECM of natural texture. This is a positive factor which
is expected to lead to cell growth. On the other hand, due to a decrease in fiber diameter Pores size may be reduced.
As a result, the average pore size is reduced, interconnectivity of porosity increases. Also, SEM images (Fig. 3 (d and
f)) of Nanocomposite membranes demonstrate at ND conconcentration above 10% Wt, and voltage upper than 10 Kv,
they tend to agglomerate. Pursuant to demonstrate that nanofibers are uniformly. Finally, electrospinning was done
with applying voltage of 10KV. The distance between the nozzle and the webs collector was 20 Cm. SEM images in
Fig. 2 (d and e), show that the other amounts of voltage and distance fibers morphology is not uniform and in some
circumstances has occurred agglomeration.
Fig. 3. SEM image (a) ND=5%, V=10kv ,D=20 cm; (b) ND=10, v=10 ,D=20; (c) ND=15, V=10 ,D=20; (d) ND=15, V=15 ,D=10; (e) ND=10,
V=15 ,D=10; (f) ND=15, V=15 ,D=20; (g) ND=10,V=15, D=20; (h) ND=0,V=10, D=20; (k) ND=10,V=10,D=20 .
b
1000× 10 m×
c
1000× 10 m
×
f d
×1000× 10 m
e
k
1000× 10μm 1000× 10μm
h
1000× 10μm
g
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 5/6
592 N. Alikhanifard et al. / Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
3.4.
Determination of porosity
This method revealed that image analysis can easily be exerted to the porosity measurement of various layers,
Ghasemi et al. (2007). It can be seen from SEM images samples that3-b has an open porosity. Using MATLAB
software 85% of porosity sample were confirmed. The porosity of each right nutrients to penetrate the cell and
cellular metabolism are required .
Fig. 4. Porous membrane images processed by MATLAB software.
3.5. Mechanical properties
Tensile properties done according to ASTM D882-02.When the membrane is placed UNDER PRESSURE, the
load is transmitted from matrix to nanoparticles that could result in improved mechanical properties. As can be seen
with the percentage of Nano-powder diopside significant change in strength of composites in comparison with
polymer cannot be seen. But By comparing the average modulus of elasticity, it can be reviled that composites
containing with (10% wt) nD Compared with the rest of the percentages have Lower modulus of components. That ,It is very suitable for clinical applications due to its easily forming manner at the site of the defect, Stamatialis et al.
2008, Rakhmatia, et al. 2013).
Fig. 5. (a) Tensile stress; (b) Modulus of Nano composite.
7/26/2019 1-s2.0-S2211812815004253-main articulo
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-s20-s2211812815004253-main-articulo 6/6
593 N. Alikhanifard et al. / Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015) 588 – 593
4. Conclusion
In this study, the novel nanocomposite membrane was prepared with 10 wt% NanoDiopside, and the SEM images
demonstrated that the membrane possesses less agglomeration and have uniform fibers with diameter less than 200
nanometers and the image processing of the optimum sample by MATLAB software shown 85% porosity with
interconnected porous architecture, that may improve cell attachment. In addition, the FTIR results showed that it
seems there is a favourable interaction between polymer and diopside nanoparticles which improves connection in theinterface of nanocomposite’s phases. Finally, this membrane has acceptable porosity and morphologic character that
warrants further studies to be conducted on the perspective for Guided tissue regeneration and Guided bone
regeneration (GTR/GBR) applications.
Acknowledgements
The authors especially thanks to the members of fatuity of medical sciences of new technologies, and the department
of biomaterials.
References
Ayres, C.E., Jha, B.S., Sell, S.A., Bowlin, G.L., Simpson, D.G., 2010. "Nanotechnology in the design of soft tissue scaffolds: innovations in
structure and function." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2(1): 20-34.
Dimitriou, R., Mataliotakis, G.I., Calori, G.M., Giannoudis, P.V., 2012. "The role of barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration and
restoration of large bone defects: current experimental and clinical evidence." BMC medicine 10(1): 81.
GhasemiMobarakeh, L., Semnani, D., Morshed, M., 2007. "A novel method for porosity measurement of various surface layers of nanofibers
mat using image analysis for tissue engineering applications." Journal of applied polymer science 106(4): 2536-2542.
Hase, H., Nonami, T., Yamamoto, S., Kawamura, N., 2011. "Fundamental Study On Relation Between Elution Of Calcium From System Cao-
Mgo-Sio 2 Synthesis In Pseudo Body Fluid And Apatite Deposition For Incipient Dentin Caries Treatment." Journal of the Australasian
Ceramic Society 47(1): 14-17.
Iwata, N.Y., Lee, G.H., Tsunakawa, S., Tokuoka, Y., Kawashima, N., 2004. "Preparation of diopside with apatite-forming ability by sol – gel
process using metal alkoxide and metal salts." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 33(1): 1 -6.
Misra, S.K., Valappil, S.P., Roy, I., A.R., Boccaccini, A.R., 2006. "Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/inorganic phase composites for tissue
engineering applications." Biomacromolecules 7(8): 2249-2258.
Pihlstrom, B.L., Michalowicz, B.S., Johnson, N.W., 2005. "Periodontal diseases." The Lancet 366(9499): 1809-1820.
Rakhmatia, Y.D., Ayukawa, Y., Furuhashi, A., Koyano, K., 2013. "Current barrier membranes: titanium mesh and other membranes for guided
bone regeneration in dental applications." Journal of prosthodontic research 57(1): 3-14.
Stamatialis, D.F., Papenburg, B.J., Gironés, M., Saiful, S., Bettahalli, S.N., Schmitmeier, S., Wessling, M., 2008. "Medical applications of
membranes: drug delivery, artificial organs and tissue engineering." Journal of Membrane Science 308(1): 1-34.
Venugopal, J., Low, S., Choon, A.T., Ramakrishna, S., 2008. "Interaction of cells and nanofiber scaffolds in tissue engineering." Journal of
Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 84(1): 34-48.
Yang, F., Both, S.K., Yang, X., Walboomers, X.F., Jansen, J.A., 2009. "Development of an electrospun nano-apatite/PCL composite membrane
for GTR/GBR application." Acta biomaterialia 5(9): 3295-3304.