1 số vấn dề tranh chấp

8/7/2019 1 s vn d tranh chp

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1.2.1 Khi nim:

Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt vn bn hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng

ng bin, trong ngi chuyn ch cam kt s chuyn ch hng ho t mt cng ny

n mt khc giao cho ngi nhn cn ngi thu tu cam kt s thanh ton cuc ph

theo ng nh tho thun ca hp ng.

Ngi chuyn ch (carrier) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn c th l ch tu

(ship-owner) nhng cng c th khng phi l ch tu m ch l ngi thu tu ca ngi

khc kinh doanh ly cc. Cn ngi thu tu chuyn ch hng ho c th l ngi

xut khu v cng c th l ngi nhp khu theo iu kin v c s giao hng c p

dng trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.

Song trn thc t ngi thu tu v ngi cho thu tu rt t khi trc tip k hp ng

vi nhau. Trong thu tu ni chung v thu tu chuyn ni ring, ngi ta hay thng qua

i l hoc ngi mi gii tin hnh vic thu tu. Ngi mi gii hay i l thng

l nhng ngi c chuyn mn, am hiu v th trng thu tu, lut hng hi, tp tc ca

cc cng... chnh v vy khi thay mt cho ngi thu hay ngi cho thu tu k kt

hp ng chuyn ch s bo m quyn li cho ngi u thc tt hn.

1.2.2 Ni dung ch yu ca hp ng thu tu chuyn:

- Cc bn ca hp ng

- Quy nh v hng ha

- Quy nh v con tu v thi gian tu n cng xp hng.

- Quy nh v cng xp hng, cng d hng

- Quy nh v chi ph xp, d.

- Quy nh v cc ph v thanh ton cc ph.

- Quy nh v thi gian lm hng, thng pht xp/d


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- Quy nh v lut l v trng ti.

1.2.3 Hp ng thu tu mu:

Ni dung v cc iu khon qui nh ca hp ng thu tu chuyn l kh phc

tp, chnh v vy i n vic k kt hp ng ch tu cng nh ngi thu tu phi tn

ph nhiu thi gian giao dch m phn. n gin ho cc th tc hnh chnh, gim

bt thi gian giao dch m phn, ng thi hn ch cc tranh chp xy ra trong qu trnh

thc hin, cc t chc hng hi quc t v quc gia, cc lut s quan tm c bit n

vic tiu chun ho hp ng thu tu, pht hnh nhng hp ng thu tu chuyn mu

s dng trong thu tu. Sau khi thng nht, ngi lp hp ng ch cn in thm

nhng iu khon c th vo ch trng ng thi gch i nhng cu nhng t khngc tho thun v b sung theo nhng iu khng c trong mu. Hp ng thu tu

chuyn mu ch mang tnh bt buc khi hai bn thng nht k kt quc t. Mu c

s dng ph bin nht l mu GENCON do BIMCO ngh p dng, c sa i,

b sung vo cc nm 1922, 1976, 1994.

2. Mt s tranh chp thng gp trong hp ng thu tu chuyn:

2.1 Khi qut v tranh chp:

Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt dng ca hp ng vn chuyn c ni dung

kh phc tp, bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau c lin quan ti nhiu yu t khc

nhau. Chnh v s phc tp ca ni dung hp ng c quy nh trong cc iu khon

cho nn trong qu trnh thc hin khng th trnh khi nhng tranh chp xy ra k c khi

s dng cc hp ng mu do cc t chc Hng hi quc t son tho cng nh cc hp

ng do hai bn trc tip tha thun k kt.

Khi chuyn ch hng ho bng tu chuyn, chng ta cn phn bit hp ng

thu tu (C/P) vi vn n theo hp ng thu tu. Thng thng, trong hp ng thu

tu quy nh nu c tranh chp s gii quyt ti Trng ti nc no. Ngc li trong vn

n cng c iu khon trng ti ni r khi c tranh chp gia ngi chuyn ch v


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ngi nhn hng, tranh chp s c gii quyt u, theo lut no (thng dn chiu

ti quy tc Hague -Visby).

Thc t trong qu trnh chuyn ch, nu c tranh chp pht sinh th ngi ta s

gii quyt tranh chp da vo vn n hoc da vo hp ng thu tu tu theo cc

trng hp sau y:

- Trng hp 1: Ngi nhn hng ng thi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi c

tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly hp ng thu tu gii

quyt tranh chp.

- Trng hp 2: Ngi nhn hng khng phi l ngi k hp ng thu tu, khi

c tranh chp pht sinh i vi ngi chuyn ch s ly vn n gii quyt

tranh chp.

- Trng hp 3: Vn n chuyn nhng cho ngi khc, khi c tranh chp pht

sinh gia ngi chuyn ch vi ngi cm vn n s ly vn n gii quyt

tranh chp.

- Trng hp 4: Vn n c dn chiu n cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu

th s ly cc iu khon ca hp ng thu tu gii quyt tranh chp. i vi

loi vn n ny thng trn vn n ngi ta ghi r vn n dng vi hp ng

thu tu Bill of lading to be used with charter party.

Cc tranh chp thng xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng thu tu

chuyn rt a dng, tuy nhin bi vit s gii hn li trong mt s vn sau y:

- Tranh chp v tu chuyn ch

- Tranh chp v hng ha chuyn ch

- Tranh chp v thi gian v thng pht xp d hng ha.

- Tranh chp v mc cc ph v thanh ton cc ph


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- Tranh chp v iu khon trng ti v lut quy nh

2.2Tranh chp v kh nng i bin ca tu:

Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, iu khon v tu l iu khon ht sc quan

trng. Con tu phi m bo thch hp cho vic chuyn ch ht khi lng hng v m

bo an ton cho hng ho. Trong thc t thng mi hng hi pht sinh nhiu v tranh

chp t hp ng thu tu chuyn v iu khon ny v ch yu l tranh chp kh nng

i bin ca tu (seaworthiness).

V mt php l, ngi ta coi kh nng i bin l mt iu kin ca hp ng, nuch tu vi phm th ngi thu c quyn hu hp ng.

Khi xy ra tn tht i vi hng ho, nu ng l tu khng kh nng i binth ngi i kin phi chng minh hai vn :

- Tu khng kh nng i bin;

- Khng kh nng i bin l nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht.

Nu khng chng minh c nh vy th bn nguyn n s khng buc c ch tuchu trch nhim.

Do vy c th kt lun: Trch nhim chun b con tu c kh nng i bin ca ch tukt thc khi con tu bt u qu trnh xp hng v bt u hnh trnh ca mnh

- n l 1:

Cc bn lin quan:

Nguyn n: Cng ty bo him

B n: Ch tu

Cc vn c cp:

- Kh nng i bin ca tu

Tm tt v vic:

Tu A ch c ph t Clombo i London, khi d hng c mt s bao b t. Bin bn dhng (cargo outturn report) ghi nguyn nhn hng b t l do nc nh t mt ng nci qua hm hng. Sau khi bi thng cho ch hng, cng ty Bo him kin ch tu vi ldo khng kh nng i bin.


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Phn quyt:

Khi vn c a ra to n, to n bc n v cc chng t cng i u chngnhn l tu c kh nng i bin

Bnh lun:

Trong tnh hung ny, bn nguyn n quy kt nguyn nhn khng ng. Trongtrng hp ny, nu cng ty Bo him chng minh v kt lun rng hng b h hi l doni t ca tu th ch tu kh thot trch nhim.

- n l 2:

Cc bn lin quan:

Nguyn n: Cng ty California Sugar

B n: Hng tu Columbia SteamshipCc vn c cp:

- Kh nng i bin ca tu.

Tm tt v vic:

Cng ty California Sugar thu hng tu Columbia Steamship ch 12.000 tn ng tHawai i vnh Mexique trn tu C.Brewer theo hp ng tu chuyn. Sau khi ri knhPanama c mt ngy th tu b mc cn ti vng bin Caribe. Tu phi gi cu h cahng Lloyds Salvage th mi thot cn, mt s hng b tn tht.

Ngi thu tu khi kin ngi chuyn ch vi l do tu thiu kh nng i bin. Ngithu tu a ra bn im sau chng minh:

- La bn v raio khng thch hp.

- My o su hot ng km.

- Trong phng hi khng c ch dn v hng i.

- Tu khng c hi chi tit c ln.

Tuy nhin trc ta, ch tu xut trnh y chng t chng t tu kh nng ibin khi bt u chuyn i.

Ngi i kin khng chng minh c iu mnh mun kin quy li cho tu lci g v hnh vi no ca pha tu l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra tn tht cho hng ha.

Phn quyt:


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Ta cng nhn lp lun ca ch tu l tu mc cn do s sut ca thuyn trng, do tu c min trch.

Bnh lun:

So vi v kin n l 1, bn nguyn n trong n l 2 ch ra c nhng l do chng minh cho lun im rng con tu khng kh nng i bin, tuy nhin, chng ta ra ca bn nguyn n khng thuyt phc nn khng buc c ch tu chu trchnhim i vi tn tht.

- n l 3: V tu Romashka

Cc bn lin quan:

Nguyn n: Cng ty SX-KD Si gn Dak Lak (SADACO)

B n: Cng ty bo him Bo Minh

Cc ni dung lin quan:

- Kh nng i bin ca tu.

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 22 thng 11 nm 1995, cng ty SX-KD Si gn Dak Lak (SADACO) k hp ngthu tu chuyn theo mu hp ng GENCON vi cng ty TNHH i l v Dch v Vnti Si gn (TRANCOSI). Trancosi k hp ng thu tu vi cng ty Delta H Ni, sau Delta li k hp ng vi cng ty Katran Shipping thu tu Romashka ch hngt cng Bombay v cng Si gn. Hng ha chuyn ch l bt m. Katran Shipping lmt cng ty c a ch ti Hongkong v thuc quyn s hu ca Ucraina. Gi thu ch l25USD/tn. Thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn k, tu Romashka c iu ngti cng Bombay v n ngy 13/01/1996 xp c 9125 tn bt m v chm dt nhnhng. Thuyn trng tu Romashka k v pht hnh vn n sch nhng cha th mcuc hnh trnh v cng Si Gn do mt s trc trc v giy t php l.

Cng nhm phng ri ro, Sadaco mua bo him cho l hng ti cng ty bo himBo Minh theo iu kin mi ri ro. Tr gi hp ng bo him tng cng 2.234.969,01USD, ghi trch nhim bo him bt u t lc hng xp xung tu ti cng Bombaycho n khi hng c d khi tu ti cng Si gn.

Vn u tin l pha cng ty Katran Shipping vi phm hp ng, cho thu mt contu khng c php ch hng vt bin. Tu Romashka c ng ti Gdansk caBa Lan, hot ng 31 nm. Theo cng c LHQ v iu kin cho i l v cp ccchng ch an ton cho tu bin c thng qua ngy 7/2/1986 th: Nhng tu qu 20 tuikhng cho ng k li, cp mi hoc gia hn cc giy chng nhn iu kin an ton i

bin, tr trng hp c bit c quy nh ring. Lut Hng hi Vit Nam cng c quynh tng t.


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Tu Romashka khng th iu kin an ton i bin, vy m khi k hp ng chothu tu, Tracosi nhn danh ch tu khai thc (Disponent Owner) cam kt: TuRomashka c xp hng cao nht ca Lloyds ng kim Anh Quc hoc tngng. Ngoi ra Trancosi cn m bo rng tu Romashka c P&I UK London (AnhQuc) tr li bng vn bn xc nhn rng tu c Hi nhn bo him trch nhim t

lu.

Cng cn ni thm rng, theo cc ngun tin Quc t chnh thc, tu Romashka sauchuyn ch bt m cho Sadaco s c bn cho cng ty Winforst ca Hongkong vi gi70.000 USD ph ly st vn. Ch tu Romashka nhn trc tin cc l 20.000USD.

Theo Lut Hng hi Quc t v theo Cng c La Hague ti iu III im 1 v 2 quynh: ngi chuyn ch phi c trch nhim lm cho con tu lun lun iu kin i

bin, m bo vn hnh khai thc con tu mt cch an ton. Vi phng thc thuchuyn, lut quy nh r: ngi chuyn ch ht trch nhim sau khi giao xong hng ti

cng c xc nh.

Th nhng, trong khi tu Romashka cn ang neo u ti cng Bombay th b t dy dogi ma mnh, dt vo b cng Worli, Mumbai, thuc cng Bombay khin cho tu bmc cn, nc bin trn vo ngp cc hm hng v nhn chm su di nc 9125 tn

bt m ng bao cng vi 224 tn du FO.

Theo hp ng thu tu, khi ngi chuyn ch khng thc hin c hp ng v gyra tn tht cho ngi thu tu l Sadaco, pha Sadaco c quyn kin ngi chuyn chi bi thng thit hi tn tht. V Sadaco mua bo him nn Sadaco khi kin BoMinh.

Phn quyt:

Sng 11/7/1999, To phc thm TAND Ti cao TP HCM tuyn y n s thm, bucCng ty Bo him TP (Bo Minh) phi bi thng 22,5 t ng tin bo him l bt m9.125 tn cho Cng ty Kinh doanh sn xut Si Gn - k Lk (Sadaco). Nh vy sau 5nm, cng ty SADACO mi i c tin bo him cho l hng trn.

Bnh lun:

Trong v kin ny, so vi n l 1 v n l 2, ch hng c cn c khi a ra lun im

rng con tu khng c kh nng i bin v li ca pha ch tu l r rng v ch hngtrong tnh hung ny a c ra nhng bng chng thuyt phc rng cn tu khngc kh nng i bin v tui tu. Bi hc rt ra trong v kin ny l cn phi tm hiu rcc thng tin v i tc trc khi k hp ng.

- n l 4:

Cc bn lin quan:


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Nguyn n: Ngi thu tu Vortigern

B n: Ch tu Vortigern

Ni dung lin quan:

- Kh nng i bin ca tu

- Vic m bo kh nng i bin ca tu trn mt hnh trnh chia lm nhiu chng.

Tu Vortigern khi hnh t Philippin i Liverpool. Hp ng thu tu quy nh mintrch nhim cho ch tu i vi s sut ca thuyn trng v cc s quan my. Hnhtrnh c chia lm nhiu chng. Trong hnh trnh, tu gh vo Colombo nhng khngly thm than cho chng tip theo n knh Suez. Khi n gn bn ly than, thuyntrng cng khng cho tu ly thm nhin liu v khng c s quan my bo nhin liusp ht. Do m bo cho hnh trnh c tip tc n Suez, thuyn trng chot mt s hng trn tu. cng n, ngi thu tu i hi ch tu bi thng thit hi

i vi hng ha b tu t thay nhin liu. Ch tu t chi bi thng v l do lthiu st ca thuyn trng v cc s quan my trong vic iu khin v qun tr tu. Chtu c min trch v hp ng dn chiu ti Visby. Do bt ng quan im, hai bn a v vic ra ta xt x.

Phn quyt:

Sau khi xem xt s vic, to x rng ch tu khng th vin dn iu khon min tr, vh khng lm cho con tu c kh nng i bin vo lc bt u ca mi chng hnhtrnh.

Bnh lun:Trong thc tin, do tnh cht ca cng vic m ch tu v ngi thu tu c th chia hnhtrnh lm nhiu chng, tc l c th gh vo cc cng trn ng i xp; d hng, lythm nhin liu, thit b cho tu v cc nhu yu phm cho cc thy th trn tu.

Khi chia thnh nhiu chng trong chuyn hnh trnh, mi chng i hi nhng yu cukhc nhau v ch tu phi m bo kh nng i bin ca con tu , thch ng vi tngchng v mt vic quan trong l ch tu phi tnh ton mc tiu hao nng lng ca contu cung cp mt lng nhin liu thch hp con tu c th hon thnh hnh trnh cc chng tip

Nh vy trong trng hp tu Vortigern, ch tu khng tnh ton v d tr nhinliu p ng cho nhu cu ca chng tip theo v khng b sung khi ht. R rngch tu khng cn mn hp l m bo kh nng i bin cho con tu vo lc bt uchng hnh trnh tip theo, khng th vn dng iu khon min tr trong trng hpny, v y khng th coi l s sut ca thuyn trng hay thy th trn tu khi m h bit m hng ha trn tu.


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K t ngy 1/7/1998 tr i khi b lut Qun l an ton quc t (ISM) bt u c hiu lcth ni dung php l ca thut ng "seaworthiness" khng cn nh trc na. Ch tu cngha v khng nhng cung cp giy t lin quan n con tu ph hp Giy chngnhn qun l an ton (SMC) m cn cho b phn qun l khai thc trn b Ti liu vTun th ph hp (DOC) - Ti liu ny tuyn b rng cng ty tu ph hp vi vic khai

thc tu theo yu cu ca b lut ISM. S ph hp ny phi c gi tr trong ton chuyni ch khng phi ch lc bt u hnh trnh. Nu trong bt c giai on no m ngi ta

pht hin c s bt cp v thc t v cc giy t trn th ch tu phi chu trch nhim vmi tn tht xy ra. Do khi dn chiu lut IMS vo trong hp ng, cc bn cng cnlu vn ny.

Nh vy, so vi cc n l 1,2,3, n l 4 c im mi l con tu c hnh trnh c chialm nhiu chng v s c xy ra trong 1 chng, ch hng kin ngi chuyn ch v khngm bo c kh nng i bin ca con tu v khng cn mn hp l trong vic chun bcho con tu tu c th hon thnh c chng hnh trnh tip theo.

- n l 5:

Cc bn:

Nguyn n : Cng ty thu ch hng Australia

B n: Cng ty vn ti ng bin Trung Quc

Cc vn c cp:

- Hp ng thu tu chuyn

- Cc khiu kin v hng ho- Kh nng i bin

- S mn cn hp l

Tm tt v vic:

Nguyn n, ch hng ng thi l ngi nhn hng, k vi B n, ch s hu tu, hpng vn chuyn 5.100 MT ct ziricon t Bunbary, Australia n Burnside, Louisiana.Vn n pht hnh ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1982 xc nhn hng ho c chuyn vo hms 1 tng trn (Hm 1A), hm trn s 2 (Hm 2A) v hm s 4. Khi tu n Burnsidengy 31 thng 3 nm 1982, hng ha trong Hm 1A b h hi. Mt cng ty gim nhkt lun rng nc vo hm ny t np hm tu v t khoang dn tu trn. Bo cogim nh cho thy lng ct ziricon trong hm ny b t nghim trng mt s chv cc mu ct ly t khoang ny kim tra clorua cho phn ng m tnh.


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Khoang dn tu tip gip vi Hm 1A cha mt lng nc ngt ly t sng Mississipitrc khi tu n Burnside. i din ca Nguyn n cho bit thy nc trn vo tmt khe nt trn vch ngn pha trc v tip gip vi khoang dn bn sn tu S 1.

S hng b h hi Hm 1A c chuyn xung s lan. Tnh s b c 990.881 tn non (1

tn non = 907,2kg) b h hi. Sau Nguyn n phi bn s ct ziricon t ny chomt cng ty vi gi l 99.088 USD, tc 100 USD/1 tn non.

Nguyn n yu cu bi thng 45.996 USD tin thit hi theo gi th trng cho s ctb t do B n khng thc hin s mn cn hp l lm cho tu c kh nng ibin. B n th cho rng Nguyn n khng chng minh c cc tn tht m B nphi chu trch nhim v vt nt mi hn trn ngn tip gip l mt n t (latent defect) .Hn na, theo B n, khiu kin i bi thng ny l qu ng v tin bi thng chgii hn gi bn cng vi tin cc vn chuyn n b (freight landed value) ca s ctti Burnside.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:a s trng ti vin cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim i vi cc thit hi pht sinht s ct b t. Theo Lut vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin v Qui tc Hagues,

Nguyn n cung cp bng chng hp thc v vic B n nhn hng trong tnhtrng tt v sau giao hng trong tnh trng b tn tht. Cn lu rng B n

pht hnh mt vn n sch ti Burnside v cc chng t ti liu lin quan u cho thyhng ho iu kin hon ton tt khi bc ln tu. V vy, U ban trng ti kt lun hngho trong Hm 1A b h hi do nc trn t khoang dn tu tip gip.

y Nguyn n a ra mt tnh trng thc t (prima facie) v B n c ngha v

chng minh rng cc tn tht i vi hng ho khng phi v s bt cn ca B n dnti tnh trng khng c kh nng i bin m v nhng ri ro ngu nhin.

B n cho rng tn tht l do mt n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cnhp l v do B n phi c min trch theo iu 4 khon 2 Qui tc Hagues. U

ban trng ti xc nh tu ny c ng ti Nam T nm 1962 v c rt t thng tin vvic ng li tu, bo dng hoc sa cha chng minh l c s mn cn hp ltrong vic bo m tu c kh nng i bin. Ho n thng 9 nm 1981 ca mt xngsa cha tu ch cho thy y l mt vic sa cha thng thng ch bn thn ho nny cng nh kim tra phn hng tin hnh gn thi gian ny u khng chng minhc l c bt k mt cuc kim tra chi tit v cc mi hn.

U ban trng ti thy rng chng c ca B n khng chng minh B n cmin trch do n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l.

V s tin bi thng thit hi, U ban trng ti cho rng s hng ho thit hi c tnhl s hng d xung s lan Burnside. im ng lu y l cc n lc ca

Nguyn n trong vic gim thiu thit hi. U ban trng ti xc nh rng vic tch ri


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ct kh v ct t l mt thao tc rt kh khn, hn na loi ct ny c c tnh thmnc rt mnh. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n cng rt c gng trong vic cho bn s hngny cho cc khch hng khc nhau v s hng b h hi c bn vi gi h. Do ,y c th coi l chng c chng minh Nguyn n thc hin y ngha v gimthiu thit hi ca mnh.

Bnh lun:

Ging vi n l 1, hng b h hi do nc r r trn tu v c 2 trng hp, bn nguynn (tc ngi thu tu) kin ngi chuyn ch v vic khng m bo kh nng i binca con tu . Nhng phn quyt ca c quan xt x 2 trng hp li khc nhau. V saoli vy? Trong trng hp th 2, bn nguyn n a c ra tnh trng thc t(prima facie) nhng thit hi do vic b n khng cn mn hp l chun b mt contu c kh nng i bin gy ra cho nguyn n bng vic a ra cc giy t chng minhhng ha iu kin hon ton tt khi giao cho B n (bao gm vn n sch m bnB n cp cho nguyn n) v cc giy t chng minh thit hi ca nguyn n khi

nhn hng. Nhng b n trong tnh hung ny khng chng minh c nhng thit hiy khng phi do li khng cn mn ca mnh. V th phn quyt ch ra rng li thuc v ngi vn chuyn.

Bi vy khi kin ch tu v kh nng i bin ca tu, iu cn thit phi chng minhnhng h hng trn con tu l ni t ch khng phi n t

2.3 Tranh chp v Hng ha chuyn ch

1.Tranh chp v tn hng (loi hng ha)

Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn quy nh v tn hng khng ch th hin i tng chuynch ca hp ng m cn l c s gip ngi chuyn ch c th nhn bit c tnh cht, tnh

nguy him ca hng ho. T , ngi chuyn ch mi c bin php xp t v bo qun cho

ph hp vi hng ho.

Sau y l mt s v d minh ho cho tranh chp pht sinh t vn ny.

Tm tt v vic:

Gia nm 1991, Cng ty Nht Secolye mua ca mt cng ty Y An giang 200 tn than

go da theo iu kin FOB cng H Ch Minh. Trong hp ng mua bn ghi tn l "than go

da" v ting Anh l "Coconut Shell Carbide'". Ngy 29/9/91, cng ty Y thay Secolye k hp

ng thu tu chuyn vi cng ty Younglee ca Hng Kng ch hng vi gi 23USD/MT.

Cng ty Younglee li thu cng ty Vit Nam Vantaiship ch hng vi gi 25USD/MT. Trong


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hp ng vn ti tn hng c ghi ging trong hp ng mua bn l "Than go da" - "Coconut

Shell Carbide".

Ngy 03/10/91 than c bc ln tu VT 93 trn c s vn n s 01/HK. Sau vn

dng trng ti, tu li nhn ch thm 241 tn m cao su. Lng cao su ny c xp ln trnthan v than c bc xung trc.

Ngy 17/10/91 tu vo trnh bo ti cng Ba Ngi v ngy 24/10/91 thu th pht hin ra

l than go da chy ngm bc khi. Chy lan sang cao su, lm chy nhiu kin cao su. Chy

c dp tt v tu d hng ln cng. Tu an ton nhng s cao su b thit hi ti 200 triu

ng v tin cc khng thu c ln ti 8000 USD. Tu li hng cng v ra i khng ch

tip na.

Din bin tranh chp:

Ngy 23/2/1992, Cng ty Vit Nam Vantaiship kin Younglee tc l ngi k hp ng

vi mnh ti C quan trng ti kinh t tnh i bi thng tn hi 200 triu ng v 8000 USD.

Trng ti kinh t buc Younglee bi thng s tin nh trn vi lp lun nh sau: ch hng

khng thng bo cho ngi vn chuyn bit tnh cht nguy him ca hng ho khng cung

cp nhng ch dn cn thit bo qun hng cng nh khng c m hiu y hng dn

ngi chuyn ch.

Sau , Younglee i Secolye phi hon tr cho mnh s tin mnh bi thng theophn quyt ca Trng ti kinh t tnh.

nc ta nhiu ngi vn nhm hai tn hng "than hot tnh" v "than nguyn liu sn

xut than hot tnh". Nhm ln xy ra nhiu nht i vi trng hp than go da.

T nguyn liu go da cho n khi c c than go da xut khu, quy trnh cng ngh

gm nhiu khu:

- Go da c than ho thnh than go.

- Than go da c xay, sng thnh than bi v than go da dng ht.

- Than go da dng ht nu c xut khu th thnh "than go da xut khu" cn nu

c hot ho th thnh " than hot tnh go da dng ht".


14/52

V th nu coi than go da xut khu l loi than hot tnh th s nh gi l thiu c

s khoa hc. Trong ting Anh, than go da l "Coco Charcoal". Trong hp ng mua bn cng

nh hp ng thu tu u ghi "Coco shell Carbide" l ghi sai. "Carbide" l cacbua (t en) ch

khng phi l than. Nh vy trong trng hp ny ch hng dch sai tn hng.

Ring xt v kha cnh quy nh tn hng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn th ch hng

(ngi thu tu) l ngi chu ton b trch nhim v sai lm ny.

Bi hc rt ra:

T n l ny cn rt ra mt iu l cc bn k hp ng thu tu chuyn cn phi ht sc

lu n iu khon tn hng. Khi dch tn hng sang mt ngoi ng no cn dch chnh xc

trnh nhng nhm ln hoc tranh ci ng tic sau ny.

2.3 Tranh chp v tn tht i vi hng ha chuyn ch

2.3.1 Hng ha b tn tht do cht xp khng ng quy cch (improper stowage).

Theo cc lut l hng hi ph bin trn th gii, Ch tu/ngi chuyn ch c trch

nhim xp hng ha thch hp, chng hn nh, theo quy nh ca B lut Hng hi Vit Nam, th

Ngi vn chuyn chu trch nhim v vic bc hng, d hng cn thn v thch hp, chm sc

chu o hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn (iu 73, khon 2, B Lut Hng hi Vit Nam).

Do , nu hng ha b h hng do vic xp hng khng thch hp th ch tu/ngi vn chuyn

phi chu trch nhim bi thng trong bt c trng hp no, ngay c khi chn lt sp xp hng

theo ch th ca ngi thu th ngi chuyn ch cng khng c min trch nhim v vic xp

hng khng hp l.

Tuy nhin, trong thc t xy ra khng t nhng trng hp ngi chuyn ch thoi thc

trch nhim v sp xp hng khng hp l. Sau y l 2 v d :

- n l 1

Tm tt v vic:

Hai bn k hp ng thu tu chuyn theo mu Gencon, theo tu Ciechocinek Ba lan c

nhim v ch khoai ty t cng Alexandria n cng Boston.

iu 19 hp ng quy nh ngi thu s cung cp v chu chi ph v chn lt hng theo

yu cu ca thuyn trng bo v hng v cht xp hng thch ng.


15/52

Theo iu 49 th ch tu phi nghim chnh thc hin ch th ca ngi thu tu v mt tn

dng tu v cht xp hng. Thuyn trng phi gim st vic ny v phi chu trch nhim v

vic cht xp v chn lt mt cch thch ng.

iu 53 quy nh: "Ch tu phi chu trch nhim nu hng ho giao ti cng d b thiu,tuy nhin ch tu li c min trch nu hng ho ho b h hng, thi ra do bin cht".

Din bin tranh chp:

Khi tu n cng d hng th mt na s khoai ty b thi do cht xp khng hp l, 1/3 do

n t. Ngi thu kin i ch tu bi thng 2/3 gi tr thit hi v ch tu cht xp hng

khng hp l. Ch tu vin dn iu 19, 49 v 53 ca hp ng bin h rng mnh xp

hng theo ch th ca ngi thu t chi bi thng thit hi.

V vic c a ra to n Anh gii quyt. To n lp lun rng theo cc lut l hng

hi th vic ch tu lm theo ch th ca ngi thu v chn lt v cht xp hng khng min

trch cho ch tu i vi hu qu ca chn lt khng hp l. Thm na, nguyn nhn gy h hi

hng khng phi do li ngi thu trong vic cung cp chn lt m do li k thut cht xp chn

lt ca tu khng hp l gy nn.

Ngoi ra vic ch tu vin dn iu 53 ca hp ng thoi thc trch nhim l bt hp

l v ch tu ch c th c min trch v h hng ca hng nu h hng xy ra khng phi

do li ca ch tu trong vic thc hin cc ngha v quy nh trong hp ng. Nhng trong vny, ch tu li c li nn khng th c min trch.

Nh vy ch tu phi bi thng phn h hng do vic cht xp khng hp l ca mnh l

2/3 gi tr thit hi.

Bi hc rt ra:

Ni tm li, bt k ngi chuyn ch cht xp, chn lt hng theo hay khng theo ch th

ca ngi thu th vn phi chu trch nhim cht xp hng hp l v khng c min trch i

vi h hng do vic cht xp khng hp l gy nn.

Nhng c nhng trng hp mc d hng ha b tn tht do li xp hng khng ng quy

cch ca ngi chuyn ch nhng vn khng phi bi thng thit hi cho ngi giao hng

trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch s dng vn n ch danh. Sau y l mt n l in hnh

cho trng hp ny:


16/52

- n l 2:

Tm tt v vic:

Cui nm 2001, Cng ty Global Santa Singapore bn cho Cng ty Japan Vit Nam

Petroleum TP. Vng Tu mt l hng khp ni ng khoan ging du tr gi khong 415.000USD theo iu kin C&F Incoterms 2000. Sau khi k kt hp ng mua bn, u nm 2002,

Cng ty Global Santa thu tu "Duyn Pht" ca Cng ty Vn ti bin Cu Long (Vit Nam)

ch l hng trn t Singapore v Vng Tu. Khi bc xong hng ln tu, vi t cch l ngi vn

chuyn, ngy 05/01/2002, Cng ty Vn ti bin Cu Long cp cho Global Santa vi t cch

l ngi bn (ngi giao hng) mt b 3 bn gc vn n ch danh s S/PTSC-15, trong ghi

r ngi nhn hng l Cng ty Japan Vietnam Petroleum, Vng Tu City. Rt khng may, tu

ang chun b nh neo khi hnh th b lt chm do li cht xp hng khng ng quy cch

(improper stowage) ca thuyn trng. Ton b l hng ni trn b h hng hon ton, v l tt

nhin ngi mua t chi thanh ton 415.000 USD cho ngi bn.

Din bin tranh chp:

Vi 3 bn gc vn n ch danh ang trong tay mnh, u nm 2003, Cng ty Global

Santa khi kin ngi vn chuyn ti Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh i bi thng ton

b thit hi. Trong bn n s 2392/DSST ngy 08/11/2004, Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh

cn c vo cc quy nh v vn n ch danh trong B lut Hng hi Vit Nam khng nh:Cng ty Japan-Vietnam Petroleum l ngi nhn hng hp php, ngi c quyn s hu i

vi l hng vn chuyn trn tu "Duyn Pht" theo vn n S/PTSC-15 ngy 05/01/2002 ch

khng phi l Cng ty Global Santa. T , Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh kt lun: Mc

d Cng ty Global Santa ang nm gi 3 bn vn n gc ch danh nhng h khng phi l

ngi nhn hng hp php nn khng th nhn hng v cng khng c thm quyn khi

kin ngi vn chuyn. Do vy, Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh bc b n kin ca cng

ty Global Santa.

Khng bng lng vi phn quyt ni trn ca Ta s thm TP. H Ch Minh, ngy

17/01/2005, Cng ty Global Santa khng n ln Ta phc thm Ta n nhn dn ti cao ti TP.

H Ch Minh xin xt x phc thm v kin. Tuy vy, Ta phc thm Ta n nhn dn ti cao

ti TP. H Ch Minh sau khi xem xt li h s v kin di nhng gc khc nhau cng nh

ni dung lp lun ca Ta s thm Ta n nhn dn TP. H Ch Minh cng kt lun ti bn n


17/52

phc thm s 10/DSPT ngy 07/4/2005 tng t nh bn n ca Ta s thm v cui cng

chp nhn (y n) bn n ca Ta n s thm v bc n khng n ca Cng ty Global Santa.

Bi hc rt ra:

Vn n ch danh l vn n m trn c ghi r tn, a ch ngi nhn hng v ch ngic tn ghi trn vn n mi l ngi hp php c nhn hng ha. T v kin ni trn ta rt ra

lu cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi xut khu hng ha theo iu kin Incoterms 2000, nht l

sang th trng Anh, M, Australia, n nn s dng vn n theo lnh bo v quyn li

chnh ng ca mnh, ht sc trnh dng vn n ch danh, nht l khi xut hng sang cc th

trng p dng lut n l nh nhng nc ni trn.

2.3.2 Hng ho b tn tht do ma t trong lc bc d ti cng.

Khi hng ho b t ma trong qu trnh bc d ti cng dn n tn tht th bn no,ngi ch hng hay ngi chuyn ch s phi bi thng tn tht? y l vn kh phc tp

trong vic nhn nh trch nhim gia cc bn v n tu thuc vo thi im chuyn giao trch

nhim, ngha v bc d Trong thc t pht sinh nhng v tranh chp v vn ny.

Tm tt v vic:

Hng tu A nhn ch mt l ng t TP H Ch Minh n Php trn con tu VT 05.

Ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng. Sau khi hng c bc ln tu xong, thuyn

trng cp vn n sch. Khi n cng th pht hin thy l hng b t v tn tht. Ngi nhnmi cng ty gim nh n, bin bn gim nh kt lun 200 bao ng b tn tht l do b ma

t trong khi bc hng ln tu cng i.

Din bin tranh chp:

Ngi nhn hng kin ngi chuyn ch (hng tu A) ra to n Thng mi Php i bi

thng tn tht. Ti phin hp xt x, ngi chuyn ch yu cu c min trch v vic bc

hng ln tu cng i l ngha v ca ngi gi hng.

To bc l l ca Hng tu A v tho mn n kin ca ngi nhn hng. Phn quyt

nh vy l hon ton hp l v mc d ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng nhng

ngi chuyn ch vn phi trng nom theo di vic bc hng. Nu tri ma th phi yu cu

ngng lm hng, che ma cho hng, ng thi khng bc ln tu nhng bao ng b t

di cng. Nu ngi gi hng vn bc cc bao t ln tu th phi ghi bo lu vo B/L. Tuy


18/52

nhin trong trng hp ny thuyn trng cp vn n sch chng t l lc bc hng ln tu

hng cha b t. V vy hng tu A phi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht ny l hp l.

Bi hc rt ra:

Nh vy, trong trng hp ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng, nu hng b tv ma trc lc a ln tu th ngi chuyn ch khng h chu trch nhim, trch nhim thuc

v ngi gi hng. Nu ngi gi hng bc c nhng kin b t ln tu th thuyn trng phi

ghi bo lu vo vn n rng buc trch nhim ca ngi gi hng sau. Nu thuyn trng

khng pht hin c hoc pht hin c nhng vn cp n sch th sau ny ngi chuyn

ch phi chu trch nhim trc ngi nhn hng. Hn na, mun xc nh ai l ngi chu trch

nhim v tn tht hng ho do t v nc ma trong khi bc hng ti cng th phi xc nh

ngha v bc hng thuc v bn no v phi cn c vo php lut p dng cho hp ng.

Hng ho c th b tn tht do b ma t ti cng bc hng hoc cng d hng.

* Ti cng bc hng

Nu ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch th thng thng ch hng hoc

cng giao hng s giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch ti cu cng ngi chuyn ch bc d ln

tu. Do , k t khi tu nhn hng ti cu cng hoc ti mt a im m t hng c bc

ln tu th ngha v chm sc hng thuc v ngi chuyn ch. Trong lc ang bc hng ln tu

m b ma th trc ht ngi chuyn ch phi tm ngng lm hng v lp tc phi che ma chohng. Nu khng c phng tin che ma th coi nh tu khng c kh nng i bin v ngi

chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim. Nu c phng tin m khng che chn th ngi chuyn ch

cng phi chu trch nhim v khng chm sc bo qun hng ho.

Trong trng hp hng c bc ln boong tu, cha kp a vo hm tu, khoang tu

m b ma t do tn tht th d p dng bt k lut no ngi chuyn ch cng phi chu

trch nhim. Nu ngi chuyn ch li nhng kin hng t th ngi gi hng c quyn i

ngi chuyn ch bi thng v khi hng vo tay ngi chuyn ch th hng ho cha h b t.

Trng hp ngha v bc hng ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng th trch nhim v hng t

trc lc a ln tu thuc v ngi gi hng. Khi hng c ngi gi bc ln boong tu

xp vo hm tu th hng nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Ngi

chuyn ch phi c trch nhim chm sc hng. Hng b t trong thi im ny do hai nguyn


19/52

nhn: hoc l tu khng c phng tin che ma hoc c nhng thuyn trng khng yu cu

che ma cho hng. C hai nguyn nhn ny u do li ca ngi chuyn ch. Do vy ngi

chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim.

* Ti cng d hngKhi c a ra khi hm tu, khoang tu, hng ang cn trn boong tu m b t dn

n tn tht th d ai d hng, ngi chuyn ch vn phi chu trch nhim v hng vn cn ang

nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Nu tu khng c phng tin che ma

th tu b coi l khng kh nng i bin, nu c m khng che th ngi chuyn ch mc li

khng chm sc hng.

Khi ngi nhn hng t d hng hoc thu ngi khc d m li khng yu cu phng

tin che ma t tu, hoc khng che hng b t th ngi nhn hng t gnh chu tn tht doma gy ra.

Trng hp hng c a xung cu cng b ma t. Theo quy tc Hague-Visby, khi

hng c a xung cu cng m b ma t th ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim

v hng khng cn nm trong phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch na. Theo quy tc

Hamburg 1978, hng c a xung cu cng v giao cho ngi nhn hng hoc cho ngi

th ba nhn thay cho ngi nhn hng th ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim v tn tht

do ma t gy ra. Nu hng c a xung cu cng nhng ngi chuyn ch cha giao chongi nhn hng m b t do ma th ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v trch nhim

ca ngi chuyn ch i vi hng cha kt thc.

Theo B lut Hng Hi Vit Nam (iu 108), ngi chuyn ch c ngha v chm sc

hng v chu trch nhim v tn tht do h hng, mt mt t lc nhn hng ln tu cho n khi

giao hng cho ngi nhn hng nu khng chng minh c rng mnh khng c li. Nh vy,

nu hng tn tht do ma trong lc bc d hng m khng phi do li ca ngi chuyn ch th

ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim. y ngi chuyn ch c th chng minh li thucv ngi bc hng ln tu hoc ngi d hng khi tu.

Nu ngha v bc, d hng thuc v ngi thu tu m trong qu trnh bc d hng b t

v ma th ngi chuyn ch s khng chu trch nhim nhng vi iu kin ngi chuyn ch

phi lp c bin bn xc nhn hng b t do ma vi ngi bc d.


20/52

Khi ngha v bc d hng ho theo hp ng thu tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch th tn

tht do ma s do ngi chuyn ch gnh chu k c khi ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip bc

d.

Trong v d nu trn, l ra trch nhim thuc v ngi gi hng nhng v thuyn trngcp vn n sch cho nhng bao ng b t nn ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim

bi thng tn tht. Cn trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch thu mt ngi khc bc d

hng th khi c tn tht do ma t th ngi chuyn ch vn chu trch nhim trc ngi thu

tu. Sau ngi chuyn ch c quyn i li ngi bc xp. Di y l mt s vic c th

v trng hp ny.

Tm tt v vic:

Thc hin mt hp ng thu tu chuyn, cng ty Far East Hongkong cho tu Inch ch 74.430bao (cha 3.571 T) u tng t Dairen n Hi Phng. Khi tu n cng v d xong hng th

pht hin l hng b t, h hi nng. Nguyn nhn mt phn l v ng nc ca tu b v, phn

v b ngm nc ma trong lc d hng.

Din bin tranh chp:

Ngi nhn hng i Far East hai khon bi thng:

*1.938,46 Nhn dn t cho h hi v nc ma;

*22.127,13 Nhn dn t cho h hi v ng nc v.

Sau Far East tr li l hi kin Hi Bo tr v Bi thng v ng nhn trch nhim

khon h hi v ng nc v nhng ch bi thng 19.229,47 nhn dn t m khng gii thch v

sao v t chi trch nhim cho thit hi v nc ma v cho l s sut ca ngi thu bc d.

Trong trng hp ny ch tu lp lun nh vy l bt hp l. Ch tu nhn trch nhim v

khon thit hi do ng nc v gy ra th phi bi thng y tr khi c l do xc ng. Tu

khng tranh chp nc ma c phi l bt kh khng hay khng m ch nu l do li ca ngi

thu bc d. V im ny ngi thu bc d trong khi lm vic di tu coi nh ngi lm

cng cho tu v ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v hnh ng ca h. Nu ngi thu

bc d khng c bin php hp l bo v hng th thuyn trng phi khng ngh vi h

m bo quyn li ca mnh. Do tu phi bi thng tn tht cho ch hng ri truy i ngi

bc d sau.


21/52

Bi hc rt ra:

Khi ngha v bc d hng ho theo hp ng thu tu thuc v ngi chuyn ch nhng ngi

chuyn ch khng trc tip bc d m giao cho ngi thu bc d th trong trng hp hng ha

c tn tht do ma lc d hng vn s do ngi chuyn ch gnh chu. Sau ngi chuyn chc th i li ngi thu bc d khon bi thng thit hi trn.

2.4 TRANH CHP V CC PH V THANH TON CC PH

* iu khon v cc ph thu tu trong Hp ng thu tu:

-Mc cc (Rate of freight): l tin cc tnh cho mi n v cc (Freight unit).Bn cnh mc cc thu tu, hai bn cn phi tho thun chi ph xp d thuc v ai.VD: Freight: USD 30 FIO and Stowed Per Metric Ton (Gi cc l 30 la M mt tn

mt, ch tu c min ph xp d v xp hng di tu) hoc USD 30 M3 FIO (30 laM mt mt khi, min ph xp d).

-S lng hng ho tnh tin cc:Tin cc c th tnh theo s lng hng hoxp ln tu cng g hng (intaken quantity) hay cn gi l tin cc tnh theo s lnghng ho ghi trn vn n (Bill of lading quantity), hoc tnh theo s lng hng giao ticng (Delivery quantity).

- Thi gian thanh ton tin cc: cc ph thanh ton ti cng bc hng (Freightpayable at port of loading), tc l ton b chi ph phi thanh ton khi k vn n (on

signing of loading) hoc sau khi k vn n vi ngy. Cc ph thanh ton ti cng dhng (Freight payable at the port of desination) hay cn gi l cc ph tr sau (Freight tocollect).

V nguyn tc, ngi chuyn ch ch c thanh ton cc ph thu tu khi hngho thc s c chuyn ch n cng d hng quy nh. Nhng trong vn n hoc hpng thu tu thng ghi cu: cc ph c coi nh tin thu nhp v chuyn ch khi bchng ln tu v tr khng ph thuc vo vic tu hoc hng ho b mt hay khng mt.(Freight to be considered as earned upon shipment and must be paid ship and/ or cargolost or not lost).

- Ngoi ra trong iu khon cc ph hai bn cn tho thun v a im thanhton, t gi hi oi ca ng tin thanh ton, phng thc thanh ton, tin cc ph ngtrc (advance freight)

2.4.1 Tranh chp v cc ph


22/52

A, Cc khng v trng hp pht sinh cc khng

Cc khng (Deadfreight): l khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tutuy tha thun giao xung tu gi i theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng lido nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn

ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b btrng.

Ngi thu vn cn trch nhim v cc khng v tin pht do mnh gy ra cngxp v trch nhim v cc ph v tin pht cng d hng nu ch tu khng thu ctin thanh ton do vic cm gi hng.

Ngi thu c trch nhim cung cp hng y nh thng bo. Khi tu nnhn hng m ch tu khng giao hng theo s lng thng bo th ch tu vn c thtnh cc cho lng hng khng c giao gi l cc khng. Trng hp ngi thu

ch cung cp hng thiu, ngi chuyn ch c quyn thu tin cc khng trn phn hngthiu tr khi thu bao.

V pha ngi chuyn ch, trong trng hp tu khng ch ht s hng c giaotheo quy nh th phi chu ton b chi ph cho lng hng khng ch t t lin ncng cng nh chi ph lu kho, lu bi ca khi lng hng khng ch ht ti cng.

Vic pht cc khng cn p dng i vi vic hu hp ng thuc pha ngi thutrc khi tu hnh trnh. Trong trng hp ny th ngi chuyn ch c quyn i bithng mt na s tin cc ca hp ng.

B, Cc trng hp v tranh chp thanh ton cc ph - Cc khng- n l 1

Tnh hung:

Mt cng ty X k hp ng thu tu vi Cng ty vn ti ng bin Y thu contu Podison ch du th t Trung Quc v Indonesia. Hp ng quy nh tin cc cngi thu tr trn gi l 307.500 USD. Ngi thu yu cu tu phi nhn t nht l600.000 thng du th ti mt cu Cng ni ngoi khi Xijiang. Khi tu Podison ncng Xijang th thi tit rt xu nhng tu vn c php buc dy cp cu v nhn

hng. Tuy nhin ch vi gi sau gi thi mnh vi tc 35 hi l/gi, sng dng cao n6m. Tu khng th nhn hng na v c lnh tho dy, di chuyn ra xa cu cng. Khi tu mi ch nhn c 400.000 thng du. Khi thanh ton cc, ngi thu ch tr chongi chuyn ch 181.331 USD tnh tng ng vi s hng m tu thc ch. Ngichuyn ch khng ng v yu cu thanh ton ton b tin cc. Trc yu cu ,


23/52

ngi thu tu cho rng nu h c tr phn cc cn li th h cng buc ch tu phichu tin pht do ch tu khng xp y v ton b l hng.

Ngi thu tu vin dn iu 1 ca hp ng thu tu, theo tu phi xp y tonb du th hoc du thnh phm theo ng ch th ca ngi thu tu.

Gii quyt:

V vic a ra trng ti phn x. Trng ti cho rng thc t ch tu cung cpmt con tu c kh nng i bin v c kh nng xp y ton b l hng. Do ch tu phi c nhn ton b phn cc cn thiu v khiu ni ca ngi thu tu btrng ti bc b.

nh gi

Phn quyt nh trn ca trng ti v to n l hon ton hp l. Vic ngi thuvin dn n iu 1 ca hp ng thu tu quy trch nhim cho ngi chuyn ch lkhng ng. iu 1 ca hp ng ny khng phi l mt ngha v tuyt i m l mtngha v tng h (mutual obligation) ca ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu. Theo ,ngi chuyn ch phi nhn hng ln tu v ngi thu tu phi cung cp y ton bs hng. Ch tu khng th thc hin c trch nhim xp y v ton b s hng nungi thu tu khng cung cp hng.

Trong trng hp ny, vic chnh quyn cng Xijiang bt ngng vic xp hng chn thun l v l do thi tit ch khng lin quan g n bn thn con tu. Hn nachnh ngi thu tu lnh cho tu ri vng nc gn cng Xijiang chy v

Innsia d hng trong khi c th yu cu tu ch i v tip tc nhn hng khi thitit tt hn. Nh vy, vic khng xp y hng khng phi l li ca ch tu v ch tuhon ton khng vi phm hp ng.

- n l 2

Tnh hung

Ngy 22/02/1997, cng ty ch bin v kinh doanh than min Nam k Hp ngthu tu s 85/TMN vi cng ty TNHH Vn Ti Bin Mekng vi ni dung nh sau :

Cng ty min Nam thu cng ty Mekng vn chuyn 20.000 tn than (+5%)bng tu bin Thanh Bnh c mn nc 10,22m v trng ti 22.140 tn. Cng xp l cngCm Ph, cng d l cng Tn Thun. Thi gian tu sn sng xp hng l t 1/3/1997 n10/3/1997, n gi cc l 70.000 ng/tn. Cng ty than min Nam phi m bo cungcp hng, nu khng hng phi tr cc khng cho cng ty Mekong nh d thu.

Qu trnh thc hin hp ng din ra nh sau :


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Ngy 14/3/1997, tu n cng Cm Ph v xp hng t 19/3/1997 n 22/3/1997, slng xp c ti cu cng t 23/3 n 28/3. Trong khong thi gian ny, thuyn trng thng bo 3 ln bng Fax cho cng ty than min Nam vi ni dung yu cu ch hngchuyn ti v xp hng theo hp ng, tu ch ch th ca ch hng khi hnh sm

nhng khng nhn c tr li. Ngy 29/3, tu khi hnh theo lnh ca ch hng v vn cng vo ngy 12/4.

Ngy 15/4, tu bt u d hng n ngy 5/5. Sau Cng ty than min Namkhng ng thanh ton cc khng theo yu cu ca ch tu. Cng ty Mekong tm gili trn tu mt s than. Ngi chuyn ch yu cu ngi thu tu thanh ton tin cckhng cho ton b s lng hng ho cn thiu so vi hp ng. Ngi thu tu khngng vi yu cu trn v lp lun rng ngi chuyn ch vi phm thi gian tu snsng lm hng nn khng c quyn i pht cc khng.

Gii quyt:

Do cc bn khng thng lng c vic thanh ton cc khng nn v vic ca ln To Kinh t TAND TP.HCM. To Kinh t tin hnh ho gii nhng khngthnh cng. Cng ty than min Nam khng chp nhn tr cc khng vi s tin 178triu ng nh cng ty Mekong yu cu. To n phn tch nu tu Thanh Bnh cpcng Cm Ph trong khong thi gian t 01 n 10/03/97 sn sng lm hng, th vongy c mc nc thu triu ln nht l ngy 6 v 7/03/97 tu cng ch c kh nng nhnc lng hng ho l 18.213 tn ti cu cng Cm Ph. Nu nh ch hng cn vnchuyn lng hng ho ti thiu theo hp ng l 19.000 tn th bt buc phi chuyn ti

787 tn t cu cng ra v tr neo u an ton. Vic chuyn ti khng c tin hnh saukhi thuyn trng thng bo n ch hng bng fax. Do To n quyt nh rngyu cu thanh ton cc khng cu Cng ty Vn ti bin Mekong ch c chp nhnmt phn cho s lng hng ho 787 tn theo n gi cc vn chuyn trong hp ng l70.000 ng/tn. Tng s tin cc khng yu cu c chp nhn l 55.090.000 ng.

nh gi:

Quyt nh nh vy ca to n l hon ton hp l v trong trng hp khng c svi phm ca ch tu v thi hn sn sng lm hng th ch tu s c quyn tnh tin

cc khng trn s lng 2.544 tn. y, do tu n tr v lm hng vo lc nc rngnn ch c thanh ton mt phn cc khng cho s lng hng ho bt buc phichuyn ti d tu c thc hin ng thi gian quy nh ca hp ng. Lp lun ca Cngty than min Nam cho rng Cng ty Mekong vi phm hp ng v iu khon thi hnsn sng lm hng nn hon ton khng chu cc khng l khng ph hp vi s thothun trong hp ng v vi thc t din ra. V pha Cng ty Mekong, yu cu ca Cngty than min Nam phi thanh ton ton b tin cc khng trn s lng cn thiu so vi


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hp ng v cho rng ch hng khng c hng xp xung tu l khng c c s.Nh vy mi bn phi chu mt phn trch nhim nh trn.

2.4.2 Tranh chp v thanh ton cc ph

A, Cc phng thc thanh ton cc ph

Vn thanh ton cc cng l mt vn quan trng v kh rc ri trong qutrnh thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn. Vic thanh ton cc thu tu chuyn c thc tin hnh mt trong ba cch sau:

- Cc ph tr trc (Freight Prepaid): ngi thu phi tr ton b tin cc choch tu sau khi xp xong hng hoc sau khi k B/L mt s ngy do hai bn quy nh nu

bn theo CIF, CF. Th d: Cc ph phi tr trong vng 04 ngy k t ngy k B/L,khng c khu tr v khng hon li d tu v/hoc hng mt hay khng mt (freight

to be paid in four days after signing B/L, discountless and not returnable, ship and/orcargo lost or not lost).

- Cc ph tr sau (Freight to collect): Thi im tr c th n nh:

Tr tin trc khi m hm tu d hng (freight payable before breaking bulk-b.b.b).

Tr ng thi vi vic d hng (freight payable concurent ith discharge)

Tr sau khi d xong hng (freight payable after completion of discharge)

Tr trc mt phn v tr sau mt phn (advance freight). Th d: tr 80% tin ccti cng xp sau khi k B/L, s tin cn li tr t trong vng 5 ngy sau khi d hngxong.Vic gi li mt phn tin cc nhm gip ngi thu gy p lc nu c tranh chp,thng pht vi hng tu. Hp ng cng phi quy nh tin cc c thanh ton tingn hng no, cch thc tr tin...

B, Cc trng hp tranh chp thanh ton cc ph cm gi hng, bt gi tu

- n l

Tnh hung:

Cui nm 1994, Tng cng ty VSC Vit Nam nhp ca hng ROY Chu u1470 tn thp gc. Hng c mua theo iu kin CIF INCOTERMS 1990 cng HiPhng.


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Sau khi hp ng mua bn bt u c hiu lc, ROY thu tu GAN ca hng tuCHER Chu u ch s hng trn sang Vit Nam. 1470 tn thp gc c xp trn 4 slan, sau 4 s lan ny c bc ln tu GAN. Trc khi tu n Vit Nam, Tng cngty VSC m th tn dng qua Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam (VIETCOMBANK)

thanh ton ton b tin hng trong ghi r chng t phi np bao gm c vn n"cc tr trc".

Khi hng c bc ln tu, d cha nhn c tin cc nhng ch tu vn cpvn c du "cc tr" cho hng ROY v hng ny chuyn cho ngn hng cthanh ton. Vn n ca Cher cp cho VSC ghi lut iu chnh quan h gia ch tu vngi nhn hng l Cng c Quc T v vn n 1924 v sa i 1968 (Quy tc Hague

Visby).

Khi tu n Hi Phng, Tng cng ty VSC xut trnh vn n cng cc chng t

hp l khc nhn hng th ch tu t chi giao hng vi l do l h cha nhn ctin cc mc d vn n ghi r cc tr trc. H cn cho bit rng s d cc chathu xong v ngi thu tu yu cu y nhanh tc bc hng ri s tr cc nn chtu ng ghi vo vn n l cc tr. Sau ny qua iu tra ch tu cho bit hngROY ang trn b vc thm ph sn, v vy h kh lng thanh ton cc cho ch tu.Xut pht t tnh hnh hng CHER quyt nh bt gi ton b 1470 tn thp ca VSCti Hi Phng v yu cu VSC tr ton b tin cc th mi nhn c hng.

Tng cng ty VSC nhiu ln thuyt phc CHER tr hng song h vn khng

khng t chi. Ngoi ra VSC cn c mt on cn b sang tn tr s ch tu CHER Chu u u tranh trc tip vi ch tu yu cu tr ngay 1470 tn hng cho mnh. Trcnhng l lun sc bn, hp l hp tnh ca VSC, ch tu xung thang ng tr hngtrn 3 s lan song vn gi li 371 tn trn s lan th t v tuyn b ch tr nt 371 tnhng khi no thu hi c ton b tin cc.

Vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia lut hng hi Trung tm trng ti quc t VitNam (VIAC), Hi bo tr ch tu ca CHER London (UK P&I) cng ln tingng h VSC. Tuy vy, CHER vn pht l tt c mi lp lun trn v tip tc gi bt hp

php 371 tn thp gc tr gi 99501 USD ca Tng cng ty VSC.

Gii quyt:

Trc tnh hnh ni trn, vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia lut hng hi VIAC,VSC khi kin hng tu CHER ti to n Hi Phng v vic bt gi hng tri lut.

Ngy 14/10/1995, bng Quyt nh s 101/Q To n Hi Phng ra lnh cng ch


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yu cu hng tu CHER v i l ca h ti Vit Nam phi tr hng cho Tng cng tyVSC.

Theo iu 81, khon 2 B Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam v quy tc Hague-Visby cngnh UCP500 v Incoterms 1990, k t khi nhn vn n, VSC l ngi hon ton c s

hu, s dng v nh ot s hng trn.

iu 94 B lut hng hi Vit Nam quy nh nu hng ho c chuyn ch theovn n th ngi nhn hng ch phi thanh ton cc chi ph nh ghi trong vn n.Trong trng hp ny, vn n ni r cc tr ri (freight prepaid) v vy VSC khngc ngha v phi tr bt c mt khon no na.

nh gi:

Vi hnh ng bt gi hng nh trn ch tu mc phi mt sai lm v theo

thng l hng hi quc t, mt khi vn n ghi r cc tr trc ri v chuyn giaocho ngi mua th ch tu khng cn quyn ni l cc cha tr (cho d trn thc t chtu c th cha thu c cc). Cng v th m ch tu khng c php bt gi hng.

Vic ghi cc tr trn vn n l vic ca ch tu v ngi thu, cn nginhn hng khng cn bit quan h thanh ton thc h ra sao.

Vn y l vn quan h gia ngi thu tu (trong trng hp ny lngi bn CIF) vi ngi chuyn ch. Trong v vic ny, ngi chuyn ch phm sailm l mc d ngi thu cha thanh ton cc nh tho thun trong hp ng nhngngi chuyn ch vn thc hin theo hp ng v li ghi vo vn n l cc tr. Dovy ngi chuyn ch phi hon ton chu trch nhim v khng c quyn bt gihng ca ngi nhn ti cng n. R rng ngi thu khng thc hin ng hp ngv iu khon thanh ton cc v ngi ch tu lm sai nguyn tc khi xc nhn cc tr vo vn n nn dn n tranh chp trn. Nh vy, iu khon thanh ton cccn c quy nh r rng v cht ch trong hp ng thu tu v mt khi quy nhnh th no th cc bn phi thc hin ng nh vy, khng nn vi phm dn nnhng tranh chp v vic bt gi hng khng ng c nh trn.

- Tnh hung tranh chp

Tnh hung:

Mt cng ty ti Vit Nam (cng ty A) nhp khu 2500 tn (MT) thp t cng ty B(Chu u) theo gi CIF (Incoterms 2000) Haiphong c ch trn tu M/S DURIAN(hng BKRC). Cng ty A m L/C ti Vietcombank thanh ton tin hng. Trong L/C


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c ghi "Freight Prepaid". Khi nhn hng xong th BKRC cp vn n cho cng ty B ghir "Lut iu chnh gia ch tu v ngi nhn hng l Hague - Visby Rules".

Tu n cng Haiphong, cng ty A xut trnh Vn n v cc chng t hp lkhc nhn hng nhng tu t chi giao hng vi l do "cha nhn c tin cc" v

c gii thch thm " y nhanh tc xp hng, sau khi hng ln tu, ngi ch tumi nhn tin cc". Mt l do khc na l cng ty B ang trn b vc ph sn nnkhng kh nng chi tr cc, nu c i. Vy trng hp ny phi gii quyt nh thno l thch hp v t tn km nht.

Phn tch tnh hung v phng n gii quyt:

Quan h gia ngi vn chuyn (hng BKRC) v ngi thu vn chuyn (Cng tyB) iu chnh theo hp ng thu tu. Vic khiu ni thanh ton tin cc gia 2 itng ny thc hin theo hp ng thu tu.

Quan h gia ngi vn chuyn v ngi nhn hng hp php (Cng ty A) iuchnh theo quy nh trong vn n. Vn n hp l, ghi r "Freight Prepaid" th ngi shu vn n c xut trnh ng vn n gc l c quyn nhn hng, khng cn quan tmn vic cc tr hay cha. Nu ngi vn chuyn t chi giao hng khi tu ncng tr hng l h vi phm trch nhim theo quy nh ca lut hng hi v vn n.

Ngi nhn hng c quyn kin v yu cu to n lnh bt gi tu.

Tuy nhin, iu kh duy nht vi ngi nhn hng l thc hin vic bt gi tu

bin ti Vit Nam li l vn khng n gin. Theo php lnh bt gi tu bin05/2008/PL-UBTVQH12 c hiu lc t 1/7/2009 th ngi yu cu bt gi tu bin phic bo m ti chnh cho yu cu bt gi ny, di hnh thc chng t bo lnh bng tisn ca bn th 3 nh ngn hng, t chc tn dng hoc bo m bng phong to ti sn,chng t c gi khc. Nu bn yu cu bt gi tu khng p ng c yu cu ny thcoi nh khng th thc hin c vic bt gi tu. Thm vo , nu ngi vn chuynhoc ch tu l doanh nghip ln ca Vit Nam, nh nc c tham gia gp vn ch shu th vic bt gi tu ti Vit Nam thng l bt kh thi.

Ngi vn chuyn c quyn cm gi hng ho da vo iu khon "lien on cargo"trong hp ng thu tu, i khi c tch hp vo loi vn n "used with charter party"nh Congen bill, nhng thc tin lut chng minh h khng th vn dng iu khon vo trng tnh hung ny c, nht l khi tu n cng tr hng.


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Hng tu phi gii quyt vn cc vi Cng ty B theo hp ng vn chuyn, vnu B c ph sn th hng tu c x l s tin n theo trnh t ch n u tin trong lut

ph sn.

2.5 TRANH CHP V CCH TNH THI GIAN XP D V THNG PHT

XP D

2.5.1. Tranh chp v mc tnh thi gian xp d

Mt hp ng chuyn ch thng cp n mc tnh thi gian xp hng hay dhng ph thuc vo vic NOR c giao v chp nhn khi no, thng l sau 1 s gihoc mt s ngy k t khi N c trao hoc chp nhn c trao.

Trc nm 1990, mt s trng ti Anh cho php NOR nu c trao sm s c

hiu lc sau . Tuy nhin, theo quyt nh ca To Thng thm (Court of Appeal)nm 1990, ch khi c thng bo sn sng xp/d hng hp l m p ng tt c nhngiu kin trong hp ng thu tu mi c th tnh thi gian xp hng. Chng hn thigian lm hng s c tnh t u nu NOR c trao khi con tu sn sng xphng nhng khng phi v tr quy nh nh trong hp ng thu tu hoc khi con tun v tr c quy nh trong hp ng mun hn.

Sau y l mt s v n tranh chp in hnh:

- n l 1:

Tu "AGAMEMNON" c k kt chuyn ch hng ho theo mu Gencon vo4/10/1995 hnh trnh t Baton Rouge- mt cng trn sng Mississipi, bang Lousiana,Hoa K - ti Brisbance, Australia.

Hp ng thu tu quy nh:

Thi gian b mt do phi i vo cu cng s c tnh nh l thi gian xp/dhng" (iu 8)

"Khi mt cu cng khng sn sng v con tu hay gn cng nh n cphp, thuyn trng c th gi NOR t v tr v thi gian lm hng s bt u nh thcon tu trong cu cng(iu 32)

Tu "Agamemnon" South West Pass - khu vc tu i vo sng Mississipi -vo lc 23h ngy 5/10 v thuyn trng trao NOR t v tr ny. Mc d SouthWestPasstheo tp qun l khu vc i tu vo sng Mississipi nhng n cch cng xp hng


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Baton Rouge khong 170 dm. Con tu n Baton Rouge lc 10 gi 25 pht ngy 7/10nhng thuyn trng khng trao thm mt NOR no khc na. V cu cng m con tuc php u c mt tu khc ch xp hng ri nn con tu ny mi ti 20 gi 30

pht ngy 8/10 mi cp cu cng v phi ti 15 gi ngy 9/10 mi bt u xp hng.

- Theo ch tu, mc d South West Pass khng phi l im gn vi Baton Rouge,nhng m vic gi thng bo sn sng xp hng vo thi im vo ngy 5/10, thuyntrng thc hin c mc ch ca bn thng bo (Fulfilled the purpose of the

Notice). Hn na, khi ngi thu tu thng xuyn lin h vi tu trong sut hnh trnhca tu ti sng Mississipi, ngi thu tu nn chp nhn NOR trao trc nh mtthng bo c hiu lc khi con tu n Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10. Do theo ch tu,thi gian lm hng bt u tnh vo ngy 7/10.

- Ngi thu tu phn i. H lp lun rng NOR c trao vo ngy 5/7 l khng

c hiu lc v n khng c trao im gn nht Baton Rouge nh quy nh trong hpng thu tu. Theo h, thi gian lm hng bt u khi tu bt u xp hng vo ngy9/10 v thuyn trng khng trao thng bo sn sng mi t Baton Rouge.

- Khi v vic trn c a ra ta, ta cho rng thi gian lm hng bt u ch khimt thng bo sn sng c hiu lc c trao theo nhng iu kin trong hp ng thutu.

Theo ta, hp ng i hi mt NOR c trao t nht l t im gn Baton Rougenht v do NOR c trao t South West Pass khng tha mn iu kin ny. Do

thi gian lm hng ch bt u t lc 10 gi 15 pht ngy 9/10 khi m vic xp hngc thc s bt u. Ta cng lin h vi mt quyt nh nm 1970, trong ch rarng thuyn trng nn tip tc trao NOR , nu thuyn trng trao NOR ri thlaytime s c bt u. Mt khc, quan ta lp lun rng l ra thuyn trng c thd dng trao NOR ln th 2 bt u laytime Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10 nhng trnthc t li khng lm nh vy.

- Ni dung v n 2:

Tu NOTOS c thu chuyn theo mu STB ch du t vnh Pecxich i Mohamedia(Maroc).

Hp ng thu tu quy nh:

Tu c php trao TBSS ngay sau khi n cng d, bt lun c cu hay khng ccu (berth or not berth)(iu 6)


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iu 8 ni r thm nu v nguyn nhn bt k no ngoi mun ca ngi thu,tu khng lm hng c th thi gian khng c tnh nh thi gian ch cu.

Ngay sau khi n cng d, tu trao TBSS, nhng v ang c bo t trong khu vc nn tukhng cp cu d hng c. Thi k (I) ny ko di trong sut 20 ngy.

Sau khi thi tit cho php, chic cu chuyn dng duy nht ca cng li b mt tukhc chim mt 3 ngy thi k (II). Sau 3 ngy , tu NOTOS mi chnh thc cvo cu d hng.

Tip theo thi k (III) bin li ng v tu NOTOS phi ri cu ra phao ch mt 5 ngy.Sau thi tit tr li bnh thng, tu mi vo cu li c v d ht hng.

Thi gian lm hng vt qu thi gian cho php. Ch tu i ngi thu phi tr tinpht trn c s tnh c 3 thi k ni trn vo thi gian lm hng. Ngc li, ngi thu

khng ng nn v vic c a ra trng ti.

Trng ti xem xt mi tnh tit v kt lun rng ch tu khng c tnh thi k (I)vo thi gian lm hng nhng c tnh ton b thi k (II) v 1/2 thi k (III).

Nh vy, trong v tranh chp trn, ngi thu tu gp 3 tnh hung bt li dnn 3 thi k khng tin hnh vic d hng c. Da trn cc iu khon trong hpng, trng ti v to n quyt nh thi k no c tnh vo thi gian lm hng, thik no khng tnh.

Qua cc v n trn, chng ta thy rng vic quy nh thi gian lm hng c tnh, dtu vo cng hay cha, cp cu hay cha, lm xong th tc kim nh hay cha, lm xong th tc hi quan hay cha hoc thi gian ch tu s tnh vo thi gian lmhngs rt bt li cho ngi thu tu v s xy ra trng hp l cha bt u xp hocd hng th thi gian lm hng ht v ngi thu tu lun b pht. Nn gch b nhngquy nh hoc sa li cho ph hp vi li ch ca ngi thu tu.

2.5.2. Tranh chp v cch tnh thi gian xp d

Chng ta thng gp trong cc hp ng thu tu chuyn quy nh mc xp d l

ngy lm vic thi tit tt...

y khi nim thi tit tt khng c quy nh c th, chi tit bt k mtvn bn no, ni cch khc, ngi ta khng th lng ha c thut ng ngy lm victhi tit tt. Theo thng l hng hi quc t, ngy lm vic thi tit tt l ngy khngc ma, bo hay gi to, cho php cc bn tin hnh cng vic xp d hng ha. Tuynhin i khi vn xy ra tranh chp v khi nim ny, chng hn gi cp no th


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c gi l gi to, liu c mt quy tc chung quy nh sc gi mt cp nht nh sdn n vic ngng xp d hng ha v liu thi gian lm hng trong thi gian cc tr i hay khng.

Theo quan im ca Trng ti Hng hi Lun n, gi cng ging nh ma,

tuyt...l mt trng thi ca thin nhin c th cho php ngi thu tu c quyn tr honthi gian lm hng nu hp ng thu tu iu chnh c cha iu khon lin quan nvn ny, v d: ngy lm vic 24 gi lin tc thi tit tt (weather working day of24 consecutive hours), hoc thi tit cho php (weather permitting). Tuy nhin vn l khng c tiu chun khch quan no o sc gi ny t cho php ngi thutu c th vin vo iu khon min tr do thi tit (weather exception).

Cng c nhng cng a ra nhng quy tc an ton quy nh rng khi sc gi vtqu mt mc nht nh, vic lm hng phi c tr hon m bo an ton. Ti liu

ca Bimco c ni n vn ny: vic lm hng c th b tm ngng khi sc gi vtqu mc 15m/giy. Bimco cng a ra cc tiu chun hp l khc xc nh khi nongi thu tu c th vn dng iu khon min tr do gi. V d: nu vic lm hng btm ngng v cc nh chc trch ca cng v/hoc nhng quy nh ca cng kt lunrng mt sc gi nht nh s gy nguy him cho vic xp hng, khi ngi thu tuc quyn p dng iu khon min tr do thi tit nh khi mt hp ng thu tu cquy nh c th. Tranh chp v cch tnh thi gian xp d rt thng xuyn xy ra, cth l do hai bn khng hiu r quan im ca nhau, d v tnh hay c . Tranh chp sauy l mt minh chng:

Ch tu R ng thnh ph H Ch Minh tha thun cho mt thng nhn S Hong Kong thu tu ch 5200MT g trn t Rangoon ti Huangpu, Trung Quc, theo:

- Tu phi n cng xp hng v sn sng cho vic xp hng t ngy 5 n15/2/1992 (thi gian tu n cng xp hng).

- Thi gian lm hng: 10 WWDSHEXEU

Thng pht xp d: 1500 USD/3000 USD/ngy. Tu R n Rangoon vo th 6ngy 12/2/1992 v trao NOR lc 17 gi 10 pht. Theo iu khon thi gian lm hngtrong hp ng thu tu, thi gian s tnh t 1 gi chiu ngy th 7. Ch tu gi in hingi thu tu xem hng ha sn sng xp hay cha v v cha c s tr li cangi thu tu, ch tu hi i l ca h cng Rangoon, ch tu nghi ng l ngithu tu khng th c s lng hng nh hp ng quy nh.


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V thy ngi thu tu tip tc im lng, ch tu i cho n khi thi gian lmhng ht vo ngy 27/3/1992 v gi cho ngi thu tu mt telex thng bo cho hrng nu ch tu khng nhn c tr li ca ngi thu tu trong ngy hm xcnhn rng ngi thu tu s xp s g nh hp ng quy nh ln tu, ch tu s buc

phi kt lun rng ngi thu tu khng th xp hng ln tu v coi nh ngi thu tu khng tun th hp ng, khi ch tu s li tu i.

Vn khng c tr li t pha ngi thu tu. Do trong ngy tip theo ch tu gi mt telex xc nhn rng h chp nhn thi ca ngi thu tu nh l s vi phmhp ng v gi y ch tu c quyn li tu i. Sau ch tu ch mt chuynhng Ur thay th v n ngy 12/3/1992 tu R t Lhok Indonexia i TP HCM.

Ch tu khiu ni i ngi thu tu np tin pht xp d chm khong 7000 USD(ngoi tin cc khng v cc chi ph khc pht sinh).

Ngi thu tu ph nhn rng h vi phm hp ng. Tri li h cn khng nhrng ch tu thc hin khng ng hp ng thu tu bng cch li tu i khi ngithu tu cha bao gi th hin rng h s khng thc hin hp ng ny v v th ngithu tu i ch tu bi thng thit hi.

Trng ti cho rng trn thc t ch tu khng c quyn suy lun t s im lng cangi thu tu l h khng thc hin hp ng. Do bn thng bo ca ch tu gi vongy 28 v 29/2/1992 khng c gi tr g. Tuy nhin trng ti tm ra bng chng xcnh rng vo ngy 29/2 khi ch tu chm dt hp ng thu tu ngi thu tu hon

ton khng c hng ha bc hng ln tu.

Ngi thu tu cng khng th chng minh c kh nng thc hin hp ng camnh trc khi vic chm dt hp ng xy ra. Hn na ngi thu tu khng th ara nhng ti liu cn thit chng t h thc s c yu cu chuyn ch hng ha. Do trng ti kt lun trong v ny ch tu thng kin v c quyn i tin pht xp dchm trc khi hp ng chm dt.

2.5.3. Tranh chp v thi gian tu ch i

Trong thc t c nhiu tranh chp v vic thi gian tu n cng m hng chac xp hoc do cc s c khc th thi gian tu phi ch i c c tnh l thi gianxp d hay khng. Vn ny ty thuc vo cc iu khon trong hp ng thu tu vty vo tng s c, nguyn nhn c th.

Di y l mt s v d minh ha cho vn ny:


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- n l 1:

Hng tu Atlantic Shipping nhn ch hng t Cng Caen n Houston trn con tuLOUEAS N. Hp ng quy nh:

Thi gian tu ch cu cng xp/d coi nh thi gian xp/d hng (iu 5 v 6).

Thi gian lm hng quy nh c xp v d l 14 ngy, mi ngy 24 gi lin tc, ngyl, ch nht khng tnh(iu 20)

Nu v nh cng m hng ha khng xp hay d c th thi gian xp d khng tnhtrong khi nh cng ang tip din(iu 39)

Ti cng xp tu phi ch mt 1 ngy 9h 45 pht. Ti cng n, tu phi ch 49ngy 10 gi 30 pht do cng nhn nh cng.

Ngi chuyn ch yu cu ngi thu tu tnh thi tu ch i vo thi gian lmhng v bi thng khon thit hi cho ngi chuyn ch. Trc yu cu , ngi thutu vin dn iu 5,6 v 39 trong hp ng v lp lun rng thi gian tu cng Houstonl v cng nhn nh cng, do nh cng ko di. D tu c vo cu i chng na thcng khng th tin hnh lm hng c nn ch tu khng th bt ngi thu chu.

V vic c a ra Ta n Anh v ta phn tch rng iu 5 v 6 ni v thi giantu ch i khng lin quan g ti iu 39 ni v nh cng. Mt khi tu ch i th phitnh t lc bt u ch cho n khi chm dt. iu 39 ni v nh cng mun m ch tnh

hnh sau khi tu n v sn sng lm hng. iu khon ny ch min trch cho ngithu khi cng vic xp d ang tin hnh ch khng th p dng cho khon thi giantrc khi tu vo cu cng v sn sng xp d. Do ch p dng iu 5 v 6 xt x.

Cui cng ta quyt nh thi gian mt mt v ch cu phi c coi nh thi gianxp d v khng min tr cho ngi thu tu.

- n l 2:

Cng ty A thu tu Finx ch ng cc t River Plate i Nampo (Triu Tin). Hp

ng quy nh:Thi gian tu ch i cu cng (Berth) tnh nh thi gian d hng. Tc d

hng mi ngy lm vic lin tc l: 1000 tn/ WWDSHEXEU (iu 6)

Thi gian d hng tnh t 13 gi nu NOR a bui sng, tnh t 8 gi sng hmsau nu NOR a vo bui chiu (iu 48)


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17 gi ngy 18/6 tu n ni d hng l im thng d hng bng chuyn ti. 18gi 30 tu trao NOR. 8 gi ngy 11/6 NOR c chp nhn. 13 gi cng ngy bt utnh thi gian lm hng nhng khng d c hng. Tu phi ch n 23 gi ngy 5/7.T cho n 1 gi ngy 6/7 tu chuyn ch u t sng vo cu d hng. Vic d

hng hon thnh vo lc 17 gi ngy 21/7.Theo ngi thu tu, thi gian lm hng bt u tnh t 13 gi ngy 11/6 v ht hn

ngy 4/7. Nh vy s tin pht l 54.000 USD. Ngi thu khng chp nhn thi gianch i trc 13 gi ngy 11/6 v trong thi gian t 11/6 n 4/7 khng c tnh nhngngy ngh v ngy ma.

Ch tu lp lun rng, iu 6 bt u c hiu lc t lc tu n cng v khng mintr ngy ngh v ngy ma. Do thi gian lm hng ht hn t ngy 25/6 nh vyngi thu phi bi thng 74.000 USD. Vn c t ra y l iu 6 c p dng

cho mt chuyn tu n khng ?

Lut hng hi Anh quy nh thi gian ch cu tnh ring v khng lin quan ti thigian lm hng. Do , nu trong hp ng quy nh Thi gian ch cu c tnh nhthi gian xp/d hng (Time lost in waiting for berth to count as loading/dischargingtime) th nhng thi gian c min tnh trong thi gian lm hng khng p dng cmin tnh cho ngi thu trong thi gian ch cu. Nh vy y lp lun ca ch tu lhp l.

min tnh thi gian min tr trong thi gian lm hng (laytime) i vi thi gian

xp d hng (Loading/Discharging time) th trong hp ng phi quy nh rng thigian ch i cu c tnh nh thi gian lm hng (Time lost in waiting for berth tocount as laytime).

Nh vy bng cch no th trong hp ng phi quy nh tht r rng iu khonny, v tin pht ch i tnh t chi ph mt ngy tu trong hch ton kinh doanh. Tucng ln v trng ti th chi ph cng ln v tranh chp ny thng xuyn xy ra tronghp ng thu tu.

- Mt v n tranh chp v thi gian i cu bn khc:

Ch tu v ngi thu tu k kt mt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ngbin. Ch tu c ngha v ch hng n Le Havre.

Ngy 29 thng 7 tu n ni nhng phi th neo lc 13h 42 pha ngoi cng donc rng. Vo thi im cu cng cng khng trong tnh trng sn sng do ang


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c mt tu khc ti cu cng. Tu phi i mc nc triu cng tip theo.

Cc bn ng rng trong mi trng hp, ngay c khi cu cng khng bn, thtu cng khng th vo cng trc 20h30, tc l 6 gi 48 pht k t khi th neo do phii triu cng.

Thc t th mi n 19h00 ngy 4 thng 8 cu cng mi trng, nhng phi n23h54 cng ngy khi c triu cng tu mi nh neo vo cu. Tranh chp lin quann khong thi gian 6 gi 48 pht m tu phi ch vo cu cng.

Ch tu cho rng thi gian ch i bt u t khi tu n ni th neo do ngithu tu phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho khong thi gian ny. Trong khi, ngi thu tu cho rng vic ch i l do nc rng nn tu khng th tip cn cucng, v vy anh ta khng phi chu bt k trch nhim g.

Phn quyt ca trng ti :

U ban trng ti ra phn quyt chp nhn yu cu ca ch tu v trch dnli l do trong Phn quyt s 371 ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980 ca Phng Trng ti Hnghi Paris:

"Ch tu ch phi chu mi ri ro lin quan n vic di chuyn thc t catupht sinh

khi cu cng ni tu phi cp trong tnh trng sn sng

Theo quan im ca ngi thu tu, ch tu phi chu trch nhim cho c hai lntu khng th vo cu cng do iu kin nc rng. Ln th nht l khi tu mi n v vmt l thuyt, tu khng th cp cu cng c ngay c nu lc cu cng tnh trngsn sng. Ln th hai l khi cu cng sn sng nhng tu vn khng vo c cucng.

U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca ngi thu tu vi l do khng th bt ch tuchu trch nhim hai ln ni trn khi nhng ri ro l hu qu trc tip ca vic ngithu tu khng thc hin ngha v bo m cu cng trng thi sn sng lm hng khi

tu n.

Mt chuyn gia ca Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris bnh lun v vic ny nhsau:

y l mt phn quyt c tnh nguyn tc bi cc bn mun s dng cch giiquyt ca U ban trng ti trong v vic ny gii quyt mt s tranh chp khc c tr


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gi kinh t ln hn.

R rng l c th c mt s ri ro khc ngoi thu triu c th khin tu chm trtrong vic cp cu, d l s kin t nhin hay l hu qu ca hnh ng ca conngi, v c th khin tu b chm khng ch vi gi m cn c th l vi ngy hay vi

tun.

Mt s kin khc cho rng s l cng bng hn nu nhng ri ro tn ti vtkhi tm kim sot ca ch tu sau khi tu n l thuc trch nhim ca ch tu hn lthuc trch nhim ca ngi thu tu khi cu cng sau sn sng lm hng. Tuyvy, quan nim ny vp phi mt tr ngi khng th vt qua l khng ai c quynxc nh hu qu ca mt lng ln cc ri ro hng hi khi m bn thn tu khng htrc tip ng u vi mt ri ro no.

Mt trn gi mnh, sng m hay mt cuc nh cng c th l mt tr ngikhng th vt qua i vi mt s tu nhng li khng phi nh vy i vi nhng tukhc. ng l chnh thuyn trng ch khng phi ai khc l ngi phi quyt nh ci mt vi nhng ri ro hay khng. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l mt tiu ch chnhxc bi quyt nh l mt chuyn cn c t c hay khng li l mt chuyn khc.

U ban trng ti c yu cu phi a ra mt nguyn tc chung c th p dngtrong mi trng hp. Do U ban trng ti cho rng cn phi khng nh nguyn tc:cc hu qu ca cc ri ro hng hi ch c th c tnh khi chng l nhng s kin thct v phi c b qua nu ngc li.

Khi tu tr thnh tu n (arrived ship) ngha l tu trng thi sn snglm hng. Nu v mt l do no (tr bt kh khng) m cu cng khng sn sng thtu vn c quyn tnh cc khong thi gian ch i. Trong trng hp ny, khi tu n,cu cng cha sn sng lm hng, do tu c quyn tnh thi gian ch i khng

ph thuc vo vic khi bn thn tu c th cp cng hay khng.

T cc v tranh chp trn c th thy rng vn tu ch i l mt vn tng iphc tp trong vic tnh thi gian lm hng. V vy trong hp ng thu tu cn phi quynh c th v r rng trnh nhng tranh chp trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng vsau ny.

2.5.4. Tranh chp v thng pht xp d


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Nhn chung trong tt c cc mu hp ng thu tu u c quy nh c th iu khonthi gian lm hng v thng pht xp d. Theo quy nh ca iu khon ny th khingi thu tu xp d hng mun hn thi gian quy nh th s b pht tin xp d chm(demurrage), v nu ngc li th s c thng khon tin xp d nhanh (dispatch).

Tuy nhin vic tnh ton cc khon ny cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mc thngpht, thi gian (s ngy, gi) thng pht...Do , thc t y l vn phc tp v dpht sinh tranh chp.

A,Tranh chp v thng xp d nhanh (Dispatch)

Ngy 26/7/2000, cng ty Vedan Vit Nam k hp ng thu tu thu cng ty BharatImpex ch 30.000 MT mui cng nghip t cng Sikka- n v cng G Gia -Vng Tu. Theo hp ng, l hng ny c ch trn tu Wintec. Trong hp ng quynh:

- Mc xp/d mi ngy lm vic lin tc l 3.000MT/WWDSHEXEU

- Mc pht xp d chm l 6.000USD/day

- Mc thng xp d nhanh l 3.000USD/day

Tu Wintec cp cng G Gia v trao NOR vo lc 14 gi ngy 4/8/2000. Ngi thutu bt u d hng vo lc 22 gi cng ngy. Sau , ngi thu tu yu cu ngichuyn ch thng xp d nhanh. Ngi chuyn ch ng v tnh tin thng nh sau:

- Bt u d hng: 22,00 gi ngy 4/8/2000

- D hng xong: 4,50 gi ngy 11/8/2000

- Tng thi gian d hng: 150,50 gi

- Ngy ma: 11,17 gi

- Thi gian d hng thc s (sau khi tr ngy ma): 139,33gi, tng ng vi 5,81ngy. Theo quy nh ca hp ng:

- Lng d hng: 30.000MT

- T l d: 3.000MT/ngy

- Thi gian d quy nh: 240 gi tc 10 ngy

Theo :


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- Thi gian c thng d nhanh: 100h67'(=240h-139,33h) tc 4,19 ngy

- Tin thng d hng nhanh: 4,19 ngy 3.000 =12.570USD

Tuy nhin, ngi thu tu khng ng v lp lun rng: theo quy nh ca hp ng

thi gian d l 10 ngy lm vic tt tri, khng tnh ngy l v ch nht ngay c khi cdng. Bt u d hng t 22h ngy 4/8/2000. Nu tnh t ngy cho 10 ngy lm viclin tc tt tri th thi gian hon thnh s l 9h17' ngy 16/8 v trong thi gian c mtch nht v 11,17 gi ma. Nhng nh d hng nhanh, tu c th ri cng vo lc 4h30ngy 11/8/2000. Nh vy khong thi gian c thng phi tnh thm mt ngy (ngych nht). Ta hy theo di bng sau:

Din bin Thi gian cho php Pht thng

Th, ngy , gi, nm S kin D H M D H M

14h ngy 04/08/2000Tu cp cng, trao

NOR

22h ngy 04/08/2000 Bt u xp d 2

Ch nht ngy 05/08/2000 Tip tc

Th 2 ngy 06/08/2000 nt 1

Th 3 ngy 07/08/2000 nt 1

Th 4 ngy 08/08/2000 nt 1

Th 5 ngy 09/08/2000 nt 1

Th 6 ngy 10/08/2000 Tri ma 11h 17p 12 43

4,50h ngy 11/08/2000 xp xong 4 50 19 10

Ch nht ngy 12/08/2000 nt 1

Th 2 ngy 13/08/2000 nt 1

Th 3 ngy 14/08/2000 nt 1

Th 4 ngy 15/08/2000 nt 1

9h17p ngy 16/08/2000 Ht hn 9 17


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Tng cng 4 19 33 5 4 27

Hai bn tranh ci kh lu v vn ny v v sau, trng ti phn quyt phn thngthuc v ngi chuyn ch.

S d c tranh chp nh trn l v trong hp ng thu tu ch quy nh mc thng mkhng ghi r thng cho thi gian no: ton b thi gian tit kim c (for all timesaved) hay ch thi gian lm vic tit kim c (for working time saved)

Nu hp ng quy nh thng cho ton b thi gian tit kim c th yu cu cangi thu tu l hp l. Ngc li, ngi chuyn ch s thng nu quy nh thng chothi gian lm vic tit kim c. Nh vy nu ngay t lc k kt hp ng thu tu, hai

bn tho thun v quy nh r vn ny th tranh chp khng xy ra v hai bn titkim c chi ph kin tng, thi gian v sc lc.

B, Tranh chp v pht xp d chm (Demurage)

Theo quy nh ca hp ng, nu ngi thu tu xp d hng ho mun hn thi gianquy nh th s b pht mt khon tin gi l tin pht xp d chm.

Trong thc tin cng tc thu tu c mt nguyn l c gii ch tu tha nhn v pdng trong vic tnh ton mc thng pht l mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht (Onceon demurrage always on demurrage). iu ny c ngha l khi khong thi gian cho php(laytime) quy nh trong hp ng dng xp hoc d hng ht th ngi thu phitr tin pht cho ch tu cho nhng ngy chm tr tip theo. Nhng ngy ny bao gm c

nhng ngy ch nht, ngy l, ngy ma m l ra trong laytime c min tr.

Nh vy ngi thu phi tr tin pht cho tt c mi thi gian tu b lu gi ko di hon thnh vic xp d hng. V d laytime quy nh trong hp ng cho vic xp v dhng l 12 ngy. S ngy ny c s dng ht cho vic xp hng nh vy laytime cng d hng ht. Do ngay khi tu n cng d hng l b pht, v khi b phtth khng cn trao thng t (NOR) na.

Trong thng mi hng hi, quan im ny rt ph bin v trong thc t xt x tranh

chp, nhiu to n thng mi v hi ng trng ti cng vn dng nh vy xt x.Di y xin gii thiu mt s trng hp:

Cng ty Naviera thu hng tu Luois chic tu DIAS ch bt m t cng Philadelphiai cng Hsikang. Hp ng thu tu k theo mu Baltimore Berth Grain, trong c iu15 quy nh ti cng d hng ngi thu c quyn hun sy cc hm tu hoc hng ho.Chi ph hun sy do ngi thu chu, thi gian s dng hun sy khng tnh vo laytime.


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Ngoi ra hp ng cng quy nh thuyn trng phi hp tc vi ngi thu tu cccng vic ny c tin hnh tri chy. iu 13 ca hp ng quy nh tc d hng l1.500 tn mi ngy lm vic tt tri lin tc 24 gi ng h, ch nht v ngy l khngtnh d c lm. Thi gian d hng s bt u vo lc 13 gi cng ngy nu thng t

c trao vo bui sng hoc tnh vo 8 gi 30 pht ngy hm sau nu thng t ctrao vo bui chiu. Cn theo iu 14 ca hp ng th thi gian ch cu, di chuyn tuc coi nh thi gian d hng. Nu tu d cng th hai th thi gian lm hng s tnhngay sau khi tu n cng bt k vo cu hay cha. iu 16 quy nh mc pht l7.500 USD v mc thng l 3.750 USD.

27.700 tn bt m c xp ln tu Dias ti Philadelphia v ngy 3/10/1993 tu n cngHsikang. Tu u ti khu vc thng mi cng ngay sau khi n. Do vy t ngy3/10/1993 tu thc s iu kin coi nh mt arrived ship. Laytime bt u ctnh t 13h ngy 4/10/1993. Theo hp ng, Laytime tng cng theo quy nh l 18 ngy,11 gi 12 pht v s ht hn lc 0 gi 12 pht ngy 26/10/1993 nhng lc ny tu vn

phi i ngoi phao ch vo cu. T ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993 ngha l trong vng 16ngy 6 gi, ch hng tin hng hun sy hng, n thi im ny tu vn cha c vocu. Cui cng n ngy 6/12/1993 tu mi c vo cu d hng v n ngy10/12/1993 vic d hng c hon thnh.

Ch tu i ngi thu phi tr tin pht l 338.635USD cho tng s thi gian b pht l45 ngy 3 gi 38 pht. Tuy nhin ngi thu lp lun rng trong thi gian b pht philoi tr nhng ngy hun sy hng l 16 ngy 6 gi. Do tin pht l 216.760 USD.

Theo ngi thu tu s d nh vy l v theo iu 15 ca hp ng, thi gian hun syhng phi c loi tr khi thi gian xp d hng. Ngc li ch tu lp lun rng vlaytime ht khi tin hnh hun sy, do vy iu 15 lc ny khng cn gi tr na.

V tranh chp trn ko di v gia hai bn khng th i n ho gii c. Cui cng vvic c a ra to n thng mi Anh gii quyt. To lp lun rng mt vn tng i r rng trong php lut l nu trong mt hp ng thu tu c quy nh mtthi gian no cho vic xp d, khi thi gian ht m ngi thu xp d chaxong th coi nh ngi thu vi phm hp ng th khng c hng bt k min tr

no v phi chu mi hu qu. Chnh y l c s ca php thuyt "Mt khi b pht thkhng mt s min tr no c th ngn cn vic pht tip tc tr khi hp ng c quynh khc ".

Trong v tranh chp ni trn vn c t ra l liu li vn dng trong iu 15 cahp ng c r rng khng v c min tr cho ngi thu vic np pht theo mc 7.500


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USD/ngy k t ngy 26/10 khi thi gian lm hng ht cng nh thi gian hun syhng (t ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993) hay khng.

Ngi thu tu vn dng cum t "at any time" trong on "at the discharging port, thecharterer have the option at any time to funmigate at their expense ship's hold and/or

cargo and time to used not to count" khc t trch nhim. To bc b lp lun nyv ni rng cc cm t "at any time" v "any time to used not to count" c ng p dngcho thi gian lm hng ch khng phi cho trng hp b pht. Thm na, nhng cuch ny ch p dng khi thi gian lm hng ang cn ch khng phi nh trong trnghp ny. Vi lp lun nh vy to buc ngi thu tu phi tr ton b tin pht chongi chuyn tr khng c min tr mt ngy no c. Nh vy y to p dngnguyn tc "Mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht". Hay ni mt cch khc khi thigian lm hng khng cn na th nhng ngy tip sau bt k l ma hay nng, ngyngh, ngy l th ngi thu vn phi tr tin pht. Vic p dng quy tc ny c phnnghing v quyn li ch tu. Tuy nhin y l quy nh c hnh thnh t lu vc lut ca nhiu nc quy nh.

Trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam ti iu 71 mc 1 gi thi gian sau khi ht thi gianlm hng l thi gian di nht. Mc 2 v mc 3 iu 71 quy nh rng nu vic thng

pht xp d khng c quy nh trong hp ng th s p dng tp qun a phng.Trng hp tp qun a phng khng quy c th khon tin pht s tnh trn tng chi

ph thc t duy tr tu v thuyn b trong thi gian di nht. Thi gian tu b lu ticng xp hng sau khi thi gian xp hng ht v thi gian di nht do ngi thu tu

gy ra gi l thi gian lu tu. Ngi chuyn ch c quyn i bi thng cc thit hipht sinh do lu tu. iu 91 B lut Hng Hi Vit Nam cng quy nh tng t cc vn trn y i vi vic d hng v tr hng cng ch. Quan im ny r rng nghingv quyn li ca ngi chuyn ch v c hnh thnh hng trm nm nay.

Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y cn cn lc lng gia ch tu v ngi thu tu c nhiu thay i, v vy nn sa i quy nh ny sao cho hp l hn. Thc ra khi tuch i ko di ngoi thi gian lm hng th khng phi ch c ch tu b thit m bnthn ngi thu tu cng b thit rt nhiu. Nh vy, tt hn ht nn tho thun trong hp

ng l thi gian di nht ny s c chia hai, mi bn chu mt na. Nu khng thothun c nh vy th thi gian lm hng nn c quy nh tnh t khi tu thng bosn sng lm hng.

Qua cc v d trn ta nhn thy rng vn tnh ton thng pht xp d l vn khngn gin v rt d pht sinh tranh chp. Do khi thu tu, ngi i thu nn c gng


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quy nh cht ch v thng tho sao cho c li cho mnh nhm trnh b thit thi khi bpht

2.6 Tranh chp lin quan n tha thun trng ti v lut quy nh

Tha thun trng ti c th l iu khon v gii quyt tranh chp c ghitrong hp ng hoc tha thun ring, c th l mt Ph lc nh km ti thi im k

Hp ng hoc c cc bn k kt sau khi pht sinh tranh chp.

Hnh thc ca iu khon trng ti thng s dng nh sau: Mi tranh chp pht

sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny s c gii quyt chung thm ti [tn ca

TTTT] (All disputes originated from this contract shall be setted by [name of Arbitration

Center]).

Thng thng, trong cc tranh chp, bn Vit Nam thng xuyn b thua thit do

khng nm r c cc quy nh v iu khon lin quan ti lut php v trng ti.

2.6.1 Vn lin quan n gi tr php l ca iu khon trng ti

Nng lc v thm quyn k kt ca cc bn l yu t quan trng. Php lnh v trng

ti (2003) quy nh khi mt bn k kt tha thun Trng ti khng c nng lc hnh vi

dn s y th tha thun trng ti v hiu.

Vn xy ra trong trng hp mt bn khng c nng lc dn s, v d nh khi

xy ra tranh chp bn i kin khng chng minh c s tn ti ca bn kia th tha

thun trng ti c th b xem l v hiu.

Xem xt v d: Tu Nam 08 DWT3800 do Cng ty vn ti Nam khai thc .

Nm 2008, tu Nam c cho mt cng ty Hn quc thu nh hn. Trong qu

trnh khai thc, ngi thu mua ca Hng du Orient Oil Singapore mt lng du tr gign $150.000. Ht hn thu, tu c tr li.

Mt thi gian sau, bng nhin ch tu (Cng ty Nam ) nhn c th i khon

tin trn. Hi ngi thu tu th h ni thanh ton, h cn gi cho ch tu xem bn sao


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lnh chuyn tin. Trong khi bn bn du khng khng cha nhn c tin, v yu cu

ch tu thanh ton.

Trong thi tranh chp, ngi thu tu tuyn b ph sn.

Ngy 7/2/2011, khi va tr xong hng Karachi, tu b ta n Pakistan ra lnh bt

gi theo n kin ca bn bn du.

Ch tu tham vn lut s. Lut s lin lc vi Ta ri cho ch tu bit: Ta ng

khng gi tu nu ch tu ng th chn hoc c ngn hng bo lnh 230.318,74 la

M.

Nh vy, ch tu hon ton phi chu thit hi t v tranh chp ny m khng nhnc s bo v t pha lut php v trng ti, do trong trng hp ny khng c c s

php l bo v quyn li i vi ch tu.

2.6.2 Vn v quy nh iu khon trng ti

Theo quy nh ti Php lnh trng ti, cng nh t kt lun thc t, Trng ti ch c

thm quyn xt x nu gia cc bn tn ti mt tha thun chn Trng ti gii quyt

tranh chp, phi mt tha thun trng ti c th, r rng v theo ng quy nh ca Phplut v Quy tc t tng Trng ti ca TTTT.

Nh vy, nu khng quy nh cn thn th vic x l s lm vo b tc. Mt s kh

nng thng xy ra nh sau:

- iu khon trng ti v lut xt x khng r rng.

- Xem nh v khng hiu c ngha php l ca vic la chn c quan ti phn.

- Chn thm quyn xt x l Ta n mt nc nhng li yu cu phi tun th phplut ca mt nc khc.

S khng thn trng i vi iu khon trng ti c th hin qua 1 s v d:

- Petromanning vi Steelco.


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Vo thng 10-2009, Petromanning k hp ng mua phi thp vi Steelco. Theo

hp ng v cc iu khon, Petromanning phi thanh ton 2,425 triu USD (5%) cho

Steelco bng L/C v phi m trong vng 5 ngy k t khi k kt hp ng. Hp ng nu

r trong trng hp L/C khng c m nh iu khon quy nh, bn bn c quyn lachn chm dt hp ng. Trong trng hp , bn mua s phi tr cho bn bn mt

khon pht bng 2% gi tr hp ng. Bn bn cng c quyn yu cu bn mua bi

thng cc thit hi t vic bn li hng ha.

Tuy nhin, sau khi k hp ng, Petromanning khng thc hin ngha v m

L/C theo tha thun v quy nh; ng thi cng khng thanh ton cho Steelco khon

tin pht bng 2% gi tr hp ng tng ng 48.500 USD. Trn c s , Steelco

khi kin Petromanning ln Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Hng Kng. Tuy vy,

Petromanning pht l v khng tham gia qu trnh xt x, bt chp cc yu cu ca

Hi ng Trng ti - Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Hng Kng, cng nh thng bo ca

Steelco.

Ngy 14-6, Hi ng Trng ti ra quyt nh yu cu Petromanning phi tr ngay

cho Steelco 48.500 USD cng khon li vi li sut 5%/nm tnh t ngy 18-11-2009

(tm tnh n ngy 20-7-2010 l 1.621 USD). Ngoi ra, Petromanning phi gnh khon

ph trng ti 56.031 la Hng Kng; tin li cc khon ph trng ti vi mc li sut

5%/nm tnh t ngy Steelco thanh ton cho n ngy c hon tr khon tin ny (n

ngy 10-10-2010 l 752,2 la Hng Kng).

C th nhn thy pha Petromanning hon ton khng coi trng yu t trng ti

cng nh vic xt x ca hi ng trng ti, dn ti hon ton thua thit trng v tranh

chp v phi chu thc hin n pht.

- TACC v TSUNG

u nm 2000, Cng ty TACC Vit Nam cho thng nhn nc ngoi Tsung

thu tu LS ch l hng nng sn t Vit Nam i cng Busan Hn Quc. Hp ng

thu tu quy nh ngi thu phi m bo cu cng d an ton. iu khon trng ti ca


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Thc t Vit Nam c nhng trng hp khi xy ra tranh chp, cc ch th

nc ngoi khng ng gii quyt s vic ti Vit Nam hay khng chp nhn lnh

trng ti hoc ta n Vit Nam v h vin dn quy nh ca hp ng lp lun.

C th nh sau: Cui nm 1994, tu IGDI ca hng tu BLSC ch mt s st thpn Hi Phng theo hp ng thu tu vi ngi thu tu l cng ty xut khu X. Trc

khi kt thc vic d hng, ch tu phong ta v cm gi khong 370 tn hng khng

giao cho ngi nhn v l do h cha thu c cc ca ton b l hng mc d vn n

ghi l "cc tr" . L ngi mua v nhn hng VINAMETAL trnh by r l hng

c mua theo iu kin CIF Hi Phng, ngha v tr trc l ca ngi bn ch khng

phi h. Ch tu vn bt chp v khng chu giao ht hng. VINAMETAL kin ln Ta

n Hi Phng xin c gii ta hng. Khi ch tu lp lun rng nu ch hng mun

kin phi theo ng hp ng thu tu v vn n l "Mi tranh chp lin quan n hp

ng thu tu ny phi c xem xt v gii quyt bng Trng ti hng hi Moscow theo

lut Nga". Ta n Hi Phng bc b lp lun ny v ra quyt nh cng ch ch tu

phi giao s hng cn li cho ngi nhn.

Tng t, thng 8/1995, tu Asena treo c Panama ca ch tu Kory Shipping ch

hn 21.000 tn xi mng ng bao t Triu Tin ti Nng. Khi n ni, mt s lng

ln xi mng b t do nc bin v nc ma do tu khng kh nng i bin. Vi t

cch ch hng v l ngi mua, Artexport thu gim nh v i ch tu bi thng

thch ng. Ch tu ln trnh trch nhim v v vy ch hng khi kin ti ta n Qung

Nam Nng yu cu bt gi tu.

2.6.4 Vai tr ca To n i vi cc hot ng ca cc TTTT thng mi

Php lnh 2003 (c sa i trongLut Trng ti thng mi nm 2010) quy nh

ta n c th:

- Ch nh Trng ti vin;

- Thay i Trng ti vin;


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- p dng, thay i, hu b bin php khn cp tm thi;

- Hu phn quyt trng ti.

Trn thc t, vic tham gia ca c quan ta n c tc dng rt quan trng trongvic bo v quyn li ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. Ta c th tm hiu qua 1 v vic kh

hi hu l trng hp ca cng ty Hong Dng v hp ng vi EL95 (Cng ty Eastland

Produce (1995) Pte Ltd Singapore)

Cng ty EL95 c quan h, k kt hp ng mua cao su vi Cng ty Hong Dng.

i din Cng ty EL95 co buc Cng ty Hong Dng khng thc hin 13 trn tng

s 15 hp ng k kt. Cng ty Hong Dng khng nh khng h k kt 2 hp ng cnli, v hon thnh trch nhim.

Ngy 19/10/2004, SICOM (Trng ti thuc Trung tm Giao dch hng ha

Singapore ) ra quyt nh s 01/2004 pht Cng ty Hong Dng ca Vit Nam

118.000 USD.

Ngy 23/4 v ngy 27/7/2007, Ta s thm TAND TP HCM v Ta phc thm

TAND Ti cao ti TP HCM quyt nh cng nhn cho thi hnh phn quyt ca

SICOM ti Vit Nam.

Tuy nhin, sau , vi s tham gia ca c quan cng an, v vic c xem xt

li m bo quyn li cho cng ty Hong Dng.

Nh vy d c quyt nh ca trng ti, v chp nhn thi hnh n t pha ta n

2 cp, doanh nghip vn c th yu cu s bo v t pha c quan lut php.

Mt khc, vic xem xt ngun lut quy nh ca cc quc gia cng rt quan trng.

Vn thng xy ra i vi cc ch tu, thc hin ngha v vn ti hng ha nhy

cm (v d nh khong sn). Chng ta c th xem xt qua v vic gn y, khi mt s


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tu ca Vit Nam b bt gi ti cng Kupang (Indonesia), v vn chuyn mangan (hng

cm theo lut Indonesia).

y l trng hp i vi cc tu Thi Long (thng 7/2010), tu Vit Nam 08

(thng 12/2010)

Thc t, khi nhn cc hp ng vn chuyn (tu chuyn) t pha i l, i l c

lu nh sau: PLEASE MAKE SURE TO THE SHIPPER WHETHER THEY HAVE

PERMIT EXPORT FROM MINISTRY TRADE OF INDONESIA, PERMIT FROM

GOVERNOR, AND PERMIT FROM POLICE.

Nh vy, cc doanh nghip cn lu , khng ch i vi cc iu kin t hp

ng, m cn c nhng yu t php l c lin quan, trnh nhng tn tht khng ng

c.

3. Cc bin php cn lu trnh tranh chp

3.1 Lin quan n tu chuyn

- Cn phi tm hiu thng tin mt cch cn thn v hng tu cng nh con tu

ch hng.- Nu hng ha b h hng khi tu di bn th khng nn khiu ni ch tu v

li tu khng d kh nng i bin. V trch nhin chun b con tu c khnng i bin ca ch tu kt thc khi con tu bt u hnh trnh.

- Khi hng ha b h hng, ch hng phi xem l do n t hay ni t. Nu ldo ni t ca con tu th ch tu kh chi b trch nhim. Nu l do n t thch tu c min trch.

- Khi pht hin hng ha b h hng, cng cn phi lu xem l li hng vn

hay l li thng mi. Nu l li thng mi th ch tu kh c th khc ttrch nhim.

3.2 Bin php hn ch xy ra tranh chp v thanh ton cc ph

Vn cc khng l vn phc tp v thng xuyn xy ra tranh chp. Thngthng ngi thu tu khng chu thanh ton cc khng vi nhiu l do khc nhau.Vic hng khng c xp ln tu s lng nh c quy nh trong hp ng cng


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c th do nhiu l do khch quan em li. V vy, trnh xy ra tranh chp i cckhng, hai bn ch tu v ngi thu cn tha thun trch nhim ca mnh nh: Ngithu c trch nhim cung cp hng y nh thng bo. Khi tu n nhn hng mch tu khng giao hng theo s lng thng bo th ch tu vn c th tnh cc

khng cho lng hng khng c giao. V pha ngi chuyn ch, trong trng hp tukhng ch ht s hng c giao theo quy nh th phi chu ton b chi ph cho lnghng khng ch t t lin n cng cng nh chi ph lu kho, lu bi ca khi lnghng khng ch ht ti cng.

Mt vn na lin quan n tranh chp thanh ton cc ph l vic bt gi hngi cc. Khi hp ng thu tu quy nh tin cc phi c tr trong vng vi ngysau khi k vn n th ngi xp hng hoc ngi thu tu c th i thuyn trng phthnh vn n c xc nhn l cc tr trc ngay sau khi bc hng xong ln tu d cholc h cha tr tin cc v cng cha n lc phi tr. Nu thuyn trng lm theo

yu cu ca ngi xp hng hoc ngi thu tu m pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn lcc tr trc th tc b quyn ca ch tu c cm gi hng ho i tincc khi ti thi hn thanh ton m cc vn cha c tr. Trong trng hp ny, chtu khng c php cm gi hng ca ngi nhn, bi v h l ngi mua hng theovn n m cn c vo xc nhn trn vn n th h s khng phi tr cc khi nhnhng. Nu thuyn trng t chi khng chu pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn "cc trtrc" theo yu cu ca ngi xp hng th ngi thu tu hoc ngi xp hng c thgy kh d khi tu lm th tc ri bn. i khi thuyn trng cng c th lm vn ntheo yu cu ca ngi xp hng bng cch thuyn trng c k vn n vi xc nhn

"cc tr trc" nhng li ra lnh cho i l tu gi li v ch giao vn n ny chongi xp hng khi no h tr ht tin cc. Mt gii php khc cng c th cthc hin l: thuyn trng i phi c ngn hng bo m mi k vn n. Nu khngth gii quyt c theo cc gii php k trn th ch tu phi ch th cho thuyn trng lkhng c pht hnh vn n vi xc nhn l "cc ph tr trc" nh yu cu cangi xp hng. Nu ngi xp hng hay ngi thu tu c tnh khng chp nhn, lmcho tu b chm tr khi hnh th h s phi chu trch nhim v mi hu qu xy ra.

.3.3 Mt s lu khi son tho iu khon trng ti:

- n gin v chnh xc

iu khon trng ti cn n gin trong son tho v chnh xc khi tp hp cc ni dung

a vo iu khon. Theo , iu khon trng ti nn quy nh khi qut ti a cc


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tranh chp khng ch lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng, m cn c nhng vn v

s tn ti, hiu lc ca hp ng, vi phm v chm dt hp ng v cc h qu ti chnh

ca hp ng. Cch din t sau y c th l thch hp: Tt c cc tranh chp pht sinh

t hoc lin quan ti hp ng ny ....

- Hnh thc trng ti

Khi son tho iu khon trng ti, cc bn cn cn nhc cc iu kin v ti chnh,

s thun tin hay bn cht ca tranh chp s pht sinh la chn mt hnh thc trng ti

ph hp. Thng thng, c hai hnh thc trng ti l Trng ti v vic v Trng ti quy

ch.

- S lng Trng ti vin

Vn s lng Trng ti vin cng cn c cn nhc khi son tho iu khon trng

ti. Cc bn cn tha thun tranh chp s c gii quyt bi 1 hay 3 Trng ti vin. Cn

tham kho, cn nhc Biu ph trng ti ca mt s t chc trc khi c quyt nh v s

lng Trng ti vin.

Ngoi ra, cc bn cng c th tha thun thm v mt s tiu chun c th ca Trng ti

vin (v d: trnh chuyn mn, thm nin ngh nghip, tnh c lp.), kh nng s

dng ngn ng (thng l ngoi ng) v quc tch Trng ti vin m bo vic gii

quyt tranh chp c trung lp, khch quan v hiu qu.

- a im tin hnh trng ti

Vic quyt nh a im tin hnh trng ti u ty thuc vo kh nng m phn

ca mi bn. Trong trng hp khng t c vic la chn a im trng ti ti quc

gia mnh v phi la chn a im trng ti ti quc gia khc, cc bn cn cn nhc k

xem php lut ni tin hnh trng ti c hon thin khng, phm vi v vai tr ca cc Ta

n lin quan n t tng trng ti nh th no, ng h hay phn i trng ti. Tt nht


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nn chn a im tin hnh trng ti ti quc gia thng qua Lut Trng ti Thng

mi quc t Mu UNCITRAL (Lut Mu) v Lut Mu c coi l tiu chun vng v

trng ti thng mi quc t. Khi , cc bn hon ton yn tm.

Mt vn cn c bit ch ti vic xc nh ni tin hnh trng ti l kh nng thi

hnh quyt nh trng ti. Cc bn cn kim tra xem quc gia c chn xt lm ni din

ra qu trnh xt x trng ti ph chun Cng c New York nm 1958 v Cng nhn

v thi hnh cc quyt nh trng ti nc ngoi hay cha.

- Lut p dng cho ni dung v tranh chp

Khi thc hin hp ng, cc bn cn phi bit lut no p dng cho hp ng bicc iu khon hp ng khng phi lc no cng quy nh y cc quyn v ngha

v tng ng ca cc bn. Cc bn cng cn lu rng lut iu chnh ni dung hp

ng c th khc vi lut iu chnh qu trnh t tng trng ti. Thng thng lut iu

chnh qu trnh t tng trng ti l lut ni tin hnh trng ti.

Trong thng mi quc t, lut p dng hon ton do cc bn t do la chn, ty theo

kh nng m phn. Tuy nhin d la chn th no cng cn phi quy nh 1 cch r

rng v ph hp.

- Ngn ng trng ti

Khi chn ngn ng trng ti, tt hn ht l nn theo thng l chung: ngn ng

dng trong xt x trng l ngn ng t

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