1 Unit Three Deep-structure Deviation Deep-structure Deviation Deep-structure deviation refers to semantic connected with the meaning of words and sentences, deviation, which may be defined as linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit, e.g., a word or phrase (Leech, 1969: 131) Deep-structure deviation Deep-structure deviation contradiction transference ambiguity deception Deep-structure Deviation Contradiction is a type of semantic deviation which conveys self-conflicting information contradiction Paradox (absurd statement which is self-evidently false) Paradox (absurd statement which is self-evidently false) Oxymoron semantic clash Oxymoron semantic clash Contradiction Oxymoron witty remarks involving two or more seemingly contradictory terms Oxymoron Oxymoron: a kind of paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms cheerful pessimist the wisest fool in Christendom living deaths freezing fires glorious defeat , etc. Oxymoron oxymoron A victorious defeat A living death Cruel kindness Parting is such sweet sorrow. Writing is busy idleness. Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! Serious vanity! Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this . William Shakespear, Romeo and Juliet Oxymoron Brawl: A noisy and violent fight involving a group of people oxymoron He was deliciously tired. This is an open secret. Her speech was followed by an eloquent silence. Tom Paine believed that society was always good whereas the government was only a necessary evil. I regarded this as a glorious defeat. oxymoron Shakespeare said once that parting is a sweet sorrow. His studied carelessness was meant to impress the students. oxymoron Sometimes benevolent despotism can be worse than traditional despotism. People were all talking about his conspicuous absence. oxymoron Euthanasia simply means mercy killing. Give us 50,000 yuan, and you ll get your child back, the man said with a disagreeable smile. oxymoron paradox A paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false. paradox It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. paradox Through the use of the paradox, Orwell seems that the whole story will be absurd. paradox In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well. Oxymoron and paradox are devices that allow the literary writer to express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood. Oxymoron and paradox transferencetransference synecdoche metonymy metaphor Transference Transference The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs. The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings. the naming of a part to mean the whole. synecdoche Transference The pen is mightier than the sword. the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated metonymy Gray hairs should be respected. He is too fond of the bottles. I have never read Li Bai. She is far from the cradle. Transference Transference What is learned in the cradle is carried into the grave. His purse would not allow him that luxury. The difference Metonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. Synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part. Find out the figures of speech used The glories of our blood and state, Are shadows, not substantial things; There is no armour against fate; Death lays his icy hand on kings; Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. metaphor personification transferred epithet metonymy synecdoche metonymy metaphor X is like Y in respect of Z. X is the tenor , Y is the vehicle , and Z is the ground (the likeness). metaphor 1. One type of sensory perception is expressed in terms of another, e.g. (1) If the music be the food of love, play on. (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night) metaphor Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Bacon, Of Studies) metaphor 2. A non-human referent is given human attributes , e.g. (1) So I unto myself alone will sing The wood shall to me answer, and my echo ring. (Spenser, Epithalamion) metaphor Mistress, I dug upon your grave To bury a bone, in case I should be hungry near this spot When passing on my daily trot I am sorry, but I forgot It was your resting-place. (Hardy, Ah, Are you Digging on my Grave? metaphor 3. A non-animate referent is given animate characteristics, e.g. (1) The sky rejoices in the morning s birth. (Wordsworth, Resolution and Independence) metaphor 4. An abstraction is treated as if it were animate, e.g. (1) A terrible beauty is born. (W.B. Yeats, Easter 1916) metaphor 5. A human referent is treated either as an inanimate being or an animal or a bird, e.g. (1) You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things! (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar) metaphor She is really a duck, she thought. metaphor All the world s stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exists and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) Deception Deception simply refers to the deliberate use of overstatement, understatement and irony, each of which misrepresents the truth in some way. Deception overstatement understatement irony Deception Overstatement Overstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry, Till a the sea gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. A Red, Red Rose overstatement For she was beautiful her beauty made The bright world dim, and everything beside Seemed like the fleeting image of a shade. (Shelley) To be, or not to be: that is the question Whether t is nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them?... overstatement Understatement( understatement litotes meiosis Litotes I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay. She never takes a shot without making sure the house is included. Litotes That s no laughing matter. That s a serious matter. She was not without ambition. She was quite ambitious. meiosis almost, hardly, kind of, rather, scarcely, something of, sort of, meiosis TV Reporter: Do you think all the programs are good? One of the audience: Well, some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish. meiosis During last year s Central Park Bicycle Race, five of the racers were attacked and had their bikes stolen while the race was in progress. This is something of a handicap in bicycle race. meiosis Sorry, this is in fact more than I can promise. This piece of work is nothing to be proud of. Irony Irony the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning. It is an effective literary device because it gives the impression of great restraint the quality of behaving calmly and with control, . It s a nice, pleasant sort of weather indeed! 1. 1.1 Verbal Irony 1.2 Circumstantial Irony ( Irony of Fate) 1.3 Dramatic Irony Irony 1.1 Verbal Irony It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one s pocket. Irony Barbara, my ex-best friend, came to my house to look after my children. She helped things out and took my things out. She did help! Irony 1.2 Circumstantial Irony ( Irony of Fate) Kate Chopin The story of an Hour Mallard Free! Body and soul free! Mallard Circumstantial Irony ( Irony of Fate) 1.3 Dramatic Irony Irony of Fate Kate Chopin When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease of joy that kills. Dramatic Irony joy Dramatic Irony By the term ambiguity we mean the case of more than one cognitive meaning for the same piece of language (Leech, 1969: 205) Ambiguity In non-literary discourse, ambiguity is usually taken to be the opposite of clarity and is therefore normally considered a fault. Ambiguity In literature, however, it is regarded as a virtue, roughly correspondent to richness or wit , for in literature we are ready to read extra-meanings. Ambiguity Ambiguity can be purely phonetic, resulting from homophony i.e. words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning. This is the case when a poem or story is written to be heard but not to be seen. E.g. Ambiguity How is bread made? I know that! Alice cried eagerly. You take some flour When do you pick the flower? the White Queen asked, In a garden, or in the hedges? Well, it isnt picked at all, Alice explained, its ground How many acres of ground? said the White Queen. (Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass Ambiguity If we don t hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately. Ask for me tomorrow and you will find me a grave man. Ambiguity Pun: a play on words based on similarity of sound and sharp difference in meaning. Pun Jane Eyre, thornfield Eyre air thorn field Pun Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. ( grave ) Why is the Middle Age also called the Dark Ages? Because there were many Knights. Pun Customer: I would like a book, please. Bookseller: something light? Customer: That doesn t matter. I have my car with me. (light Pun Pun One shop announced: Darwin is Right Inside. Seven days without water make one weak (= week). If we don t hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately. Pick out the figures of speech used pun On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey for you! Pick out the figures of speech used antithesis; pun harm sb. make use of sb. Give me a torch: I am not for this ambling; being but heavy, I will bear the light. Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. Not I, believe me: you have dancing shoes with nimbler quick soles: I have a soul of lead so stake fasten me the ground I cannot move. soles( ), lead( ) Romeo Mercutio Romeo Pick out the figures of speech used pun