10 pt 2 middle ages
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 10Chapter 10The Worlds of The Worlds of
European ChristendomEuropean ChristendomPt 2: Western EuropePt 2: Western Europe
500-1300500-1300
Internal Interactions
External Interactions
476 CE Fall of Rome – Effects?
Collapse of Rome = Collapse of Western Civilization (or was it?)“…there was an extraordinary fall in what archaeologists term ‘material culture’. The scale and quality of buildings, even of churches, shrank dramatically… tiled roofs, which were common in Roman times became a great rarity and luxury. In the 6th and 7th century West the vast majority of
people lived in tiny houses with beaten earth floors, drafty wooden walls, and insect-infested thatched roofs; whereas,
in Roman times, people from the same level of society might have enjoyed the comfort of solid brick or stone
floors, mortared walls, and tiled roofs.”-Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, 2005
Roman graffiti
showed literacy
During Middle Ages
literacy declined "Alexamenos worships [his] God"
Germanic Tribes +
Roman Legacy+
Christianity= Western
Europe
“At first I wanted to erase the Roman name and convert all Roman territory into a Gothic Empire … But long experience has taught me that … without law a state is not a state. Therefore I have more prudently chosen the different glory of reviving the Roman name with Gothic vigour…”
-Athaulf – Visigoth Ruler c. 410
476-1450 Middle Ages (Medieval) No Political Unity
Carolingian Empire 800-888
Charlemagne
Charles the Great (768-814)
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Waged war with the
sword and the cross
Built Churches
and Schools
Aachen Cathedral in Germany
Standards and
written laws
Capitulary for Saxony, 785 CECharlemagne’s Laws For The Germanic Peoples
• 1. …the churches of Christ, which are now being built in Saxony and consecrated to God, should not have less, but greater and more illustrious honor, than the fanes of the idols had had.
• 3. if any one shall have entered a church by violence and shall have carried off anything in it by force or theft, or shall have burned the church itself, let him be punished by death.
• 7. If any one, in accordance with pagan rites, shall have caused the body of a dead man to be burned and shall have reduced his bones to ashes, let him be punished by death.
• 8. If any one of the race of the Saxons hereafter … wished to hide himself unbaptized, …and shall have wished to remain a pagan, let him be punished by death.
• 11. If any one shall have shown himself unfaithful to the lord king, let him be punished by death.
• 14. …for these mortal crimes secretly committed any one shall have fled of his own accord to a priest, and after confession shall have wished to do penance, let him be freed by the testimony of the priest from death…
• 17. …in accordance with the mandate of God, we command that all shall give a tithe of their property and labor to the churches and priests;
• 19. …all infants shall be baptized within a year
Defended the Papal States
800 Crowned “Emperor
of the Romans” by Pope Leo III
Legend says he was crowed with the Iron Crown of LombardyIron band in the center supposedly made from
a crucifixion nail
Feudal (poly)
and Manorial (econ)
Systems
FeudalismService in
exchange for protection
Lords and vassals
Landowning Lords
KnightsHired by Lords for protection
often vassals and lords
Fief = a granted piece of land
“Hear you my Lord [name] that I, [name] shall be to you both faithful and true,
and shall owe my Fidelity unto you, for the Land that I hold of you, and lawfully shall do such Customs and Services, as my Duty is to you, at the times assigned.
So help me God and all his Saints.”-From The Manner of Doing Homage and Fealty 1275
Serfs - peasants legally bound to the fief with restricted rights
Freemenowned
their land or worked as skilled craftsmen
(guilds)
The Manor was self-sufficient
Kings and the Church had influence over the lords and the manor
Three-way power struggle
Who was on top depended on time and
place
1215 English Magna Carta
The Roman Catholic Church
Papal MonarchyPapal Political InvolvementCreated Conflict with Kings and Lords
The Church was very involved in people’s lives
Baptism, marriage, death, record keeping, health care, missionaries etc.
Inquisitions to combat
heresy
Increased Piety and power of
the Clergy
Nuns were the
most educated and independent
women
Womenopportunities and guildsfarmers, weavers, brewers, midwives, spinners, bakers, shopkeepers, etc.
by 15th cent women’s rights and
opportunities reduced
No Roman legions = increased invasionsVikings, Magyars, and Muslims (Moors)
External RelationsConflict, Trade, Disease
The Age of the Vikings200 years of
raidsc. 700s-900s
Vikings slowly converted, settled, and assimilated
German Otto I (912-973)Stopped the Magyars
Pledged to protect the Pope962 Holy Roman Emperor(1st crowned by the pope since Charlemagne)
Muslim MoorsMuslim Moorsinvaded and dominated eastern invaded and dominated eastern
trade routes 700s-1400strade routes 700s-1400s732 Battle of Tours
Cordoba Mosque,
Spain
Early 1000s = Moorish infightingCatholic Reconquista 1085-1492
High Middle Ages
1000-1300Pop. Growth, Expansion,
Stability, and Prosperity
Effects of a lack of centralized political authority?-Commerce-Education-War-Religion
Italian cities in the South
Hanseatic League in the NorthTrade
Formation of Universities
Oxford 1096
University of Bologna 1088
Notre-Dame de Reims
Gothic Architecture
Washington Washington DC National DC National CathedralCathedral1907-19901907-1990
The CrusadesThe Crusades1096-12911096-1291
(9 Total and “others”)(9 Total and “others”)
Byzantines in conflict with Turks Asked the Pope for helpEmperor Alexius
1095 Council of Clermont
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Pope Urban II called for a
Crusade
Crusade is penance for
past sins
not a sin to kill non-
Christians
Inventory of an English Crusader by Thom Atkinson
1st Crusade (1096-1099)
Crusaders competed for land
Attacked Christians, Jews, and Muslims
1099 Crusaders Captured Jerusalem
“But now that our men had possession of the walls and towers, wonderful sights were to be seen. Some of our men (and this was more merciful) cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, … others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames… Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that this place should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers, since it has suffered so long from their blasphemies.
-Raymond d’Aguilersa Chaplain who Chronicled 1st Crusade
Crusaders Claimed
Jerusalem and formed new states
Knights Templar to
defend
Europeans took sugar (al-kandiq) and slave plantation ideas back to Europe
22ndnd Crusade Crusade (1147–1149)(1147–1149)Muslims recaptured some land and
Christians could not take it back
Saladin(1138-1193)
Sunni Muslim Leader
1187 Battle of Hattin
Saladin crushed the
Crusaders and took the
“True Cross”
1187 Muslims took Jerusalem
Saladin allowed safe passage for traders and pilgrims of all religions
3rd Crusade (1189-1192)
Richard I“The Lion-Hearted”
(1157-1199)King of England
Richard defeated
Saladin in some
battles but failed
to take Jerusalem
4th Crusade (1202-1204)Crusaders attacked Constantinople
Muslims kept the Holy Land
European monarchs increased their power
The Black Death in Europe1347-1351
Bubonic from Fleas Pneumonic is Airborne
1347 Genoese sailors brought plague from Caffa
The Black Death 1347: Mediterranean (Italy) 1348: France and Spain 1349: England 1351: E. Europe & Russia
July, 2012 OregonPaul Gaylord
No Cure(Vaccine 1947)
Quarantines
Inadequate Hospitals
1347-1351 1347-1351 25+ mil out of 75 mil killed 25+ mil out of 75 mil killed
Feudalism in Western Feudalism in Western Europe collapsedEurope collapsed
Adaptation and Transition from least to most advanced in Afro-Eurasia
Internal Interactions
External Interactions