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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ZONKWA DAM

DRAFT REPORT

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KADUNA STATE WATER

KADUNA STATE

BOARD

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ZONKWA DAM

DRAn REPORT

JUNE 1991

ABUCONS (NIC) LIMITED

Ahmadu Bello University Consultancy Services Ahmadu Bello University

Zaria Nigeria

CONTE~S

bull PAGES

EXECUTIVE SlJftiARy bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 1

1 Environmental Regulation bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

2 Project Description bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 7

3 Baseline Data bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12

4 Analysis of Alternatives bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 30

5 Environmental Impacts bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 32

6 Mitigation Plan bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 57

7 Monitoring Plan bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 62

8 Appendix

i) Terrestrial flora 64

ii) Wildlife of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 67

iii) Non-woody plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 68

iv) Cultivated plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbull 69

v) Medicinal plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 70

vi) Algae of the Zonkwa Dam Project area bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 71

vii) Instrumentation and Monitoring GuidelinesDirectory 74

viii) Maintenance guidelines directory 75

ix) List of preparers bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 76

x) List of persons contacted bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 77

xi) References bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 79

xii) Record of interagencyforum meetings bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 80

1

EXECL~IVE SUMMARY

1 The Kaduna State Water Board (KSWB) wishes to undertake the improvement of water supply to Zonkwa The project includes the

construction of a dam treatment works and distribution system

It is to be financed by a loan taken by the Federal Government of

Nigeria from the World Bank One of the conditionalities for

eligibility for a loan requires the Water Board to undertake through

environmental inpact assessment of the project in accordance with

the World Bank guidelines

2 Zonkwa town Zangon Kataf and surrounding villages have had

no public pipe borne water supply scheme To OVercome this a water

supply system was designed in 1976 by Engineering and Consulting

Associates (Nig) Limited Kano (ECAN) After some modifications of the

design of the treatment plant tender documents were prepared and the

contract for construction was awarded Civil works for Kaduna State

Water Board offices and colony at treatment plant location have been

executed by a local contractor and town pipelines have been laid by

direct labour The contract to supply and erect the treatment plant

on modified design basis was signed in March 1983 Due to lack of

funds the execution of all works was stopped in 1984

An emergency water system and treating borehole water was

proposed in 1989 KSWB tried to commence the project but without

much success

In 1991 Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

(WAPDECO) produced a Final Report on Rehabilitation Study of ZonkwA

Water Supply Scheme

2

3 The consultants adjusted the previously accepted scheme and its

modified treatment plant to meet actual requirements Furthermore

nltcrnntive system concerning Zonkwa township water supply only were

lnvcatlglltcd In all (our schemes were considered Phase 1 Alternative 1

Phase 1 Alternative 2 Phase 2 Alternative 1 and Phase 2 Alternative 2

Phase 1 is for the year 1990 while Phase 2 is for the year 2005

Alternative 1 is for the entire sheme (Zonkva town Zangon-Kataf and

surrounding villages) while Alternative 2 is for Zonkwa township water

supply only

The consultants have recommended the Phase 1 Alternative 2 scheme

4 The scheme consists of placing a zoned earthfill dam with concrete

diaphragm on river Kwasau at Zonkwa This alternative follows more economic

considerations and requires less investment cost for a supply system to

Zonkwa township Water is pumped from Zonkwa reservoir via 300mm raw

wnter pump main to the treatment plant After treatment the water is

pumped via 300mm treatment pumping main to the 150Om ground reservoir

on Zonkwa Hill From there the water is delivered to Zonkwa town via

2400m long gravity main

5 An environmental Assessment of anticipated or expected environmental

effects and impacts of the dam has been made Specific impacts are

classified as either positive or negative and assessed Mitigation

mc~surcs nre identified and mitigation plans to reduce potentially

significant adverse effects to acceptable levels are proposed

6 The study shows that the positive impacts are

(i) The site for the proposed project was acquired by the KSWB in

1980 full compensation has been paid to the

3

landowners and farmers the acquired ares has been shy

demarcated and since there are no settlements within the

acquired area it would not incure any resettlement costs

(ii) The dam has potential for multi-purpose use such as

Water supply irrigation fisheries and recreation

In the design of the consultants allowance was only made

for domestic industrial and livestock uses Based on the

projected raw water demand for Zonkwa town only (in the

3year 2040) of 256 x 106m and Dam operational storage

capacity of 28 x 106m3 it is estimated that the reservoir

can sustain an irrigation project area of about 13 h~ctares

(iii) Zonkwa town and the surrounding villages have no pipe

borne water supply The project would ensure adequate and

reliable water supply It would also improve the sanitary

conditions of the town and reduce the incidences of SOme

of the water borne and water related diseases egshy

dysentry diarrhoea typhoid

(iv) The project would cause an improvement in the local

economy during the construction and as well as the

operation stages by providing employment opportunities

By attracting the establishment of small and medium scale bull

processing and manufacturing industries it would improve the local

economy and provide more job oppurtunities

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

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ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

CONTE~S

bull PAGES

EXECUTIVE SlJftiARy bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 1

1 Environmental Regulation bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

2 Project Description bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 7

3 Baseline Data bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 12

4 Analysis of Alternatives bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 30

5 Environmental Impacts bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 32

6 Mitigation Plan bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 57

7 Monitoring Plan bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 62

8 Appendix

i) Terrestrial flora 64

ii) Wildlife of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 67

iii) Non-woody plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 68

iv) Cultivated plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbull 69

v) Medicinal plants of the reservoir area bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 70

vi) Algae of the Zonkwa Dam Project area bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 71

vii) Instrumentation and Monitoring GuidelinesDirectory 74

viii) Maintenance guidelines directory 75

ix) List of preparers bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 76

x) List of persons contacted bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 77

xi) References bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 79

xii) Record of interagencyforum meetings bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 80

1

EXECL~IVE SUMMARY

1 The Kaduna State Water Board (KSWB) wishes to undertake the improvement of water supply to Zonkwa The project includes the

construction of a dam treatment works and distribution system

It is to be financed by a loan taken by the Federal Government of

Nigeria from the World Bank One of the conditionalities for

eligibility for a loan requires the Water Board to undertake through

environmental inpact assessment of the project in accordance with

the World Bank guidelines

2 Zonkwa town Zangon Kataf and surrounding villages have had

no public pipe borne water supply scheme To OVercome this a water

supply system was designed in 1976 by Engineering and Consulting

Associates (Nig) Limited Kano (ECAN) After some modifications of the

design of the treatment plant tender documents were prepared and the

contract for construction was awarded Civil works for Kaduna State

Water Board offices and colony at treatment plant location have been

executed by a local contractor and town pipelines have been laid by

direct labour The contract to supply and erect the treatment plant

on modified design basis was signed in March 1983 Due to lack of

funds the execution of all works was stopped in 1984

An emergency water system and treating borehole water was

proposed in 1989 KSWB tried to commence the project but without

much success

In 1991 Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

(WAPDECO) produced a Final Report on Rehabilitation Study of ZonkwA

Water Supply Scheme

2

3 The consultants adjusted the previously accepted scheme and its

modified treatment plant to meet actual requirements Furthermore

nltcrnntive system concerning Zonkwa township water supply only were

lnvcatlglltcd In all (our schemes were considered Phase 1 Alternative 1

Phase 1 Alternative 2 Phase 2 Alternative 1 and Phase 2 Alternative 2

Phase 1 is for the year 1990 while Phase 2 is for the year 2005

Alternative 1 is for the entire sheme (Zonkva town Zangon-Kataf and

surrounding villages) while Alternative 2 is for Zonkwa township water

supply only

The consultants have recommended the Phase 1 Alternative 2 scheme

4 The scheme consists of placing a zoned earthfill dam with concrete

diaphragm on river Kwasau at Zonkwa This alternative follows more economic

considerations and requires less investment cost for a supply system to

Zonkwa township Water is pumped from Zonkwa reservoir via 300mm raw

wnter pump main to the treatment plant After treatment the water is

pumped via 300mm treatment pumping main to the 150Om ground reservoir

on Zonkwa Hill From there the water is delivered to Zonkwa town via

2400m long gravity main

5 An environmental Assessment of anticipated or expected environmental

effects and impacts of the dam has been made Specific impacts are

classified as either positive or negative and assessed Mitigation

mc~surcs nre identified and mitigation plans to reduce potentially

significant adverse effects to acceptable levels are proposed

6 The study shows that the positive impacts are

(i) The site for the proposed project was acquired by the KSWB in

1980 full compensation has been paid to the

3

landowners and farmers the acquired ares has been shy

demarcated and since there are no settlements within the

acquired area it would not incure any resettlement costs

(ii) The dam has potential for multi-purpose use such as

Water supply irrigation fisheries and recreation

In the design of the consultants allowance was only made

for domestic industrial and livestock uses Based on the

projected raw water demand for Zonkwa town only (in the

3year 2040) of 256 x 106m and Dam operational storage

capacity of 28 x 106m3 it is estimated that the reservoir

can sustain an irrigation project area of about 13 h~ctares

(iii) Zonkwa town and the surrounding villages have no pipe

borne water supply The project would ensure adequate and

reliable water supply It would also improve the sanitary

conditions of the town and reduce the incidences of SOme

of the water borne and water related diseases egshy

dysentry diarrhoea typhoid

(iv) The project would cause an improvement in the local

economy during the construction and as well as the

operation stages by providing employment opportunities

By attracting the establishment of small and medium scale bull

processing and manufacturing industries it would improve the local

economy and provide more job oppurtunities

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

1

EXECL~IVE SUMMARY

1 The Kaduna State Water Board (KSWB) wishes to undertake the improvement of water supply to Zonkwa The project includes the

construction of a dam treatment works and distribution system

It is to be financed by a loan taken by the Federal Government of

Nigeria from the World Bank One of the conditionalities for

eligibility for a loan requires the Water Board to undertake through

environmental inpact assessment of the project in accordance with

the World Bank guidelines

2 Zonkwa town Zangon Kataf and surrounding villages have had

no public pipe borne water supply scheme To OVercome this a water

supply system was designed in 1976 by Engineering and Consulting

Associates (Nig) Limited Kano (ECAN) After some modifications of the

design of the treatment plant tender documents were prepared and the

contract for construction was awarded Civil works for Kaduna State

Water Board offices and colony at treatment plant location have been

executed by a local contractor and town pipelines have been laid by

direct labour The contract to supply and erect the treatment plant

on modified design basis was signed in March 1983 Due to lack of

funds the execution of all works was stopped in 1984

An emergency water system and treating borehole water was

proposed in 1989 KSWB tried to commence the project but without

much success

In 1991 Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

(WAPDECO) produced a Final Report on Rehabilitation Study of ZonkwA

Water Supply Scheme

2

3 The consultants adjusted the previously accepted scheme and its

modified treatment plant to meet actual requirements Furthermore

nltcrnntive system concerning Zonkwa township water supply only were

lnvcatlglltcd In all (our schemes were considered Phase 1 Alternative 1

Phase 1 Alternative 2 Phase 2 Alternative 1 and Phase 2 Alternative 2

Phase 1 is for the year 1990 while Phase 2 is for the year 2005

Alternative 1 is for the entire sheme (Zonkva town Zangon-Kataf and

surrounding villages) while Alternative 2 is for Zonkwa township water

supply only

The consultants have recommended the Phase 1 Alternative 2 scheme

4 The scheme consists of placing a zoned earthfill dam with concrete

diaphragm on river Kwasau at Zonkwa This alternative follows more economic

considerations and requires less investment cost for a supply system to

Zonkwa township Water is pumped from Zonkwa reservoir via 300mm raw

wnter pump main to the treatment plant After treatment the water is

pumped via 300mm treatment pumping main to the 150Om ground reservoir

on Zonkwa Hill From there the water is delivered to Zonkwa town via

2400m long gravity main

5 An environmental Assessment of anticipated or expected environmental

effects and impacts of the dam has been made Specific impacts are

classified as either positive or negative and assessed Mitigation

mc~surcs nre identified and mitigation plans to reduce potentially

significant adverse effects to acceptable levels are proposed

6 The study shows that the positive impacts are

(i) The site for the proposed project was acquired by the KSWB in

1980 full compensation has been paid to the

3

landowners and farmers the acquired ares has been shy

demarcated and since there are no settlements within the

acquired area it would not incure any resettlement costs

(ii) The dam has potential for multi-purpose use such as

Water supply irrigation fisheries and recreation

In the design of the consultants allowance was only made

for domestic industrial and livestock uses Based on the

projected raw water demand for Zonkwa town only (in the

3year 2040) of 256 x 106m and Dam operational storage

capacity of 28 x 106m3 it is estimated that the reservoir

can sustain an irrigation project area of about 13 h~ctares

(iii) Zonkwa town and the surrounding villages have no pipe

borne water supply The project would ensure adequate and

reliable water supply It would also improve the sanitary

conditions of the town and reduce the incidences of SOme

of the water borne and water related diseases egshy

dysentry diarrhoea typhoid

(iv) The project would cause an improvement in the local

economy during the construction and as well as the

operation stages by providing employment opportunities

By attracting the establishment of small and medium scale bull

processing and manufacturing industries it would improve the local

economy and provide more job oppurtunities

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

2

3 The consultants adjusted the previously accepted scheme and its

modified treatment plant to meet actual requirements Furthermore

nltcrnntive system concerning Zonkwa township water supply only were

lnvcatlglltcd In all (our schemes were considered Phase 1 Alternative 1

Phase 1 Alternative 2 Phase 2 Alternative 1 and Phase 2 Alternative 2

Phase 1 is for the year 1990 while Phase 2 is for the year 2005

Alternative 1 is for the entire sheme (Zonkva town Zangon-Kataf and

surrounding villages) while Alternative 2 is for Zonkwa township water

supply only

The consultants have recommended the Phase 1 Alternative 2 scheme

4 The scheme consists of placing a zoned earthfill dam with concrete

diaphragm on river Kwasau at Zonkwa This alternative follows more economic

considerations and requires less investment cost for a supply system to

Zonkwa township Water is pumped from Zonkwa reservoir via 300mm raw

wnter pump main to the treatment plant After treatment the water is

pumped via 300mm treatment pumping main to the 150Om ground reservoir

on Zonkwa Hill From there the water is delivered to Zonkwa town via

2400m long gravity main

5 An environmental Assessment of anticipated or expected environmental

effects and impacts of the dam has been made Specific impacts are

classified as either positive or negative and assessed Mitigation

mc~surcs nre identified and mitigation plans to reduce potentially

significant adverse effects to acceptable levels are proposed

6 The study shows that the positive impacts are

(i) The site for the proposed project was acquired by the KSWB in

1980 full compensation has been paid to the

3

landowners and farmers the acquired ares has been shy

demarcated and since there are no settlements within the

acquired area it would not incure any resettlement costs

(ii) The dam has potential for multi-purpose use such as

Water supply irrigation fisheries and recreation

In the design of the consultants allowance was only made

for domestic industrial and livestock uses Based on the

projected raw water demand for Zonkwa town only (in the

3year 2040) of 256 x 106m and Dam operational storage

capacity of 28 x 106m3 it is estimated that the reservoir

can sustain an irrigation project area of about 13 h~ctares

(iii) Zonkwa town and the surrounding villages have no pipe

borne water supply The project would ensure adequate and

reliable water supply It would also improve the sanitary

conditions of the town and reduce the incidences of SOme

of the water borne and water related diseases egshy

dysentry diarrhoea typhoid

(iv) The project would cause an improvement in the local

economy during the construction and as well as the

operation stages by providing employment opportunities

By attracting the establishment of small and medium scale bull

processing and manufacturing industries it would improve the local

economy and provide more job oppurtunities

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

3

landowners and farmers the acquired ares has been shy

demarcated and since there are no settlements within the

acquired area it would not incure any resettlement costs

(ii) The dam has potential for multi-purpose use such as

Water supply irrigation fisheries and recreation

In the design of the consultants allowance was only made

for domestic industrial and livestock uses Based on the

projected raw water demand for Zonkwa town only (in the

3year 2040) of 256 x 106m and Dam operational storage

capacity of 28 x 106m3 it is estimated that the reservoir

can sustain an irrigation project area of about 13 h~ctares

(iii) Zonkwa town and the surrounding villages have no pipe

borne water supply The project would ensure adequate and

reliable water supply It would also improve the sanitary

conditions of the town and reduce the incidences of SOme

of the water borne and water related diseases egshy

dysentry diarrhoea typhoid

(iv) The project would cause an improvement in the local

economy during the construction and as well as the

operation stages by providing employment opportunities

By attracting the establishment of small and medium scale bull

processing and manufacturing industries it would improve the local

economy and provide more job oppurtunities

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

4

The availability of greater and more reliable source of water

would encourage the development of larger land area for irrigation

pruposes thus increasing not only agricultural production but ensuring

more abundant and all the year round availability of vegetable crops

The development of fish within the lake would not only be a

source of income but also as an alternative source of protein

7 Among the negative impacts of the Zonkwa dam are

(i) Short term loss of agricultural land by the impoundment of water

in the reservoir area of 102 hectares

ii) Disturbance of biota within the inundated area However none of

the plant nor animal species is an endangered species as they

are the normal entities within the savannah region

iii) Malaria is already endemic in the area There is a likelihood

that the impoundment of water behind the dam would cause an

increase in the incidence of the disease

8 The possible mitigation measures to the negative impacts are

i) Afforestation of the reservoir rim to encourage the ~ecovery of

the biota Possible trees to be planted should be evergreen

trees of economic value

ii) Seeding the reservoir with fingerlings of tilapia and mud

fish to control tbe population of tbe mosquito larvae

9 Necessary measures to improve the environmental quality of the

area are

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

5

i) Rehabilitation and proper organization of the facilities for the

disposal of waste water solid wastes and storm water runoff to

prevent the pollution of the reservoir

ii) Regrassing and offorestation of the valley slopes to minimize

erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir

iii) Encouragement of good agricultural practices such as contour

tillage proper use and management of fertilizers and pesticides

to minimize any harmful environmental impacts on the lake bull bull

10 Measures to minimize social conflict within the area should include

i) Demarcation and the establishment of grazing tracks leading to

possible watering sites around the reservoir rim

i1) Fencing of farmlands along the grazing tracks to prevent livestock

encroachment

iii) As an alternative to lOCi) watering points can be provided

downstream of the bridge to avoid contamination of the reservoir

by animal droppings and prevent livestock encroachment of

formlands around the reservoir

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

6

10 POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

Kaduna state 1s vishing to undertake the Zonkwa Water Supply

Scheme The project is to be financed through a loon the Federl

Government of Nigeria is expecting to take from the World Bank To

be eligible to benefit from the said loan the World Bank has

requested the Kaduna State Water Board to undertake a thorough assessshy

ment of the Environmental Impact of the proposed Zonkwa Dam on the

environment

This assessment viII then satisfy the recommendations of the

Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the

Operational Directive 400 of the World Bank

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

7

20 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21 TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Underground water supply for Zonkwa town is not feasible because

the underlying basement complex rocks are poor in groundwater yield

In addition there is the probability of pollution of the groundwater

by seapage from pit laterins The best options for the supply of

potable water for the inhabitants is therefore by harnessing stream

flow

The Zonkwa environ is hilly and dissected by drainage channels

many of which lie in deep gorges suitable for the creation of dams

In a survey various sites were found favourable However the present

site was recommended because of the handicaps of the other sites

These handicaps include having to relocate the present highway bridge

by diversion or putting it on the dam crest which would necessitate

increasing the width of the dam crest

From these considerations the present site was proposed because

it is cheaper would not affect the road and would at the same time

store enough water to meet the needs of the projected populations of

Zonkwa town and surrounding villages The foundation material was

found adequate for the construction of the dam the site is near the

demand centre and the water vill be supplied using minimum amounts

of pipelines thereby reducing costs

The present proposal is to pump vater from the reservoir to

the treatment works located adjacent to the dam where the water shall

be treated The treated water is pumped to the 15003 ground tank on

Zonkwa Hills From there the water is distributed to the demanding

communities by gravity

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

8

22 LOCATION (See Fig 1)

The project consists of a d~Jtreatment works and distribution

system Tho project are4 is located 2km south-weBt oC ZOllkwa town and

SOm oust of the bridge on River Kwasau on the Aachia-Zonkwa road

Zonkwa town is situated on a relatively low but dissected ridge which

constitutes the watershed for three important river basins the Kadune

River Basin drains the area north of the town the Gurara River Basin

drains the area south-west of Zonkwa and Mada River Basin drains the

south-east area

In the $outh of the town are the Zonkwa Hills The town is

sepcrnted from these hills by River Kwasu which belongs to the upper

reaches of River Babban~c Kogi Kachia a tributary of Gurara River Basin

23 Ecologicnl

Lying on a dissected ridge the Zonkwa landscape consist of

rolling hills and the drainage valley on which the River Kwasau

establishes its course South of the town within the catchment area

are the Zonkwa hills which house the extension of the Kurumbi forest

reserve Tne hills generally comprise of the basement comple rock

outcrops with their diverse mineral and weathered components of

granitic feldspathic and qunrtzite fractions The degree of weathering

is from low to medium giving shallow soils that are usually concretionally

and sometimes highly cemented giving impervions layers which obstruct

intrcprofile drainage This encou-ages soil erosion which appears as

extensive sheet erosion at the upper slopes and gullies at the middle to

lower slopes where appreciably deeper soils occur

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

middot I I ~

I ~ $ Q

lt ~ ~ ~ 0 N

$0

7shy0-1--c U 0 J

W

j trshy-~ g C)

ns

~

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

10

The vegetationmiddot is mostly of the Savanna type Major tree

species found include - Locust bean(arkia clapertaniana) Shea butter

(Butyraspermum Raradoxum) among a diverse and rich population of shrubs

whose magnitude and diversity depend on the degree of mans disturbance

From the adjacent forest reserve it is visible that these shrubs are

capable of growing to appreciable heights forming secondary strata

population within the Guinea Savanna Vegetation Along the course of

the River Kwasau is a belt of riparian forest which consists of a

selected plant population an assemblage of different plant community of

various vegetative groups especially when undisturbed by farming and

residential purposes

24 SOCIAL

There are 3 farming households identified the Hausawa Kaje and

the settled agropastoralist The Kajes are the original settlers in

the area with Raimai family being the original owners of the project

area This land area was acquired from the family in 1980 and compensashy

tion duly paid by the KaduU8 State Government after demarcation

Land holding and the use of land is the main basis of rural

socialization processes and socia-economic organization Its

propenderance on subsistence agriculture constitutes the main issue of

multiple resource use along the banks of River Kwasau

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

11

There are two types of land use encountered in the project

area and especially along the river banks These are Small holders

farming (with less than one quarter of a hectare per individual) and

livestock grazing

The total farming households according to data kept by the

Water Board in Zonkwa is 300 Host of the farmers using the area

reside in Zonkwa township and eidan Ramai For the acquired land the

customary law regulating the ocupation of the land whether cultivated ~

or not have been revocated In other words the customary tenural

arrangement which recognised the rights of the decendants of Ramai

family to control and lease the land and water in accordance with their

status as hairs to the land has been compromised by the compensation

paid by Kaduna State Government

There is hardly any public water supply system in the town

The population of Zonkwa for its water supply depends largely on the

hand dug wells During the dry season the water levels of these wells

drop considerably and the water supplies become inadequate A few wells

provide a little water for some establishments in the town but

the greater part of Zonkwa is in urgent need of portable water supply

There is no well organised drainage and solid waste disposal aystem

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

12

30 BASELINE DATA

31 Description of Dam Treatment Works and Distribution System

The complex will consist of a impoundment whose operational

and maximum elevation will vary from 8399m MSL to 8414m MSL

respectively This will be harnessed by an earth dam whose characshy

teristics are given in Table 1

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

Table 1 Zonkwo Dam feature

Max height of dam

Length of dam crest

Dam crest

Maximum water level

Spillway crest level

Elevation of river bottom

Type of dam

Width of dam crest

Down stream slope

Upstream slope

Reservoir area

Catchment area

Dead storage capacity

Operational storage capacity

Gross storage capacity

Type of spillway

Spillway crest width

Spillway capacity

Average water demand at 2040 AD

13

(Source WAPDECO 1991)

161m

115m

8424m MSL

8414m MSL

8399m MSL

8263m MSL

Zoned Earth Dam with concrete diaph=agm wall

5Om

12

13

1021cm2

22km2

065 x 106m 1~lgt 28 x 106 m

345 x 106 m

Baffled chute plus auxilliary spillway

30Om

10OmSec

13718mday

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

14

The dam crest shall be constructed with compacted fine core fill

while the upstream and dOWDstream slopes will be compacted coarse shell

filled Overlying this fill on the upstream will be a filter layer

The downstream will consist of chimney filter and horizontal filter

below the compacted couarse shell fill On the top of the upsteam

and downstream fills is amiddotrock rip-rap layer of coarse granitic material

This material is also used on the dam toe drain The materials of fine

to coarse fill materials are expected to be available from the lower

to middle slopes of adjacent terrain while the rip-rap granitic material

can be obtained from the blasting of prevailing rock boulders within the catchment - ~~

Apart from the dam the project will include the errection and

completion of the treatment works as well as the construction of th~

delivery and supply lines which will be divided into 2 major mains shy

the Zonkwa transm1ssiongraviy mains of lSSkm external pipe networks

for Zonkwa and Madauchi village and the Zongo Kataf main of 3S9km

These are however of different dimeters Storage tanks of 2497ms

capacities will be located at Hadauchi (Water Tower) Zangon Kataf

(balanCing tanks) and on the Zonkwa Hills There were later proposed

in revised schemes to include a 300ams water tank on Zonkwa hills for

Zonkwa township only in view of the highly disproportionate investment

operation and maintenance costs of the extensions to Bafai Gora

Kankada Fadaya Gida and the main extension to Zangon Kataf

There will also be the treatment works consisting of the Raw

Water treatment main the treatment plant the Kaduna State Water

Board Colony and the gravity main to Zonkwa township The treatment

plant propper will involve an aeration oxidation - prechlorination

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

15

coagulation and flocculation settlement and clarification filteration

pH - Correction and Stevilosation units These will involve

the following structures

- An eration structure

Clariffier of 160~~Jh capacity

Filter inlet channel I bull

Rapid gravity filters 4 Nos inch air scom and backwash equipment

Wash water overhead tank of 122m3 capacity

Chemical station housing

Chemical dosing and mixing equipment (for Aluminum sulphate

Lime Sodium alginate)

Chlorine room

Chemical store

Laboratory

Office

Treated water pumping station

Treated water reservoir of 4753 capacity

Generator hosue store and workshop

Water supply and drainage system

Internal road system

The KSWB colony will consist of

(a) Water Board Office

(b) Cashier room

(c) Senior staff house

(d) Junior staff houses

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

16

(e) Utility houses

(f) Gate house

(g) Fencing

(h) Water supply and drainage system

(i) Internal road system

32 Biological Characteristics

Three ecosystems are recognisable within the area under

reference These are the terreatial ecosystem the wetland ecosystem

and the aquatic ecosystem The terrestial ecosystem occupies a major

part of the 22km2 catchment while the wetlan~ covers the flood plain

of the river which are periodically waterlogged or submerged during the

rainy season The aquatic ecosystem comprises the River and a few ponda

321 Terrestrial ecosystem

Within the dam area forty-three plant families vere represented

These were identified by genera as shown in Appendix 1 Terrestrial flora

The woodland was dominated by Detarium microcarpum Monitor

lizards were recorded Foot-prints of foxes and droppings of small

antelopes and various species of snakes were observed in the area The

indegenes indicated there used to be a lot of game animals the names

of some are included in Appendix 2 Wildlife of the reservoir area

Those animals not observed during the survey may have migrated as a

result of human activities

322 Wetland ecosystem

The major feature of the wetland ecosystem is the dense riparian

forest The main trees at the forest are Erytbrophyleum africanum and

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

17

Pseudocedrella kotachyii Afzelia africana Daniellia oliveri

Lannea acidad and Raphia vinifera Other species found in this

area are shown in Appendix 3 Non-woody plants of the riparum

forest The Erythrophleum africanum (Caesalpiniaceae) was

identified as a highly poisonous plant to animals

Like the terrestial ecosystem the wetland also includes

agricultural lands which within the catchment area are cultivated

with twenty-six crop species as shown in Appendix 4 Cultivated

plants of the reservoir area Similarly 16 species of a combined

flora of the two ecosystems were identified by the h~rbalist apound

plants of medicinal value The list of these is presented in

Appendix 5 Medicinal plants of the reservoir area

The taxa observed were typical of Savanna Woodland No

endemic taxa were observed

323 Aquatic Ecosystem

During the survey of the project area water samples were

collected for biological analY8i8 from the river and one of the

observed ponds From the analysis fish amphibians invertebrates

and algae population were identified

(a) Fish Table 2 shows the relative composition of species of

fish sampled in the river and also in a small pond of about

15m deep and having a surface area of about 30m2 bull

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

18

Table 2 Relative composition oC the fish IIpoeiea sAmpled

River Pond

Family spicies Total no of fries Wt(p)

Total no of fries Wt)nm)

i) CICHLIDAE Oreochromis niloticus 7 09 5 06

Tilapia zilli 4 03 3 02

ii) CLARIIDAE 1

Clarias gariepinus 3 02

iii) CYPRINIDAE

Barbus rapax 3 01 7 02

iv) CYPRINODONTIDAE

Aplocheilichthls sambiensis 2 01

Fishing activities were not observed in the river during the period of

the study This could be due to one or a combination of the following

reasons the seasonality and the shallowness of the depth of flow of

the river

Adult and tadpole frogs(Xenopus~) were observed in the pond

and only toad tadpoles were observed in the river

(b) Invertebrates

Table 3 shows the species composition of invertebrates sampled

in the river and pond

There is preponderance of the immature stages especially nyphs of

Ephemenoptera both in the pond - Cloean~ 66 and River 40 Kembers

of the Odona~ were represented in the river by Pseudagrion wellani

28 and Pantah flaveseens 9 both of which are clean water species

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

19

Table 3 Aquatic Invertebrate Species of the study area

POND Species Composition

1 Anisop varia (Hemiptera) 16

2 Ranatra sp (Hemiptera Water Scorpion) 2

3 Poissonic sp (Hemiptera Belastomidbug) 2

4 Cloeon sp (Epbemonoptera) 66

5 Hydrophilus sp (Coleoptera) 2

6 Chironomus sp (Diptera) 8_

7 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3

8 Leeches (Hirudinae ) 3

9 Pantala flaveuscens (Odonata)

10 Paeadagrion Wellani (Odonata)

11 Gyrinus sp

12 Caenodes ap (Ephemeroptera

13 Helochares ap (Coleoptera)

RIVER Composition

23

395

93

279

23

23

163

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

20

The Order Hemiptera vas found maiDly in the pond samples

Anisop varia 16 Poissonia 2 Ranatra apbullbull 2 and in the river

only Poissonia 2 vas present

Mosquito larvae vere collected from calm vater in a rocky section

of the river upstream- The balckfly vector of river blindness

(Orochorerciasis) and the snail (80lanus sp) vector for the

causative agent for Bilharzia were not observed in the samples from

the reservoir area

(c) Algae

The algae taxa collected from the pood and the river are shown

in Appendix 6 Their numerical abundance are indicated as dOminant

very common common rare and very rare

The dominant filamentous alga in the river wasmiddotSpirogyra spp

and in the pond it was a combination of Spirogyra and Oedogonium sp

Oscillatoria SPP especially ~ limnetica was the most common blueshy

green alga Other very common alga were Scenedesmus spp and

Rad~ococcus n~batus The diatomaceous taxa were common in the pond

and river and were composed mostly of attached species In general

the algal taxa vas very diverse

(d) Zooplankton

From the river sample rotifers vere tbe most dominant (42)

These were represented by the following species Brachionus sp

(22) Polyathra (60 ) Keratella sp (lO) Asplanchna sp (4)

Members of the class Crustacea constituted 26 of the zooplankton

population This was represented by Cammarus sp (4) Bosmia sp (7)

Daphnia (5) and Cyclops sp (10)

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

21

Roundworms were represented by Deroa sp (2) and Rhabditis sp

(4) The class insecta was represented by ~ sp (5) and Chaeborus

sp (6) Segmented worms were represented by Clossiphonis sp (3)

Tara which could not be identified constituted (10) of the tars

available

In the pond water there was a high occurrence of rotifers

(46) These were represented by Brachinonus (20) Monostyla sp

(10) Keratella sp (8) and Lecane sp (8) The class Crustacea

(32) was represented by Gosmia sp (3) Daphina sp (7) Moina sp

(9) and Cyclops sp (13) Roundworms were represented by Diplogasteroides

sp (3) and Rhapditis sp (5) Clossiphonia sp (4) and unidentified

tara (10)

The species diversity of the zooplankton was lower in the pond

samples than in the river sample However there was a higher

population density of the zooplankton in the pond sample than in the

river sample

l3 Raw Water quality

In the original designs by Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)

1976 made analYSis of the water quality In the present study a sample of

the raw water from the river Kwasau and a representative sampe from one of

the ponds were taken for laboratory analysis on the 24th May 1991 after

the onset of the raining season This is however a point analysis to

give an index of the water quality

Table 4 shows the results of water samples analysed It is observed

from the table that most of the cOncentrations of the measured parameters

fall within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking

water However the sulphate and calcium concentrations of 275mg1 and

101mgl respectively exceed the permissible WHO limits of 20Omgl and

75mgl respectively It is observed that the nitrite concentration is

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

---

22

Table 4 Raw Water Chemistry

(Samples taken on

PARAMETERS

pH

Chloride

BOD

COD

Nitrate

Nitrite

Sulphate

Fluoride

Phosphate

Conductivity

Lead

Cadmium

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Copper

Aluminium

Total Hardness

Calcium (Bardness)

Magnesium (Hardness)

Hanesium (in solution)

(2) Sample taken on 18691

Sulphate

Nitrate

MPN

24591)

STREAM

62

075mB1

10OmB 2Omg1

~l

5Omgl~

275mgImiddotmiddot

00511

OOlms l

93 Umbosem

HEAVY METALS

POND

67

06OmB1

33Omgl

4Omgl

36mg1

15Omg1

OOlmgl

0005ms1

175 Umbosem

Trace Amounts Only

Trace Amounts Only

0105ms1 012618g1

1054mg1 67og1

005mg1 OlOmg1

0157mgl 0105mg1

HD NO

313 12mg1 353 5218g1

1010Omg1 22228mgl

SIS4mg1 318918g1

316mgl 5 5918g1

19Omgl

71 f30j100ml

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

23

inexplicibly high and further tests would be necessary to ascertain

its true value Also the water is hard with total hardness of 313mg1

and it is slightly acidic

If the water is impounded for public water supply adequate

treatment for hardness removal and disinfection will be necessary

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

24

Analysis for phenol pesticide fractionssurfactants

organochorine polymer Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total- Organics

were not conducted because the required chemicals and materials

were not made available in good time

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

25 34 Socio-economic

341 Population and Urban Expansion

The projected population results given by (ECAN) Engineering

and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited (1976) for 1990 and

(WAPDECO) Water and Power Development Company Limited (1991) for 1990

are 9092 and 22500 respectively and for the year 2000 are 12285 and

27500 respectively These figures vary significantly because of

the differences

(i) in the base figures used and

(ii) in the growth rate figures

It was not possible to validate these figures but indications

during the reconnaissance survey show that the figures of ECAN are

on the low side

Earlier development and expansion of Zonkwa Town were

concentrated on the lefthand side of the Kachia - Zonkwa Road The

existing situation shows that the town has expanded rapidly and that

expansion has been more on the righthand side of the road and

extending towards the proposed reservoir rim

Zonkwa consist of the Kaje HausaPulani communities and other

non-indigenous communities Each community has distinct cultuTal

habits The Raje the Hausawa and the non-indigenous community of lbos

Yorubas and others primarily form the resident population But as the

normadic Fulanis adopt the practice of agropastorialism they are -

being gradually intergrated into the resident population However

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

26

there is the periodic presence of a considerable number of normadic

Fulanis in the area Some degree of inter communal marriages

especially between the HausaFulani and Kajes exist

342 Occupation

Presently there are no major industries in the locality A

large proportion of the population practice agriculture while the

others are shopkeepers market stall owners traders or work in

motor mechanic and welding garages timber mills restaurants

hospitals cottage industries (eg locust bean) and Government

offices and institutions

The Kajes are the original settlers and hence the primary

land owners The agropastoralist identified in the earlier part

of this report lease the land from tbese Kajes for cultivating

arable crops while their cattle are grazed over the catchment area

Oral evidence (from the Sarkin Zonkwa) attest to the willingness

of the Kajes to lease land to such agropastoralist HausaFulania

although permanent structurea on such lands are forbiden these

structurea if erected revert to the original land owners when the

period of lease expires and unrenewed This practice is geared

towards discouraging disputes between land tenants and owners

Despite this opportunitiea for direct land purchase exist purely on

individual negotiations This contributes tremendously to solving

problems associated with land disputs thus ensuring peaceful

co-existence and encouraging social and economic interaction between

the communities

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

27

the communities On the conclusion of any land negotiations

the Chief is notified for reference purposes Occasionally

conflicts occur between the Fulani and the arable farmers when

the grazing cattle cause damage on farm lands Generally the owner

of the cattle is expected to pay for damaged crops after

assessmentof the economic value of the damage Farms along

grazing tracks are usually fenced during the dry season when the

floodplains are put to the cultivation of vegetables and sugar-cane

by the Hausa members of the community and some of the indegenous

Kaje tribesmen

343 Infrastructure _ - shyZonkWa1s a locai government headquarter making it the

political nerve centre of the angon Kataf area Electricity supply

is fr~ ~he Rural Electrification Board and the town is yet to

be linked to the national grid There is a market which operates

on a weekly basis despite this provision shops and roadside

traders open on a daily routine On market days inhabitants from

nearby villages and towns normally visit ~o patronise traders who

may have also come from far and near A branch of one of the major

banks - United Bank for Africa (VIA) is present in the area The

major road is the Kaduna-Zonkwa-Kafanchan road All roads within

the town including the feeder roads are earth roads The section

(within the Kwasau river valley) of the earth road linking Zonkwa

through Ramai Gida to Kafanchan has been relocated further upstream

of the river

28

Zonkwa has a General Hospital and a Health Centre The

hORpltnl hnA n trnining fncility for nuraa nnd mtdwtvR Tile

educational institutions include Government Girl Secondary School

(JSS) and Government Science Secondary School and several primary

schools Among the Government Offices are the Local Government

Secretariat Police station Railway station Post office and a

Veterinary clinic There is also a Project office of the

International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) at Zonkwa

The major part of the population of Zonkwa depends on hand

dug wells and the stream flow for its vateT supply The yields

from the vells are low and unreliable Some institutions and the

individuals who can afford the cost have boreholes

There are no severage systems in the tOWD Storm vater drainage

is by the poorly constructed and maintained open earth channels

Pit laterines are used to most of the homes vhile some use

free access bush patches on the outskirts of the tOWD In some of

the modern houses septic tanks are provided for use where vater

supply is guaranteed

There are no properly organised facilities for disposing of

solid vastes The local government bas designated three collection

grounds for collecting refuse These are collected and dumped in

the bush or sometimes used as manure on farms Some households

farther away from these designated sites deposit their refuse

behindinfront of their houses From the Health Department of the Local

29

Government Secretariat ~t was observed that there is neither a

fixed schedule of evacuating the collected refuse and that the

Secretariat has no Tefuse containers and disposal van Improperly

d~sposed or unevacuated refuse constitute a nuisance and a health

harzard During the rains these can be washed into the res-ervoir - )

and therefore constitute a possible sources of pollution The~

is no central f~re fighting service in the area

344 Health

Common diseases in the area as documented by the General

Hospital include a high incidence of malaria all year round a

seasonal ocurrence of typhoid fever and gastro-enteritis which

reach chronic levels on the onset of the rains Cases of River

blindness (Onchocerciasis) Elephantiasis and roundworm attacks are

occasional but Hepatitis and Bilhazia are other common diseases in

the area It was noted that although yellow fever was hardly

diagonised the peculiarity of these diseases to the Zonkwa township

alone is doubtful since the hospital caters for cases from as far

away as Kafanchan and surrounding villages which may be out side

of the reservoir catchment area The Local Authority Health

Department has identifiedtyphoid malaria and gastro-entritis

as being the common diseases of the area

30

40 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

From the design reports submitted by ECAN and the revised study

by WAPDECO it was emphasised that the alternative water aupply acheme

of using borehole water is not feasible 1Dview of the underlying geology of Zonkwa which ia predominantly poor in ground water potentiala

Other alternatives like tbe pipiDg of tbe lagoro springs were not

evaluated

In view of this it is hardly possible to analyse and compare

alternatives to the project From tbe revised feasibility study by

WAPDECO however two alternative systems of execution of the proJect

were evaluated The first alternative is to involve extensive

transfer of treated vater to as far as Zangon Kataf Kadauchi Samaru

While tbe second alternative is a revised form supplying vater only to

Zonkwa Theae alternatives are proposed for execution in two phases

each depending on tbe base year cbosen Thus pbase 1 executions are

planned on 1990 base year while phase 2 are plaaned on 2005 base year

An economic analysis of these alternatives in phases is presented

below as produced by WAPDECO

Internal Rates ofPhasesAlternatives Investment Costs NPVE Return ()

Phase 1 Alternative 1 US S 17030000 324 1039

(1990) Alternative 2 13349000 835 899

Phase 2 Alternative 1 US 20660000 1094 1106

(2005) Alternative 2 14300000 638 1082

Table 5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF EXECUTION OF ZONKWA PROJECT (after WAPDECO 1990)

31

From the above table phase 1 alternative 2 is more attractive

It has the least investment cost and a reasonably high internal rate

of return and Net Present Value Equivalent (NPVE) of 899 and 835

respectively

The narrow difference in the investment cost between phase 1

alternative 2 and phase 2 alternative 2 is less than 1 million US

dollars It is our opinion that in view of the insignificant difference

in the investment costs for the two phases of alternative 2 There is

no overall advantage to be gained by phasingthe construction of

the project

It is noted that the NPVE value computed for Alternative 1

phase 2 was calculated using a discount factor less than 10bull

32

SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ZONKWA DAM PROJECT

51 Infrastructure

ltagt Water supplY

The proposed dam would greatly improve the water supply to

Zonkwa town in terms of quantity quality and regularity It is

estimated that the impounded storage reservoir is capable of

satisfing the water demand of Zonkwa upto the year 2040

With the supply of pipe borne vater comes an improvement in the

standard of hygiene and decrease in the incidence of some of the

vater borne and vater related diseases eg diarrhoea typhoid

dysentry The percentage of private bouse connections vould increase

Such houses would opt for vater closet systems thus decreasing the

percentage of houses with pit latrines and improving the sanitary

level of the town

(b) Negative Impacts

l b(i) The reservoir behind the dam would cause an increase in

the vater table and sustain a high vater table for a

longer time in the area above the reservoir rim 1n Bome

of the vellB less than 100m outside the proposed

reservoir rim the vBter table rises to vithin a metre

belov the ground Burface Where this occurs it vould

affect the functioning of the Boak-avays septic tanks

and pit latrines

Mitigative measures

(i) Further land development towards the reaervoir rim for

building purposes should be discouraged

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

29

Government Secretariat ~t was observed that there is neither a

fixed schedule of evacuating the collected refuse and that the

Secretariat has no Tefuse containers and disposal van Improperly

d~sposed or unevacuated refuse constitute a nuisance and a health

harzard During the rains these can be washed into the res-ervoir - )

and therefore constitute a possible sources of pollution The~

is no central f~re fighting service in the area

344 Health

Common diseases in the area as documented by the General

Hospital include a high incidence of malaria all year round a

seasonal ocurrence of typhoid fever and gastro-enteritis which

reach chronic levels on the onset of the rains Cases of River

blindness (Onchocerciasis) Elephantiasis and roundworm attacks are

occasional but Hepatitis and Bilhazia are other common diseases in

the area It was noted that although yellow fever was hardly

diagonised the peculiarity of these diseases to the Zonkwa township

alone is doubtful since the hospital caters for cases from as far

away as Kafanchan and surrounding villages which may be out side

of the reservoir catchment area The Local Authority Health

Department has identifiedtyphoid malaria and gastro-entritis

as being the common diseases of the area

30

40 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

From the design reports submitted by ECAN and the revised study

by WAPDECO it was emphasised that the alternative water aupply acheme

of using borehole water is not feasible 1Dview of the underlying geology of Zonkwa which ia predominantly poor in ground water potentiala

Other alternatives like tbe pipiDg of tbe lagoro springs were not

evaluated

In view of this it is hardly possible to analyse and compare

alternatives to the project From tbe revised feasibility study by

WAPDECO however two alternative systems of execution of the proJect

were evaluated The first alternative is to involve extensive

transfer of treated vater to as far as Zangon Kataf Kadauchi Samaru

While tbe second alternative is a revised form supplying vater only to

Zonkwa Theae alternatives are proposed for execution in two phases

each depending on tbe base year cbosen Thus pbase 1 executions are

planned on 1990 base year while phase 2 are plaaned on 2005 base year

An economic analysis of these alternatives in phases is presented

below as produced by WAPDECO

Internal Rates ofPhasesAlternatives Investment Costs NPVE Return ()

Phase 1 Alternative 1 US S 17030000 324 1039

(1990) Alternative 2 13349000 835 899

Phase 2 Alternative 1 US 20660000 1094 1106

(2005) Alternative 2 14300000 638 1082

Table 5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF EXECUTION OF ZONKWA PROJECT (after WAPDECO 1990)

31

From the above table phase 1 alternative 2 is more attractive

It has the least investment cost and a reasonably high internal rate

of return and Net Present Value Equivalent (NPVE) of 899 and 835

respectively

The narrow difference in the investment cost between phase 1

alternative 2 and phase 2 alternative 2 is less than 1 million US

dollars It is our opinion that in view of the insignificant difference

in the investment costs for the two phases of alternative 2 There is

no overall advantage to be gained by phasingthe construction of

the project

It is noted that the NPVE value computed for Alternative 1

phase 2 was calculated using a discount factor less than 10bull

32

SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ZONKWA DAM PROJECT

51 Infrastructure

ltagt Water supplY

The proposed dam would greatly improve the water supply to

Zonkwa town in terms of quantity quality and regularity It is

estimated that the impounded storage reservoir is capable of

satisfing the water demand of Zonkwa upto the year 2040

With the supply of pipe borne vater comes an improvement in the

standard of hygiene and decrease in the incidence of some of the

vater borne and vater related diseases eg diarrhoea typhoid

dysentry The percentage of private bouse connections vould increase

Such houses would opt for vater closet systems thus decreasing the

percentage of houses with pit latrines and improving the sanitary

level of the town

(b) Negative Impacts

l b(i) The reservoir behind the dam would cause an increase in

the vater table and sustain a high vater table for a

longer time in the area above the reservoir rim 1n Bome

of the vellB less than 100m outside the proposed

reservoir rim the vBter table rises to vithin a metre

belov the ground Burface Where this occurs it vould

affect the functioning of the Boak-avays septic tanks

and pit latrines

Mitigative measures

(i) Further land development towards the reaervoir rim for

building purposes should be discouraged

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

30

40 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

From the design reports submitted by ECAN and the revised study

by WAPDECO it was emphasised that the alternative water aupply acheme

of using borehole water is not feasible 1Dview of the underlying geology of Zonkwa which ia predominantly poor in ground water potentiala

Other alternatives like tbe pipiDg of tbe lagoro springs were not

evaluated

In view of this it is hardly possible to analyse and compare

alternatives to the project From tbe revised feasibility study by

WAPDECO however two alternative systems of execution of the proJect

were evaluated The first alternative is to involve extensive

transfer of treated vater to as far as Zangon Kataf Kadauchi Samaru

While tbe second alternative is a revised form supplying vater only to

Zonkwa Theae alternatives are proposed for execution in two phases

each depending on tbe base year cbosen Thus pbase 1 executions are

planned on 1990 base year while phase 2 are plaaned on 2005 base year

An economic analysis of these alternatives in phases is presented

below as produced by WAPDECO

Internal Rates ofPhasesAlternatives Investment Costs NPVE Return ()

Phase 1 Alternative 1 US S 17030000 324 1039

(1990) Alternative 2 13349000 835 899

Phase 2 Alternative 1 US 20660000 1094 1106

(2005) Alternative 2 14300000 638 1082

Table 5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF EXECUTION OF ZONKWA PROJECT (after WAPDECO 1990)

31

From the above table phase 1 alternative 2 is more attractive

It has the least investment cost and a reasonably high internal rate

of return and Net Present Value Equivalent (NPVE) of 899 and 835

respectively

The narrow difference in the investment cost between phase 1

alternative 2 and phase 2 alternative 2 is less than 1 million US

dollars It is our opinion that in view of the insignificant difference

in the investment costs for the two phases of alternative 2 There is

no overall advantage to be gained by phasingthe construction of

the project

It is noted that the NPVE value computed for Alternative 1

phase 2 was calculated using a discount factor less than 10bull

32

SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ZONKWA DAM PROJECT

51 Infrastructure

ltagt Water supplY

The proposed dam would greatly improve the water supply to

Zonkwa town in terms of quantity quality and regularity It is

estimated that the impounded storage reservoir is capable of

satisfing the water demand of Zonkwa upto the year 2040

With the supply of pipe borne vater comes an improvement in the

standard of hygiene and decrease in the incidence of some of the

vater borne and vater related diseases eg diarrhoea typhoid

dysentry The percentage of private bouse connections vould increase

Such houses would opt for vater closet systems thus decreasing the

percentage of houses with pit latrines and improving the sanitary

level of the town

(b) Negative Impacts

l b(i) The reservoir behind the dam would cause an increase in

the vater table and sustain a high vater table for a

longer time in the area above the reservoir rim 1n Bome

of the vellB less than 100m outside the proposed

reservoir rim the vBter table rises to vithin a metre

belov the ground Burface Where this occurs it vould

affect the functioning of the Boak-avays septic tanks

and pit latrines

Mitigative measures

(i) Further land development towards the reaervoir rim for

building purposes should be discouraged

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

31

From the above table phase 1 alternative 2 is more attractive

It has the least investment cost and a reasonably high internal rate

of return and Net Present Value Equivalent (NPVE) of 899 and 835

respectively

The narrow difference in the investment cost between phase 1

alternative 2 and phase 2 alternative 2 is less than 1 million US

dollars It is our opinion that in view of the insignificant difference

in the investment costs for the two phases of alternative 2 There is

no overall advantage to be gained by phasingthe construction of

the project

It is noted that the NPVE value computed for Alternative 1

phase 2 was calculated using a discount factor less than 10bull

32

SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ZONKWA DAM PROJECT

51 Infrastructure

ltagt Water supplY

The proposed dam would greatly improve the water supply to

Zonkwa town in terms of quantity quality and regularity It is

estimated that the impounded storage reservoir is capable of

satisfing the water demand of Zonkwa upto the year 2040

With the supply of pipe borne vater comes an improvement in the

standard of hygiene and decrease in the incidence of some of the

vater borne and vater related diseases eg diarrhoea typhoid

dysentry The percentage of private bouse connections vould increase

Such houses would opt for vater closet systems thus decreasing the

percentage of houses with pit latrines and improving the sanitary

level of the town

(b) Negative Impacts

l b(i) The reservoir behind the dam would cause an increase in

the vater table and sustain a high vater table for a

longer time in the area above the reservoir rim 1n Bome

of the vellB less than 100m outside the proposed

reservoir rim the vBter table rises to vithin a metre

belov the ground Burface Where this occurs it vould

affect the functioning of the Boak-avays septic tanks

and pit latrines

Mitigative measures

(i) Further land development towards the reaervoir rim for

building purposes should be discouraged

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

32

SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ZONKWA DAM PROJECT

51 Infrastructure

ltagt Water supplY

The proposed dam would greatly improve the water supply to

Zonkwa town in terms of quantity quality and regularity It is

estimated that the impounded storage reservoir is capable of

satisfing the water demand of Zonkwa upto the year 2040

With the supply of pipe borne vater comes an improvement in the

standard of hygiene and decrease in the incidence of some of the

vater borne and vater related diseases eg diarrhoea typhoid

dysentry The percentage of private bouse connections vould increase

Such houses would opt for vater closet systems thus decreasing the

percentage of houses with pit latrines and improving the sanitary

level of the town

(b) Negative Impacts

l b(i) The reservoir behind the dam would cause an increase in

the vater table and sustain a high vater table for a

longer time in the area above the reservoir rim 1n Bome

of the vellB less than 100m outside the proposed

reservoir rim the vBter table rises to vithin a metre

belov the ground Burface Where this occurs it vould

affect the functioning of the Boak-avays septic tanks

and pit latrines

Mitigative measures

(i) Further land development towards the reaervoir rim for

building purposes should be discouraged

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

33

(ii) Septic tank evacuators mounted on trucks should be

purchased by the Local Government for the emptying the pits or tanks Disposal grounds should only be

at designated suitable sites

The envisaged significant improvement in the water

supply would lead to a considerable increase in the

quantity of waste water The existing unplanned

poorly constructed and mainta~ned drainage system

cannot adequately cope with the problem and pollution

of the reservoir by waste water would occur

Mitigation Measure

(i) The existing drainage system should be rehabilitated and

developed with one of the following options in mind

Collect convey and discharge the liquid waste at points

where the effluent would not cause pollution

or Collect and treat the effluent before disposal

The fermer option is recommended because it is relatively

less expensive

2 Roads bull

(a) Kachia-Zonkwa Road

From Table 1 the designed spillway discharges by ECAN

WAPDECO are 283m3 S and lOOmS respectively These values

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

34

were derived from empirical formulae In the event

the dam embarkment is overtapped dam failure would result

The bridge and road embankment downstream of the dam would

be washed away

Mitigative action

The spillway was designed with limited hydrologic data on

probable maximum flood Further hydrologic investigations should

be undertaken to ensure the adequacy of the spillway and freeboard

(b) Zonkwa-Ramai Gida Road

(i) Negative Impact

The Zonkwa-Racai Gida Road is an earth road The section

of the road in the bottom of ehe valley would be submerged

during high water levels

(ii) Mitigative Action

The road has been rerouted through higher grounds and it

crosses the river valley further upstream of the present

site Over the past few years due to lnck of need the

redirected road has not been used It is presently in a

state of disrepair because o~

3 Data Gaps

The following are areas in which the quality OL available

or assumed data need to be reviewed

(a) Estimation of gross storage cap~city

(i) The values for the projected population and seepages

losses

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

35

(ii) Irrigation water demand was not included because the

multi-purpose potential of the dam was not considered

(iii) The capacity of dead storage was

assumptions of sediment load

based on inclusive

(b) Estimation of spillway capacity

Empirical formulae were used to compute the spillway

capacity The estimated values by ECI~ and WAPDECO were

283m3 S and lOOm3 S respectively The differences

in the values are very significant and the conseGuences

of dam failure are very serious primarily because of the

Kachia-Zonkwa Road

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

36

52 ECOLOGY

(a) Positive impact

A high diversity and density of macroinvertebrates was

observed in the reservoir area The creation of the reservoir will

encourage the development of populations of these in the water body

They are important in the food chain of fish and therefore

a good fisheries potential exists for the lake

(b) Negative impact

(i) The creation of the dam will reduce flows significently

down stream after cessation of the action of the

spillway until such a time that seepage through and beneath

the dam becomes a major portion of the stream flow This

is true of the immediate vicinity downstream of the dam

Further downstream and other streams contribute to the

flow

The reduced flow will have attendant effects The

riparian forest will be encroached by non-riparian species

Also the growth of algae and other macrophytes which

provide vegetation coverfood for invertebrates and

fish would disappear earlier than should have been the

case during the dry season However even without the

lake the river re~ins dry for a greater part of the

dry season Sepage through and underneath the dam will

help alle~iate these defects

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

37

(11) Another negetive effect of the creation of the reservoir

is the inundation and reservoir clearing of a s1zeable

proport1on of the riparian forest This forest provides

cover shade food and breeding grounds for fish and

aquatic invertibrates It is also important in the

ecology of the river as possible nesting grounds for birds

Mitigation

The lost forest should be replaced by planting economic trees

such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale C) and Citrus (Citrus spp)

around the lake outside the dravdown area

(iii) The periphery of the lake vill be a good habitat for the

grovth of grasses and other rooted aquatics providing

sanctuaries for fish breeding and food for the development

of macroinvertebrates and microplanten populations These

are important in the food chain leading to fish thereby

providing potentially high fish yields

The death and decay of this vegetation is undesirable in a 1

~otable water supply reservoir It leads to depletion of oxygen and

production of hydrogen sulphide (1I 2 S) nt the bottom of the reservoir

Mit ii3ft ior-

The shore line grass vegetation in the drawdown nrcn should be

cut and removed annually This vill reduce the amount of organic

matter for decay in the lake

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

38

(iv) Aquatic plants which could caURe nuiRnnce RTowth in the

lake were Dot observed Despite this it is not certain

how the presence of the reservoir will stimulate growth

of these plants

The management should be aware of this and effect

immediate control by mechanical removal to forestall

the spread

(v) The lake will provide a good breeding ground for

mosquitoes with attendant increases in the incidence of

malaria and yellow fever in the environment

Mitigation

The encouragement of the following local fish species

Tilapia Zilli Oreochromis linoticus and Clareias gariepinus

in the reservoir will check the mosquito population and therefore

control the incidences of the disease These fish species already

exist in the area to be inundated

(vi) The water storage reservoir will retain water for longer

periods allowing time for development of algae in the

water The present levels of nitrate and phosphates in

the water are not likely to stimulate algae populations

to the extent that would affect the qu~lity of the raw

water and cause treatment problems Jf increased

production of wastes and fertilizer a~plication within the

catchment area

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

39

increase nutrient loadings in the reservoir there

is the likelihood of the stimulation of algae population

v bull

Mitigation measure

(1) The present human population within the catchment should be

estimated and embargo be placed on further housing development

towards the reservoir

(2) Farming should be discouraged on the land acquired by the

government The area should be planted with economic trees

as recommended above Also riparian forest should be allowed

to develop Theae actions will reduce eutriphication sources

in the reservoir

(3) The annual amount of fertilizer being used in the catchment

at present should be determined Farmers should be educated

on proper agronomic practices

(4) The chemical and biological quality of the reRervoir water

should be monitored so that changes that are likely to have

adverse effects can be detected early

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

40

53 LANDSCAPE

(a) Positive Impact

(i) The creation of the icpoun~ed storage Reservoir will have a

positive influence on the terrAin It will give a picturesque view

of a lake perched in the foreground of the three directional hills

radiating from Zonkwa This is a long term regional and irreversible

beneficial i~pact of the dam project to the Zonkwa environment This

is because this improvement within the crevics valley between the

rolling background significantly modifies the scenic quality for

possible tonrist purposes

(1i) Also the dam project will result in the creamption of cn atractive

~ ______ man-made fall of water from the spillway crest when viewed from the )

main road bridge to Zonkwc toVD Although a beneficial impact tree

planting along the eastern edge of the road will significantly mask

this fall from general road users like drivers to avoid distr~tion

which may result in accidents Such developed forest will provide

reasonable shade for interested viewers using the space between the

roampd and the dam embarkment as well as screen them froQ general road

traffic

(iii) The erection of balancing storage and diRtribution tanks will

significantly improve the developmental outlook of the town if these

tanks which arc loated on higher elevations are attractively

decorated Alternative to the ~ttractive decor~tions the development

of tree vegetation around such tanks will si~nificently reduce their if

visual nuisance especiallL such pressure balancin~ and 5tornge tanks

are constructed at g~ound levels

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

41

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The inpoundment of water behind the dam wll1 entail the removal

of the woody vegetation within the reservoir which is mostly of the

dense riparian forest and the secondary scattered shrubs of the savanna

the removal will expose the contrasting bareBefore the inpoundment

and uneven land creating such erosive features like gullies at the

lower slopes This erosive feature within the landscape result in

reduced scenic quality

Mitigative measure

The afforestation of the reservoir shoreline and its sorrounding

laud area will significantly reduce the erosivity of the adjoining

lands and poundlso contribute positively to the scenic quality and he~ce

improve the landscape quality

(ii) From the feasibility reports it was recommended that fill

material and other raw materials for the da~ project be sourced within

close proimity to the project to minimise costs of transporting them

Invest1~aUons show the river bed to be a suitable source of fill

material while the granitic outcrop 16-24km SE of the dam could be

exploited for the Rip-Rap material

under controlled blasting The blasting of the harnging outcrop will

cause disorganised packing of the rock surface disturbing its natural

blend with the vegetation and the topography This qUDrrying action

which may affect the surrounding vegetation may cause a significant

lowering of the landscape quality

Mitigative measure Quarrying on the Zonkwa hills with minimum disturshy

bance of the surrounding vegation should be restricted to the eastern

side of the hills rather than the western end overlookin~ the reservoir

and Zonkw8 town This will minimise the reduction in landscape quality

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

42

54 AGRICULTURE

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) The completion of the dam and its storage reservoir will make for the multipurpose use of the reservoir With a diverse population

of planktonic life a reasonable supply of fish food will be available

to encourage a sizeable fish population to develop Among the varieties

of fish identified Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus have

the highest reproductive rate followed by the mud fish (Clarias sp)

Despite this the mud fish has the highest economic value They will

thus support a viable fishing industry among the populace

During the reservoir clearing the strategy should be to cut ---- -----shy

and carry the woody plants while remaining vegetation i~gti To

undertake this at least cost the Zonkwa inhabitants should be

involved in the wood harvest as they will eagerly cut and cart away the

wood for firewood Subsequently the remaining vegetation should be

burnt In cutting the riparian forest the villagers should be advised

Ito cut about 30 cm above the ground level so that the remaining stumps

can still act as potential support to spaamp1ningO fish ~11 1

(11) The reservoir will attract the normadic Fulani and his flock

The provision of water will encourage grazing and pastoral farming to

increase the output of beef milk and butter in the area ~l~~

(iii) Similarly the availability of the storage reservoir is an

inpetus to the resident population including the Fulani agropastoralist

to be involved in irrigated agriculture The plateau like summit SE

of the dam site and the flood plains on the middle course of the river

are suitable for irrigated agriculture if the farmers can afford the

required irrigation pumps As the need to increase agricultural output

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

43

Through irrigated agriculture gains importance the primary use of

the reservoir as a source of drinking water should always be borne

in mind This calls forgood agricultural practices in the use of

fertilizers and pesticides to minimise their WOS)I off into the

reservoir From example the quantity and quality of fertilizer to

be used must conform with those recommended after detailed soil testing

programmes Pesticides of high residual effects should be significantly

discouraged while the methods of their application should favour

point application as against diffused application

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The construction of the dam and its storage reservoir will

result in a loss of 102ha of agricultural land

Field investigations show that at maximum water level the

reservoir will inundate 114ha of good agricultural land mostly ot

Fadama Lands and the surrounding slopes Although accurate figures of

originally displaced farmers are unavailable the 300 farmers who lease

the land from the Water Board as of now remain a significant proportion

of the agricultural population - who will be displaced by the project

Payment of compensations to the earlier land owners by the Kaduna

State government transfered the ownership of the land to the Water Board

and ensures that the present tenants will in the short run be

displaced from agricultural lands when the project starts This can

probably cause land use competition for arable land by the displnced

tenants In the long run however it is hoped that the displaced

tenants will readily adjust because they are alwaYR made aware of the

temporary nature of their tenancy

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

44

Mitigative Measure

As the execution of the project is expected to take off soon

the board should withdraw all allocations to the farmers to enable

them prepare for the acquisition of alternative farming sites Also

the Water Board may if resources permit assist displaced fa~ers in

land clearing at reduced costs to open up alternative farm lands

This will significantly reduce the social problems irrespective of the

fact that the government through the Board had earlier acquired the

land and the tenants are non-paying

(ii) As ampcorolary the withdrawal of a sizeable 714ha of

agricultural land will result in a loss or 1071 tones using an

average yield value of ~ tonesha f~r the more commonly grown crop shy

maize in the reservoir area in the rainy seaSOD In the dry season

when about l8ha of good and fertile flood plains would have been

cultivated a loss of 304 tones of sugar cane and vegetables will

result This is in using an average yield figure of 8 tonesha for

both crops

Mitigative Measure

Subsidised land clearing will encourage an early recovery of

the production sag

(iii) The execution of the project will cause a rise in the water

table This will probably cause waterlogging and drainage problems

within the soils bordering the reservoir

Mitigative Measure

Surface drainage can be enhanced by the maintenance of field

drains on these soils Similarly the selection of crops more tolerant

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

(tv) The increase in agricultural activIties within the catchment

as a result of the stored water may expose the sorrounding slopes to

soil erosion and enrichment of the reservoir with nutrients bull

Mitigative Measure

Encouragement of appropriate trees like citrus on the acquired

slopes will minimise soil erosio~ and also generate revenue Similarly

good agricultural practices involving use of appropriate quality and

quantity of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing and appropriate

tillage practices like cotour ploughing and ridging will not only

reduce erosion of the slopy lAnds but also check the quantity of

agricultural pesticides and fertilizers from being eroded into the

reservoir

(c) Key gaps exist in design data by the two earlier consultants

(EC~) amp WAPDECO) showing significant differences in computed water

demands but neither included the agricultural demands (for irrigation)

in their multi-use computation on the reservoir Therefore it was

only roughly estimated that the reservoir can accommodate irrigation

This is because if the dam is constructed according to the specifications

given in Table I but its water supply use is restricted to Zonkwa town

alone then there is enough water to sustain a reasonable amount of

irrigated agricu~ture

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

4b

55 RECREATION

(0) Positive Impacts

As a result of endemic problems of food shelter and clothing

there is low appreciation of recreational qualities in Nigeria

Despite this the inpoundment of water behind the dam will significantly

improve the quality of the area which is a conntryside with an

attractive landscape For Kaduna city dwellers the area will offer

multi-purpose opportunities for picnics point fishing and bird-

watching It also has scope for improvement especially with the

presence of a forest reserve (Kuru_bi Forest Reserve) on the background

This use should be closely monitored to prevent indIscriminate

deposition of litter and other wastes which will interfer with th~

quality of the raw water Irrespective of the poor appreciation of

recreational values it is expected that not less than 5000 persons

would be visiting the area for recreational purposes in a year This

is deduced from estimates of visitors to the Zonkwa Kafanchan and

Zangon Kataf area for recreation

(b) Negative Impact

(i) On completion the project and its storage reservoir will be

an attraction to the youths who may wish to exploit it for swimming

This can result in high incidences of drowning among the youths of

Zonkwa in view of the close proximity of the reservoir to the town

Also higher incidences of contamination may result from their

swiming activities

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

47

Mitigation measure

The reservoir area should be pstrolled frequently to

prevent encroachment by youths This will reduce drowning accidents

Swimming should be prohibited and the prohibition should be

enforced

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

48

56 LOCAL ECONO~rr

(a) Positive Impacts

(i) At the construction phase of the project numerous civil works

will be undertaken These require both skilled semiskilled

~nd - unskilled labour These may directly come from Zonkwa town

or from the surrounding villages Although figures are not available

on the number of persons of different categories that will be

employed at this stage it is estimated that the number is 200 The

estimate is based on the volume of civil works planned The

employment of these persons will significantly contribute to the local

economy of Zonkwa On completion however it is estimated that 50-60

permanent jobs of different categories will be created for smooth

operation and maintainance of the dam and water treatment facilities

(ii) The availability of portable wholesome water will be an

inducement for the establishment of more cottage and processing

industries thus enhanCing the local economy

(iii) Increased agricultural output through increased fishing and

crop-husbandry (due to irrigation activities) will boost the local

economy These need to be closely monitored to avoid undersirable

agricultural practices like fishing with herbal poisons and

indiscriminate uses of fertilisers and pesticides to cause contamination

of the reservoir

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The acquisition of good fadama lands for the reservoir area

withdraws a sizeable area for agricultural production and hence

cause a reduction in agricultural output especially in the short run

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

P

49

Mitigative Measures

The payment of compensation will remove the short term

consequence mentioned above This provides the financial resources

to develop other farmlan~ Moreover the allowance for irrigated

agriculture within the watershed will drastically compensate for any

short fall due to the above

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

bull

57 LOCAL COMMUNITY

(a) POMltlvu Impact

(i) The project will not inundate any settlement or community

It will thus not require any resettlement This is further enhanced

by the early land acquisition policy of the area by the Kaduna State

Government As such development structures could not extend to the

reservoir area

(b) Negative Impacts

(i) The presence of the reservoir will attract the nomadic

Fulani and his cattle increasing their number in the area

This may probably lead to increased inter-communal friction

due to grazing animals encroaching on farm land Such

intercommunal conflicts are presently very low averaging 1 per season

Mitigative Measure

The esignation and demarcation of grazing tracks and reserves

within the area can be done by the relevant ministry (Ministry

of Agriculture and Natural Resources) Where such trscks traverse

farmlands on approach to the watering sites (other than the reservoir

area) fencing of the farms lands on the routes will significantly

prevent cattle encroachment This will so reduce the intershy

communal conflicts between the nomadic Fulanls and the farming

Kajes

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

~ gt -- bull 1

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

PROJECT ICHARACTERISTICS 1 III _- bull - a i~ ~ ~ I o

III t =

0 s e ~ III 0 1 i =

bull III 0 Col Ifj

bull 3 J 3 ENVIRONMENTAL I D 0 ~ shy ai COMPONENTS t 1 3

bullbullbull ~

I 0 I B lt t= Jat ~ 3 2

] = j i bull It lot i Si 8 v

bull - I amp I I t III III

Land UII lgt( [)( ~ IX IX I)l ~ ~ LandlclDa auallty ~ [)( ~ IX ~ IJC gtC

Trrestlal ecoIYlte )( ~ i)( I)( bull X IgtC ~

rrshwater SCOIYlt gt gt gtlt )( X [)( Watland COIYlt bullbull gt ~ gtlt [X X ex Air QUIUtY gt )( rx Wlter QuaUty Quantlty )c X lX ~ )( No1 and vibration I) lX lX Solid vaet )( ~ )( ~ IX ~ Htarant population IX X V X Reaident population gtlt gtlt IX ~ Social interectlon p( [)( ~ [)( ~ XCoamunity tability

CulturalRellioua valubullbull (X Food ARriculturl produce IX [)lt ) )c lX Local aconomy [)( I)( X gtC X ~ Dc EaploYllent ~ IX X ~ )c )( Dlt NoualnR )C )C ~ ~

Infratruetursl bullbullrvice ~ gtC 1)( ~ rx ~)( rx EmerReney enica [gt( ~ ~ I~ IX I)( Dlt ~

OPERATION PHASI

j

1II bull

1 ~ ~

t ~_ i

i ] i i ~

rx [)(

~1)( IX Dlt

Dlt

~ rgt [)

[X ~ rx ~

IX gtlt Dlt )c

)

X I)lt I)(

bull_ 1

B ~ i i I I ~ It

oS I

gtlt X X IX IX

Dlt

IX IX

Dlt Dlt rx rx Dlt Dlt I)(

I)(

I I i I I51

i

~ ft

~

of

bull

FIGI 2 HATRIX or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT or T1l1 ZOttlCWA PROJECT LEGEND YES IMPACTS i

)( UNCERTAIN IMPA~Tsj

~o IMPACTS t J ~

gt ~~1shy

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

bull

(a) PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

TABLE SUHHARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZONKWA DAK PROJECT

(al) ECOLOGY

I)

Factor Notifid site afflctd by propoal

DbullbullcripUoD of impact Rivlr lwbullbullbullu flood plain and part of the adjoinina 110pbullbull

Nature and Extnt of Impact Reservoir ara of about I02km2 primarily used for arabi crop (rainfed and irriaated in the dry bullbullbullbullon) nd araina inundatd

Significance L A IR St

U) Ecoloaical aonl Conbullbullrvation tatua and 1 of total urvlY arl affcted

Biah Forbullbullt land Mdiumt Htxd Grabullbullland and woodland Lowt aratandGralina land and othn

121

19

7981

I A n Lt

iii) Effct on abullbullbullrvoir and Rivr Ecoloy

Exitin Fihary Potntial Fihry

Alal Growth Potntial

New Habitatl - Dileaa Vcton - Hiaratory bird

Sriouly improve fih dlvlopment Potntially hiah-with manaabullbullent a Fih Farina

Potntially hiah - local Nuiance Enhanc habitat for miaratory bird nd other

SB a Lt S B a Lt

L A a St L B a St

~

B - Blnefidal A - Adverse L - Local S - aeaional a - Revrsible II I t~ Ia - Irrvribl

N

Lt - Lona tra tjSt - Short tm

j j

1 I j

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

bull __ 1shy

1 i

Table 6 (Contd)

(a2) LANDSCAPE

Impact on Existinl Landscape caused by the project

Dam

lteaervolr

Other works

Not visible from public vantage points but live an attractive man made fall

Fundamentall chanle the character of the valley Minor impact throulh erection of treatment work diltribution linea and auppl tanka

L B I St

S B II Lt

S A B II Lt

Scope for restorinl modifyinl landscape formed by the project I

Dam

Ileervolr

Limited tree plantins around the political office and ~eyond to the valley

Conliderable tree planting - veletation of drawdown aone

Other worb Some potential for landscapinl the main leduna-Zonkwa road in the area around the bridle

(a) ACRICULTURE

Total area of alricultural land lost I02ha Maximum area inundated by the relervoir

Best quality land as percentage of affected area I 701 Moilthy lood quality Fadama soill

No of farm holdings affected 300 Annually leased from the Water Board on application A R St

No of farm buildinlS Nil affected

It oJ

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

1

Table 6 (Continued)

Annual production from Affected farm holdings

RECREATION(4)

Effect on recretionl activities

Recreational development potential and level of use

i

Rdnled Maize a the representative crop 1S tonha

DRY SEASON Vegetable Sugarcan

ALL SEASONS Animal hubandary - Beef - M11k - Butter

F1ehina

Bird watching

107 tones

304 tones

Water area

Average use (Patronaae)

Mild and disproportionately high loss of these agricultural produce

Coniderable improvement in production epecially under irrigation to improve tbeir gricultural productivity

Provision of crce wter to ncourag Cttle grzinapatoral farmina leadina to coniderable incrbullbullbullbull in output of thee

Encourage fibina aa bobby

Ha biah potentialitle for encouraglng divere bird netlina and hence encourage bird watching

bull 45halexpectedlY earmarked 60ha for recreational purpose

5000 peopleyr

S A R St

S B R Lt

S B R Lt

L B Ill Lt

S B Ill Lt

S B R Lt f

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

--

-

Table 6 (continued)

(as) TRAHSPORTCOHUUNlCATIONS Arm UTILITIES

DiversionRelocation of routes of communication

Secondary utilitiea

(a LOCAL ECONOMY6 Job lost Temporary joba provided

Permanent job provided

(b) LOCAL COMMUNITY

(b ) COllllllUniUes affected att construction atage

Major road Hinor road Feader road

Sevae diapoul

Liquid waatel Public cODviniencea

Solid waate diapoaal

Reservoir works Aqueducta works

Diversionary works

Construction Traffic

None None 31aa redirection of bull feeder road to the market centre SE of L At 11 St the town for fear of inundation by the reservoir

Provision of portable water will enhance clean aanitnry diaposal of aevae in ceaapools and aoakaway pita Diapolll of liquid vaatea in rehabilitated aurface drain

Proviaion of public toilet for uae by tranait population Diapoaal van a and aupporUn refuae bina to be provided by the Local Authority to rid the town of dbmeatic solid waste into auitable land fill 8ites

about 300 about 200 manyrs

SO - 60

I

HIL

S Bt 11 Lt L BA lltt Lt S Bt R Lt

S BA IR t Lt

L A It St L B R St S B It Lt

uo uo

11

i Table 6 (Continued)

(b )2 Communities ffected t

operation stge Reservoir worke

Hilttory populce

RecratioR activity traffic

NIL

Probable increale in inter-communal conflictl

I NIL

L A R St

(c) HISTORIC AND CULTURAL

Culturl sites affected Hiltoric or(c l ) Lilted buUclingl

Historic litel Ibuildingl

Archaeological dtea

~

NONE

NONE

CI

60

57

MITIGATION PLAN FOR THE ZONKWA PROJECTU

Table 7 shows the implementation schedule of effect ~itigation

measures

(i) Inter-ministerial consultations and action plans will need to

be undertaken between the parent Ministry of The Water Board and

other relevant ministries such as Agriculture Health Youths

and Social Welfare and Works and Housing Such consultations

should be held on and when necessary to draw up action plans

It is envisaged that these consultd1onand action plans would

be held before commencement of the civil works

(ii) Design modifications in view of over and under estimation

of notable parametetlshould start before project implementation

These designs may be technically reviewed to take care of

omitted parameters Such design modifications undertaken at

the early stages before the implementation of the project will

significantly save costs in terms of avoiding unnecessary

variations

(iii) Afforestation will involve the transplanting of notable

woody species It is considered as one of the cheapest ways of

correcting many undesireable impact like creating improvement

in landscape quality protecting the soils against erosion and

the provision of necessary protection to spawning fish In

view of the time needed for their establishment the forest

trees will need to be raised prior to the commencement of

58

Interminiaterial Consultations and Action plans

Design Modifications

Afforestation

Manpower Recruitment and Training

Surviliance and Routine monitoring

Mechanical Control of Macrophyte (Water plants)

Seeding the Reservoir with relevant fish fingerlies

Waste Disposal Facilities

Drainage Rehabilitation

1996Before and

1992 and beyond

_ - __-- Ii

--shy - -

Table 7 Implementation Schedule of the mitigative measures for the Zonkwa Dam project

It is scheduled that construction will start in January 1993 while commiSSioning is in October 1995

59

construction to facilitate their maturity before the project

reaches completion However the construction stages of the

project should be executed with due consideration to the tree

seedlings Economic trees among these can significantly

contribute to offsetting costs of development middotof the forest

(iv) The manpower requirement for smooth operation and mainshy

tenance of the project need be assured before the project is

commissioned To this end ~raining of relevant employees

may be the most viable option if direct employment prove

difficult This training may need to start at least 2 years

to the commencement of the construction so that the trainees

on qualifying can still familiarise themselves with the

construction and later maintenance procedures of the project

To arrest labour movement trained staff may be bonded to the

board during which period assistants are attached to the

trained personnel to understudy him bull

(v) Inspection and routine monitoring is another measure

highlighting the occurences within the dam and reservoir

This is to enhance safety and the conformity of the water

quality to acceptable limits The monitoring and inspection

will highlight immediate changes occuring on the dam reservoir

and surrounding ecosystem for the causative action or agent to

be identified and removed or corrected Such monitoring and

inspection need to commence right from the construction phase

Also within the time scale it is ideal that environmental

monitoring and inspection begin from the first quarter of 199~

60

towards the completion of the dam civil works

(vi) Mechanical control of some undesirable aquatic plants

such as algae and water lettuce that will interfer with the

operation of the dam and reservoir will become the most

practicable alternative in view of the contaminating effect

of chemical control on the reservoir water It is therefore

necessary that at this planning stage human activities such as

farming urbanisation and watering of animals resulting in

Eu~rophi~ion are prohibited within and the surrounding

reservoir area

(vii) The biological control of mosquito larvae is a viable

option in view of the possibility of chemical control contam~~ating

the water for drinking purposes With the expectation that a

seasooal rainfall can impound the reservoir to capacity seeding

the reservoir with the relevant finger lies of tilapia and

mud fish should commence in the 3rd quarter of 1995 after the

commissioning of the project This is to prevent stressing

the fingerlies by the turbulent mixing of the infilling water

into the reservoir

(viii) Waste disposal facilities need to be procured to deal

with the expected increase in the generated waste and to protect

the reservoir It is expected that procurement and introduction

of these facilities to start in the second quarter of 1993 and

be completed in first quarter of 1994 to prevent the outflow

of domestic and other wastes into the reservoir

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

60

57

MITIGATION PLAN FOR THE ZONKWA PROJECTU

Table 7 shows the implementation schedule of effect ~itigation

measures

(i) Inter-ministerial consultations and action plans will need to

be undertaken between the parent Ministry of The Water Board and

other relevant ministries such as Agriculture Health Youths

and Social Welfare and Works and Housing Such consultations

should be held on and when necessary to draw up action plans

It is envisaged that these consultd1onand action plans would

be held before commencement of the civil works

(ii) Design modifications in view of over and under estimation

of notable parametetlshould start before project implementation

These designs may be technically reviewed to take care of

omitted parameters Such design modifications undertaken at

the early stages before the implementation of the project will

significantly save costs in terms of avoiding unnecessary

variations

(iii) Afforestation will involve the transplanting of notable

woody species It is considered as one of the cheapest ways of

correcting many undesireable impact like creating improvement

in landscape quality protecting the soils against erosion and

the provision of necessary protection to spawning fish In

view of the time needed for their establishment the forest

trees will need to be raised prior to the commencement of

58

Interminiaterial Consultations and Action plans

Design Modifications

Afforestation

Manpower Recruitment and Training

Surviliance and Routine monitoring

Mechanical Control of Macrophyte (Water plants)

Seeding the Reservoir with relevant fish fingerlies

Waste Disposal Facilities

Drainage Rehabilitation

1996Before and

1992 and beyond

_ - __-- Ii

--shy - -

Table 7 Implementation Schedule of the mitigative measures for the Zonkwa Dam project

It is scheduled that construction will start in January 1993 while commiSSioning is in October 1995

59

construction to facilitate their maturity before the project

reaches completion However the construction stages of the

project should be executed with due consideration to the tree

seedlings Economic trees among these can significantly

contribute to offsetting costs of development middotof the forest

(iv) The manpower requirement for smooth operation and mainshy

tenance of the project need be assured before the project is

commissioned To this end ~raining of relevant employees

may be the most viable option if direct employment prove

difficult This training may need to start at least 2 years

to the commencement of the construction so that the trainees

on qualifying can still familiarise themselves with the

construction and later maintenance procedures of the project

To arrest labour movement trained staff may be bonded to the

board during which period assistants are attached to the

trained personnel to understudy him bull

(v) Inspection and routine monitoring is another measure

highlighting the occurences within the dam and reservoir

This is to enhance safety and the conformity of the water

quality to acceptable limits The monitoring and inspection

will highlight immediate changes occuring on the dam reservoir

and surrounding ecosystem for the causative action or agent to

be identified and removed or corrected Such monitoring and

inspection need to commence right from the construction phase

Also within the time scale it is ideal that environmental

monitoring and inspection begin from the first quarter of 199~

60

towards the completion of the dam civil works

(vi) Mechanical control of some undesirable aquatic plants

such as algae and water lettuce that will interfer with the

operation of the dam and reservoir will become the most

practicable alternative in view of the contaminating effect

of chemical control on the reservoir water It is therefore

necessary that at this planning stage human activities such as

farming urbanisation and watering of animals resulting in

Eu~rophi~ion are prohibited within and the surrounding

reservoir area

(vii) The biological control of mosquito larvae is a viable

option in view of the possibility of chemical control contam~~ating

the water for drinking purposes With the expectation that a

seasooal rainfall can impound the reservoir to capacity seeding

the reservoir with the relevant finger lies of tilapia and

mud fish should commence in the 3rd quarter of 1995 after the

commissioning of the project This is to prevent stressing

the fingerlies by the turbulent mixing of the infilling water

into the reservoir

(viii) Waste disposal facilities need to be procured to deal

with the expected increase in the generated waste and to protect

the reservoir It is expected that procurement and introduction

of these facilities to start in the second quarter of 1993 and

be completed in first quarter of 1994 to prevent the outflow

of domestic and other wastes into the reservoir

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

58

Interminiaterial Consultations and Action plans

Design Modifications

Afforestation

Manpower Recruitment and Training

Surviliance and Routine monitoring

Mechanical Control of Macrophyte (Water plants)

Seeding the Reservoir with relevant fish fingerlies

Waste Disposal Facilities

Drainage Rehabilitation

1996Before and

1992 and beyond

_ - __-- Ii

--shy - -

Table 7 Implementation Schedule of the mitigative measures for the Zonkwa Dam project

It is scheduled that construction will start in January 1993 while commiSSioning is in October 1995

59

construction to facilitate their maturity before the project

reaches completion However the construction stages of the

project should be executed with due consideration to the tree

seedlings Economic trees among these can significantly

contribute to offsetting costs of development middotof the forest

(iv) The manpower requirement for smooth operation and mainshy

tenance of the project need be assured before the project is

commissioned To this end ~raining of relevant employees

may be the most viable option if direct employment prove

difficult This training may need to start at least 2 years

to the commencement of the construction so that the trainees

on qualifying can still familiarise themselves with the

construction and later maintenance procedures of the project

To arrest labour movement trained staff may be bonded to the

board during which period assistants are attached to the

trained personnel to understudy him bull

(v) Inspection and routine monitoring is another measure

highlighting the occurences within the dam and reservoir

This is to enhance safety and the conformity of the water

quality to acceptable limits The monitoring and inspection

will highlight immediate changes occuring on the dam reservoir

and surrounding ecosystem for the causative action or agent to

be identified and removed or corrected Such monitoring and

inspection need to commence right from the construction phase

Also within the time scale it is ideal that environmental

monitoring and inspection begin from the first quarter of 199~

60

towards the completion of the dam civil works

(vi) Mechanical control of some undesirable aquatic plants

such as algae and water lettuce that will interfer with the

operation of the dam and reservoir will become the most

practicable alternative in view of the contaminating effect

of chemical control on the reservoir water It is therefore

necessary that at this planning stage human activities such as

farming urbanisation and watering of animals resulting in

Eu~rophi~ion are prohibited within and the surrounding

reservoir area

(vii) The biological control of mosquito larvae is a viable

option in view of the possibility of chemical control contam~~ating

the water for drinking purposes With the expectation that a

seasooal rainfall can impound the reservoir to capacity seeding

the reservoir with the relevant finger lies of tilapia and

mud fish should commence in the 3rd quarter of 1995 after the

commissioning of the project This is to prevent stressing

the fingerlies by the turbulent mixing of the infilling water

into the reservoir

(viii) Waste disposal facilities need to be procured to deal

with the expected increase in the generated waste and to protect

the reservoir It is expected that procurement and introduction

of these facilities to start in the second quarter of 1993 and

be completed in first quarter of 1994 to prevent the outflow

of domestic and other wastes into the reservoir

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

59

construction to facilitate their maturity before the project

reaches completion However the construction stages of the

project should be executed with due consideration to the tree

seedlings Economic trees among these can significantly

contribute to offsetting costs of development middotof the forest

(iv) The manpower requirement for smooth operation and mainshy

tenance of the project need be assured before the project is

commissioned To this end ~raining of relevant employees

may be the most viable option if direct employment prove

difficult This training may need to start at least 2 years

to the commencement of the construction so that the trainees

on qualifying can still familiarise themselves with the

construction and later maintenance procedures of the project

To arrest labour movement trained staff may be bonded to the

board during which period assistants are attached to the

trained personnel to understudy him bull

(v) Inspection and routine monitoring is another measure

highlighting the occurences within the dam and reservoir

This is to enhance safety and the conformity of the water

quality to acceptable limits The monitoring and inspection

will highlight immediate changes occuring on the dam reservoir

and surrounding ecosystem for the causative action or agent to

be identified and removed or corrected Such monitoring and

inspection need to commence right from the construction phase

Also within the time scale it is ideal that environmental

monitoring and inspection begin from the first quarter of 199~

60

towards the completion of the dam civil works

(vi) Mechanical control of some undesirable aquatic plants

such as algae and water lettuce that will interfer with the

operation of the dam and reservoir will become the most

practicable alternative in view of the contaminating effect

of chemical control on the reservoir water It is therefore

necessary that at this planning stage human activities such as

farming urbanisation and watering of animals resulting in

Eu~rophi~ion are prohibited within and the surrounding

reservoir area

(vii) The biological control of mosquito larvae is a viable

option in view of the possibility of chemical control contam~~ating

the water for drinking purposes With the expectation that a

seasooal rainfall can impound the reservoir to capacity seeding

the reservoir with the relevant finger lies of tilapia and

mud fish should commence in the 3rd quarter of 1995 after the

commissioning of the project This is to prevent stressing

the fingerlies by the turbulent mixing of the infilling water

into the reservoir

(viii) Waste disposal facilities need to be procured to deal

with the expected increase in the generated waste and to protect

the reservoir It is expected that procurement and introduction

of these facilities to start in the second quarter of 1993 and

be completed in first quarter of 1994 to prevent the outflow

of domestic and other wastes into the reservoir

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

60

towards the completion of the dam civil works

(vi) Mechanical control of some undesirable aquatic plants

such as algae and water lettuce that will interfer with the

operation of the dam and reservoir will become the most

practicable alternative in view of the contaminating effect

of chemical control on the reservoir water It is therefore

necessary that at this planning stage human activities such as

farming urbanisation and watering of animals resulting in

Eu~rophi~ion are prohibited within and the surrounding

reservoir area

(vii) The biological control of mosquito larvae is a viable

option in view of the possibility of chemical control contam~~ating

the water for drinking purposes With the expectation that a

seasooal rainfall can impound the reservoir to capacity seeding

the reservoir with the relevant finger lies of tilapia and

mud fish should commence in the 3rd quarter of 1995 after the

commissioning of the project This is to prevent stressing

the fingerlies by the turbulent mixing of the infilling water

into the reservoir

(viii) Waste disposal facilities need to be procured to deal

with the expected increase in the generated waste and to protect

the reservoir It is expected that procurement and introduction

of these facilities to start in the second quarter of 1993 and

be completed in first quarter of 1994 to prevent the outflow

of domestic and other wastes into the reservoir

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

61

(ix) The existing drainage systems are inadequate and are in

a state of disrepair Before the coming on stream or the project

especially the reservoir the rehabilitated drainage system to

cater for aqueoDl wastes and storm water flow should be ready

to divert these away from the reservoir hence the system should

be introduced between the first quarter of 199~ and the first

quarter of 1994

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

62

70 MONITORING PLAN

7~1 Guidline directories for instrumentation monitoring and

maintenance of the dam are given in Appendices 7 and 8 These

should be followed closely and the aspects recoDDDended carried out

regularly

The lakes shore line should be monitored closely for activities

that may alter the shoreline and sources of pollution like dumping

of wastes oils and cattle dung in the water

Any observable changes in the dam wall should be reported

promptly to appropriate authorities for immediate attention to

forestall pending desasters froa dam failure

Regular inventory and assessment of aquatic vegetation to

determine any trend that will jeopardise the use of the reservoir

be undertaken on routine bases from the second quarter of 1994

The chemical parameters to be analysed for on routine basis are

presented in table 4 Other parameters to be monitored will include

transperature and temperature profiles and dissolved oxygen

Temperatures should be measured at various depths to detect

evidence of stratification

Biological monitoring of lake water should include chlorophyll

content al8ae taxa and their densities The coliform counts should

be estimated at regular intervals Invertebratetauna should include

an estimate of mosquito larvae and snail populations Fish catches

by sports fishing (using hooks only) should be monitored to estimnte

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

63

harvest and prevent indiscriminate exploitation which will hamper the

purpose of the fish in the lake

Regular monitoring of the metereological information to establish

the actual hydrological condition of the river should be carried out

72 Manpower recruitment and training

Associated consulting Engine~rs (ECAN) Limited report of 1976

recommended a number of staff to handle the operation of the system

We recommend the adoption of their recommendation Inaddition we

wish to stress that works inspectors or seRior technicians be trained

to adequately handle the monitoring of the lake These staff could

be trained at the National Water Resources Institute Kaduna This

should commence from the first quarter of 1992 Laboratory facilities

already exist at the treatment works which will take care of the

monitoring if properly equiped for the purpose

13 Government Policies and Inter-ministerial cooperation

If the recommendations made in this report are adopted by the

government as workable policies for the reservoir the water quality

will be enhanced Also there is need for quick response by

executive directors of the water board to findings and recommendations

of the monitoring staff as concerns the water quality and mitigative

actions to forestall adverse effects on water quality It is

necessary for the cooperation to exist between the Ministries of Water

Resources and Agriculture for the effective management of the reservoir

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

- -

bull bull

~ f i__

i J I

- 64

t APPENDIX 1 ~~ -r -

~

1 Acanthocbullbullbull - Hysrophlln auriculate (SChWOBCh) () Jldne bull 2 Amyrilliclaceae - Amorphophnllus abY8sinlcus (A ~lch rE Dr (1)

Crinum ornatun (A1t) Burg (2)

3~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot Anacarc1iacae - Mansie indica Linn (1)

Lannea acida ~ Ri~~ (1)

Comreiphora ker5tlngli ~nsl (3)

Pseudocedrella kotschyii (Schwent) ~s (1)

Annonaceae - Cleistopholis Eatens (Benth) Enb (1)f 1 Annona senegalensis Pers (1)i

Uvar1a chamae P Beauv (1)

j 1 5 Apocyanaceae - Rauvolia calfra sand --

- tanaol~hla o-Iarlends P Beau 6 Arallaceae - CUBsonlaarterl Seeman (~)

7 Bambaceae - Celba pentnndra (Lim) Gaertn (1) ~ lB eaesalp1n1aceae - Erythropheum africanum (~elw amp Benth (1)

9 - Diallum SUineenseWllld (2)

- Atzelia aricane Sm (1)

- Cassia sieberlana DC (1)

- Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch amp (1)

- Plllostm~ thonnin1 (SchUIZI~ l-ilne rtH (3)

~ - Detarium microcaiIum Guill amp Ra Per (5) - cassIa rotundIo a (1)

I 9 Carlacaaae - Carica papaye LInn (1)

I 10 Cnochloapermaceae - ChochlosDermum tinctorum A Rich (1)

11 Combretaceae - Combretum 6lutlnosum Perex DC (2)

12 - ADogeisBus leiocarpus DC Guill (3)

- CQmbretum cacrocarpum P Beauv (5)

- erminalis macroptera Guill amp Fer (4)

- Co~bret~ ni~~icars L~pr ex Guill amp Per

13 Compositae - As~illa latifolla (pers) CD Adams (1)

- Emilia sonc~lclia (~inn) DC (1)

- Vernonia conferta BeLth (1)

-Upatorium odcret~m Llnu (1)

- ~uttemberg1a nrrltana (Sentr) C1iv Uern (1)

r-----shy-I(P-~--------------middot-middotmiddotmiddot---

65

13 Convolvulaceae - Ipomoea lnvolucrata r Beauv (2)

- Ipomoea e~uat1c3 Forsk (1)

14 Cyperaceae - ~~rIscus umbellatus Vahle (1) i

t 1S Euphorbiaceae - Bridelia ferruginea aenth (1) lI - aridelia mlcrantha (Horch St) Baill (1)

J -Phyllanthus muelerlanus (0 Ktze) Exell

- Euphorbla deightonli (1)

- Alchornia cordifolla (Schum amp Thenn)

- Hymenocardla acida Tul (1) Hiull (1)

r i Hypericaceae - Harungana madagascariensls Lam ex POir (1)I I - PsorosDermum febrifugum Spach (1)

17 Labiaceae - Becium obovata (E Mey) N~ R~ (1)

18 Lil1Bceae - Glorios sunerba Linn (1) - Xspararaus arlcanus Lam (1)_middot

19 Loganiaceae - Strychnos spInosa Lam (1)

i 20 Meliaceae - Khaya senegclensis (Desr) A Juss (1)

j 21 Menispermaceae - Clss~pelos mucronata A Rich (1) I 22 Y~osaceae - Entada africana Guill ampPerro (1)

23 Moraceae - Ficus sycomorus Linn (3)

-Ficus Iteophylla ~~ (2)

- Ficus exasperata Vahle (1)

- FicUS capensis Thumb (1)

24 Y~scaceae - Ensette gullotil (1)

25 Myrtaceae - Syzgum guineense P 3eauv (1)f j 26 - PsdIum gu~java Lirdl (1)

26 Onagraceae - Jussiaea repens var diftu~sa (Forsk) Br (1)

27 Palmae - Raphie vlnfera P Beauv (5)

Borassus aethiopum Hart (2)

- RoBhla ~arlnlfera ~aerntn (5)

28 Papillionaceae - Rhyncho~ia al~itlora (~lm~) Alstan (1)

- Clllnus cajen (Lirdl) r~il1sp (1)

- Sesbania seaban (Linn) ~middotierrll (2)

- ucc-n )Mriens (Lin) n (1)

Crotalarla nltrnueni Hutch (1)

-~

aa 29

Ishy

I

30

31

32

I 33 I-

34

35 -

36

37

38

39

40 41 4

42

43

66

- Indigorera conjursta ~ak (1)

- Des~odlum Gsnsectetlcum (~l) DC (1)

- Rhynchosl~ dens1flora (~oth) DC (1)

Poaceee - Eragrostis artrovlerens (Des) Trin (1)

- Erllprostls 11ncoris (Zclurach) ~enth Ney (1)

Setarla-pallde-ussa (Schunach) Stapf (1)

- Cynodon dactyon (Linn) pers (1)

Andropogon gayanus Kunth (1)

- Brachlara o~t~slrlora (~)

- Paspolum orb1culerls (Hochst ex Anlch) tapf (1)

- Eleuslne irdco (Linn) Caerth (1)

- Echinochloa collono (~inn) Link(1)

- Pennlsetun pUrOur~um Schumlch (1)

- Leers1a hexandra Swartz (1)

Polygalaceae - ~~mzxzxzlktizzxtZtXB~~~ ecGrldoca lor8enpeauncul~ta FreD (1)

Polygonaceae - Folysecton~ 1~6erU1 aDr c) Proteaceae - Protea ellot1i CH ~rl~ht (2)

Rublaceae - Gardenia aoualla Stapf Hutch (1)

- li trllsyna Incrli (iiilld) C rtze (~)

- ranclea latiol1o S1 (2)

3orreria vertlcl1atn (Linn) CF IieY (2)

S8plndaceae - Trichl11a ~ (Forsk) hoir (1)

Sapotaceae - Butyrospercum paradoxur Cnertn + Hepper (j)

Sterculiaceae - Sterculia tragacantha Lindl (1)

Tacaceae - Tacca lrvolucrata Schue amp tnor~ (1)

Tlllaceae - Urena lobata Llrn (1)

Ulmaceae - Gre~1a co11= Juss (1)

Umbelllferae - ~ydrocotyl~ bonarlenss Lam (1)

Verbenaceae - Vltex dorlana sweet rort (2)

- Crnell~ aro~rea Roxb (3)

- Lentana camara Linn (1)

Vltaceae - Cissus paatlldn (Eal~) flnch (2)

Zlnglberaceae - Costus stlec~ol11s (renzl) 1 chum (1)

67

-__----shy

APPE~DIX 11

Wildlife of the reservoir

Harep

Monkeys

Red monkey

Antelopes (water buck) shy

Grass cutter

Brown rat

Foxes

Snakes

Crocodile

Porcupine

Squirels

Chimpanzee

Wharthorg

Leopard

Hyena

Guinea fowls

Patridge

area

(Bush buck)

Several birds including water birds

i

tmiddotmiddot 68

APPEDNDIX III NON WOODY PLANTS OF THE RIPARIAN FOREST

1 Eragrostlamp artrov1erens (Des) rln Poaceae

2 Marlcus umbellatua Vahle Cypernce3~IJ bull 3 Setaria pallide-fuaca (Schumach) =tapf rroaceae

4 Cxnodon daetylon (Linn) Pers j 5 Andropogon gaizanusKunth

6 Brachiaria obtusiflora

i 7 Baspalum arbicularis (Hochat ex

r 8 E1eusine indica (Linn) Caertn middotmiddot1

9 Echinochloa collone (L1nn) Link

to Pennisetum parpureum Schumach

I 11 Vernonia conferta J3entb 12 Cassia rotund1fol1a Pers

13 Urena lobate Linn

14 Ipomoea involucrata P 5eauv

15 Cissus palmatida (Sak) Planch

16 Upatorlum odoratum Linn

1 17 Schwenckla americana Linn

Poacene

ARich) Stapf Poaceae

Poaceae

Composltae

Caesalplniaceae

Tlllaceae

Convolvulaceae

Vitaeeae

Compositae

Solanaceae

18 Ubdudfera arrecta Rochst ex ARich Pa11Ionnceae

19 Cuttenbergia n1rritana (Benth) Ollv amp Hiem Com~o$itae

20 PolYgonum lanigerum REr bull

21 Hydrocotyle banaviens1s ~

22 Polygonum lanigerum RBr

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Desmod1um Ganget1cum (Llnn)

26 SebD-nia aesban (Llrn) errill

27 Crinum arnatum (Ait) nury

28 Jussiaea reDe~s var d1~fusa C or_rbullmiddotbullbull

Polygonaceae

Umbell1ferae

Folygonaeeae

Convolvulnceae

r~~illonlceae

Pap11onaceoe

lJyr1l1CiJceae

29 Borreria verticllatn (Linn) CF tu1lCClC

30 Eragrost1$ linears (Schwaach) 3entb Iey Poaceae

69

APPENDIX IV CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE RESERVOIR AREA

1

2

3

4middot

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

shy

24

25

26

Daucus corota Linn (olrot) Ullioelliiartltl

Abelmoschus esculertus Linn (Ckr~) lavaceoe

Lycopersicon esculentum 2 (~omatoes) Zolonoceae

Pennisetum sp (ch1suu) Poaceoc

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn (Yams) Dio~cor~ceae

Amaranthus hybridus Linn (~efo) ~ranthaceae

Capiscum annuum Linn (pepper) Zolanaceae

Arachys hYpogeae Linn (~roundnut) F~pilior~ceae

Colocasia esculenta Linn (Coco yaml Araceae

Saccharium officinale Linn (~ugar c~ne) Fooceae

Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Imiddot (~aoCl)

Cryza sativa Linn (Rice)

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (3eans) r~pili~naceac

J1anihot e sculentum erai tz (Ro6o) Euphorticeae

Zea ~ Linn (~~ize) rouce~e

Solanum tuberozum Lirn (Irish potato) lllccae

Ipomoeltl batata~ (Lir~) lam (sweet ~c~=tc) Convolvuloccoc

Parkia clappertoniana Ie4lli (Jorowa) ilrlo~ceac

Raphia vinlicra r eon (Palm wine tree) r-llule

Lawsonia inerrlis l (Llle)

Androoogon gayanus lunt

Psldium 6uajav inn (Cove)

C~rica panaLa Linn (pap~~aw)

Butyrdscermum -lr~cXlm (~3ertn bullC

Lythraceae

r0 C(ol

middotyrt-ceae

C~ric~cc~e

CjJpcr -po)ccac

J

70 APPENDIX V THE MEDICINAL PLAHTS OF TNt RESERVOIR AREA

1 bull Uvaria Chamae P Beauv Annonaceae

bull 2 Phyllanthus muellerlnnus CO~tzc) xell =uphorbiaceae

3 Pl1iostlgma thonnlnli (cu) ilme-Redheacl Caesalpini~cee

CUssonia barteri Seeman Aralioceae4middot S CiSSUS carnifolla (Bak) Planch npelid~ceae

6 Rhynchosia densiflora (ao~~) c rapilionaceae

7 Erythrophleum africanum (elw ex Denth) Barms Cuesalpiniaceae

8 Leersia hexandra Swartz bull ~rCilineae

9 ~ichrostachys glomerata (Forsk) Cnoiv rmiddotamosaceae

10 Alchornia cordifolia (Schum amp -llonn) Imiddotull Arg Eupharbiaceae

11 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae

12bull XxK Ficus iteoohylla -oraceaebull -1g

(13 Anogeissusleiocarpus CD) Guill amp rer COQbret~~eae

tt14 Combretum niricans Lepr ex Cuill ferr

1S R3uvolfla caffra Sonde Apocynlce~e

16 Royek Hausa name Botanical name not ~no~n ~ut it is from Jcanth~ceae al1ly

The plant could not be identi~i~d bec~~se it was nei in flower

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

67

-__----shy

APPE~DIX 11

Wildlife of the reservoir

Harep

Monkeys

Red monkey

Antelopes (water buck) shy

Grass cutter

Brown rat

Foxes

Snakes

Crocodile

Porcupine

Squirels

Chimpanzee

Wharthorg

Leopard

Hyena

Guinea fowls

Patridge

area

(Bush buck)

Several birds including water birds

i

tmiddotmiddot 68

APPEDNDIX III NON WOODY PLANTS OF THE RIPARIAN FOREST

1 Eragrostlamp artrov1erens (Des) rln Poaceae

2 Marlcus umbellatua Vahle Cypernce3~IJ bull 3 Setaria pallide-fuaca (Schumach) =tapf rroaceae

4 Cxnodon daetylon (Linn) Pers j 5 Andropogon gaizanusKunth

6 Brachiaria obtusiflora

i 7 Baspalum arbicularis (Hochat ex

r 8 E1eusine indica (Linn) Caertn middotmiddot1

9 Echinochloa collone (L1nn) Link

to Pennisetum parpureum Schumach

I 11 Vernonia conferta J3entb 12 Cassia rotund1fol1a Pers

13 Urena lobate Linn

14 Ipomoea involucrata P 5eauv

15 Cissus palmatida (Sak) Planch

16 Upatorlum odoratum Linn

1 17 Schwenckla americana Linn

Poacene

ARich) Stapf Poaceae

Poaceae

Composltae

Caesalplniaceae

Tlllaceae

Convolvulaceae

Vitaeeae

Compositae

Solanaceae

18 Ubdudfera arrecta Rochst ex ARich Pa11Ionnceae

19 Cuttenbergia n1rritana (Benth) Ollv amp Hiem Com~o$itae

20 PolYgonum lanigerum REr bull

21 Hydrocotyle banaviens1s ~

22 Polygonum lanigerum RBr

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Desmod1um Ganget1cum (Llnn)

26 SebD-nia aesban (Llrn) errill

27 Crinum arnatum (Ait) nury

28 Jussiaea reDe~s var d1~fusa C or_rbullmiddotbullbull

Polygonaceae

Umbell1ferae

Folygonaeeae

Convolvulnceae

r~~illonlceae

Pap11onaceoe

lJyr1l1CiJceae

29 Borreria verticllatn (Linn) CF tu1lCClC

30 Eragrost1$ linears (Schwaach) 3entb Iey Poaceae

69

APPENDIX IV CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE RESERVOIR AREA

1

2

3

4middot

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

shy

24

25

26

Daucus corota Linn (olrot) Ullioelliiartltl

Abelmoschus esculertus Linn (Ckr~) lavaceoe

Lycopersicon esculentum 2 (~omatoes) Zolonoceae

Pennisetum sp (ch1suu) Poaceoc

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn (Yams) Dio~cor~ceae

Amaranthus hybridus Linn (~efo) ~ranthaceae

Capiscum annuum Linn (pepper) Zolanaceae

Arachys hYpogeae Linn (~roundnut) F~pilior~ceae

Colocasia esculenta Linn (Coco yaml Araceae

Saccharium officinale Linn (~ugar c~ne) Fooceae

Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Imiddot (~aoCl)

Cryza sativa Linn (Rice)

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (3eans) r~pili~naceac

J1anihot e sculentum erai tz (Ro6o) Euphorticeae

Zea ~ Linn (~~ize) rouce~e

Solanum tuberozum Lirn (Irish potato) lllccae

Ipomoeltl batata~ (Lir~) lam (sweet ~c~=tc) Convolvuloccoc

Parkia clappertoniana Ie4lli (Jorowa) ilrlo~ceac

Raphia vinlicra r eon (Palm wine tree) r-llule

Lawsonia inerrlis l (Llle)

Androoogon gayanus lunt

Psldium 6uajav inn (Cove)

C~rica panaLa Linn (pap~~aw)

Butyrdscermum -lr~cXlm (~3ertn bullC

Lythraceae

r0 C(ol

middotyrt-ceae

C~ric~cc~e

CjJpcr -po)ccac

J

70 APPENDIX V THE MEDICINAL PLAHTS OF TNt RESERVOIR AREA

1 bull Uvaria Chamae P Beauv Annonaceae

bull 2 Phyllanthus muellerlnnus CO~tzc) xell =uphorbiaceae

3 Pl1iostlgma thonnlnli (cu) ilme-Redheacl Caesalpini~cee

CUssonia barteri Seeman Aralioceae4middot S CiSSUS carnifolla (Bak) Planch npelid~ceae

6 Rhynchosia densiflora (ao~~) c rapilionaceae

7 Erythrophleum africanum (elw ex Denth) Barms Cuesalpiniaceae

8 Leersia hexandra Swartz bull ~rCilineae

9 ~ichrostachys glomerata (Forsk) Cnoiv rmiddotamosaceae

10 Alchornia cordifolia (Schum amp -llonn) Imiddotull Arg Eupharbiaceae

11 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae

12bull XxK Ficus iteoohylla -oraceaebull -1g

(13 Anogeissusleiocarpus CD) Guill amp rer COQbret~~eae

tt14 Combretum niricans Lepr ex Cuill ferr

1S R3uvolfla caffra Sonde Apocynlce~e

16 Royek Hausa name Botanical name not ~no~n ~ut it is from Jcanth~ceae al1ly

The plant could not be identi~i~d bec~~se it was nei in flower

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

i

tmiddotmiddot 68

APPEDNDIX III NON WOODY PLANTS OF THE RIPARIAN FOREST

1 Eragrostlamp artrov1erens (Des) rln Poaceae

2 Marlcus umbellatua Vahle Cypernce3~IJ bull 3 Setaria pallide-fuaca (Schumach) =tapf rroaceae

4 Cxnodon daetylon (Linn) Pers j 5 Andropogon gaizanusKunth

6 Brachiaria obtusiflora

i 7 Baspalum arbicularis (Hochat ex

r 8 E1eusine indica (Linn) Caertn middotmiddot1

9 Echinochloa collone (L1nn) Link

to Pennisetum parpureum Schumach

I 11 Vernonia conferta J3entb 12 Cassia rotund1fol1a Pers

13 Urena lobate Linn

14 Ipomoea involucrata P 5eauv

15 Cissus palmatida (Sak) Planch

16 Upatorlum odoratum Linn

1 17 Schwenckla americana Linn

Poacene

ARich) Stapf Poaceae

Poaceae

Composltae

Caesalplniaceae

Tlllaceae

Convolvulaceae

Vitaeeae

Compositae

Solanaceae

18 Ubdudfera arrecta Rochst ex ARich Pa11Ionnceae

19 Cuttenbergia n1rritana (Benth) Ollv amp Hiem Com~o$itae

20 PolYgonum lanigerum REr bull

21 Hydrocotyle banaviens1s ~

22 Polygonum lanigerum RBr

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Desmod1um Ganget1cum (Llnn)

26 SebD-nia aesban (Llrn) errill

27 Crinum arnatum (Ait) nury

28 Jussiaea reDe~s var d1~fusa C or_rbullmiddotbullbull

Polygonaceae

Umbell1ferae

Folygonaeeae

Convolvulnceae

r~~illonlceae

Pap11onaceoe

lJyr1l1CiJceae

29 Borreria verticllatn (Linn) CF tu1lCClC

30 Eragrost1$ linears (Schwaach) 3entb Iey Poaceae

69

APPENDIX IV CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE RESERVOIR AREA

1

2

3

4middot

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

shy

24

25

26

Daucus corota Linn (olrot) Ullioelliiartltl

Abelmoschus esculertus Linn (Ckr~) lavaceoe

Lycopersicon esculentum 2 (~omatoes) Zolonoceae

Pennisetum sp (ch1suu) Poaceoc

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn (Yams) Dio~cor~ceae

Amaranthus hybridus Linn (~efo) ~ranthaceae

Capiscum annuum Linn (pepper) Zolanaceae

Arachys hYpogeae Linn (~roundnut) F~pilior~ceae

Colocasia esculenta Linn (Coco yaml Araceae

Saccharium officinale Linn (~ugar c~ne) Fooceae

Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Imiddot (~aoCl)

Cryza sativa Linn (Rice)

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (3eans) r~pili~naceac

J1anihot e sculentum erai tz (Ro6o) Euphorticeae

Zea ~ Linn (~~ize) rouce~e

Solanum tuberozum Lirn (Irish potato) lllccae

Ipomoeltl batata~ (Lir~) lam (sweet ~c~=tc) Convolvuloccoc

Parkia clappertoniana Ie4lli (Jorowa) ilrlo~ceac

Raphia vinlicra r eon (Palm wine tree) r-llule

Lawsonia inerrlis l (Llle)

Androoogon gayanus lunt

Psldium 6uajav inn (Cove)

C~rica panaLa Linn (pap~~aw)

Butyrdscermum -lr~cXlm (~3ertn bullC

Lythraceae

r0 C(ol

middotyrt-ceae

C~ric~cc~e

CjJpcr -po)ccac

J

70 APPENDIX V THE MEDICINAL PLAHTS OF TNt RESERVOIR AREA

1 bull Uvaria Chamae P Beauv Annonaceae

bull 2 Phyllanthus muellerlnnus CO~tzc) xell =uphorbiaceae

3 Pl1iostlgma thonnlnli (cu) ilme-Redheacl Caesalpini~cee

CUssonia barteri Seeman Aralioceae4middot S CiSSUS carnifolla (Bak) Planch npelid~ceae

6 Rhynchosia densiflora (ao~~) c rapilionaceae

7 Erythrophleum africanum (elw ex Denth) Barms Cuesalpiniaceae

8 Leersia hexandra Swartz bull ~rCilineae

9 ~ichrostachys glomerata (Forsk) Cnoiv rmiddotamosaceae

10 Alchornia cordifolia (Schum amp -llonn) Imiddotull Arg Eupharbiaceae

11 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae

12bull XxK Ficus iteoohylla -oraceaebull -1g

(13 Anogeissusleiocarpus CD) Guill amp rer COQbret~~eae

tt14 Combretum niricans Lepr ex Cuill ferr

1S R3uvolfla caffra Sonde Apocynlce~e

16 Royek Hausa name Botanical name not ~no~n ~ut it is from Jcanth~ceae al1ly

The plant could not be identi~i~d bec~~se it was nei in flower

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

69

APPENDIX IV CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE RESERVOIR AREA

1

2

3

4middot

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

shy

24

25

26

Daucus corota Linn (olrot) Ullioelliiartltl

Abelmoschus esculertus Linn (Ckr~) lavaceoe

Lycopersicon esculentum 2 (~omatoes) Zolonoceae

Pennisetum sp (ch1suu) Poaceoc

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn (Yams) Dio~cor~ceae

Amaranthus hybridus Linn (~efo) ~ranthaceae

Capiscum annuum Linn (pepper) Zolanaceae

Arachys hYpogeae Linn (~roundnut) F~pilior~ceae

Colocasia esculenta Linn (Coco yaml Araceae

Saccharium officinale Linn (~ugar c~ne) Fooceae

Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Imiddot (~aoCl)

Cryza sativa Linn (Rice)

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (3eans) r~pili~naceac

J1anihot e sculentum erai tz (Ro6o) Euphorticeae

Zea ~ Linn (~~ize) rouce~e

Solanum tuberozum Lirn (Irish potato) lllccae

Ipomoeltl batata~ (Lir~) lam (sweet ~c~=tc) Convolvuloccoc

Parkia clappertoniana Ie4lli (Jorowa) ilrlo~ceac

Raphia vinlicra r eon (Palm wine tree) r-llule

Lawsonia inerrlis l (Llle)

Androoogon gayanus lunt

Psldium 6uajav inn (Cove)

C~rica panaLa Linn (pap~~aw)

Butyrdscermum -lr~cXlm (~3ertn bullC

Lythraceae

r0 C(ol

middotyrt-ceae

C~ric~cc~e

CjJpcr -po)ccac

J

70 APPENDIX V THE MEDICINAL PLAHTS OF TNt RESERVOIR AREA

1 bull Uvaria Chamae P Beauv Annonaceae

bull 2 Phyllanthus muellerlnnus CO~tzc) xell =uphorbiaceae

3 Pl1iostlgma thonnlnli (cu) ilme-Redheacl Caesalpini~cee

CUssonia barteri Seeman Aralioceae4middot S CiSSUS carnifolla (Bak) Planch npelid~ceae

6 Rhynchosia densiflora (ao~~) c rapilionaceae

7 Erythrophleum africanum (elw ex Denth) Barms Cuesalpiniaceae

8 Leersia hexandra Swartz bull ~rCilineae

9 ~ichrostachys glomerata (Forsk) Cnoiv rmiddotamosaceae

10 Alchornia cordifolia (Schum amp -llonn) Imiddotull Arg Eupharbiaceae

11 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae

12bull XxK Ficus iteoohylla -oraceaebull -1g

(13 Anogeissusleiocarpus CD) Guill amp rer COQbret~~eae

tt14 Combretum niricans Lepr ex Cuill ferr

1S R3uvolfla caffra Sonde Apocynlce~e

16 Royek Hausa name Botanical name not ~no~n ~ut it is from Jcanth~ceae al1ly

The plant could not be identi~i~d bec~~se it was nei in flower

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

J

70 APPENDIX V THE MEDICINAL PLAHTS OF TNt RESERVOIR AREA

1 bull Uvaria Chamae P Beauv Annonaceae

bull 2 Phyllanthus muellerlnnus CO~tzc) xell =uphorbiaceae

3 Pl1iostlgma thonnlnli (cu) ilme-Redheacl Caesalpini~cee

CUssonia barteri Seeman Aralioceae4middot S CiSSUS carnifolla (Bak) Planch npelid~ceae

6 Rhynchosia densiflora (ao~~) c rapilionaceae

7 Erythrophleum africanum (elw ex Denth) Barms Cuesalpiniaceae

8 Leersia hexandra Swartz bull ~rCilineae

9 ~ichrostachys glomerata (Forsk) Cnoiv rmiddotamosaceae

10 Alchornia cordifolia (Schum amp -llonn) Imiddotull Arg Eupharbiaceae

11 Annona senegalensis Pers Annonaceae

12bull XxK Ficus iteoohylla -oraceaebull -1g

(13 Anogeissusleiocarpus CD) Guill amp rer COQbret~~eae

tt14 Combretum niricans Lepr ex Cuill ferr

1S R3uvolfla caffra Sonde Apocynlce~e

16 Royek Hausa name Botanical name not ~no~n ~ut it is from Jcanth~ceae al1ly

The plant could not be identi~i~d bec~~se it was nei in flower

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

71 APPENDIX VI

Algae of Zonkwa Dam Project Area

Samples collected from a pond (rich in nutfients) and material

and the two small relatively fast (lowing streams

Algae Texa

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw) Kuetzing

Spirogira Sp Dominant filamentous Algae

Phacus

Pinmularia

Scenedesimus abundance

Voluox

Trachelomonas volvocina (Rhrenberg) common

Trachelomonas kellogii (akv) Deflandre

Oscillatoria chlorina Kutz (after Preny) very common

Scenedesmu8 bijuga (Turp) lager heim

Oscillatoria mimata (Zanard) Hauch ox Gomont (7-11ug broad)

Oscillatoria subbravis Schmidle 6u broad

Scenedesmus guardricauda var Westii CM Smith

Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag) Chodat (after Smith)

Scenedesmus epoliensis P Richler

Ulothrix spp

Oedogonum spp (Several spicies fairly common)

Euglena ~ Ehrenberg (most common Euglena)

Straurastum app

Frarilaria

GloeocystoB ~ (Kuetz) La6 bull

Paldornia ~ (Huell) Bony

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

72 AppendIx VI(Cond)

Scenedesmus guardricauda var ~ongispina (Clod) Cu

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (corda) Ralfs

Sphaerocystis schroeCarl Chodat

Radiococcus nimbalus (de Wild) Sc~ (Common)bull Pandonia elegans Ehrenberg

Oscillatoria limnetica Lamme~nn

Phormidium spp

rshy_gt Cosmanium spp -

_OJ Staurasbrium currirostrum

Secredesmus guardricanda (co~on)

Oscillatoria limnetica

Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg

Trachelomonas hispida yare Crenulatocollis Fa rects Deflandre

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer

Ankistrodasmus convolutus Corda

Trachalomonas sp

Diatoms

Pinnularia mesolepts (Elu) WSmith var Mesolnpl~ (less common

Pinnularia abanjensis yare subundulala

Carparlogramma crucicula (Cruner CI Ross) var crucicula

Nitzschia emphibia

Comphonema angus tatum

Comphonema Parvulum

Fragilaria brevistri~te u

Navicula ce1spidata var ambigua

Nitzschia filiformis (very abund~nt)

Navicula rhyncocephala AVH

--

t~omphoncma truncalium var Ctlpltolium n01l nov

i Comphonema affine ACC (very abundant)

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

73

Appendix VI (Con d)

C Comphonema grunowii nom nov eComphonema parvulum AGC bull

l

NitzschIa- Navicula cuspidata (Kutz) Kutz var ambigua

Pinularia M

Synedra ulan A Kutz Dec rare

Cymbella prostrata (Berok) cl (very rare)

Navicula radiosa (common) C

-~ Comphonema spp (Abundant attached diatoms especially in the river)

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

7

I NSTKUHUiTAT JON ANU HON JTU JN( (ullml JNI-S U I 1~Ci( Jf( y

r c J lt 0

tit igt 3

Jio tshy I ~ I Ii j

bull J J

bull

bull II v I bull -II If li-

I I I

II Ishy II I 4 ~ I I II II

o bull ~ -1 II

middotlJ

V f

I -II lJ ~ I

1shy iI 11shy

I 1 11

I

CI)

5r

LtJ t a

LtJ ~ a c en ) 0

~en j x 0 U

c ac x

i u en ~

u en

I fo

f

I

MEANS OF PROBLEM DETECTION

FEATURE

EMBARKMENT DAM

Upstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Clest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge conduitchannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

InletOutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

MechElect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

Z 0 ~ gta en IIl en 0

Z ~ is en gt ~

tit en en tit A

a 0 A

0

J A )

3 0 J

0

en J

gt I II ~

en

~ r c 1 en en en a en

en 3 0

amp 0 ltA

en

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

APPENDIX VIlI MAINTENANCE GUlDtLINES DIRECTORY 75

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE

FEATURE

EMBANKMENT

Upstream slope

Downstream slope

LeftRight Abutments

Crest

Internal Drainage System

Relief Drains

Riprap amp Slope Protection

SPILLWAYS

Approach Channel

InletOutlet structure

Stilling Basin

Discharge ConduitChannel

Control features

Erosion protection

Side slopes

OUTLETS amp DRAINS

Inletoutlet structure

Stilling basin

Discharge channel

TrashrackDebris control

Emergency systems

GENERAL AREAS

Reservoir surface

Mechelect systems

Shoreline

Upstream watershed

Downstream channel

g LaJ U U1Q gg] ~~ gt

I

r

bull

-r -

~ -

~

-

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

-

76

APPENDIX IX LIST OF PREPARERS

bull 1 Dr JP Voh - (Rural Sociologist)

Centre for Social-and Economic Research

2 Dr LI Odigie (Water Resources Engineer Dept of Water Resources Environmental Engineering

3 Mr EH Shaibu-I1IIOdagbe - (Environmental Scientist) Division of Agricultural Colleges

4 Dr RW Bako-AnY81ll (Freshwater Biologist) Department of Biological Science

5 Prof H Awogbade (Rural Sociologist) Centre for Social and Economic Research

6 Prof JA Ogunrombi (Environmental Health Engineer) Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

NOTE

All members of the team are of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

AIIfltNU I X X I 11 trl CU 1rttltJtHl CcttHACIIU

DATE PLACE

7591 Kaduna Water Board 1 Headquartermiddot Kaduna

2

3

14591 Zonkwa 1

15591 Zonkwa 1

2

3

4

16591 ILeA Office Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

17591 Zonkwa

II

CONTACT

Engineer Mohammed H Ilyaau (AGM Project) on behalf of the General Manager (KSWB)

Engr Shuaibu Senior Water Engineer KSWB

Mohammed Birnin Gwarri Principal Technologist Hydrology Section KSWB

Mohammed Aliyu Asst Resident Engineer Kaduna State Water Board Zonkwa

Sarkin Kaje Zonkwa His Highness Auta Hagaji Binyang Zonkwa

Sarkin Hausawa Zonkwa His Highness Adamu YU8ufu Zonkwa

Herbalist Shabanyam Magaji Yiran Zonkwa

Moses Saleh-Kaje Farmer Zonkwa

Mr Abubakar ILCA Representative Zonal Office Zonkwa

Dr Akang Deputy Director St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Mr Sambo Med Records Officer St 1ouis General Hospital Zonkwa

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

Appendix x (Continued)

17591 Zonkva

24591 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkwa

18691 Zonkva

78

Hauvan C Sonkvai Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local Government Zonkwa

Geologist KSWB Zonal Office Zonkwa

Bello Ali Ag Head Health Department Zangon Kataf Local government

The Principal Government Girls Sec School

middotPO Box 4 Zonkwa

Matron St Louis General Hospital Zonkwa

Station Manager Nigerian Railways Zonkwa Station Zonkva

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

79

APPENDIX XI REFERENCES

1 Zonkwa Water supply scheme - Rehabilitation Study (February 1991) by Water and Power Development Company Limited Kaduna

2 Zonkwa Water supply Scheme- Revised Feasibility and Preliminary Design Report (September 1976) by Engineering and Consultants Associates Nigeria Limited Kano

3 An Exploratory Survey of the Farming Systems of Southern Kaduna State (1990) Published by Institute for Agricultural Research ABUbullbull Zaria

4 Methods of EtA in Project Appraisals (1984) by Wood CM and Lee N Published by Town and Country Planning Department University of Manchester UK

5 Dam Safety An Owners Guidance Manual (July 1987) FEMA 145 by The Colorada Division of Disaster Emergency Services USA

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja

80

APPENDIX XII RECORD OF INTERAGENCYFORUM MEETINGS

bull 7591 lCaduna Host Engr Mohammed Ilyasu AGH (Projects) KSWB

Envlted All Consultants on Zonkwa Wnter Project (EIA - team)

Present Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

Inattendance Engr Shuaibu Senir Engr Hall Birnin Gvari P Tech (Hydro)

14691 Kaduna Host GH Kaduna State GMs Office Water Board

Invited

Present

All Consultants on Zonkwa Water Project (EIA team)

Dr LIO Odigie

Mr EM Shaibu-lmodagbe

Dr RW Bako-Anyam

World Bank team led by Mr David A Henley

Inattendance Engr Mohammed llyasu (AGH - Projects) KSWB

Summary of Discussions

The Consultants indicated that EIA report was not ready and promised

to aubmit it on or before 22691 Report will shov no resettlement required Proximity to town increases the risk of drowning Malaria

already endemic but may possibly have increased incidence Team to

investigate the use of bucket latrines

Decision Draft Report to be submitted to the Water Board (or

transmission to Mr Henley at Abuja