S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T CA CC NGUYN T HA HC(THEO PPCT 2011 GIM TI )

I. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t.

Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm AS e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t tng ln lt t 1 n 8*Nhn xt: + u chu k l nguyn t c cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l: ns1 + Kt thc chu k l nguyn t c cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l: ns2np6 (tr chu k 1 v chu k 7 cha hon chnh )

Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A+ Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A c lp i lp li sau mi chu k, ta ni: chng bin i mt cch tun hon.+ S bin i tun hon v c.h.e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.

A. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t :u chu k cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l: ns1.- Kt thc chu k cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l: ns2 np6 (tr chu k 1).Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A c lp i lp li sau mi chu k, ta ni rng: Chng bin i mt cch tun hon.S bin i tun hon v c.h.e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.

B. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hcI. Tnh kim loi tnh phi kim

Nhn xt: Gi M l kim loi v X l phi kim m l s e nhng i (m=1,2,3). n l s e nhn vo (n=1,2,3).=>Khuynh hng: M Mm+ + me X + ne Xn

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Kim loi c s e ngoi cng l 1,2,3 (cu hnh cha bn). Phi kim c cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l: 5,6,7( cu hnh cha bn). t ti cu hnh bn vng ging cu trc lp e ngoi cng ca kh him (8e).Kim loi c xu hng nhng e ion dngPhi kim c xu hng nhn e ion m

B. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hcI.Tnh kim loi tnh phi kim*Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhng e tr thnh ion dng. M Mm+ + me*Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhn e tr thnh ion m. X + ne Xn

- Ngt cng d nhng e th tnh kim loi cng mnh.- Ngt cng d nhn e th tnh phi kim cng mnh.*

Hnh 2.1. Bn knh ngt ca mt s ngt ho hc c biu din bng nmLiBCOBeFNNaAlSiSMgClPKGaGeSeCaBrAsRbInSnTeSrISbChiu tng dn ca bn knh ngtChiu gim dn ca bn knh ngt*

IAIIAIIIAIVAVAVIAVIIA0,1230,0890,0800,0770,0700,0660.0640,1570,1360,1250,1170,1100,1040,099

0,203

0,174

0,125

0,122

0,121

0,117

0,114

0,216

0,191

0,150

0,140

0,140

0,137

0,133

1. S bin i tnh cht trong mt chu k Trong mt chu k theo chiu tng Z+, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ng thi tnh phi kim mnh dn.**

1.S bin i tnh cht trong mot chu ky:Giai thch:Cung so lp electron.THN tang, e ngoi cng tng. Lc hut cua hat nhan vi cac e lp ngoai cung tang Rnt giam=> kh nng nhng e gim=> Tnh KL gim.Chu k 2**

MgKL mnh nhng km NaNaKL in hnhAlKL nhng hyroxit lng tnh SiPhi kim PPhi kim SPK tng imnh ClPKin hnhTnh KL gim dn , tnh phi kim tng dn .

1.S bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm ATrong mt nhm A theo chiu tng Z+, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t mnh dn, ng thi tnh phi kim yu dn.**

2.S bin i tnh cht trong mot nhom A.Giai thch:THN tang nhng so lp electron tang nhanhe lp ngoi cng khng thay i Lc ht gia Z+ v e lp ngoi cng gim dn =>Rnt tang=> kh nng nhng e d => Tnh KL tng

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Kt lun:*Cc kim loi mnh in hnh nm gc tri pha di ca BTH .*Cc phi kim mnh in hnh nm gc phi pha trn ca BTH( khng tnh nhm VIIIA). Kim loi mnh nht l CsPhi kim mnh nht l F**

3. m in a.Khi nim: m in ca mt ngt c trng cho kh nng ht e ca ngt khi hnh thnh lin kt ha hc.=> m in cng nh th tnh KL cng mnh v m in cng ln th tnh PK cng mnh.

BNG M IN CA PAU-LINH*

3. m in*Trong mt chu k i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng Z+,gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung tng dn .*Trong mt nhm A i t trn xung di theo chiu tng Z+,gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung gim dn .

Kt lun: Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc ngt bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

ACu1:Tnh cht no sau y bin i tun hon?A. S lp electron.

B. S electron v nguyn t.

C. Khi lng nguyn t.

D. S electron lp ngoi cng.CNG C2928272625242322212019181716151413121110090807060504030201HT GISaiBSaiCSaiDng

ACu2:C cc nguyn t A (z=19); D(z=11) ; E (Z= 13) ; G (z=17). Dy no di yxp theo chiu tng dn tnh kim loi ?A. G, E , A, D

B. G, A, E, D

C. E, G, D, A

D. G, E , D , ACNG C2928272625242322212019181716151413121110090807060504030201HT GISaiBSaiCSaiDng

ACu3:C cc nguyn t A (Z =35); D(Z=11) ; E (Z= 14) ; G (Z=17). Dy no di y xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim ?A. G, D , A, E

B. D, A, E, G

C. D, E, A, G

D. G, E , A , DCNG C2928272625242322212019181716151413121110090807060504030201HT GISaiBSaiCngDSai

ACu4:Trong mt nhm A t trn xung di bn knh nguyn t cu cc nguyn t :A. Tng theo chiu tng ca tnh kim loi

B. Tng theo chiu tng ca m in

C. Tng theo chiu gim ca m in

D. A v C u ng .CNG C2928272625242322212019181716151413121110090807060504030201HT GISaiBSaiCSaiDng

ACu 5:???????????????A. S lp electron.

B. S electron v nguyn t.

C. Khi lng nguyn t.

D. S electron lp ngoi cng.CNG C2928272625242322212019181716151413121110090807060504030201HT GISaiBSaiCSaiDng

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