1aC H A P T E R
1
Eros, Inside Eros
Sculpture by Arman
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Chapter 1: The Human Body – An orientation
Objectives:
The student should be able to:
1. Name and define, in order of increasing complexity, the levels of organization that make up the human body.
2. List the 11 organ systems of the body. Briefly identify the components and major functions of each. (See Figure 1.3.)
3. Define homeostasis and explain its significance.
4. Describe how negative feedback systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis.
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Self Study and Lab Study Section:
Do # 5 and #6 in Lab 1 and as Self Study (You are still responsible for this on lecture tests.)
5. Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, planes or sections and the major body cavities. [Objective 5 and it respective Key Terms will be covered in Lab 1. Also see Get Ready for A&P Chapter 3: Terminology.]
6. Do the following Review Questions at the end of Chapter 1: 1, 2, 4 - 7, 9 – 12 and 14 – 19.
Complete the Chemistry Primer for Biology 1220 (in the 1220 Supplement) by Jan 21st.
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of structure
When you visualize someone studying human anatomy, what do you see them doing?
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Rembrandt – Anatomy Lesson
Gross or macroscopic anatomy
Physiology: The study of function at many levels
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Why study anatomy?
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
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How can you understand the complexities of the structure and function of the body?
………………..one chunk at a time!
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The body has several levels of structural organization.
Chemical: atoms molecules (Ch. 2)
Cellular: cells and their organelles (Ch. 3)
Tissue: similar types of cells (Ch. 4)
Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ System: organs that work closely together (List and review systems in Fig. 1.3)
Organismal –all organ systems
Molecule
Atoms
1
Organelle
Molecule
Atoms
Organelle
Molecule
Atoms
Organelle
Molecule
Atoms
different types of tissues.
Cardiovascular
system
Organelle
Molecule
Atoms
Smooth muscle cell
Cardiovascular
system
Organelle
Molecule
Atoms
Cellular level
molecules.
of tissues.
Organismal level
The human organism is made up of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.2
What systems do you see represented here?
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Necessary Body Functions
Maintaining boundaries:
Membranes, skin
Movement:
Necessary Body Functions
E.g. reflexes, control of heart rate
Digestion:
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Necessary Body Functions
Catabolism and anabolism
Necessary Body Functions
Production of offspring
Survival needs are factors required to maintain life.
(Not in the objectives & key terms)
Water
Site of metabolism
Nutrients
Survival Needs
Oxygen
Necessary for ATP production (cell respiration – Krebs Cycle in the mitochondria)
Heat/ Normal body temperature
By-product of metabolism
Survival Needs
And……one more……
pH or [H+]
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Survival depends on homeostasis.
Two systems are responsible for the control of variables:
Autonomic nervous system (nerve impulses)
Endocrine system (hormones)
Give an example of a controlled condition (variable) in the body.
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In order to control a variable, a homeostatic mechanism must be able to:
Recognize a change in the variable (stimulus)
Receptors respond to stimuli
Cause a change in function of one or more body parts (effectors), to alter the effect of the stimulus
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Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
Responds to stimuli
Control center
Analyzes input and determines appropriate response
Communicates with an effector
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
Give an example of a physiological set point in the body.
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Effector
Receives output from the control centre and produces a response
Result: stimulus is either reduced or enhanced
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Stimulus
produces
Stimulus
produces
Stimulus
produces
Stimulus
produces
Stimulus
produces
Most homeostatic mechanisms are
Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
The response reverses (shuts off) the original effect of the stimulus
Act to control variables that require continual adjustment
Examples:
Control of blood glucose levels (an endocrine mechanism)
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Figure 1.5
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
Effectors
Figure 16.18
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A Positive Feedback Mechanism, or cascade, has an amplifying effect.
The response increases or enhances the original stimulus
The mechanism stops when the stimulus is removed
Examples:
Figure 1.6
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
Feedback cycle ends
Positive Feedback
Figure 28.17
Remember…
Chapter 1 Self Study and Lab Study Section:
Do # 5 and #6 in Lab 1 and as Self Study (You are still responsible for this on lecture tests.)
5. Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, planes or sections and the major body cavities. [Objective 5 and it respective Key Terms will be covered in Lab 1. Also see Get Ready for A&P Chapter 3: Terminology.]
6. Do the following Review Questions at the end of Chapter 1: 1, 2, 4 - 7, 9 – 12 and 14 – 19.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prepare for Chapter 2
A Chemistry Primer for Biology 1220 and the Ch. 2 Objectives 1 – 4 cover:
matter and energy
inorganic compounds
Organic Compounds.