[123doc.vn] - chuong 4 bai giang cnmt moi sua 3 2010
DESCRIPTION
gfhvbhvTRANSCRIPT
-
Bi gingBi ging
CCng ngh mi trngng ngh mi trng
GiGing vin : GS.TS ng kim Ching vin : GS.TS ng kim ChiVin KH & CN Mi trng HBK H niVin KH & CN Mi trng HBK H ni
H ni 2-2009H ni 2-2009
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v n C THI
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v n C THI
I. Khi nim1. Nc cp-Dng cho sinh hot, sn xut-Ngun nc cp: nc mt, nc ngm Mun x dng nc theo nhu cu phi x l2. Nc thi-L nc pht sinh sau khi s dng nc cp -Nc thi sinh hot: cha nhiu cht hu c, cht v c, SS, coliform-Nc thi sn xut: thnh phn ph thuc c th sn xut.-Cch phn loi khc: Nc thi th, nc thi bnh vin, nng nghip-Mun x li vo ngun tip nhn phi x l.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc1. pHpH= -log[H+] -pH thay i dn n thay i thnh phn trong nc.VD: pH4 Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cd2+
-pH c th lm tng hoc gim vn tc phn ng ha hc trong nc.2. axit v kim-L s xut hin ca cc axit v c (c nhiu trong nc ngm khi chy qua lp khong cha bn cht lu hunh) v CO2- kim: Hydroxit (tnh kim mnh), bicacbonat (tnh kim yu), cacbonat. kim nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v cng ca nc.- axit: Do axit v c H2SO4, HNO3, HCl
Do CO2
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)3. Mu sc-Mu thc: Mu do cht hu c, nhiu chit ca thc vt gy nn (to, cht hu c gy nhim c mu). Mu ny kh tch.-Mu biu kin: Do cc cht v c gy nn. Mu ny d x l.4. c-Do ht rn l lng, cht hu c phn r-n v tnh: 1mg SiO2/1l nc sch.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)5. Hm lng cht rn trong nc-L phn cht rn bao gm: cht v c, cht hu c, cht hu c tng hp-Tng cht rn (TS): l trng lng kh tnh bng mg ca phn cn li sau khi bay hi 1 lt nc trong ni hp thy, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i.-Cht rn huyn ph (SS): l cht rn dng l lng trong nc, tnh bng trng lng kh ca phn cht rn cn li trn giy lc si thy tinh khi lc 1 lt mu nc, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i. n v: mg/l-Cht rn ha tan (DS): DS=TS-SS (mg/l)-Cht rn bay hi (VS): Trng lng mt i khi nung cht rn huyn ph 550oC-Cht rn c th lng: l lng th tch tnh bng ml ca phn cht rn c trong 1 lt nc mu lng xung sau mt khong thi gian xc nh (thng thng l 1h)
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)6. cng ca nc- cng vnh cu (phi cacbonat): Ca2+, Mg2+ do cc mui sunfat v clorua gy nn. Sau khi un th khng mt cng ny.- cng cacbonat: ca mui MgCO3, CaCO3 sau khi un to cn lng c th tch cng tm thi.7. Hm lng Mn, Fe trong nc-Do s ha tan Fe, Mn c trong nc ngm.-To mu, mi tanh, tc ng ng:Mn2+Mn4+
Mn+O2MnO2en
Fe2++O2Fe3+ nu
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)
8. Hm lng oxi ha tan (DO)-L lng oxy trong khng kh c th ha tan trong nc, tham gia qu trnh trao i cht, ti sn xut cc vi sinh vt, ng vt trong nc.-DO thp: nc c nhiu cht hu nhim tiu th nhiu O2.-DO cao: nhiu rong to, tham gia qu trnh quang hp gii phng O2.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)9. BOD: nhu cu oxy sinh ha-BOD tnglng oxy cn dng cho oxy ha cht hu c tngcht hu c tng.-nh gi mc nhim cht hu c (VSV) trong nc. n v: mgO2/l
10. COD: nhu cu oxy ha hc-c trng cho nhim hu c. BOD
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)11. Hm lng phtpho trong nc-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: HPO42-, H2PO4-, PO43-, phtpho hu c, Poly P.12. Hm lng nito-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, N hu c, N tng.
13. Hm lng kim loi nng-d>5mg/cm3. L vi lng trong nc c kh nng tch t trong c th sng.Vd: Pb, Fe, Hg, Cd, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cr
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)14. Hm lng phenol-Thng trong nc thi cha cyanua. -Gy nh hng n sc khe, c kh nng gy ung th15. Hm lng thuc bo v thc vtDDT666, Clodan, Aldrin, Dialdren16. Hm lng vi sinh vt trong ncVi trng, siu vi trng, rong to, coliform17. Hm lng du, m khong18. Nhit 19. Cht phng x20. Hm lng Sunfat
-
2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v 2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v hiu quhiu qu
Nm c cc Quy nh v mi trng hp php ho nhu cu xc nh cc mc tiu x l nc thi ca cc cng ng v cc c s
cng nghip
Lm ch cc cng ngh x l nc thi l cha kho thit k cc trm x l nc thi bn vng .
Phn loi v xc nh c tnh ca nc thi l bc mu cht trong la chn cc cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp
-
2.1 2.1 QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT) c (BAT)
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Cc cht hu c bn (COD-BOD)
-Oxy ho ho hc-Hp ph bng cacbon
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc-Hp ph, x l sinh hc
Tng cht rn l lng C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:-Lng-Tuyn ni-Lc
-
2.1. 2.1. QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT)c (BAT)
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghipNgun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang
34, bng 3.1Cht nhim Cc qu trnhNit -Tch amonia
-Nitrat ho v kh nitrat-Kh bng clo
Pht pho -Kt ta-Hp th sinh hc-Trao i ion
Kim loi nng -Kt ta ho hc-Trao i ion-Lc mng
Cht rn v c ho tan -Trao i ion-Thm thu ngc-Thm tch bng in
Du m -Keo t / ng t / tuyn ni-Siu lc
-
2.1. 2.1. QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT) c (BAT)
Mt s cng ngh tng ng nhau c th c la chn s b ti bc ny Cc cng ngh c la chn s b trn c s cn nhc nhng cht nhim chnh
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghipNgun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF,
trang 34, bng 3.1Cht nhim Cc qu trnhCht hu c phn hu sinh
hc (BOD)X l sinh hc hiu kh:-Bn hot tnh, mng oxy ho-H hiu kh-Lc nh git-a sinh hc quay (RBC)-H n nh-Thit b phn ng kiu mX l sinh hc ym kh-H ym kh-Lc ym kh-Tip xc ym kh-Thit b phn ng tng si
-
Ngnh CN Mc tiu th nc,m3/tn sn phm
Mc tiu th nc,galon/tn sn phm
Min Max Min Max
hpu xanh 50,0 70,9 12 000 17 000o, l 15,0 20,0 3 600 4 800Cc loi rau qu khc 4,0 35,0 960 8 400Thc phm v ungBia 10,0 16,0 2 400 3 840Bnh m 2,0 4,0 480 960Tht ng gi 15,0 20,0 3 600 4 800Sn phm t sa 10,0 20,0 2 400 4 800Whisky 60,0 80,1 14 400 19 200Ho chtAmonic 100,1 300,2 24 000 72 000CO2 60,0 90,1 14 400 21 600
Lactose 600,5 800,6 144 000 192 000Sunphua 8,0 10,0 1 920 2 400Giy v bt giyBt giy 250,2 792,3 60 000 190 000Giy 120,9 158,5 29 000 38 000DtTy 200,2 300,2 48 000 72 000Nhum 30,0 60,0 7 200 14 400
-
2.1. Qu2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)nht hin c (BAT) B. Kim tra k cc thng s
nhim : Sp xp cc cht nhim chnh vo cc
nhm thng s (cc cht rn lng c, TSS, TDS, SS bay hi, v.v)
Th nghim pilot nhm xc nh kh nng x l hoc kho st thc t ti cc c s x l tng t hin c
D. La chn cui cng: Nghin cu k cc cng ngh
c la chn s b Xem xt cc phng n khc nhau Tng hp cc tiu ch la chn
C. La chn s b: Lit k cc cng ngh hin c Cng ngh xut cho cc loi hnh
cng nghip D on hiu sut qu trnh
A. Cc c trng chung ca dng thi cng nghip :
Kim loi nng Cc c tnh chung (hu c v v
c) Mc tiu th v thi nc ca qu
trnh sn xut
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIIII. Cng ngh x l nc thi1. Phn loi qu trnh v phng php x l nc thi
Nc thi (khng t TCMT)
Tch cht rn l lng th (b tuyn ni)
Tch cht rn l lng mn
Tch Ni
Tch cht hu c ha tan
Tch cht v c (in thm, trao i ion)
Tch cht hu c(lc, bay hi, lm lnh, trch ly, thm thu
ngc)
Kh vk
Tch cht vi lng
Tch cht rn v c
Song/li
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
-Chia ba cp x l: + Cp 1(x l s b): tch cht rn th, vt rn ni c kch thc ln. X l cp 1 gm cc qu trnh: lc, song chn, tuyn ni, lng, tch du m, trung ha.+ Cp 2 (x l th cp): tch cc cht hu c ha tan gm cc qu trnh sinh hc ( dng vi sinh vt x l), ha hc.+ Cp 3: khi yu cu v cht lng nc cao. X l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh gm cc qu trnh sau: kt ta, ng t, hp ph, trao i ion, thm thu ngc, kh trng bng clo, ozon. Tch cc cht dinh dng N, P.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thiMc ch: tch ht rn l lng m c th nh hng n ng ng.Cc phng php thy c: lc qua song chn hoc li, lng di tc dng ca lc trng trng, iu ha thnh phn v lu lng nc thi.Nguyn tc la chn phng php: ph thuc kch thc v tnh cht ha l ht l lng, hm lng cht rn l lng, lu lng nc thi v yu cu cht lng nc sau x l..
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)a. Lc-Song chn: lc vt rn th, lm bng kim loi, t ca ngoi knh, nghing mt gc 60-75o.-Li lc: tm kim loi un thnh hnh tang trng, kch thc l 0,5-1,0 mm, quay vi vn tc 0,1-0,5m/s. Ch cho nc thi qua b mt li, cn vt rn b gi li trong b mt li s c co ra.b. B iu ha lu lng: nhm n nh lu lng nc thi v thnh phn nc thi trc khi vo h thng x l. y l b thu nc t cc ngun khc nhau c gom li vo h thng x l chung.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)c. B lng-Tch cht l lng di tc dng ca trng lc.-Phn loi da theo chc nng:+B lng ct: tch ct v tp cht v c khng tan (dht=0,2-2mm)
+B lng cp 1: tch cht hu c, cht rn cn li+B lng cp 2: tch bn sinh hc khi nc thi v cht rn cn li.-Phn loi theo cch khc:+B lng ngang+B lng ng+B lng hng tm
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Lc-Tch cht rn l lng c kch thc nh m b lng khng tch c.-Cu to: thng l cc vch ngn xp, cho dng nc i qua v gi li cc ht rn l lng. -ng lc ca qu trnh: di tc dng p sut thy tnh, p sut cao trc vch ngn hoc p sut chn khng sau vch ngn.-Yu cu: tr lc nh, bn, do c hc, bn ha hc, khng b trng n hoc ph hy trong iu kin lc.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Lc-Phn loi:+Lm vic gin on: thit b lc ht, lc tm, lc p.+Lm vic lin tc: lc hnh trng, lc a, lc thng quay, chn khng.+Lc bng vt liu ht: ct, si, than cc, than nu, than bn, than gyu cu c xp, b mt ring ln.+Lc chm: Nclp ctsi t chy qua vi tc lc 0,2-0,3 m3/h. Sau mt khong thi gian 30 ngy, phi thay khong 4-5cm lp ct v lp vt liu mng i. Kh nng lc sch cao nhng kch thc b ln, cng sut nh.+Lc nhanh: dng cc loi vt liu lc khc nhau, lp trn c kch thc ht ln hn lp di.+Lc ly tm: cht lng chuyn ng xoay trn trong thng quay, c tm li lc hoc vi lc. nh k cht bn dnh trn li s c ly ra ngoi
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thia. Phng php tuyn ni -Tch hp cht khng tan v kh lng, c kh nng tch c cht bn ha tan nh l cht hot ng b mt.-Qu trnh: sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng, chng kt dnh vo cc ht, khi lc ni ca tp hp cc bong kh ln s ko cc ht ln b mt, sau chng tp hp li to ra lp bt cha hm lng cc cht bn cao hn trong cht lng ban u. -Vi cc ht rn k nc: khi bng kh dnh cht vo cc ht s to ra mt ng bc ly bn ngoi pha rn lng lm kch thc ht tng ln nhng khi lng ring ht gim i s ni ln trn.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)a. Phng php tuyn ni (tip)-Tc nhn tuyn ni: khng kh c s dng ph bin nht+Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan: sc khng kh vo p sut cao, sau gim p.+Tuyn ni bng khng kh: sc kh p sut thng thng.+Tuyn ni chn khng: bo ha khng kh p sut kh quyn, sau thot kh ra khi nc p sut chn khng-u im: c th tch hon ton cc ht nh nh khi ht ni thnh vng trn b mt v c thu gom bng b phn vt bt. Chi ph u t vn hnh khng ln, thit b n gin, hiu sut tch cao, bn c m thp.-ng dng: trong x l nc thi cng nghip ch bin lng thc thc phm, du m, si tng hp, giy, da
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)b. Phng php ng t- keo t-Cht nhim thng di dng keo, tch ra cn tng kch thc v khi lng ring ca ht bng cch lien kt thnh tp hp ht.-Lng trng lc: trung ha in tch cc ht keo, sau lin kt cc ht keo trung ha li vi nhau.-Qu trnh ng t: qu trnh trung ha cc ht keo.-Qu trnh keo t: qu trnh lien kt cc ht keo vi nhau to thnh ht ln hn.-Hai qu trnh trn lun lun i lin vi nhau v dung ha cht lm tc nhn ng keo t.-VD: Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2Oha tan tt, r, hiu qu cao.
Phn st Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3kh nng keo t tt nhit thp, di pH rng, kch thc keo ln, c th kh c mi v, tuy nhin sinh mu do c st.- tng hiu qu keo t cho thm cht tr keo (cht hu c tng hp, diosilic xSiO2.H2O).
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)c. Phng php hp ph-L phng php gi cht ha tan trn b mt cht rn.-Cht hp ph l cht rn (than hot tnh, oxit Al, cht tng hp, tro, x, mt st, t st)-Cht b hp ph thng l cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc hoc x l cc b nm trong pha lng.-Hiu sut qu trnh ph thuc: nng , bn cht, cu trc cht tan, nhit nc thi, c tnh cht hp ph. -Ti sinh cht hp ph: khi n t n bo ha. -ng dng: tch cht hu c (phenol, Alkyl benzene,), cht hot ng b mt (sunfonic axit), thuc nhum hu c, cc ha cht thm.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Phng php trao i ion-L qu trnh ion nm trn b mt ca pha rn s trao i vi cc ion cng in tch trong nc khi xy ra qu trnh tip xc. -Cht trao i ion: ionit, l cc cht rn, v c hoc l hu c. -Cht trao i ion l cc hp cht t nhin: Zeolit t nhin, khong, t st, Na2OAlO3nSiO2.mH2O, [Ca5(PO4)]F, hidroxit apatit [Ca3(PO4)2]OH.
-Cht trao i ion tng hp: hidroxit kim loi (Al2O3, Ca2O3), hu c (R.SO3H, R-COOH,).-Ti sinh: anionit bng dung dch kim, cationit bng dung dch axit.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)-ng dng: tch kim loi nng nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd..v cc kim nh CN, AsO33+, PO43-, cc cht phng x
Cht trao i ion tng hp:- Hidorxit kim loi: Al2O3, Cr2O3, Zi.
- Hu c: R.SO3, H, R-COOH, R(OH), R-PO3H.
R-SO3H + M+ R-SO3-Me + H+
Cht rn Tan trong nc
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)Sau mt thi gian cc ionit s bo ho, cn c ti sinh, cc catrionit bng dung dch axit v cc anont bng dung dch kim. Trao i ion lm sch nc thi khi cacs kim loi nng nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, cng nh tch cc nh kim: CN, , , cc cht phng x.e. Phng php mngMng l mt pha c vai tro ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau, m c th l mt cht rn, keo trng ni, cht lng. Cc qu trnh tch cht hp tan trong nc bng mng gm:
- Phng php thm thu ngc (Reurve Osmosis)- Phng php siu lc (Utia filtration)- Thm tch, in thm tch
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
d. Phng php thm thu ngc
MngMng
Nc thi
Mng
Nc thi
Nc sch Nc schNc sch
* Qu trnh thm thu- Tch ht c khi lng phn t thp, P thm thu cao
- Siu lc: Tch cht P thm thu nh, ht c khi lng phn t cao > 500.- (3): Tch Anon, cation nh
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
4. Phng php ho hca. Phng php trung hoa PH ca nc thi v 6,5 8,5: khong pH thch hp cho qu trnh x l tip hoc trc khi thi Ngun tip H Gm:- Trn nc thi c tnh axit vi nc thi c tnh kim ((PH8)).- B sung cc cht ho hc vo nc iu chnh PH ca nc thi axit: NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NH3.H2O, Ca(OH)2, Dolomit (CaCO3.MgCO3)
- Nc thi kim: H2SO4, HCl, CO2- Cho nc thi chy qua vt liu lc c kh nng trung ha nc axit, a qu vi, tro, x, xi mng.- Trung ho bng kh: Nc thi c tnh kim: Sc HSO2, NOx, HCl
Nc thi c tnh axit: Sc NH3.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
4. Phng php ho hc (tip)b. Phng php oxi ho khDng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t c hn, tch ra khi nc.+ Oxy ho bng Cl:Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
HOCl H+ + OCl- (mang tnh oxi ho mnh)Cl2 + OH- + CN- CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O
CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl CO2 + 6Cl- +N2 + 2H2O
+ Oxy ha bng H2O2
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
4. Phng php ho hcb. Phng php oxi ho kh (Tip)Dng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t c hn, tch ra khi nc.+ Oxy ho bng ozon (O3)
FeSO4 + H2SO4 + O3 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + O2MnSO4 + O3 +H2O H2MnO3 + O2 + H2SO4+ Kh bng NaHSO3, FeSO44H2CrO4 + 6NaHSO4 + 3H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 10H2O
6FeSO4 + 3CrO3 + 6H2O + 6H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 +Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
5. Phng php sinh hc- S dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hu nhng cht hu c. Trong qu trnh vi sinh vt nhn cht dinh dng xy dng t bo sinh trng v sinh sn nn sinh khi ca chng s pht trin. - Nc thi khi x l bng phng php sinh hc c c trng bng BOD, COD.- Yu cu ca nc thi khi x l bng sinh hc khng cha c cht vi vi sinh vt, khng cha cc mui kim loi hoc kim loi nng.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
5. Phng php sinh hc (tip)- C th phn loi phng php x l sinh hc theo 2 cch chnh:+ Phng php hiu kh:L phng php s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh phn hu cc cht hu c. Cn b sung O2 lin tc v nhit x l t20 - 40 0C; pH = 6,5 8,5, c cht dinh dng nui vi sinh vt.+ Phng php ym kh: Phng php s dng vi sinh vt ym kh l vi sinh vt khng ly oxy trong khng kh m ly oxy trong hp cht ho hc khc.Trong nc thi, phng php hiu kh tc dng hn.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
a. Phng php hiu khGm b thng kh sinh hc, lc kh sinh hc, b lc sinh hc, h sinh hc.* Phng php biu kh s dng b thng kh sinh hc (b aeroten)Trong b aeroten, cc vi sinh vt sinh trng trng thi huyn ph. Nc thi cha cht hu c tx cc bn l lng cha vi sinh vt.Qu trnh phn hu biu kh c xy ra vi m bo oxy bo ho v bn c gi l bn hot tnh phi trng thi l lng. Phng trnh tng qut:
CxHyOz)n + (X + Y/4 +2/3 + 3/4)O2 Vi sinh vt
xCO2 + (y 3/2)H2O + NO3
Trong bn hot tnh:
bn hot tnh
vsvCxHyO2 + NH3 + O2 C5H7NO2 + CO2
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
Ra
K2K2
Bn hot tnh
Lng Lng 2
Bn
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
* Phng php hiu kh s dng b lc sinh hc-B lc sinh hc l thit b trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp mng bm vo mt vt liu lc. -Nc thi c ti t trn xung qua vt liu lc, tip xc vi vi sinh vt xy ra qu trnh phn hu hiu kh. -Lp vt liu lc rt mng song cng c th xy ra song song 2 qu trnh st b mt l qu trnh phn hu ym kh v lp ngoi c phn hu hiu kh c O2.
Ra
Lng
Lng
Bn x l Bn
Nc thi
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
* Phng php hiu kh s dng h sinh hc-H sinh hc l mt chui t 3 - 5 h. Nc thi chy vo ht ny vi th tch khng ln- Trong h nc thi c lm sch bi cc qu trnh t nhin gm c to, vi khun.
- Cc vi sinh vt s dng O2 sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca to, v oxy ho tan t khng kh phn hu nhng cht thi hu c trong nc v to s dung CO2, NH4+, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4- c gii phng t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c thc hin qu trnh quang hc.- H sinh hc cn m bo pH thch hp, nhit ti u 3 loi h sinh hc:
. H oxy ho cp 3 ( trc khi thi nc vo ngun)
. H sc kh
. H oxy ho hiu - ym kh.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
b. Phng php ym kh *Nguyn tc- Dng vi sinh vt ym kh ln men cc kh, cht nhim. Sn phm cui cng l CH4, H2, mt s cc kh c tnh kh: H2S, RSH, NH3.
- Gm 3 giai on:+ Giai on thy phn nguyn liu u vo vi khun s dng cc cht dinh dng+ Giai on to thnh axit: nguyn liu, cht nhim, vi khun, vi sinh vt ym kh phn hu to axit hu c: CH3COOH, C2H5COOH.
+ Giai on phn hu axit hu c to metan, CO2
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
b. Phng php ym kh (tip)
-Cc yu t nh n 3 giai on ca qa trnh him kh-+ Nhit ti u: 350C+ Liu lng cht dinh dng c trong bn v mc khy trn+ T s C/N tt nht l 25 30/1+ pH ti u: 6,5- 7,5+ nh hng ca dng vi khun, chng loi vi khun, thi gian lu + Khng c cht c i vi vi khun- u im: Sinh t bn thi.
-
. . X L YM KH (UASB)X L YM KH (UASB) Nguyn l v thit kNguyn l v thit k
H thng ym kh c dng chy ngc (UASB) Cng ty Lassonde, Marieville, CanadaV d h thng x l nc thi ca qu trnh ng hp nc tri cy
Thit k cc hp phn: B m n nh dng vo (lu lng,...) Li chn nh lng ho cht :
cn bng pH cung cp dinh dng mui st tng hiu qu to bng ca ht, cht nn v sinh khi
Thit b chnh Tun hon kh sinh hc t kh sinh hc cn li X l mi Duy tr s pht trin n nh ca sinh khi
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
b) Phng php ym kh (tip)* H ym kh- H su, oxy khng n c y, cc vi khun ym kh s phn hu cc cht hu c CO2, CH4- ng dng ca phng php ym kh: X l cht hu c hm lng cao: Protein, m, khng cha cht c, c cht dinh dng.- u im ca ym kh so vi hiu kh: Sinh ra t bn, khng cn thy sc kh, nhng phn hu khng trit , cn nhit cao (350C) thng ng dng x l tip.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
Composting Bn
Nn bn li bng lng i vo tch nc sy kh lm phn bn
phn
t ly nhit
C cBn tiu hu n nh
Tch nc
Kh trng
Chn lp
Lm phn bn
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
IV. Mt s s cng ngh x l nc thi1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngha. S Cng ngh sn xut km dng thiCng nghip x l nc thi dt nhum
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THINguyn liu
Ko si, chi nh ng
H siH2O, tinh bt, ph gia,hi nc
Dt vi
Gi hH2O, tinh bt, ph gia,hi nc
Nc thiTinh btHo cht
NaOHNc thiH tinh bt, thy ngn
NuNaOH, hi nc Nc thi
X l axit, git
Ty trng
Git
Lm bng
Nhum, in hoa
Git
Hon tt
Sn phm
H2SO4, nc, cht ty
Nc thi
H2SO4, nc, cht ty
Nc thi
NaOH, ho cht c trng
Nc thi
H2SO4, nc, cht ty
Nc thi
Hi nc, h tinh bt
Nc thi
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIb. c im nc thi
- Cht hu c ho tan ( dung dch nhum, mu, c)- pH ln (c kim cao), nhiu cht rn l lng (x, si)- Nhit nc cao (lm mt nc, ngng t hi nc)- Cht v c ho tan (kim loi nng, mui, axit, baz)
c. La chn phng php x l- Phn lung nc thi
Nc ngng t t hi nc Tun hon li (1)Nc git ln cui (2)Nc nhum, nc git ln u (dng nhim nng)
- Phng php x l(1): tun hon li(2): X l s b (lng, lc) ri tun hon li vi nc git ln cui.
- X l theo cp 1, 2, 3 i vi nc nhumPhng php c hc: Sng, lng, lcPhng php ho l:. Trung ho kim, ng keo t kh mu. Oxi ho, hp th x l bc 3. Phng php sinh hc x l cht hu c ho tan trong nhum. Phng php mng thu hi hp cht h tng hp
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THId.S cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum
Nc thi
B iu ha
Trung ha kimH2SO4
Lng
Hp ph
Lng
Keo t, kt ta
Lng
Lc
Lm mm nc
Thm thu
B cha
X
Cho mc ch khc
B sinh hc hiu kh
Bn Gia nhit
Bn
Bn X l bn
Cht keo t
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI3. Cng ngh x l nc thi giya. S cng ngh sn xut giyNguyn liu
(tre, na, g)
Gia cng(cht, phn loi)
Nu bt Nc ngngDch nu (en)
Nc thi c mu caoCOD, BOD cao
Nc thi
Nc thi c cht l lng, BOD
Nc thiBn, ct, l, cnh
Hp cht ty
Nc ra Nc ra
C c, t
Nc ngng
Nc ngng
DuPhn
Nc, hoi nc
Nc ra
Ra bt
Ty trng
Nghin bt
Xeo giy
Sy giy
Sn phm
Hi nc
Hp cht nu bt Hi nc
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI
b. c im dng nc thi- Nhiu cht l lng do qu trnh nghin- Nc thi ca giy c kim ln, c bit qu trnh nu- C nhiu cht hu c ho tan c mu- Nc ngng c nhit cao- Nhiu ho cht ph giac. Phn lung x l- Nc ngng lm mt tun hon li- Nc ra nguyn liu cht bn lng cc h bng thi no vt bn.-Nc nu bt BOD, COD cao, nhit Tch dch en (lignin) x l ring -Nc xeo giy lng, lc tun hon (x l s b)- Nc vi sinh nh xng, nc r r trong qu trnh sn xut, nc sau cng.- Nc sinh hot ca cng nghip nh my x l chungd. Chn phng php x l-Phng php c hc: Sng, chn, lc, lng-Phng php ho hc: trung ho, oxy ho kh trng, lc mng, thm thu- Phng php ha l: truyn ni, ng keo t- Phng php sinh hc: phng php ym kh, hiu kh, phng php h sinh hc.
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI* S CN x l nc thi giy
Trm bm
Sng chn rc
B iu ha
X l bn
B sung dung dchB sung oxy khng kh
Lng s cp
iu chnh pH
B x l ym khUASB
B sinh hc hiu kh
Lng th cp
H sinh hc
B sung dung dch
NT1 NT2 NT3
Ngun tip nhn
LngBn
Bn X l bn
Tun hon bn mt phn
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI4. CN x l nc thi m kim loiCng ngh m km dng nc thi Vt cn m
Lm sch bng c hc
Mi nhn nh bng
NiSO4, H2BO3
Kh du m
X l bng in haHa hc
M ng
M crom
Axit, Cr+3
Nc thi
CuSO4, Cu(CN)2,
NaCN
Dung mi
H2SO4, HCl, NaOH
Nc cha axit v kim
Nc thi cha axit, ng
M Niken
Axit, Niken
M km
CN-, axit, Zn+2
H2SO4, CrO3
Zn(CN)2NaOHNaCNHBO3
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIb. c im dng thi
Phn ha thp < axt >Cha nhiu kim loi nng ha tan (c hi) C du mi, dung dch hu c, mi trng ty raC nhiu cn tn, bi ct, v c, (g oxt kim loi)
c. Phn lung dng thi- Nc thi c nhiu du m - Nc thi cha Cr+3, Cr+ 6
- Nc thi cha Niken- Nc thi cha ngd. Phng php x l- Phng php c hc- Phng php ha l ( tuyn, ng keo t ..) - Phng php oxi ha - kh: Chuyn cht ha tan thnh cht d tch- Phng php sinh hc: S dng thc vt, sinh vt tch kim loi nng dng vi
lng ra khi nc- Phng php i ion: Thu li kim loi nng- Phng php kt ta ha hc: ( ph bin Vit Nam )
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI* S x l
Nc thi
B cha khc nhau
iu ho
B phn ng
Thit b lng
H thc vt
Ngun tip nhn
iu chnh pH
Ho cht Bn kim loi nng X l theo yu cu i vi cht nguy hi
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI5. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot kt hp nc thi cng nghip
-
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi cng nghip
Tch c chtB iu ha
Lng s cp B iu ha lng s cp
B trn nc thi
B x l NTSH (hiu kh)
Lng th cp
Kh trng
Ngun tip nhn
Bn thi
X l ym kh to CH4
Tch nc khi bn
Bn kh
-
5. S x l n c thi cho cc nh my git thuc cng ngh dt may
Hp ph
Hp ph
B iu ho lm thong
B iu ho lm thong B phn
ng-Keo t
B phn ng-Keo
t
Lng Lamen
Lng Lamen
Lc p
Lc p
B lng
Bc I
B lng
Bc I
B nn bn
B nn bn
iu chnh pH t ng
Ho cht keo t
Polime PAA
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC CP
1. Nguyn tc a. Xc nh thnh phn b. Xc nh yu cu x l : - Sinh hot - Cng nghip c. La chn phng php x l d. S cng nghip 2. S cng nghip x l nc ngm thnh nc cp (VD )
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIGing1 Ging 2 Ging3
Khai thc
Lm thong (ui kh ha tan, b sung xy t khng kh)
Khuy
Keo t to bng
Lng
Lc nhanh
Lm thong
B nc sch
Bm ln thp nc
Cung cp nc sch
-
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI3. X l nc b mt nc cp
Nc sng, h
Knh dn nc
Li, song chn rc
Khuy nhanhB sung cht keo t
Keo t to bng
Lng Bn thi
Lc th Tch cht rn sau kt ta
Lc tinh
Kh trng
B cha
Sc Ozon, Clo, nc Javen
S dng
Tch cht mn
Loi vi sinh vt gy bnh
Bi ging Cng ngh mi trngCHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v nC THISlide 3CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THISlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 112. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v hiu qu2.1 Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)Slide 15Slide 162.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43. X L YM KH (UASB)Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC CPSlide 61Slide 62