13. struktur plmn

Jaringan TelekomunikasiJaringan Telekomunikasi 11

STRUKTUR STRUKTUR JARINGAN PLMNJARINGAN PLMNProgram S1 Sistem KomputerProgram S1 Sistem KomputerFakultas Elektro dan KomunikasiFakultas Elektro dan KomunikasiIT TelkomIT Telkom


Generasi pertama (1G)Sistem komunikasi seluler pertama kali beroperasi di Norwegia pada tahun 1981 dan diikuti oleh sistem yang sama di US dan UK. System generasi pertama ini hanya mentransmisikan voice dengan frekuensi sekitar 900 MHz dan menggunakan modulasi analog

Generasi kedua (2G)

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) pertama kali digunakan di eropa pada awal tahun 1990. GSM menyediakan layanan voice dan data yang terbatas. Menggunakan modulasi digital.

The new third generation (3G) cellular services Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-2000 will sustain higher data rates still and opens the door to many internet style applications

History


HistoryHistory 1934-USA : AM based: First generation Analogue Cellular Systems1934-USA : AM based: First generation Analogue Cellular Systems

For public safetyFor public safety 5000 mobiles5000 mobiles Vehicle ignition noise a major problemVehicle ignition noise a major problem

1935 USA Europe Asia :FM based: 1935 USA Europe Asia :FM based: Frequency bands: - 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHzFrequency bands: - 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz 120 kHz RF bandwidth with channel spacing of 30 kHz120 kHz RF bandwidth with channel spacing of 30 kHz Data rate 5 - 10 kbpsData rate 5 - 10 kbps No of channels 400 – 1000, half-duplexNo of channels 400 – 1000, half-duplex

1946- USA : First Generation Public Mobile Telephone Service:1946- USA : First Generation Public Mobile Telephone Service: Coverage distance: 50 km, 60 kHz bandwidthCoverage distance: 50 km, 60 kHz bandwidth Single powerful transmitterSingle powerful transmitter


History - 1st Generation History - 1st Generation (1G) Systems(1G) Systems

1960 Cellular Radio, developed by Bell Labs.1960 Cellular Radio, developed by Bell Labs. 1970 Cellular Mobile System (USA)1970 Cellular Mobile System (USA)

1980 First Generation Analogue Cellular Systems1980 First Generation Analogue Cellular Systems Advanced Mobile Telephone Systems (AMPS)Advanced Mobile Telephone Systems (AMPS) Frequency bands: 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHzFrequency bands: 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz Channel spacing 30 kHz and no of channels 400 -1000Channel spacing 30 kHz and no of channels 400 -1000 Data rate 5 - 10 kbpsData rate 5 - 10 kbps FM for speech, FSK for signaling, FDMFM for speech, FSK for signaling, FDM


History - 2nd Generation History - 2nd Generation (2G)(2G)Systems (1991-2)Systems (1991-2)

Systems:Systems: Group Special Mobile (GSM) – Europe (GSM 1.8 GHz, and 1.9 Group Special Mobile (GSM) – Europe (GSM 1.8 GHz, and 1.9

GHz)GHz) U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) and CDMA (USDC 1.9 GHz)U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) and CDMA (USDC 1.9 GHz) Digital Cordless Systems (DCS) 1.8 GHzDigital Cordless Systems (DCS) 1.8 GHz

Technology: Technology: TDMA, TDMA hybrid FDMATDMA, TDMA hybrid FDMA Characteristics:Characteristics:

Digital voice and low speed dataDigital voice and low speed data Frequency band @ 900 MHz, RF channel spacing 200 kHzFrequency band @ 900 MHz, RF channel spacing 200 kHz Modulation: GMSK, DPSK, Fixed frequency assignmentModulation: GMSK, DPSK, Fixed frequency assignment Speech rate 13 kbps, Speech coding, TDMASpeech rate 13 kbps, Speech coding, TDMA High security and higher capacity,High security and higher capacity, Improved speech Quality of service (QoS)Improved speech Quality of service (QoS)


History - 3rd Generation (3G)History - 3rd Generation (3G)Systems (1995 - )Systems (1995 - )

Support Multimedia Services:Support Multimedia Services: Especially Internet Service,Especially Internet Service, 144kb/s (Outdoor and higher velocity ),144kb/s (Outdoor and higher velocity ), 384kb/s(from outdoor to indoor),384kb/s(from outdoor to indoor), 2Mb/s (indoor);2Mb/s (indoor); Speech of QoS and other servicesSpeech of QoS and other services

First Transitional System: 2 GHzFirst Transitional System: 2 GHz 2000 - 2nd Transitional Systems: 2.5 GHz2000 - 2nd Transitional Systems: 2.5 GHz 2001 - 1st CDMA Network @ 144 k bps2001 - 1st CDMA Network @ 144 k bps 2002- Handover between GSM and WCDMA2002- Handover between GSM and WCDMA


Early Mobile SystemsEarly Mobile Systems

Satu pemancar dengan daya yang besar ditempatkan pada titik yang paling tinggi yang dapat meliputi area dengan radius sampai dengan 50 km

Layanan mobile tradisional dibangun mirip dengan televisi broadcasting

Sistem seluler dibentuk dari jaringan telepon mobile dengan cara: menggunakan daya pancar yang rendah untuk mencakup area yang lebih luas contoh area metropolitan dibagi ke dalam 100 sel yang berbeda dimana masing-masing sel dgn 12 kanal


Early Mobile Radio SystemsEarly Mobile Radio Systems Satu pemancar dengan daya pancar yang besar Satu pemancar dengan daya pancar yang besar Area cakupan yang bagus, tetapi tidak memungkinkan Area cakupan yang bagus, tetapi tidak memungkinkan

dilakukan penggunaan ulang ( reuse) frekuensi yang sama dilakukan penggunaan ulang ( reuse) frekuensi yang sama (e.g., Bell Mobile System ‘70 -- max 12 calls over thousand (e.g., Bell Mobile System ‘70 -- max 12 calls over thousand sq. Miles)sq. Miles)

Early Mobile Systems


Cellular SystemsCellular Systems

Cellular ConceptCellular Concept technique of using a fixed a number of channels to technique of using a fixed a number of channels to

serve an arbitrary large number of subscribers by serve an arbitrary large number of subscribers by reusing channels throughout the coverage areareusing channels throughout the coverage area

high system capacity in a limited spectrumhigh system capacity in a limited spectrum many low powered transmitters (small cells)many low powered transmitters (small cells) each base station allocated a portion of the spectrumeach base station allocated a portion of the spectrum neighboring base stations assigned different groups of neighboring base stations assigned different groups of

channelschannels


Cellular SystemsCellular Systems

Solves the problem of Spectral congestion and user capacity by means of Solves the problem of Spectral congestion and user capacity by means of frequency reusefrequency reuse

Offers high capacity in a limited spectrum allocationOffers high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation Offers system level approach, using low power transmitters instead of a Offers system level approach, using low power transmitters instead of a

single, high power transmitter (large cell) to cover larger area.single, high power transmitter (large cell) to cover larger area. A portion of the total channels available is allocated to each base station.A portion of the total channels available is allocated to each base station. Neighbouring base stations are assigned different groups channels, in order Neighbouring base stations are assigned different groups channels, in order

to minimise interference.to minimise interference.

PT3163-HANDOUT-SISKOMBERPT3163-HANDOUT-SISKOMBER

Klasifikasi WIRELESSKlasifikasi WIRELESS

WirelessCommunication

FixedWireless

MobileWireless

Non Cellular

Cellular

Non Cellular

Cellular

point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS, Microwave communication

contoh :

contoh :

contoh :

contoh :

paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC) , dispatching system, PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) dsb

PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800, DECT

GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS, PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS, C-450, dsb


R RR R R

Model pola radiasiModel pola radiasi

Model radiasi mana yang paling bagus ?Model radiasi mana yang paling bagus ?


With the shift parameters i and j defined in the figure, we see that the number of cells in a cluster is given by

and the frequency reuse distance is given by


Jaringan seluler atau PLMN (public land mobile network) terdiri dari sejumlah mobile station (MS) yang dihubungkan dengan jaringan radio ke infrastruktur perangkat switching yang berinterkoneksi dengan sistem lain seperti PSTN

PLMN ?PLMN ?


Perbandingan PSTN dan Perbandingan PSTN dan PLMNPLMN


Elemen PLMNElemen PLMN Elemen PLMN terdiri dari Elemen PLMN terdiri dari

1.1. Elemen jaringan untuk user (trafik)Elemen jaringan untuk user (trafik)2.2. Elemen jaringan sebagai databaseElemen jaringan sebagai database3.3. Elemen jaringan untuk tambahan jaringan pintar (IN)Elemen jaringan untuk tambahan jaringan pintar (IN)4.4. Elemen jaringan untuk operasi dan pemeliharahan (O&M)Elemen jaringan untuk operasi dan pemeliharahan (O&M)5.5. Elemen jaringan untuk signalingElemen jaringan untuk signaling6.6. Elemen jaringan untuk transport dan transmisiElemen jaringan untuk transport dan transmisi

Note : pada bab ini diberikan contoh untuk jaringan GSMNote : pada bab ini diberikan contoh untuk jaringan GSM


Elemen Elemen JJaringan GSMaringan GSM Network elements for (user) trafficNetwork elements for (user) traffic

MS MS BTS BTS BSC BSC MSC MSC GGateway MSC (GMSC) ateway MSC (GMSC) Short message service centre (SMS-C)Short message service centre (SMS-C)

Network elements as databasesNetwork elements as databases HLRHLR VLRVLR AUCAUC EIREIR

Network elements for additional network intelligenceNetwork elements for additional network intelligence service control points (SCPs) and service switching points (SSPs) service control points (SCPs) and service switching points (SSPs)

Network elements for operation and maintenanceNetwork elements for operation and maintenance operations support system (OSS) andoperations support system (OSS) and a network management system (NMS). a network management system (NMS).


Elemen Jaringan GSMElemen Jaringan GSM Network elements for signallingNetwork elements for signalling

Since a GSM network utilises signaling system No. Since a GSM network utilises signaling system No. 7 (SS7), either integrated or stand-alone signal 7 (SS7), either integrated or stand-alone signal transfer points (STPs) are required.transfer points (STPs) are required.

Network elements for transport and transmissionNetwork elements for transport and transmission transmission over radio access, transmission over radio access, plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) or synchronous optical network (SONET) systems are synchronous optical network (SONET) systems are

used.used.


OPERATION OF THE CELLULAR PHONE

•When the mobile unit is active (i.e. when a mobile phone is switched on), it register with the appropriate BS , depending on its location, and its cell position is stored at the responsible MSC. When a call is set-up (when a user makes a call), the base station monitors the quality of the signal for the duration of the call, and reports that to the controlling MSC, which in turn makes decisions concerning the routing of the call.•When a cellular phone moves from one cell to the other, the BS will detect this from the signal power and inform the MSC of that. The MSC will then switch the control of the call to the BS of the new cell, where the phone is located. This is called handover . It normally takes up to 400 ms, which is not noticeable for voice transmission.

•A cellular phone user can only use his/her mobile within the covered area of the network. •Roaming is the capacity of a cellular phone, registered on one system, to be able to enter and use other systems. Those other systems must be compatible to enable roaming (i.e. they must have the same type of networks).


StrongestSignal

Terminal scans control channels and locks on to strongest one.

If can’t find a strong enough signal, “no service”

With receiver turned to strongest control channel, terminalextracts important information from broadcast channel.

What happens when a cellular user turns on What happens when a cellular user turns on their phone?their phone?


On interpreting this broadcast information, terminal turns on “roaming” sign, determines DCC, paging channels, etc.

Once this initialization is complete, mobile enters idle mode.

When no call in progress, terminal monitors paging messages in order to detect arrival of a new call.

Page for User with MIN XPaging Channel

(one of broadcastchannels)

User with Mobile Identification Number (MIN) X

What happens when a cellular user turns on their phone? (cont)


Power consumed by radio receiver while it waits for paging message has strong influence on standby time of terminal’s battery.

Terminals can operate in sleep mode when no call in progress.

In this mode, terminal turns off its receiver for significant fraction of time. Wakes up for short period of time.

If there is paging message for terminal, BS schedules message to arrive during brief wake-up interval. This is synchronized by using a hyperframe counter.

Paging messages arrive in SPACH blocks of superframe. Indicatesassigned traffic channels, etc.

What happens when a cellular user turns on their phone? (cont)


Masalah dalam jaringan Masalah dalam jaringan selulerseluler

1.1. Number of Channels Per CellNumber of Channels Per Cell2.2. FadingFading3.3. Co-Channel InterferenceCo-Channel Interference4.4. HandoversHandovers5.5. Multiple accessMultiple access


Number of Channels Per Cell

When the number of channels per cell is small (less transmitting channels) base station congestion is very likely to occur. Increasing the number of channels to solve this problem could be a problem since the bandwidth allocated for uplink and downlink transmission is fixed. Therefore increasing the channel number per cell would cause the channel frequencies used in a cell to be re-used in a closer cell. This increases co-channel interference.

Solution

Use a microcellular network since it can increase the number of channels per cell without an increase in co-channel interference

Masalah dalam jaringan seluler


Masalah dalam jaringan selulerFADING•This is the reduction of signal power. Fading is caused by many factors - the most important ones being multipath and shielding.

Solution

The receiver at the BS should have an equaliser circuit to compensate for fading. Equaliser finds how a known transmitted signal (transmitted with the desired signal) was modified by multipath fading and shielding. Using this information, an inverse filter is constructed and the desired signal is extracted

•Multipath fading is caused by the transmission of the signal along different paths and resulting in simultaneous reception. Depending of the amplitudes and phase of the signal, the result of this could be that the signals cancel each other completely or significant attenuation in the resultant signal. •Shielding is the absence of field strength. Most common causes are tunnels, hills and inside certain buildings


Co-Channel Interference

Co-channels are the same channels (or frequencies) that are used by different cells. To avoid this kind of interference, it is necessary to separate the co-channels by as great distance as possible. But, by doing so, channel capacity will be compromised.

SolutionHere, microcells could be used to decrease co-channel interference for a particular capacity wanted. Alternatively, the Equaliser can also be used to minimise the effect of co-channel interference on the desired signal.



HandoversHandover does not pose serious problems in Digital Data Cellular Networks.

WHY?•In circuit-switch networks, handover is a major problem, because the radio link between the MS and the BS which is continuously available is lost. During the time in which the link is lost, both the MS and the BS could be transmitting data which will be lost unless effective buffering is provided.In Digital Data Cellular Network considered, there is no continuous link between the MS and the BS. •Packets are transmitted and received by the MS only after the BS informs it to do so. So, the link between the MS and the BS only lasts for one time slot (time in which a packet can be transmitted and received). Therefore, handover can only cause, if any, a few packet loss and does not pose a serious problem.



TeknologiTeknologi SelulerSeluler1G1G

wirelesswireless

2G2Gwirelesswireless

CDMACDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (Code Division Multiple Access)TDMATDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) (Time Division Multiple Access)GSMGSM (Global System for Mobile (Global System for Mobile

Communications)Communications)PDCPDC (Personal Digital Cellular) (Personal Digital Cellular)

AMPSAMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)

3G3Gwirelesswireless

W-CDMAW-CDMA(Wide-band Code Division (Wide-band Code Division

Multiple Access)Multiple Access)CDMA-2000CDMA-2000

- Analog voice service- Analog voice service- No data service- No data service

- Digital voice service- Digital voice service- 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.- 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.- CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer- CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer one-way data transmissions onlyone-way data transmissions only- Enhanced calling features- Enhanced calling features like caller IDlike caller ID- No always-on data connection- No always-on data connection

- Superior voice quality- Superior voice quality- Up to 2M bit/sec.- Up to 2M bit/sec.- always-on data- always-on data- Broadband data services like video & - Broadband data services like video &

multimediamultimedia- Enhanced roaming- Enhanced roaming


1 G1 G


Block diagram of the first Block diagram of the first generation cellular network.generation cellular network.

All first generation cellular networks are based on analog All first generation cellular networks are based on analog technology and use FM modulationtechnology and use FM modulation.. An example of the first An example of the first generation cellular telephone system is Advanced Mobile Phone generation cellular telephone system is Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)Services (AMPS)

AMPSAMPS Pioneer of cellular Pioneer of cellular

telecommunicationstelecommunications FDMA-based analog systemFDMA-based analog system

Low capacity of subscriber per Low capacity of subscriber per cellcell

UnsecureUnsecure Phone number can be scanned Phone number can be scanned

and copiedand copied Voice conversation is not Voice conversation is not

encryptedencrypted

Base Station

CellScanner

Mobile IdentifierNumber, Equipment

Serial Nubmer,Voice data


2G2G


Second Generation Second Generation Wireless NetworksWireless Networks

Second generation wireless systems employ Second generation wireless systems employ digital modulation and advanced call processing digital modulation and advanced call processing capabilities. capabilities.

Examples of second generation wireless Examples of second generation wireless systems include :systems include : Global System for Mobile (GSM), Global System for Mobile (GSM), IS-54 TDMA and IS-54 TDMA and IS-95 CDMA TIA digital standards.IS-95 CDMA TIA digital standards.


GSMGSM


Global System for Mobile Global System for Mobile CommunicationsCommunications Beroperasi pada band frekuensi 900, 1800 atau 1900 MHz .Beroperasi pada band frekuensi 900, 1800 atau 1900 MHz . Teknologi seluler paling populer hampir di seluruh negara-negara di Teknologi seluler paling populer hampir di seluruh negara-negara di

dunia dunia TDMA-based digital systemTDMA-based digital system

8 kali kapasitas AMPS per frequency band8 kali kapasitas AMPS per frequency band SecureSecure

Seluruh informasi yang dipertukarkan antara Mobile Station (MS) Seluruh informasi yang dipertukarkan antara Mobile Station (MS) dan Base Station (BS) dienkripsi dan Base Station (BS) dienkripsi

A5Algorithm

A5Algorithm

BS/MSC/AU


Architecture of the GSM Architecture of the GSM networknetwork


Elemen jaringan GSM untuk Elemen jaringan GSM untuk user (trafiuser (trafikk))

Network elements for (user) trafficNetwork elements for (user) traffic1.1. MS MS 2.2. BSS terdiri dari dua buah perangkatBSS terdiri dari dua buah perangkat : : BTS dan BTS dan

BSC BSC 3.3. MSC MSC 4.4. gateway MSC (GMSC) gateway MSC (GMSC) 5.5. Short message service centre (SMS-C)Short message service centre (SMS-C)6.6. IMSIMS


MOBILE STATIONMOBILE STATION The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e. the handset, The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e. the handset,

and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access

to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive and make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed and make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services. services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication and other information. system, a secret key for authentication and other information.

The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. mobility.

The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number. password or personal identity number.


Mobile stationMobile station

Merupakan terminal Merupakan terminal transceivertransceiver

Diidentifikasikan dengan IMEI Diidentifikasikan dengan IMEI tertentutertentu

IMEI = International Mobile IMEI = International Mobile Equipment IdentityEquipment Identity

MS terdiri dari :MS terdiri dari : Mobile Equipment (ME)/HPMobile Equipment (ME)/HP Subscriber Identification Subscriber Identification

Module (SIM)Module (SIM)

ME

+MS =

SIM


SIM CardSIM Card

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) adalah sebuah smart card Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) adalah sebuah smart card yang berisi seluruh informasi user dan beberapa feature dari yang berisi seluruh informasi user dan beberapa feature dari GSM GSM

Informasi yang ada berupa :Informasi yang ada berupa : Authentication Key “Ki”Authentication Key “Ki” 2 algorithma enkripsi. Yaitu algoritma autentikasi A3 dan 2 algorithma enkripsi. Yaitu algoritma autentikasi A3 dan

A8 sebagai cipher keyA8 sebagai cipher key IMSI and TMSIIMSI and TMSI Service tambahanService tambahan

SIM card dilindungi oleh sebuah mekanisme Personal Identity SIM card dilindungi oleh sebuah mekanisme Personal Identity Number (PIN) yangNumber (PIN) yang dimiliki userdimiliki user


Base Transceiver Station Base Transceiver Station (BTS)(BTS)

BSS terdiri dari dua buah BSS terdiri dari dua buah perangkat :perangkat : Base Transceiver Station Base Transceiver Station

(BTS)(BTS) Base Station Controller Base Station Controller

(BSC)(BSC)

BTS merupakan tranceiver BTS merupakan tranceiver yang mendefinisikan sebuah yang mendefinisikan sebuah sel dan menangani hubungan sel dan menangani hubungan link radio dengan MS.link radio dengan MS.

BTS terdiri dari perangkat BTS terdiri dari perangkat pemancar dan penerima, pemancar dan penerima, seperti antena dan pemroses seperti antena dan pemroses sinyal untuk sebuah interfacesinyal untuk sebuah interface


BTSBTS


Base Station ControllerBase Station Controller

BSC mengatur sumber radio untuk BSC mengatur sumber radio untuk sebuah BTS atau lebih.sebuah BTS atau lebih.

BSC merutekan panggilan ke MSCBSC merutekan panggilan ke MSC BSC menangani radio-channel BSC menangani radio-channel

setup, frequency hopping, setup, frequency hopping, dandan handover intern BSChandover intern BSC

Menangani proses call control Menangani proses call control

Maintain databaseMaintain database pelangganpelanggan Maintains record panggilan Maintains record panggilan

untuk billinguntuk billing


BSCBSC


Network Sub-system Network Sub-system (NSS)(NSS)

NSS terdiri dari :NSS terdiri dari : Mobile Switching Center (MSC)Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR)Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR)Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AuC)Authentication Center (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)Equipment Identity Register (EIR)


Network Sub-system Network Sub-system (NSS)(NSS)


Mobile Switching Center Mobile Switching Center (MSC)(MSC)

Melakukan fungsi switching dasarMelakukan fungsi switching dasar Mengatur BSC melalui A-interfaceMengatur BSC melalui A-interface Sebagai penghubung antara satu jaringan GSM dengan jaringan Sebagai penghubung antara satu jaringan GSM dengan jaringan

lainnya melalui Internetworking Function (IWFlainnya melalui Internetworking Function (IWF))

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) : This controls a number of cells (or cluster), arranges base stations and channels for the mobiles and handles connections.

MSCProvides and controls mobile access to the PSTN. Interprets the dialed number, routes and switches call to destination number. Also manages mobile’s supplementary services. Maintains a register of visitors operating within the coverage area of the MSC’s connected BTSs.

PDSN: Packet data service node is basically a packet router.


Network elements as Network elements as databasesdatabasesNetwork elements as databases

1. HLR Home Location Register 2. VLR Visitor Location Register 3. AUC Authentication Center 4. EIR Equipment Identity Register


Home Location Register (HLR)Home Location Register (HLR) HLR berisi rekaman database permanen dari pelangganHLR berisi rekaman database permanen dari pelanggan dan merupakan database dan merupakan database

user yang utama.user yang utama. HLR juga berisi rekaman lengkap lokasi terkini dari user.HLR juga berisi rekaman lengkap lokasi terkini dari user.


Visitor Location Register (VLR)Visitor Location Register (VLR) VLR berisi database sVLR berisi database seementara dari pelanggan mentara dari pelanggan VLR digunakan untuk pelanggan lokal dan yang sedang melakukan VLR digunakan untuk pelanggan lokal dan yang sedang melakukan

roaming.roaming. VLR memiliki pertukaran data yang luas daripada HLR.VLR memiliki pertukaran data yang luas daripada HLR. VLR diakses oleh MSC untuk setiap panggilan, dan MSC dihubungkan VLR diakses oleh MSC untuk setiap panggilan, dan MSC dihubungkan

dengan VLRdengan VLR Setiap MSC terhubung dengan sebuah VLR, tetapi satu VLR dapat Setiap MSC terhubung dengan sebuah VLR, tetapi satu VLR dapat

terhubung dengan beberapa MSCterhubung dengan beberapa MSC


Authentication Center Authentication Center (AuC)(AuC)

Berisi parameter authentikasi pelanggan untuk mengakses Berisi parameter authentikasi pelanggan untuk mengakses jaringan GSM.jaringan GSM.

AuC berisi parameter seperti Ki, algorithma A3 atau A8AuC berisi parameter seperti Ki, algorithma A3 atau A8 AuC memproduksi tiga buah parameter autentikasi seperti AuC memproduksi tiga buah parameter autentikasi seperti

(SRES, RAND, Kc) dan menyimpannya di VLR.(SRES, RAND, Kc) dan menyimpannya di VLR.


Equipment Identity Equipment Identity Register (EIR)Register (EIR)

EIR merupakan register penyimpan data seluruh mobile EIR merupakan register penyimpan data seluruh mobile stationsstations

EIR berisi IMEI (international Mobile Equipment Identities), EIR berisi IMEI (international Mobile Equipment Identities), yang merupakan nomor seri perangkat + tipe code tertentuyang merupakan nomor seri perangkat + tipe code tertentu

Mobile Equipment dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok :Mobile Equipment dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok :BlackBlack listlistGrey listGrey listWhite listWhite list

* catatan: EIR belum diterapkan di Indonesia.* catatan: EIR belum diterapkan di Indonesia.


Operation Sub-system Operation Sub-system (OSS)(OSS)

Operation Operation dandan Maintenance Jaringan Maintenance Jaringan Pengaturan pelanggan dan tagihanPengaturan pelanggan dan tagihan Pengaturan Mobile Equipment Pengaturan Mobile Equipment


InterfaceInterface

MSC Transcoder BSC

BTS

A Interface Ater Interface Abis Interface

Antara BTS dan BSC dihubungkan oleh Abis Antara BTS dan BSC dihubungkan oleh Abis interfaceinterface

BTS berkomunikasi dengan MS dengan Um interfaceBTS berkomunikasi dengan MS dengan Um interface


Konsep kanal pada GSMKonsep kanal pada GSM

Kanal terdiri dari dua jenis :Kanal terdiri dari dua jenis :1.1. Kanal fisik:Kanal fisik:

Satu TimeSlot(TS) frameTDMA merupakan satu kanal fisikSatu TimeSlot(TS) frameTDMA merupakan satu kanal fisik Setiap carrier RF terdiri dari 8 TS(CH 0 – 7)Setiap carrier RF terdiri dari 8 TS(CH 0 – 7)

2.2. Kanal Kanal LogicLogic:: Kanal Trafik (TCH) dapat membawa suara atau data untuk Kanal Trafik (TCH) dapat membawa suara atau data untuk

layanan komunikasi. TCH dibagi dua jenis, layanan komunikasi. TCH dibagi dua jenis, full rate channel full rate channel dengan Bit rate 13 Kbps dan dengan Bit rate 13 Kbps dan half rate channel half rate channel dengan dengan kecepatan bit 6,5 Kbpskecepatan bit 6,5 Kbps

Kanal Kontrol digunakan untuk keperluan signallingKanal Kontrol digunakan untuk keperluan signalling Kanal logik ditumpangkan pada kanal fisikKanal logik ditumpangkan pada kanal fisik


Konsep Kanal GSMKonsep Kanal GSM


Traffic channelsTraffic channels


Control channelsControl channels Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated

mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated to exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other information. base stations for handover and other information.

The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure that dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels. can still monitor control channels.

The common channels include: The common channels include: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequencessequences


Control ChannelControl Channel Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization

Channel (SCH) Channel (SCH) Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a

cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time slot numbering. Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly slot numbering. Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly one FCCH and one SCH, which are by definition on time slot one FCCH and one SCH, which are by definition on time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame)number 0 (within a TDMA frame)

Random Access Channel (RACH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to

the network. the network. Paging Channel (PCH) Paging Channel (PCH)

Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call. Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call. Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order to Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the RACHobtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the RACH


Timing Advance ControlTiming Advance Control


Hirarki Kanal LogicHirarki Kanal Logic GSM GSM


Signal Processing in GSMSignal Processing in GSM


Data Service in GSMData Service in GSM


SPEECH CODINGSPEECH CODING

GSM is a digital system, so speech, which is inherently analog, has to be GSM is a digital system, so speech, which is inherently analog, has to be digitized. The GSM group studied several speech coding algorithms on digitized. The GSM group studied several speech coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to cost, processing delay and power consumption once implemented) cost, processing delay and power consumption once implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited - Linear before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited - Linear Predictive Coder (RPE-LPC) with a long term predictor loop. Basically, Predictive Coder (RPE-LPC) with a long term predictor loop. Basically, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear is used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample, residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample, represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 (ms) samples, each of represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 (ms) samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13kbps (kilobits per which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13kbps (kilobits per second). This is the so-called full-rate speech coding. second). This is the so-called full-rate speech coding.

Recently, an enhanced full-rate (EFR) speech coding algorithm has been Recently, an enhanced full-rate (EFR) speech coding algorithm has been implemented by some North American GSM1900 operators. This is said implemented by some North American GSM1900 operators. This is said to provide improved speech quality using the existing 13to provide improved speech quality using the existing 13 kbps bit rate.kbps bit rate.


FUTURE OF GSMFUTURE OF GSM

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of GSM, together with other technologies, is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that includes that includes

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD),High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced DataEnhanced Dataraterate GSM Environment (EDGE), and GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).


2.5G2.5G

GPRS, EDGEGPRS, EDGE


Secara umum Secara umum General Packet Radio ServiceGeneral Packet Radio Service atau atau GPRSGPRS adalah suatu teknologi adalah suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan teknologi dengan penggunaan teknologi Circuit SwitchCircuit Switch Data Data atau atau CSDCSD. .

Jaringan GPRS merupakan jaringan terpisah dari jaringan GSM dan saat ini hanya Jaringan GPRS merupakan jaringan terpisah dari jaringan GSM dan saat ini hanya digunakan untuk aplikasi data.digunakan untuk aplikasi data.

Komponen-komponen utama jaringan GPRS adalah :Komponen-komponen utama jaringan GPRS adalah : GGSNGGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan GSM ke jaringan internet; gerbang penghubung jaringan GSM ke jaringan internet SGSNSGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan BSS/BTS ke jaringan GPRS; gerbang penghubung jaringan BSS/BTS ke jaringan GPRS PCUPCU; komponen di level BSS yang menghubungkan terminal ke jaringan GPRS; komponen di level BSS yang menghubungkan terminal ke jaringan GPRS

Secara teori kecepatan pengiriman data GPRS dapat mencapai Secara teori kecepatan pengiriman data GPRS dapat mencapai 115 kb/s115 kb/s. Namun . Namun dalam implementasinya sangat tergantung dari berbagai hal seperti:dalam implementasinya sangat tergantung dari berbagai hal seperti: Konfigurasi dan Alokasi time slot di level Radio/BTSKonfigurasi dan Alokasi time slot di level Radio/BTS Teknologi Teknologi softwaresoftware yang digunakan yang digunakan Dukungan ponselDukungan ponsel

Ini menjelaskan mengapa pada saat-saat tertentu; di lokasi tertentu; akses GPRS Ini menjelaskan mengapa pada saat-saat tertentu; di lokasi tertentu; akses GPRS terasa lambat; dan bahkan bisa lebih lambat dari akses CSD yang memiliki terasa lambat; dan bahkan bisa lebih lambat dari akses CSD yang memiliki kecepatan kecepatan 9,6 kb/s9,6 kb/s

SistSisteem GPRS m GPRS


Perbedaan GSM Perbedaan GSM dengandengan GPRSGPRS


Arsitektur Dasar Jaringan GPRS dalam Arsitektur Dasar Jaringan GPRS dalam GSM GSM

MS

BTSPDN

BTS

EIR&AUC HLRVLR

SGSN GGSNBSC

Gb Gn Gi

Gc

D

Gf

Gs

Gr

MSC DATABASE

SGSN Serving GPRS Suport NodeGGSN GatewayGPRS Support NodePDN Public Data Network

User Data and SignallingSignalling

PCU

GR

RAN NETWORK CORE NETWORK


GPRS Architecture Network GPRS Architecture Network DiagramDiagram


EDGEEDGE


EDGE NetworkEDGE Network


3G3G


Third Generation Wireless Third Generation Wireless NetworksNetworks

The aim of third generation wireless networks is to provide a single The aim of third generation wireless networks is to provide a single system that can meet a wide range of applications and provide system that can meet a wide range of applications and provide universal access. universal access.

The third generation networks will carry many types of information The third generation networks will carry many types of information such as voice , data and video and serve both stationary and fixed such as voice , data and video and serve both stationary and fixed users.users.

Some of the systems proposed for the third generation systems are Some of the systems proposed for the third generation systems are CDMA2000 which isCDMA2000 which is backward compatible to systems based on backward compatible to systems based on

IS 95 and IS 95 and WCDMA which is backward compatible to GSM systems.WCDMA which is backward compatible to GSM systems.


Umts Umts UMTS technology delivers high-speed access to information, email, multimedia content, as well as other wireless Internet services through a variety of personal, portable devices

http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/3g_t-mobile/3g_t-mobile2.html


The Future of CDMA The Future of CDMA ServicesServices

The CDMA2000 family meets the marketplace’s demand for voice and data services.

IS-95 1xEV-DV

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Peak 3.1 Mbps Data Simultaneous Voice & Data Real-Time Multi-Media Services

1X

CDMA2000 1X 2X Voice Capacity Peak 153.6 Kbps Data

E-MAILw/ Attachment

HIGH DATA RATE & CAPACITY

LOW-MED DATA & CAPACITY

NO

N-R

EAL

TIM

E REA

L TIME

E-MAIL

Full Web Browsing

S/WDownload

MusicDownload

Location Based Services

SMS

Multi-MediaMessaging

DownloadRingers

Transaction Based Apps Voice

InteractiveGaming

Live VideoBroadcast

VideoConference

1XEV-DORev. A

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Peak 3.1 Mbps Packet Data VoIP and Data Services Real-time Services

1xEV-DO

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Peak 2.4 Mbps Packet Data Data Only Services Non Real-time Services

Adopting technology somewhat like waiting for computer prices to come down??


SoalSoal Pada komunikasi seluler yang menggunakan Pada komunikasi seluler yang menggunakan

standar GSM, diketahui ukuran cluster 7 dan standar GSM, diketahui ukuran cluster 7 dan jumlah kanal radio 70jumlah kanal radio 70

Berapa faktor reuse?Berapa faktor reuse? Hitung jumlah kanal suara per selHitung jumlah kanal suara per sel Jika replikasi 5 kali, berapa kapasitas sistem?Jika replikasi 5 kali, berapa kapasitas sistem? Jarak co-channel 41 km, berapa jari-jari sel?Jarak co-channel 41 km, berapa jari-jari sel?

13. struktur plmn

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