13physical geo 1-73.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim12.pdfiii wmfoaykh wdpd¾h wmd,s tï fiaor uhd...

xvi

N+f.da, úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh13 jk fY%aKsh

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jiudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.uuyr.uuyr.uuyr.uuyr.u

i

fmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjok

ii

ix{dmkh

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2009 j¾Ifha isg 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï -b.ekAùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIhks¾foaYj,g jvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;dmdol úIh ks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' fuys oelafjk ksmqK;djla tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ uidlaId;a lr .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflf¾' we;eïúg ta i|yd fndfyda l,la .;úhyels h' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;a oelafjk bf.kqï M,tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka Tng fY%aKshg wod< mdvï ie,iqïlr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqïM, fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuubf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSug fuka umka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,ifhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï§ mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fuka u fjí wvú ms<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug ofuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,S .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaIdiys; j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldurl%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúkaisiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,khg wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrkbf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § idïm%odhsl f,i igykabÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' tai|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu kj mka;sldurh;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ' ta i|yd kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yels;dla ÿrg Ndú; lsÍugks¾udKYS,Sùu wjYH fõ'

13 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh bf.kSu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaY ukdjmeyeÈ,s lr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aaul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajdfokafka kï th isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr.ekSug mdi, fj; isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkkmka;s ldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYhfuka u fuys fhdað; l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,S yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fukab,a,ñ'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kag iy cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha ks,Odßkag uf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd uÕfmkajQ wOHlaIckrd,a uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿlr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fïj.lSu Ndrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hguf.a úfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackdwef;d;a ud fj; ,ndfokafka kï lD;{ fjñ'

úu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dviydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aiydldr wOHlaI ckrd,aNdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudðh úoHd mSGh'

iii

WmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhWmfoaYkhwdpd¾h Wmd,s tï fiaor uhd wOHlaI ckrd,a " cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khúu,a ishU,df.dv uhd iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a

NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKhiïnkaëlrKh,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhúIhud,d WmfoaYkhiïudks; uydpd¾h tï' tï' lreKdkdhl uhd Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h tï'ã'iS'wNhr;ak uhd YS%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h Wmd,S ùrlafldä uhd reyqK úYaj úoHd,huydpd¾h ù'kkaol=ud¾ uhd fmardfoaKsh úYaj úoHd,h

jHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqjjHdmD;s lñgqj,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtï' mS' rxckS Okj¾Ok ñh m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtia' lreKdlrka uhd iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hf,aLl uKav,hwd¾' mS' mSßia' uhd w;sf¾l úNd. flduidßia" ^úY%dñl&t*a'tï'kjdiaÈka uhd lÓldpd¾h" újD; úYaj úoHd,htï' fla' lsxia,s' m%shka; uhd lÓldpd¾h" mq,;sismqr cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSGhtia' tï' ohdkkao uhd jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khB'tï'kjr;ak nKavd uhd .=re WmfoaYl" .f,kaìÿKq jej l,dm wOHdmk

ld¾hd,hfÊ' ta' î' ySkaflkao uhd .=re WmfoaYl" uykqjr l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hfla' fla' hq' .=Kr;ak uhd .=refiajh" fmd,amdf.dv kfjdaoHd mdi," hlal,uq,a,ã'ví,sõ'Ô' chka; nKavdr uhd .=re fiajh "uydud;H úoHd,h"w;=re.sßhjks;d j,amsgf.a ñh .=re WmfoaYl" u;=.u l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,htï'ù'ta iaj¾K,;d ñh .=re fiajh" mdof.dv uyd úoHd,h" fírej,tï' mS' rxckS Okj¾Ok ñh m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß"iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh,ika;s .S;dks llaf.dv wdrÉÑ fukúh iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhNdId ixialrKhví,sõ' mS'ux., .=Kr;ak uhd iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" isxy, fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhmsgljr ks¾udKhtï' tka' t*a' ßydkd ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqumß.Kl joka ieliqutia' ã' iurlafldä ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khÈ,sks ufkdaßld úrr;ak fukúh NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhúúO iydhta' t,a' tia' ms' w;m;a;= fukúh iudc úoHdfomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khtï' tka' t*a' ßydkd ñh iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khwd¾' tï' rEmisxy uhd iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv

mgqkmgqkmgqkmgqkmgqk

msgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxlmsgq wxl

fmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjok i

ix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkhix{dmkh ii

iïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajhiïm;a odhl;ajh iii

úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh úIh ks¾foaYh v - xiv

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje, iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï

fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj 1 - 72

udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj 73 - 193

m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj 194 - 229

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu 230 - 231

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSïmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï 232 - 235

v

úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h úIh wkaa;¾.;h

• YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; - u;=msg c,h - N+.; c,h

• c, ixrlaIKh

• ìfhdau jHdma;sh - ksj¾;k jkdka;r - fi!uH l,dmsl jkdka;r - uOHOrKs jk ,eyeí - ;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd - ghs.d jkdka;r - ldka;dr - ;=kaød

• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh - jkdka;r - <÷ le,E - ;DK N+ñ - f;;a ìï

ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk

10

06

16

10

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj

8'0 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs'

9'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfhaa ixrpl" .;s ,laIK yd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu

8'1 YS% ,xldfõ c, úoHd;aul .;s ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'

8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

9'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd tajdfha.;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd.;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

vi

úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h úIh wka;¾.;h

• f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj - N+ñlïmd - kdhhEï - iq<siq<x - fgdakd¾fvda - kshÕ - .xj;=r - wl=Kq ier - ,eõ.sks - ysul÷ m%m;kh - iqkdñ

• iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk - fN!;sl n,mEï - udkqI n,mEï

• YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h - wjodkug uqyqK§u - wjodku ;lafiarej - wjodku wju lsÍfï Wmdhud¾. ms<sn| oekqj;aùu - mq¾j oekqï§fï moaO;s ms<sn| oekqj;aùu

• YS% ,xldfõ f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s - f;;a ìï - jkdka;r yd jkÔù rlaIs; - fjr< - c,dY$jeõ wdYs%; ffcj moaO;s - mßir ixl,am yd wdpdr O¾u

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu

10'1 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿjkwdldrh ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

10'2 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksidisÿjk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEïúu¾Ykh lrhs'

11'1 YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s jk iajdNdúlwdmod l<ukdlrKhg ils%h jodhl fõ'

11'2 YS% ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh

yd ixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;sWmdhud¾. w.h lrhs'

ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo

.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk

10

06

12

08

ksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;djksmqK;dj

10'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI ls%hdj,skaf.a wka;¾ ls%hd" fN!;sl yd udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'

11 '0 ' fN!;sl yd udkqI N + o¾YkhixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd.ekSug Wmldr jk Okd; aulwdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs'

vii


11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO j YS% ,xldjflfrys n,mdk m%ldY" iïuq;s ydflgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< njúu¾Ykh lrhs'

12'1 mdßißl jeo.;alula olajk lreKqms<sn| j cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYshixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍlaId lrhs'


12'0 iajNdj O¾uh yd iudchw;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾iïnkaO;dj" m%j¾Okh lsÍui|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishkams<sn| j ukd wjOdkhlskalghq;= lrhs'


08 08 08 08 08

20

úIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;húIh wka;¾ .;h

• jkdka;r yd jk Ôúka• foaY.=K úm¾hdi• f;;a ìï laf,dafrda f*daf,dafrda ldnka (C. F. C)

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okhms<sn| iuq¿j ÛNCED &

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk ÛNEP&•' foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq

uKav,h ÎPCC &• iajNdj O¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾

cd;sl ix.uh ÎUCN &• wka;¾ cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh

ÎWMI &• ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.s;d mdßißl

jevigyk ( SACEP &• cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH

wdh;kh ^NARA &• uOHu mßir wêldßh ^ CEA &• fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j ^ CCD &

viii

N+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjN+f.da, úoHdj - 11 udkqI N=f.da, úoHdj


14

20

ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d ksmqK;d

7'0lDI sl¾ufh a uE; ld, Skm%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾Ykhlrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhswdldrfhka odhl fjhs'


7'1 f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh" ;dlaIKh"yd ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,shweiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

7'2 YS% ,xld lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh;dlaIKh yd ksIamdokh wf,úlrKls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;húIh wka;¾.;h

• f,dal lDIsl¾uh - lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh

) yß; úma,jh wdYs%; ;dlaIKh ) cdk ;dlaIKh

• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ^;sßÕ=" ù" t<j¨" m<;=re" u;aiH yd i;aj md,kh" .jhka" l=l=<ka" W!rka &

- wiajekak jeä lsÍu - ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu

- flá ld,Sk wiajekak- .nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfïls%hdj,sh

• wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh- m%;sm;a;s- nyq cd;sl iud.ï- lDIs jHdmdr- lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk- fjf<|fmd, f;dr;=re

• YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾uh - lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh

) kùk hka;% Ndú;h ) yß; úma,jh ) cdk ;dlaIKh ) ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h ) jdß ;dlaIKh

ix


8'0 wdlr yd m;,a ls%hdldrlïj,wdk;Ska mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;aixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs'


7'3 Y S % ,xldfõ lDI sld¾ñl N +ñmßfNda.fha uE;ld,Sk m%jK;dwOHhkh lrhs'

8'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha iajNdjh"jHdma;sh" wOHhkh lrhs'

8'2f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d"ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%ylrhs'

ld,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊold,ÉfÊo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk

03

05

05


• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh - ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu - wiajekak jeä lsÍu - wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu - kúk hka;% iq;% Ndú;h

• wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh - wd¾Ól uOHia:dk - fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iuÕ .súiqï - .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu - mdßfNda.sl reÑh iy myiqj .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu

• N+ñ mßfNda. - lDIs ìï l%ufhka .s,sySs hdu - wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u - iD;=uh jYfhka fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u

• m%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;sh

- Lkssc f;,a - ;U - .,a wÕ=re - rka

- hmia • ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka; • fjf<|du • lekSï w¾no;d • wdmod

x


9'1 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;shmÍlaId lrhs'

9'2 YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj,jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrhs'

9'3 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aWmfhdackfha § we;s jq mdßißln,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'

ld,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfcold,Éfco.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk

06

04

10


9'0 YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksciïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdlr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú;lrhs'


• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a - ueKsla - ñksrka - Lksc je,s - wemghsÜ - hmia

• jHdma;sh " ksIamdokh" m%jK;d

• YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh yd Lksc iïm;a - ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i - Wmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍu - fiajd kshqla;sh - m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd - cd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajh

• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEï

- c,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEï - N+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEï - fi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEï

• mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍu - mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu - wod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu - foaYmd,k lemùï

xi


10

10

07

03


10'1f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùugn,mdk idOl ksoiqka weiqßka mÍlaIdlrhs'

10'2 YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhlia:dk.;ùug n,md we;s idOlmÍlaId lrhs'

11'1 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'

11'2 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaj¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.fhdackd lrhs'


10'0 l¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï ls%hdj,sh mÍlaId lr YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

11'0 ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s úNj;d mÍlaId lr fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'


• f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùug n,mdk idOl - hlv yd jdfka - fudag¾ r:" keõ" .=jkahdkd - úoaHq;a l¾udka; - fmfg%da ridhk - lsß wdYs%; ksIamdok

• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; - idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka; - isfuka;s - iSks - weÕ¨ï - rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;

^ ia:dk.;ùfï idOl"úfYaIs; jQ idOl "ld,Sk fjkialï&• l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s

• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh • ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEu

- wd¾Ól jYfhka - ixialD;sh yd iudchSh jYfhka - mßiruh jYfhka

• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾.

xii


• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ula o@ • f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula o@ • f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEï

• YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha fufyjr - wd¾Ól - foaYmd,k - ixialD;sl - idudÔh

• cd;Hka;r fjf<|du - m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha§ - ;dlaIKh mejÍfï§ - iïm;a ksYaldIKfha§ - l<ukdlrKfha§

• l,dmsh ixúOdk - l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jq ol=Kq wdishdkq ixúOdkh - w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh - hqfrdamd ix.uh - W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu - wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu


12'1 f.da,ShlrKh flfrys n,mdkidOl f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhúuid n,hs'

13'1 YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;kfhys,d f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md we;swdldrh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'

14'1 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyq cd;sliud.ïj,sk a we; s jk n,meï;=,kd;aul j mÍlaId lrhs'

15'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhkaysld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'


10

10

10

10


12'0 f.da,ShlrKfha iajNdjh;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr YS%,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;alrhs'

13'0 YS%,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khgf;dr;=re ;dlaIK fufyjr mÍlaIdlrñka Bg odhl fjhs'

14'0 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sliud.ïj, N=ñldj mÍlaId lrñkafoaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhlfjhs'

15'0 l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N=ñldj mÍlaIdlrñka l,dmSh iyfhda.S;djg fhduqfjhs'

xiii

N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj - 111 m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj


• o;a; y÷kd.ekSu- ks¾jpkh- o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK- o;a; j¾.- o;a; nexl=j- o;a; ckkh- o;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍu- o;a; ksremKh

• o;a; tla/ia lsrSu- ksheosh hkq l=ula o@- ksrSlaIKh- ñkqï- idlÉPd- m%Yakdj,s- mqia;ld, uq,dY%- mß.Kl uq,dY%- is;shï" .=jka chdrEm" pkøsld m%;sìïn" mska;=r yd PdhdrEm

• o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh- o;a; ixúOdkh yd j.=.; lsÍu- ixLHd jHdma;sh f.dvke.Su- wjldYSh o;a; i|yd ir,

ixLHdk Ys,aml%u fhdod .ekSu flakaøSh m%jK;dj

) ud;h ) uOHkHh ) uOHia:h


4'1 o;a; uq,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs'

4'2 o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaIdlrhs'

4'3 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'


4'0 o;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKhlsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;alsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%uNdú; lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo ld,Éfþo .Kk .Kk .Kk .Kk .Kk

10

15

15

xiv

5'1 msysàu yd jHdma;s f,dal wdlD;sis;shïj, ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'


5'0 f,dalfha fN!;sal yd udkj ixrjl, wjldYSh jHdma;Ska ksYaÑ; j m%ldY lrhs'

ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (-ie'hq (- ish¨ u tallj,g wdo< jHdma;s is;shï ta ta bf.kqï b.ekaùï wjia:dj, § u is;shï .; lsÍu yd újrKh wfmalaId lrhs'


• wmlsrKh- mrdih- p;=¾;l- wka;¾ p;=¾;l mrdih- uOHkH wm.ukh- iïu; wm.ukh

• o;a; ksrEmKh - igyka yd m%ia;dr ye¢kaùu - m%ia;dr

) cd,f¾Lh ) ixLHd; nyq wi%h

) ixLHd; jl%h ) iuqÉÑ; ixLHdk jl%h

) iuqÉÑ; m%;sY;l jl%h• igyka - talSh mßudK yd oaú;aj mßudK igyka ) ;Sre m%ia;dr ^ir,$ixlS¾K $msßóv& ) rela igyka ) f¾Ld m%ia;dr ^ir, $ ixlS¾K& - ;s%udK igyka - msx;=r igyka - iu ixLHd is;shï• f,dal wdlD;s is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍu - N+f.da, úoHd;aul jeo.;alulska hq;a

ia:dk yd m%foaY - is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd ls%hdud¾.

ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ld,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþold,Éfþo.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk.Kk

16

16

xv

N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -N+f.da, úoHdj -I

fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdjfN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

N+f.da, úoHdj 13 jk fY%aKsh

1 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8ksmqK;dj - 8

YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsYS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 YS% ,xldfõ c, úoHd;aul .;s ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs

^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • YS% ,xldfõ N+;, c, iïm; m%udKd;aul j y÷kajhs

••••• YS% ,xldfõ N+.; c,fha iajNdjh yd uq,dY% meyeos,s

lrhs

••••• YS% ,xldfõ úúO ñksia lghq;= yd c, mßfNdackh w;r

we;s in|;dj meyeos,ss lrhs

••••• c, ÿIKh isÿjk wdldr ksoiqka weiqßka olajhs

••••• wkd.; c, iïm; iq/lSfï wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs

••••• c, iïm;a iq/lSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hdud¾.

fhdackd lrhs'

ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùu

YS% ,xldj c, iïm;ska fmdfydi;a rgls' ksrka;rfhka wêl j¾Idm;khla

,efnk fudaiï iq<x u.ska o wka;¾ fudaiï iy wjmd; u.ska o ,efnk j¾Idj u.ska

o wm rfÜ c, iïm; fmdaIKh fõ' YS% ,xldfõ foaY.=K l,dm fjka jk m%Odk idOlh

jkafka o j¾Idm;khhs'

Ydl yd i;aj Ôú;j, meje;aug wjYH c,h mDÓúh i;= iïm;aj,ska jákd u

iïm; f,i ie,fla' c,h jHdma; j we;s iajNdjh wkqj th u;=msg c,h yd N+.; c,h

f,i j¾. lr oelaúh yels h' .x.d" we< "fod<" jeõ" l,mq wdÈfha we;s c,h u;=msg c,h

jYfhka o fmd<j ;=< ;ekam;a j we;s c,h N+.; c,h jYfhka o ye¢kaúh yels h'

Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a m%udKh" c, iïm; jHdma; j we;s wdldrh" c, iïm;

Ndú; lrk l%u iúia;rd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvfï wruqK fõ'



úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la

YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; j¾Idm;kh u; ;SrKh fõ'

YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kh

j¾Idm;kh ,efnk l%u

- wka;¾ fudaiï

- ksß; È. fudaiï

- Bidk È. fudaiï

- wjmd;

j¾Idm;kh ,efnk ld,

- wka;¾ fudaiï I ûd¾;= - wfm%a,a&

- ksß; È. fudaiï ûehs - iema;eïn¾&

- wka;¾ fudaiï II îema;eïn¾ - fkdjeïn¾&

- Bidk È. fudaiï ^ fkdjeïn¾ - fmnrjdß&

j¾Idm;k m%udKh

- uOH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 2000 mm

- l÷lrfha ngysr nEjqïj, 5000 mm blaujhs' Wod ( ud,sfndv 5330 mm

- l÷lrfha kef.kysr nEjqïj, 3500 mm jvd wvqfõ'

- jhU yd .sKsfldk fjr< wdYs%; m%foaYj, wvq u jeis 935mm

Wod ( wïn,kaf;dg

j¾Idm;k l,dm

- f;;a l,dmh - > 2350mm

- wka;¾ l,dmh - 1450 - 2350mm

- úh<s l,dmh - 1000 - 1450mm

- Y=Ial l,dmh - < 1000mm

c, iïm; mj;akd ia:dk wkqj th m%Odk fldgia follg fnod oelaúh yelsh

- u;=msg c,h ^N=;, c,h&

- N+.; c,h

c,fha iajNdjh wkqj th m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod oelaúh yelsh'

- ñßÈh

- lrÈh

- lsjq,aÈh



u;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,hu;=msg ^N+;,& c,h

Y%S ,xldfõ .x.d" we<" fod<" jeõ yd l,mqj, jHdma; j we;s c,h u;=msg c,h f,i

yeÈkaúh yels h' u;=msg c,fhka jeä fldgila ñßÈh c,h fõ' l,mqj, we;af;a lrÈh

yd ñßÈh ñY% jQ lsjq,a c,hhs'

Y% S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.dY%S ,xldfõ .x.d

- Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d 103la fõ' bka .x.d 80la úh<s l,dmhg wh;a h'

tjdhska fndfyduhla ks;H .x.d fkdfõ ^R;=uh .x.d&'

- b;sß .x.d ish,a, u f;;a l,dmSh .x.djka fõ' fïjd jir mqrd u .,d niakd

.x.d fia ie,lsh yels h ^ks;H .x.d&'

- uyje,s .x.dj Èjhsfka È. u .x.dj jk w;r th f;;a l,dmh yd úh<s

l,dmh hk foflka u fmdaIKh fõ' tys È. 335km la jk w;r fmdaIl

m%foaYh j¾. lsf,da óg¾ 10"327 la muK h'



Y%S ,xldfõ .x.dfødaKs jHdma;sh

Source: Arjuna's atlas Sri Lanka, ( 1997 ).

8'1'1 is;shu



8'1'2 j.=j ( lsf,da óg¾ 100 g jvd È. .x.dj, È. yd fmdaIl m%foaY m%udKh

uq,dY%h ( cd;sl is;shï fmd; ^2007&'

- YS% ,xldjg ,efnk j¾Idm;kfhka jeä m%udKhla .x.d u.ska uqyqog .,d hhs'

th wmOdjh f,i ye¢kafõ'

- f;;a l,dmSh .x.dj, wmOdjh jeä jk w;r úh<s l,dmSh .x.dj, wmOdjh

wvq h' ks,aj,d .x.dfõ wmOdjh >k ógr ñ,shk 1152la jk w;r m%;sY;hla

f,i 49]ls' uyje,s .f`.a wmOdjh >k ógr ñ,shk 4009la fõ' th m%;sY;hla

f,i 20]ls'

YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY YS% ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dY

- jeõ fmdl=Kq wNHka;r c,dYj,g .efkhs' wm rfÜ uq¿ f.dv ìï m%udKh

65610 Km2jk w;r bka wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jQ ìï m%udKh 2905 km2 muK

fjhs'

- wNHka;r c,dYj,ska jeiqKq ìï m%udKfha jeä u w.hla .kafka W;=re ueo

m<d;hs' tys wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jk m%udKh 731km2 ls' inr.uqj m<df;a

wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg jk m%udKh 47 km2 ls' m<d;a wkqj wvq u w.hla

.kafka inr.uq m<d; h'

.Õ

1' uyje,s2' u,aj;= Th3' l,dTh4' le<Ks .Õ5' hdkaTh6' oeÿre Th7' j,fõ .Õ8' udÿre Th9' uyTh10' l¿.Õ11' lsß¢ Th12' l=Uqlalka Th13' ueKsla .Õ14' .sx .Õ15' ó Th16' .,aTh

È. ^ls' ó&

335164148145142142138135134129117116114113109108

fmdaIl m%foaYh ^j¾. ls'ó'&10327 3246 2772 2278 1520 2616 2442 1541 1510 2688 1165 1218 1272 922 1516 1792



- l,mq je,s jeáj,ska fyda je,a,lska uqyqÈka fjka j we;s l,mqj mgq újrhlska

fyj;a fudahlska hqla; h' l,mqjl we;af;a lsjq,a Èhhs' we;eï l,mqj,g

flá .x.d .,d nishs' uvl,mqj" mq;a;,ï l,mqj" kdj" fnd,af.dv" fooaÿj"

l,ueáh Èjhsfka m%Odk l,mq lsysmhls'

YS% ,xldfõ N+.; c, jHdma;sh

Source: Arjuna's atlas Sir Lanka ,(1997 ).

8'1'3 is;shu



N+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,hN+.; c,h

- fmd<j ;=<g jEiafik c,h N+ñfha iújr;dj yd mdr.uH;dj u; r|d mj;shs'

iújr;dj hkq mdIdKfha we;s isÿre m%udKhhs

mdr.uH;dj hkq l=ia;+r yd újrj,ska ldkaÿùfï yelshdjhs

- wm rfÜ N+ .; c,h ms<sn| uq,sl idOlh jkafka j¾Idm;khhs' N+.; c,fha

jHdma;sh N+ jHqyh yd ne£ mj;shs'

- N+ .; c,h yd iïnkaOfhka Èjhsk N+ úoHd l,dm 3 lg fnod oelaúh yels h'

1' mq;a;,u isg hdmkh olajd;a" t;eka isg uq,;sõ olajd;a úysÈ ufhdaiSk

yqKq.,a ;Srh' fuu ;Srfha ;ekam;a j we;s N+ .; c, ksê wd`ähd ,sx u.ska

,nd .efkhs'

2' kef.kysr" .sKsfldk yd ngysr fjr< m%foaY 3-5m m%udKhl N+.; c,h

;ekam;a j we;s w;r tajd fkd .eUqre <sx u.ska ,nd .kshs'

3' Èjhsfka b;sß m%foaYj, m;=,a mdIdK oeäh' YS% ,xldfõ 80]la muK fuu

l,dmhg we;=<;a h' tajdfha l=ia;=r wdYs%; j N+ .; c,h ;ekam;a j we;'

N=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%uN=.; c,h ,nd.kakd úúO l%u

- fkd.eUqre <s x u.ska

Èjhsfka jeä jYfhka jHdma; j we;s l%uh fuh fõ' khsia" .%ekhsÜ jeks

m;=,a mdIdK msysá m%foaYj, .x.d ksïk yd msgdr ;eks;,d wdYs%; m%foaYj,"

fjr<nv m%foaYj, "fkd.eUqre ,sx u.ska ñßÈh ,nd .efka'

- k, <sx u.ska

;o mdIdK we;s m%foaYj, l=ia;+r "me¨ï yd újr ;=< N+ .; c,h úYd, f,i

rod mj;shs' úh<s l,dmfha k, ,sx u.ska ,nd.kafka tu c,hhs'

- wdàishdkq <sx u.ska

YS% ,xldfõ we;eï m%foaYj, mj;akd c, fødaKs mSvkhg ,la j mj;shs' fujka

;ekaj, c,Orh olajd yEÍu ksid iajdNdúlj u c,h u;=msgg .,d ths' tajd

wdàishdkq <sx jYfhka ye¢kafõ Wod ( m,dú" uq,;sõ" uqreka.ka

- .eUqre <ssx u.ska

yqKq.,a m%foaYj, u;=msg c,jykhla isÿ fkdfõ' ta ksid N+.; c,h úYd,

jYfhka tys .nvd ù we;' jhU yd W;=re m%foaYj, .eUqre <ssx u.ska N+.; c,h

,nd .efkhs' fuhska iuyrla m;=,la fkdue;s <sx f,i o ye¢kafõ'

- W,am;a u.ska

lÿlr m%foaYj, N+ úIu;dj wkqj iEu ;ek u mdfyaa W,am;a olakg we;' tu

m%foaYj, jdih lrkakkaf.a c, m%Njh fuu W,am;a h'



- WKqÈh W,am;a u.ska

lskakshd" uyTh" j,fõ .Õg kef.kysßka msysá uyme,eiai jeks m%foaYj,

WKqÈh ,efnk úfYaIs; W,am;a olakg we;'

YS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackhYS% ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackh

- úúO ld¾hhka i|yd c,h fhdod .efkhs

) mdkSh c,h

) .DyH lghq;=

) lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=

) c, úÿ,sh ksmoùu

) úúO l¾udka; i|yd

) ëjr lghq;= ^ñßÈh yd l,mq wdYs%; &

) ixpdrl lghq;= îq¿ jYfhks&

) mßjykh îq¿ jYfhks&

- mßfNdack m%;sY;h

) lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= 85]

) .DyH 6]

) fjk;a 9]

ûq,dY%h ( c, iïm; kj oelaulska" c, iïm;a l<ukdlrK wu;HdxYh&

- YS% ,xldfõ oekg tal mqoa., c, mßfNdackh Èklg ,Sg¾ 31 ls' kuq;a wjYH

m%udKh Èklg ,Sgr 50 ls'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs8'2 YS% ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs

^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06& ^ld,Éfþo 06&

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • wm rfÜ c, ÿIKh isÿjk wdldrh f;areï .kshs

••••• wkd.; c, iïm; iq/lSfï wjYH;dj y÷kd .kshs

••••• YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; iq/lSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;=

iqÿiq l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'


oekg oYl lsysmhlg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; Rcq j mßfNdackhg .; yels

jQ fyhska th ixrlaIKh lsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨ olakg fkdúh' tfy;a j¾;udkfha u;= msg

c,h fukau N+.; c,h o úúO fya;= u; ¥IKh fjñka mj;S' ñksia l%shdldrlï ixlS¾K

ùu;a iu`. u c, iïm; ¥IKh ùfï l%shdj,sh o fõ.j;a j we;'

c, ¥IKh iajdNdúl f,i o" ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid o isÿ fõ' c, ÿIKhg wu;r

j wê mßfNdackh;a" c,h wksis f,i Ndú; lsÍu;a ksid wm rfÜ c,h úYd, f,i wmf;a

hdula isÿfõ' tksid j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; ixrlaIKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj oeä

f,i biau;= j we;'

wm rfÜ c, iïm; iq?lSfï wjYH;dj yd ta i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh

lsÍfï jeo.;alu wOHhkh lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrlaIKh hgf;a wjOdkhg ,la

flfrhs'

c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh c, ÿIKh

- óg oYl lsysmhlg fmr Èjhsfka N+;, c,h yd N+.; c,h ñksia lghq;= i|yd

m%fhdackhg .ekSug uq¿ukska u yelshdj ;sìK' kuq;a j¾;udkfha § .x.d

we<" fod< yd újD; c, W,am;ays c,h tfia m%fhdackhkag .; fkdyels h'

Wod ( fíf¾ jej " uykqjr ueo we<

- c, ÿIKh ksid c,h wmsßisÿ ùu fuka u c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu o isÿfõ'

j¾;udk YS% ,xldfõ c, ÿIKh isÿjk m%Odk fya;= idOl folls'

) iajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu

) ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh



iajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùuiajdNdúl f,i isÿjk c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùu

- uqyqÿ c,h ñY%ùu - fjr<nv ;ekafkaa ydrd we;s fkd.eUqre <sx u.ska ñßÈh c,h

,nd .efkhs' tfy;a j¾Idj wvq ld,hg N+ .; c, uÜgu my; neiSu ksid

,jK c,h tajd ;=<g .,d ths' mq;a;,u yd l,amsáh m%foaYj, fkd.eUqre <sx

;=<g ,jK c,h .,d ths'

- úúO wmøjH c,hg tl;=ùu ^iajdNdúl j&

) i;aj wmøjH

) Lksc ,jK

) Èrdhk øjH ^Ydl fldgia&

) laIqø Ôúka

c,h" fmd<j u;=msáka iy fmd<j ;=<ska .,d hk úg by; wmøjH tl;= fõ'

- ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh

) lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h

) lDñ kdYl Ndú;h

) j,a kdYl Ndú;h

) l¾udka; wmøjH neyer lsÍu

) ridhk øjH ñY% ùu

) .DyH lghq;= ksid neyer lrk wmøjH

) je,s f.dv oeóu

) ueá yeÍu

) wmsßisÿ jdhq j¾. c,hg tl;=ùu ^fudag¾ r: yd lïy,aj,ska msgjk jdhq&

c, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;djc, iïm;a ixrlaIKfha wjYH;dj

- j¾;udk f,dal ck;djf.ka 33]la u muK wju wjYH;djkag iß,k

msßisÿ c,h fkd ,efí' 2025 jir jk úg 60] lg muK msßisÿ c,h ,nd

.ekSu ms<sn| .eg¨ mek k.skq we;'

- wm rfÜ mdkSh c,h .eg¨jla njg m;a fjñka ;sfí' we;eï m%foaYj,

u;=msg c,h fuka u N+.; c,h o mdkh i|yd fhdod .; fkdyels

;;a;ajhl mj;shs hdmkh" wkqrdOmqrh&'

- wmøjH c,hg ñY% ùu ksid c,c Ôùka yd me,Eá joùhdfï ;¾ckhg

uqyqK md we;'

- le,Ks .fÕa je,s f.dv oeóu ksid .x m;a, .eUqre ùfuka" úh<s ld,hg

wU;f,a fmdïmd.drh olajd u uqyqÿ c,h .,d ths' tu ksid uy fld<U

m%foaYfha mdkSh c,h fnod yeÍfï § .eg¨ mek k.shs'



wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.wmú;% øjH c,hg tl;= ùu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.

- ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu

- kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu

- je,s f.dv oeóu" ueá lemSu" ;jÿrg;a iSud flfrk kS;s mekùu yd

ls%hdlsÍu'

c, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKhc, ixrlaIKh

- c, ixrlaIK ls%hdj,shl uq,sl ,laIK folla ;sìh hq;=h'

1' c,h wkjYH f,i Ndú; fkdlsÍu

2' c,h ÿIKh ùu j<lajd .ekSu

- c, ixrlaIKh wxY lsysmhlska isÿúh hq;= h'

) .DyH lghq;= i|yd fhfok c, ixrlaIKh

ÈhkEu" frÈ fia§u"jeisls<s Ndú;h jeks lghq;= i|yd c,h wmf;a

fkdhk l%u Ndú; lsÍu

Ndú; lrk ,o c,h m%;spls%lrKfhka miq kej; Ndú;hg .ekSu

) lDIsl¾ufha § ukd c, l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSu

j.d lrk fnda. j¾.h wkqj Bg wjYH jk c, m%udKh muKla

Ndú; lsÍu

) l¾udka; i|yd Ndú; lrk c,h wmf;a fkdhk mßÈ

Ndú; lsÍu

- c, ÿIKh j<lajd .ekSu o c, ixrlaIKfha § jeo.;a fõ'

• • • • • kd.ßl m%foaYj, jdyk" frÈ jeks foa msßisÿ lsÍfï uOHia:dk

j,ska c, ÿIKh je<elaùu

• • • • • lDIsl¾uh yd l¾udka; ksid isÿjk c, ÿIKh je<elaùu

- jeis c,h tl;= lr Ndú;hg .ekSu i|yd YS% ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmSh

m%foaYj, jeis c, gexls Ndú; flf¾' fuu l%uh jHdma; lsÍu c,

ixrlaIKh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'



wkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelauwkd.; oelau

- wêl ck ixLHdjla jik wdishd;sl rgj, c,h ÿIKh ùu fmdÿ .eg¨jla

njg m;aj we;'

Wod ( bkaÈhdj" u,hdishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" isx.mamqrej

- fuu rgj, .x.d fødaKs mú;% lsÍfï jHdmD;s u.ska N+;, c,h ixrlaIKh

lsÍfï lghq;= id¾:l j bgqlr f.k we;'

Wod ( 1977 wdrïN fldg jir 10 lska wjika l< isx.mamqre .x.dj yd

l,d;a fødaKsh mú;% lsÍfï jHdmdrh' bkaÈhdfõ .x.d kï .Õ wdYs%; j

mú;% .x.d jHdmD;sh ^1986&

- YS% ,xldfõ N+;, yd N+.; c, iïm;a iq/lSfï jHdmD;s blaukska u ls%hdjg

kexúh hq;= fõ'

wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:wdY%s; .%ka:

- l=f¾"mS'Ô'rEmisxy" uyskao"^2003&'wm wjg ñys;,h"tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^1998&' ud¾;= l,dmh'

- w;a m;%sld" c, iïm; kj oelaulska " c, iïm;a l<ukdlrK wud;HdxYh'

- fidnd i`.rdj" .x.d fodaKs ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kj ixl,amhla

- Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^2007&'

- Arjuna's atlas SirLanka ,(1997 ).Arjuna consulting Co Ltd.



bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1ls%hdldrlu - 1

YS% ,xldfõ c, iïm; ms<sn| j mq¾K woyila f.dv kef.k mßÈ yd c, iïm;

ixrlaIKh lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ m%o¾Yk m;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'

ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2ls%hdldrlu - 2

----- Tn m%foaYfha N+.; c, uÜgu fjkiaùu ms<sn| j f;dr;=re igykla

ilia lrkak'

- fï i|yd j¾Id yd úh<s ld, yiqjk mßÈ jßka jr igyka ;nd

.kak'

- j¾Idj fjkiajk úg <sxj, c, uÜgu wvq jeä jk whqre ld,Sk

igyka ;nd ta wkqj m%ia;dr igyka weiqßka f;dr;=re igykl

ilia lrkak'




fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,laIKyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõyd ls%hdj,s mÍlaId lrñka mßir ixrlaIKhg odhl fõ

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, ••••• ìfhdauhla hkq l=ulaoehs ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• • • • • ìfhdau j¾. kï lrhs'

• • • • • ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh is;shulska bÈßm;a lrhs'

• • • • • ìfhdauj, ,laIK yd foaY.=Kh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re

.fõIKh lrhs'

• • • • • f,dalfha ìfhdauj, ,laIK YS% ,xldj wdY%fhka ixikaokhl

fhfohs'


ffcj f.da,fha ixúOdk uÜgï wkq ms<sfjf<ys mßir moaO;shg miqj y÷kd .;

yels by< fY%aKsh jkqfha ìfhdauh hs' f,dalfha mßir moaO;s úYd, m%udKhla olakg

,efnk w;r tjeks iudk jq moaO;s tl;= ùfuka ks¾udKh jq ìfhdau o rdYshlaa olakg

,efí' ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK y÷kd .ekSfï § ìfhdau j¾. o y÷kd.;

yels fõ' fï wkqj úYd," uOHu iy iq¿ m%udKfha ìfhdau j¾. mj;shs'

úYd, m%foaYhl jHdma; jq jkdka;r o tl ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd.; yels h' fï

wkqj f,dalfha ìfhdau jHdma;sh y÷kd .efkk m%Odk idOlh f,i foaY.=Kh oelaúh

yelsh' WIaK;ajh yd j¾Idm;kh uq,sl jq fuu n,mEï u.ska ñksidf.a fuka u fN!;sl

mßirfha o meje;au yd .;s ,laIK ;SrKh flfrhs'

ìfhdauh ye¢kaùu" .;s ,laIK fuka u f,dal jHdma;sh ms<sn| j isiqkag wjfndaOhla

,nd§u fuu mßÉfþofhka wfmalaIs;h'



úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la

• • • • • ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.ìfhdau j¾.

- ksj¾;k jkdka;r

- fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r

- uOHOrKs jk ,eyeí

- ;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd

- ghs.d jkdka;r

- ldka;dr

- ;=kaød

ìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùuìfhdauh yeÈkaùu

- ksYaÑ; i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI ixLHdjla iys; yd jDlaI,;djkays

lsishï ksYaÑ; jHqyhla mj;sk ldKavhls'

- ffcj N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla fkdj mdßißl tallhls ^mdßißl úoHd Yío

fldaIh&'

- iudc úoHd;aul tallhla f,i jdih lrk Ydl yd i;a;aj ixlS¾Khhs

ksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;rksj¾;k jkdka;r

jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh

weuika" ihf¾" ngysr wms%ldj" uef,aishdj" ldïfndach" ñhkaudrh" ,d´ih"

;dhs,ka;h" W;=re úhÜkduh" W;=re iafÜ%,shdj" ksõ.skshdj" uOHu bkaÈhdj

foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh

- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 2500 mm - 5000 mm w;r by< uÜgul mj;shs'

- jir mqrd jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla ,efnhs'

- idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj 75-90] w;r by< w.hla .ksshs'

- j¾Ih mqrdu me;sreKq 27 - 30 CO w;r WIaK;ajhlska hqla;h'

jDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;djDlaI,;d

- ffcj úúO;ajh b;d by<h

- Ydl iodyß;h



- Ydl úYd, ixLHdjla <Õska msysgd we;s w;r b;d Wig jefvhs'

- Ydl Rcq l|ka j,ska hqla; jk w;r my< fl<jr m<, h'

- imqIam yd M, we;s jk Ydlj,ska hqla;h'

- ialkaO mqIamdNh iys;h ^lf|ys u,a yd M, yg .ekSu&

- wmsYdl yd wdfrdayl Ydl nyq, h'

- Ydl ia;ÍlrKhlaa olakg ,efí'

) fkre ia;rh 35 m - 45m w;r Wi .ia ;ekska ;ek we;'

) úhka ia;rh 25 m - 30 m w;r Ydl b;d <.ska msysghs'

) Wmúhka ia;rh 10 m - 15 m w;r Wi h'

) m÷re Ydl ia;rh 5 m la muK fõ'

- wdf,dalh fkdue;s ùfuka há frdamKh ÿ¾j, h'

by; ,laIK fmdÿ tajd jk w;r" m%dfoaYSh fjkialï wkqj Wm fn§ï o mj;shs'

- ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r $ ksj¾;k fudaiï jkdka;r

m%Odk Ydl w;r uefyda.ks" l¿jr" kd" ;d, j¾.fha .ia" f;alal" WK" i÷ka"

weflaIshd" hqle,smagia yd wmsYdl j¾.

i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI

- jdkr j¾." Wr. j¾." lDñ úfYaI yd l=re¿ úfYaI

ksj¾;k jkdka;r foaY.=Kh iy jDlaI,;d u; kej; fldgia 2g fnfoa

1' ksj¾;k iodyß; jkdka;r

2' ksj¾;k fudaiï jkdka;r

fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rfi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r


´iafÜ%,shdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" le,sfmdakshdj" ol=Kq Ökh" W;=re kjis,ka;h

wdYs%; j yÿkd.; yelsh'


- 150 mm - 750 mm w;r jir mqrd me;sr fkdhk j¾Idm;khla ,efí'

- WIaK;ajh wvq w;r th jir mqrd taldldr fkd jqjls'

- jir mqrd WIaK;ajh úp,kh jk w;r .sïydk R;=fõ oS WIaK;ajh

jeäh'




- ksj¾;k jkdka;r ;rï úúO;ajhla ke;' Ydl >k;ajh wvq h'

- iodyß; yd m;kYS,s Ydl o we;'

- .iaj, Wi wvq w;r ia:rslrKhla m%lg fkd fõ' Wia Ydl m÷re Ydl"

;DK j¾. fuka u mdis o olakg ,efí'

- Ydl j¾. w;r ´la" ue.afkda,shd" hqle,smagia" mhska jeks Ydl jeo.;a

fõ'

fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r foaY.=Kfha iy jDlaI,;dj, iq`M fjkialï ksid

kej; fldgia 2 g fnfoa'

1' fi!uH l,dmSh m;kYS,S jkdka;r

2' fi!uH l,dmSh iodyß; jkdka;r

i;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaIi;aj úfYaI

uqj j¾." l=re¿ j¾." c,c ðùka

uOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;ruOHOrKs jkdka;r

jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh jHdma;sh

hqfrdamh" wms%ldj yd ueo fmrÈ. m%foaYhkays uOHOrKs uqyqo jgd my;a ìï"

flamagjqka" le,sfmdakshd" uOHu Ñ,S" ksß; yd ol=Kq iafÜ%,shdfõ fjr<nv m%foaY

foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh

- oeä lgql .sïydk ld,hla iy b;d uDÿ jq YsYsrhla olakg ,efí'

- .S%Iau ld,fha 26'6 - 32'20 c la muK WIaK;ajhla o YsYsrfha 12'2 - 100 c la

muK WIaK;ajhla o fõ'

- YsYsrfha § jeis ,efnk w;r jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 762mm g wvq fõ'


- iodyß; Ydl we;s w;r úh<s .S%Iauhg wkqj¾;kh jq Ydl fõ'

- W;aiafõokh wvq lsÍug isyska fld< fyda báj,ska jeiqKq l=vd m;% iys;

Y=IalrEmS Ydl fõ'

- Ydl" .eg iys; l|ka yd >klï fmd;=j,ska hqla;h'

- N+.; c,h we| .ekSug fndfyda Ydlj, È.= uq,a we;s fõ'

Ydl j¾. w;r mhska" iSv¾" ´la" frdaiauß" ,ejekav¾" áhq,sma" hqle,smagia" foajodr

y÷kd.; yelsh'


- w,xldr l=re¿ j¾." uqj úfYaI



;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd;DKN+ñ yd iejkd


wms%ldj fj,aâ" khsðßhdj" .skshdj" khsc¾" n%is,fha leïfmdaia"

fjksishq,dj yd fldf<dïìhdfõ ,dfkdaia" reishdfõ iafgmaia" wdckaákdfõ

meïmdia" ´iafÜ%,shdfõ vjqkaia


- YS; udifha jeä u WIaK;ajh 180 c ls'

- jdIamSlrKh ;rula by< h'

- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh fndfyda úg 1016mm - 1524mm w;r fõ'

- úh<s RD;=j È.= w;r j¾Id iD;=j fláh'

- ;o iq<x yuhs'

jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d jDlaI,;d

- úYd, fuka u l=vd ;DK j¾. o m%Odk Ydl w;r fõ'

- jkdka;r wi< Wia ;DK fuka u ldka;dr wdikakfha l=vd ;DK o olakg

,efí' ;ekska ;ek .ia ^ Tree) fuka u m÷re( bush plants) Ydl

jHdma; we;'

- úúO m;% iys; Ydl mj;shs'

- úúO rEmdldr iys; m;%j,ska hq;a Ydl olakg ,efí'

Ydl j¾. w;r ;DK j¾." weflaIshd" nfhdneí jeks Ydl y÷kd .; yelsh'


- - - - - nhsika" osúhd"Ögd"ðrd*a".ei,a "iSn%d

ghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;rghs.d jkdka;r


W;=re weußlfõ ngysr fjrf<a isg kef.kysr fjr< olajd;a" W;=re hqfrdamfha

ngysr fjrf<a isg kef.kysr wdishdfõ fjr< olajd;a È.= máhla fia jHdma;

fõ' ngysr hqfrdamfha W;=re wlaIdxY 600 olajd ol=Kg o" kef.kysr wdishdfõ

W;=re wlaIdxY 500 olajd ol=Kg o kef.kysr weußldfõ W;=re wlaIdxY 450 olajd

ol=Kg o jHdma; fõ'



foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh foaY.=Kh

- j¾Ih mqrd jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla olakg ,efí'

- §¾> YS; R;=jla iy flá .sïydkhla mj;shs'

- WIaK;ajh wvq jk w;r .sïydkfha § WIaK;ajh 20 C0 la iy YsYsrfha § 6 C0

ls'


- ;o bÈlgq jeks m;% iys; Ydl we;

- Ydl iDcq jk w;r ,S uDÿh

- iodyß; Ydl o we;

Ydl j¾. w;r mhskia" iamDDia" ,d¾É" *¾" n¾É" ihsm%ia" iSv¾" fmdma,¾ jeks Ydl

yÿkd .; yelsh'

ldka;drldka;drldka;drldka;drldka;dr

ldka;dr m%Odk j¾. 2 ls'

1' WIaK ldka;dr

2' YS; ldka;dr


weußld tlai;a ckmofha le,sf*dakshd" weßfidakd" ol=Kq weußldfõ wegldud"

wms%ldfõ iyrd" l,ydß" keïìhdkq " wrdì" ;d¾ " ´iafÜ%,shdfõ ngysr m%foaY"

f.daì" weußld tlai;a ckmofha fkjdvd";=¾lsia:dka hk m%foaYj, jHdma;j mj;S'


- WIaK;ajh b;d by< h'

- j¾Idm;kh b;d wvq h'


- úYd, Ydl olakg ke;' fm| mdis" jeks l=vd Ydl úfYaI olakg we;'

Wod ( fldaudßld" fm|

- lafIau N+ñ iy laIKsl jeis jefgk ;ekaj, iq¿ Ydl jeiaula we;'

- ñá m÷re ;ekska ;ek msysghs'

- Ydl Y=IalrEmS núka hqla; h'

1' l| udxi, .=Kh iys; h'

2' m;% b;d l=vd h'

3' Ydl m;% báj,ska jeiS we;'

4' Ydl hqI iys; h'

- È.= uq,a moaO;shla we;

Ydl j¾. w;r mf;dla j¾." lgq m÷re jeks j¾. yÿkd.; yelsh'



i;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaIi;a;aj úfYaI

Tgqjd" leka.re" uqj úfYaI" jDlhka" lgqiq úfYaI

;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød;=kaød


O%ejdikak m%foaY ^wdlaála jD;a;fhka W;=rg&iy Wia l÷ m%foaY Wod( tjriaÜ


- udi 2-4 olajd b;d flá .sïydkhla mj;shs'

- .sïydkfha ;=ysk yg.kshs'

- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 250mm - 300mm w;r fõ'


- ysu jeiau ksid úYd, jDlaI,;d jeiaula olakg fkd ,efí'

- fm|" mdis jeks Ydl muKla yg .kshs'


- f,ñx" msksuqjka" iageka.a" fmka.=hska

by; m%Odk ìfhdau j¾.j,g wu;r j f,dalfha fndfyda m%foaYj, jHdma; jQ

f;;aìï ìfhdau o mj;shs' weußldfõ mekagk,a" wefïika fødaKsh" iqkao¾ndkaia wdÈh

ksoiqkah' f,dalfha ish¨ foaY.=Ksl l,dmhkays fïjd jHdma;h' tfuka u fjr< f;;aìï

o we;'

wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka: wdY%s; .%ka:

- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1997&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï

ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1 ls%hdldrlï -1

tla tla lKavdhug tla tla ìfhdauh ne.ska ,nd § ta ms<sno j f;dr;=re /ia lr

ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'



ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK 9'2 YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,laIK

meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs meyeÈ,s lrhs


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, ••••• YS% ,xldfõ we;s ìfhdau j¾. y÷kajhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau j¾.j, jHdma;sh j.= .; lrhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdauj, ,laIK úu¾Yk lrhs'

••••• ìfhdauj, Ydl úúO;ajhla we;s njg f;dr;=re bÈßm;aa

lrhs'

••••• ìfhdauhkays mdßißl jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ksñka

mßir ixrlaIKh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'


ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgla jk YS% ,xldfõ tu foaY.=Khg wh;a ìfhdau jHdma; j

we;' Y%S ,xldfõ we;af;a iq`M mrsudK ìfhdau f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' foaY.=Ksl jYfhka

oeä úIu;djla olakg ke;;a YS% ,xldj ÿm;la ùu yd WÉp;ajh wd§ fya;= u; jkdka;r

j¾. lsysmhla y÷kd f.k we;'

YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh ksoiqka iuÕ fuys § wjOdkhg ,la flfrhs' tfuka

u tajdfha foaY.=Ksl ,laIK"jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh fuu tallh u.ska wjOdkh flfrhs'


••••• YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;shYS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau jHdma;sh

- jkdka;r

- <÷le,E

- ;DK N+ñ

- f;;a ìï

jkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;rjkdka;r

YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk jkdka;r ìfhdauj, m%fNao 3 ls

1' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r

2' úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r

3' l÷lr jkdka;r



ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r


my;rg f;;a l,dmh" ueo rg f;;a l,dmh Wod ( isxyrdch" lkafk,sh"

oEÈh.," kdlshdfoKsh'


- 2500 mm - 5000 mm la w;r by< jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ,efí'

- uehs - iema;eïn¾ olajd ksß; È. fudaifuka wêl j¾Idjla ,efnk w;r

j¾Ih mqrd u jHdma; jq j¾Idm;khla ,efí'


- ffcj úúO;ajh wêl w;r Ydl úfYaI 100-140 olajd m%udKhla we;'

- tal foaYsh Ydl nyq, h'

- iodyß; Ydl nyq, h'

- ìï tallh ;=< úYd, Ydl ixLHdjla b;d <.ska yd Wig jeä we;'

- Ydl ia;ÍlrKhlaa olakg ,efí'

- >Dcq l|ka iys; by< § w;= fnfok jDlaI" m<,a m;% yd ;=vq iys; m;%

we;s Ydl nyq, h'

- wmsYdl nyq, h'

- M, iys; Ydl we;'

- wdf,dalh jeàu wvq ksid ìï ia;rfha m;% úYd, fõ'

Ydl j¾. w;r fydr" nÿ,a," fodrK" j,afo,a" kd" wegU" lSk" Èhmr" f.dvmr"

ls;=,a" tkid,a" fjila u,a" fõje,a jeks Ydl yÿkd.; yelsh'


- Èúhd" Wr. j¾." lDñ úfYaI" l=re¿ j¾." f.d¨fn,s j¾.

úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rúh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r


YS% ,xldfõ jeäfhka u we;s jkdka;r j¾.h fõ' my;rg úh<s l,dmh"

reyqKq cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh" Wvj,j" hd,




- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1250 mm - 2000 mm w;r wvq uÜgul mj;shs'

- j¾Ih mqrdu taldldÍ j¾Idm;khla fkd ,efnhs'

- uehs - iema;eïn¾ olajd kshx iys; ld,hls'

- idudkH WIaK;ajh 300 - 35C0 w;r by< w.hla .kshs'


- m%uqL Ydl úfYaI .Kk jeä ù we;s w;r úfYaI úúO;ajh f;;a jkfha

;rï ke;'

- iodyß; Ydl fuka u kshx iufha m;% yef,k Ydl o we;'

- .iaj, Wi wvqh' 15 - 20 m w;r fõ'

- jkh ;=<g wdf,dalh fyd¢ka ,efnk w;r ia;ßlrKh meyeÈ,s ke;'

- mÿre Ydl ia;rhlska hq;a;h'

Ydl j¾. w;r y,añ,a," ñ,a," m¨" lrej," ùr" nqre;" fldfydU jeks Ydl yÿkd.;

` yelsh'


- - - - - kßhd" ß<jd" ixl%uKsl l=re,a,ka" w,shd

l÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;rl÷lr jkdka;r


uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 1200 m g jvd Wia m%foaYj, jefjk jkdka;r y.a.,"

msÿre;,d.," iuk, lkao" kl,aia


- j¾Ih mqrd jHdma; jq 3500 mm g jeä jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ,efí'

- ffoksl j fuka u jd¾Isl j o fjkia jk wvq WIaK;ajhla we;'


- Ydl úúO;ajh wvq h'

- iodyß; Ydl we;s w;r m;% l=vd yd È.= fõ'

- Ydl ixLHdj wvq h' .iaj, Wi 10m - 15 m w;r fõ'

- fõ.j;a iq<Õska wdrlaId ùug l| iy w;= weUreKq fuka u .eg iys;

iajNdjhlska hqla; j we;'

- ´lsâ" mdis yd ,hslk nyq, ìï ia;rhla oelsh yelsh'

i;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYai;a;aj úfYaI ( uqjd" f.dakd" l=re¿ j¾." lgqiq úfYaI" j,a W!rka



<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E<÷ le,E

YS% ,xldfõ <÷le,E o ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd .; yelsh'


yïnkaf;dg" ukakdru" mq;a;,u wdoS m%foaYhka ys oel.; yelsh'

foaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=KhfoaY.=Kh- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1250 mm g wvq uÜgul mj;shs'- wêl WIaK;ajhla we;s w;r th 30 C0 g jeä fõ'- §¾> kshx iuhla we;'- mfiys lfGdar ia;rhla we;'

jDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;djDlAI,;d - lgq iys; l=vd m÷re jeä jYfhka olakg ,efí' - úh<s l,dmfha jefjk tfy;a ñá Ydl o iq`Mfjka olakg ,efí' - m;% " l|ka" uq,a wdÈfhka c,h .nvd lr.kakd" .eUqrg yd úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr .sh uQ, moaO;shla iys; Ydl oelsh yel'

Ydl j¾. w;r kjykaÈ" trñkshd"l=l=,algq " rKjrd"mf;dla jeks Ydl jeo.;a fõ'


- fudKrd" l=re¿ j¾." W!rka" l=¿óuka

;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ;DK N+ñ

;DK N+ñ o ,xldfõ ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd .; yels h' m%dfoaYSh úIu;d yd

foaY.=Kh u; YS% ,xldfõ ;DK N+ñ ìfhdau m%Odk fldgia 4 ls'

1' f;;a m;k - fndam;a;,dj" fydagka ;ekak" i|;ekak" wd.rm;k" wfòfj, ^wä 5000g by<&

2' úh<s m;k - rlajdk l÷" je,suv ^wä 1500 - 3000 w;r&

3' ouk ^;,dj& - .,aTh" fmdf<dkakrej

4' ú,a¨ - fidaudj;sh" ukïmsáh


j¾Idm;kh wvqh' f;;a m;k ;K ìïj, j¾Idm;kh jeä jqj o Ydl jeãug

wjYHh idOl t;rï m%n, ke;'


- ;DK j¾. m%uqL Ydl fõ'

- m÷re yd l=vd ñá .ia o oelsh yelsh'

- Ydl j¾. w;r uyr;au,a" iS; fmar" fndaúáhd úfYaI" lSSk" lsâ úfYaI"

mdis fuka u me`.sß udkd jeks Ydl úfYaI y÷kd.; yelsh'

i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI i;a;aj úfYaI ( j÷rka" Wr. úfYaI" l=re¿ úfYaI" f.dakqka" j,aW!rka



f;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìï

YS% ,xldfõ f;;a ìï o ìfhdauhla f,i y÷kd.; yels h'

/ïid¾ iïuq;shg wkqj f;;a ìula hkq j.=re m%foaY" f.dfydre" c,fhka

msß.sh .ia fnk iys; m%foaY" iajdNdúl fyda ;djld,sl j" ksYap, j" ia;r j c,h /¢

;sfnk fyda .,d hk ñßÈh" lsjq,a fyda ,jK fyda lrÈh iys; m%foaY o we;=<;a jkakd jq

ndÈh wjia:dfõ § .eUqr óg¾ 06 fkd blau jk m%foaYhka h'

m%Odk f;;a ìï j¾.SlrKh

f;;a ìï

iajdNdúl lD;%Su

ñßÈh lsjq,a Èh

f,ajdh

wNHka;r c,dY fv,agd bÈlrk ,o c,dY yd jeõ

.x.d" we<" fod< lfvd,dk N+ñ lDIs ìï

ñßÈh j.=re msgdr;eks lekSï j<j,a ^ueKsla"ñksrka

msgdr ;eks" ú,a¨ l,mq wd§&

uqyqÿ wdYs%; f;;aìï

lsjq,a Èh iys; f;;aìï

fldr,amr

Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a ìï o by; j¾.SlrKhg wkqj m%Odk j¾. follg yd h<s tajd

j¾. lsÍulg ,la lr we;' fuys § iuia;hla f,i f;;aìï ms<sn| wjOdkh lsÍu

m%udKj;a h'

jHdma;sh - fn,a,kaú, w;a;säh" uq;=rdcfj, yd Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda fjr<

wdY%s; m%foaYj, ó.uqj" ;%sl=Kdu,h" .d,a," ud;r" yïnkaf;dg"

hdmkh" .xfudahj,a yd fldr,a m%foaY

,laIK - úúO j¾.fha c,c Ydl iy c,c Ôùka olakg ,efnk by< ffcj

úúO;ajhlska hqla;h'

,xldfõ f;;a ìïj, f,dj we;s lfvd,dk úfYaI 55ka 23 la

muK olakg ,efí uy lfvd,a" lsr,& úúO Ôúka úfYaI ixLHdjla

o we;s w;r ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdkak;r Ôj úfYaI ixLHdjg jvd

jeäfõ ^weyegq,a,d" rcishlaldrhd" lsß bínd&'



- fkajdisl yd idxl%uKsl mlaIska úYd, ixLHdjlf.a jdi N+ñhls'

fkajdisl mlaISka w;r w¿fldld" fmdare lEoe;a;d" mqxÑ Èhldjd

wd§ka o ixl%uKsl mlaISka f,i rcishlaldrhd yd leiamshka uqyqÿ

,sysKs wdoS mlaISka o jeo.;a h'

- fjr< f;;a ìïj, lreuq,a" lhsreuq,a iys; Ydl fndfyda fihska

we;s w;r lfvd,dk m%foaYj, Ydl j¾Okh wvqh'

fuu m%foaYj, wêl iq<`.ska wdrlaId ùug Ydl w;= m;r by<

úhkla fia j¾Okh lr f.k we;s w;r lreuq,a yd lhsreuq,a fuys§

jeo.;a fõ' by< l,dmj,ska /f.k tk wjidÈ; rojd .ekSfï

yelshdj lre uq,a iy lhsreuq,aj,g we;'tfuka u iuyr Ydl

^lsr,& weUreKq l|ka iys; h'

- u;aiH ìï f,i jeo.;a ùu

l,mq ;=< fmdaIH øjH wêl ksid Woï m%jdy iu`. uiqka meñfKa'

Tjqka ish wNsckk ìï f,i o fuu ia:dkh fhdod .kS' wvq úhoulska

uiqka we,a,Sug fu u`.ska yelsfõ'

Ydl j¾. w;r uy lfvd,a" ySka lfvd,a" .sx fmd,a" mqkalkav"

lsr," u,a lfvd,a" lerka wd§ Ydl jeo.;a fõ'

wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka: wdYs%; .%ka:


- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj' ixrlaIKh" ^1999&' jk iïm;a yd mßir

wud;HdxYh'

- úfÊisxy" bfjdaka" ^1984&' YS% ,xldfõ foaY.=Kh jDlaI,;d iy

lD;s%u jkdka;r" ud¾. m%ldYk'

- m%kdkaÿ" tia' t,a' fÊ' ^2003&' f;;a ìï l%shdj,sh iy M,odhs;dj"

iriú m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv'



bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï


YS% ,xld wdlD;s is;shul my; oelafjk ìfhdauj,g ksoiqka fol ne.ska ,l=Kq

lr kï lrkak'

- ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r

- úh<s ñY% jkdka;r

- l÷lr jkdka;r

- ;DK N+ñ

- f;;a ìï

ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2

isiqka lKavdhï lr tl lKavdhug tla ìfhdauh ne.ska ,nd § tajdfha

- jHdma;sh

- foaY.=Kh

- jDlaI,;dj, ,laIK olajk jd¾;djla ilia lrjkak'




fN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydfN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd fN!;sl ydudkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'udkj mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh mÍlaId lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl yd

udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• iajdNdúl Wmøj yd wdmoj w;r fjki y÷kd.kS

••••• iajdNdúl wdmodjkaa y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'

••••• Wmøjhla fya;=fjka ñksia ðú;j,g yd foam,j,g ydks

isÿùu wdmodjla jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

••••• iajdNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka we;s jk ydks wju lr .ekSug

.; yels ls%hdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'


Wmøjhla Hazards) hkafkka woyia lrkqfha iajdNdúl fyda udkj ls%hdldrlula

fya;=fjka m%cdjg" foam,j,g fyda mßirhg ydks isÿúh yels ixisoaêhls' tfia tu

ixisoaêh ksid we;s jk ydksh wdmodj ( Disaster & f,i ye¢kafõ'

Wmøj iajdNdúl yd udkj ls%hdldrlï ksid we;s jk Wmøjhka f,i j¾.

folls' N+ñlïmd" .xj;=r" iqkdñ" wl=Kq l=Kdgq" iq<siq<x" ysul÷ m%m;kh hkdÈh iajdNdúl

Wmøjhka jk w;r" ñksidf.a iïm;a whym;a md,kh yd ydkslr ls%hd ksid isÿjk Wmøj

udkj Wmøj fõ' Wod ( l¾udka;Yd,d u.ska isÿjk ÿIKh" m%jdyk fyda ld¾ñl wk;=re

fuhg wu;r j wú .egqï o udkj Wmøj f,i oelaúh yelsh'

by; lS iajdNdúl ixisoaê Wmøjhla jkafka ñksidf.a úúO ls%hdldrlï ksid h'

N+ñlïmd isÿùu iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jqj o tu m%foaY wdYs%; j ñksidf.a mÈxÑh fyda

udkj lghq;= isÿ jk úg tys n,mEfuka Ôú; yd foam, ydks isÿfõ' .sksl÷ ils%h jk

m%foaYfha ck;dj mÈxÑ ùu ksid ðú; ydks isÿjk w;r" tys n,mEu wjg rgj,g o

n,mEï t,a, lrhs' Wod ( whsia,ka;fha msmsreKq fká,d .skslkao hqfrdamfha .=jka

.ukaj,g t,a, l< n,mEu' iqkdñ" .xj;=r" wl=Kq l=Kdgq" .sksl÷ msmsßï jeks iajdNdúl

ixisoaê Wmøjhla njg m;a ù we;af;a fuu ixisoaë .ek ñksid olajk wvq ;lafiarej

ksidh' fndfyda úg øßø;dj" foaYmd,k wruqKq" ck >k;ajh" fkdoekqj;alu" wvq há;,

myiqlï jeks ;;a;ajhka o iajdNdúl ixisoaê Wmøjhla njg m;aùug fya;= fõ'



fuu iajdNdúl Wmøjhka my; wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'

1' nyqúO Wmøj ^N+ñlïmd iuÕ iqkdñ " wjmd; iuÕ iq<siq<x yd .xj;=r&

2' ksYaÑ; l,dmj, isÿjk Wmøj ^N+ñlïmd" huy,a úodrKh" fgdakdfvda" ysul÷

m%m;kh&'

3' ´kEu l,dmhl iajdNdúl isÿúh yels Wmøj ^iq<siq<x" wl=Kq ier" .xj;=r&'

by;ska olajd we;s iajdNdúl ixisoaê ksid isÿjk Wmøj nrm;, ;;a;ajhg m;ajkafka

tays l%shdldÍ;ajfha iajrEmh wkqjh' CIKsl j isÿjk iajdNdúl Wmøj N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ"

iq<siq<x" c,.e,sï& yd fiñka isÿjkakdjq wdmodjla l<ukdlrKh lsÍug flf;la lghq;=

l< o iajdNdúl Wmøjhka j<lajd .; fkdyels h' l< hq;af;a WmøjHhkaf.ka fíßug

lghq;= lr foam, yd Ôú; iqrlaIs; lr .eksuhs' fï wkqj iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿjk

wdldrh;a" ta ksid we;sjkakdjq fN!;sl yd udkj n,meï fudkjd o hkak;a wOHhkh

lsÍu fuu tallfhka wfmalaId flf¾'


N+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmd

- mDÓú lfndf,ys ixÑ; jQ Yla;sh CIKsl j úfudapkh ùu ksid úfNaoh Tiafia

mDÓú lfnd, ,siaid hdu N+ñlïmdjls'

- N=ñlïmd f,dalfha úfYaIs; jQ m%foaYj, tkï ;eá udhsï wdYs%; j nyq, j isÿjk

iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls'

- N+ñlïmdjla lskï ia:dkhl" lskï fõ,djl § isÿjkafkaoehs m%ldY lsÍug úoHd{hska

;ju iu;a j ke;'

- N+ lïmkhl m%n,;ajh wkqj foam, yd ðú;j,g ydks isÿlrhs'

- úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSu wkqj oekg N+ñlïmd isÿjk m%foaY fidhd f.k we;;a"

ñksiqka tu m%foaYj, mÈxÑ ù isá;s' ta ksid fuu ixisoaêh wdmodjla njg m;afõ'

Wod ( cmdkh" Ökh" fulaisflda m%foaYh

- fuu wdmodfjka we;s jk ydks wju lr .ekSug my; ls%hdud¾. oeka f,dajeishka

wkq.ukh lrhs'

) N+ñlïmd nyq, j ls%hd;aul m%foaYj,ska ckhd bj;a lsÍu'

) N+ñlïmd ;sj%;djg Tfrd;a;= fok wdldrfha bÈlsÍï isÿqlsÍu ^lïmkhg

Tfrd;a;= fok ksjdi bÈlsÍu&'

) nßka wvq øjH fhdod f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu'

) N+ lïmk wjia:djl oS Ôú; ydks wju lr.kakd l%u .ek ck;dj oekqj;a

lsÍu'



) N+ñ lïmdjl § úÿ,sh ldkaÿùu" f;,a yd .Eia k, msmsßfuka isÿjk .sks

.ekSï .ek yd tajdhska ydks we;s jk wdldrh .ek ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'

) N+ñlïmd isÿ jq úg yeisßh hq;= wdldrh .ek wod< m%foaYj, ckhd

oekqj;a lsÍu'

iq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<x

- hïlsis ia:dkhl mej;sh hq;= idudkH ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ;djld,sl f,i fjkiaùug

;=vq fok ld,.=Ksl ixisoaêhla f,i iq<s iq<x ye¢kaúh yels h'

- ksj¾;k l,dmh ;=< wvqmSvk flakaøhlaa j¾Okh ùfuka yd tys isg lsf,daóg¾

100la olajd n,mEï we;s l< yels fuu iq<s iq<x W;=re meismsla id.rfha § ghs*qka

(Typhoon& kñka o W;=re w;a,dka;sla id.rfha § yßflaka Hurricane& kñka o ye¢kafõ'

bkaÈhka id.r l,dmfha § muKla iq<s iq<x hk ku thg fhdohs'

- idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg iq<s iq<x 80-100 w;r m%udKhla ksj¾;k m%foaYj, j¾Okh

ù udkj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wdmod ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs'

- iq<s iq<Õ b;d úkdYldß Wmøjhla jkafka ta iuÕ ;o jeis" c,.e,Sï" ;o iq<x"

jdiq<s W;ai¾ck ^fjr<dikak m%foaYj, uqyqo f.dv .e,Su& we;s jk ksidh'

- nyqúO Wmøj .Khg jefgk iq<s iq<x ksid foam, ydks isÿjk w;r" ;o jeis ksid

kdhhEï iy c, .e,Sï ^.xj;=r& o we;s lrk úkdYldß Wmøjhls'

- iq<s iq<Õ Wmøjhla ùu j<lajd,sh fkdyelafla th o iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla fya;=fjks'

ta ksid l< hq;af;a we;s jk n,mEï wju lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍuhs'

- fuys § mq¾j wdmod iqodku b;d jeo.;a h' ksfjia wdikakfha we;s Wia Ydlj, w;=

bj;a lsÍu" úÿ,s /yeka wdrlaIs; f,i ilia lsÍu" fjr<dikak m%foaY mßyrKfhka

bj;aùu" ikaksfõok moaO;s bÈlsÍu Yla;sula lsÍu jeks ls%hdud¾. .ekSfuka iq<s

iq<Õska isÿjk ydks wju lr.; yels h'

- iq<s iq<`.l § .xj;=r ;;a;ajhla we;s jk ksid mdkSh c,h imhd .ekSu mq¾j

iqodkuls' fï ksid we;súh yels úúO f,v frda.j,ska ñÈh yels h'

- iq<s iq<Õ Wmøjhla ùu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ta .ek ck;dj oekqj;a ùu fuka u ta

wkqj ls%hdldßùu o w;HjYH lreKls'



- iq<s iq<x wk;=re weÕùfuka miqj ta .ek CIKslj u ls%hd;aulùfuka Wmøjfhka

Ôú; wdrlaId lr.; yelsh'

- iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk iq<s iq<x ;;a;ajh myj .sh o mßirhg isÿ ù we;s úkdYh

fndfyda úh yelsh' iq<s iq<Õska miqj lghq;= l< hq;af;a flfia o hkak ms<sn|

wjfndaOfhka hqla; ùu ksid iq<s iq<x Wmøjh wju lr.; yels h'

Wod ( ydks jq úÿ,s /yeka" md,ï f.dvke.s,s mßyrKfhka m%fõiï ùu

wmú;% jQ c,h mdkh lsÍfuka je<lSu

iqÿiq ridhksl øjH fhdod <sx msßisÿ lr .ekSu'

kshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕ

- m%cdjl wjYH;dj iemsßug c, iemhqu m%udKj;a fkdjk úg we;s jk ;;a;ajhla

f,i kshÕh ye¢kaúh yels h'

- kshÕ fldgia folls'

1' m%udKj;a fkdjk j¾Idm;kh ksid we;s jk kshÕ fuh ld,.=Ksl kshÕhls&'

2' c, iemhqfuys W!k;dj lrKfldg f.k Woa.; jk kshÕh

- ld,.=Ksl kshÕh ck;djg uqyqK§ug isÿjk Wmøjhla jkafka thg iDcq úl,amhla

fkdue;s ksihs'

- c, iemhqfuys W!k;dj lrKfldg f.k we;s jk kshÕh wju lr .ekSug

l%ufõo wkq.ukh l< yels h'

- my; oelafjk ls%hdud¾.hkaf.a wvqmdvqlï ksid È.=ld,Sk kshÕhka Wmøjhla úh

yels h'

1' j¾Idm;kh wvqfjka ,efnk m%foaYj, c, .nvd m%udKj;a f,ig bÈlr

fkd;sìu' ^úh<s l,dmfha kgnqka ù we;ss jeõ moaO;sh&

2' kshx ld,j, § Ndú;hg .ekSug c, .nvd ksjdij, bÈ fkdlsÍu yd

ixrlaIKh fkdlsÍu'

3' N+.; c,h wêl f,i mßyrKh' k, <sx " lDIs <sx úh<s l,dmsh m%foaYj,

Ndú;h&

4' jkdka;r moaO;sh bj;alsÍu'

5' wêl f,i yd wl%uj;a f,i c, mßfNdackh lsÍu ^j.d lghq;= Wod ( ù

j.dj&

6' wêl f,i c,h Wrd.kakd fnda. j¾. j.d lsÍu' ^ÿïfld<&

kshÕhg uqyqK fokafka flfia o@

) by;ska olajk ,o ls%hdud¾.j,ska je<lSu yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hdud¾.

.ekSu'



) kshx ld,j, § wdydrhg .ekSug yels jk fia wdydr ixrlaIKh lsÍu fï

i|yd ck;dj fhduq lsÍu fuys § w;HjYH ldrKhls'

) kshÕhg yels ;rï ÿrg Tfrd;a;= fok OdkH j¾. wdÈh ksIamdokh lsÍug

m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fh§u'

) kshÕhl § úr, iïm;la jk c,h úúO l%ufõo hgf;a .nvd lr .ekSug

l%ufõo ls%hd;aul lsÍu' Wod ( jeis c, gexls

by; ioyka lrk ,o udkj lghq;= lsishï m%udKhlska fyda wkq.ukh lrkafka

kï iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk ksh`.h Wmøjhla njg m;a fkdjkq we;'

wl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ierwl=Kq ier

f,dalfha iEu m%foaYhl u isÿúh yels iajdNdúl Wmøjhla f,i wl=Kq ier ye¢kaúh

yels w;r th YS% ,xldjg o oeä j n,mEï t,a, lrhs'

WKqiqï wia:dhs iy f;;ukh iys; jdhqf.da,sh ;;a;aj hgf;a j¾Okh jk

b;d Wi leá jeyss j,dl=¿j,ska wl=Kq iy .s.=reï we;s jk w;r YS% ,xldfõ

fuu j,dl=¿ jeä jYfhka j¾Okh jkafka ixjyk ls%hdj,sh YS>% f,i isÿjk

wka;¾ fudaiï ld,iSudfõ h'

- iajdNdúl j we;s jk wl=Kqier o ñksidg Wmøj we;slrkakla njg m;a j we;'

fkdie,ls,su;aNdjh ksid my; i|yka lreKq wl=Kqier Wmøjhla njg m;a lrhs'

) wl=Kq iys; j j¾Idj mj;sk wjia:dj, § újD; ia:dkj, .uka lsÍu" ?§

isàu'

) újD; ia:dkj, lDIs lghq;= lsÍu'

) ksjfia úoaHq;a WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu'

) Wia ìïj, /¢ isàu'

) c,fhys .uka lsÍu fyda msyskSu wd§ wkdrlaIs; ls%hdjka ksid Ôú; yd

foam, ydkshg m;alr ñka wl=Kq ier Wmøjhla njg m;a j we;'

ysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;kh

- È.= YS; iD;=jla mj;sk by< wCIdxYSh m%foaYj, yd b;d Wia l÷ uqÿkaj, mj;akd

wêl YS;, ksid ysu l=Üá ks¾udKh jk w;r" by< m%foaYj, isg my<g ysu l=Üá

lvd jeàu ysu l÷ m%m;kh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu ksid ysu l=Üá Èhùug ,laj úYd, whsia l=Üá by< m%foaYj,

isg my< m%foaYj,g weo yef,hs'



- ysul÷ m%m;kh Wmøjhla jkafka ysu ks¾udKh jk m%foaY wdYs%; j ñksia ckdjdi

mej;Su yd ta wdYs%; j .ukd.ukh lghq;=j, fhÈu ksidh'

- úfYaIfhka u W;=re w;a,dka;sla id.rfha yd W;=re meismsla id.rfha kdúl .ukd

.ukfha § lvd jegqKq whsia l÷j, keõ .eàfuka Wmøj isÿúh yelsh'

kdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEïkdhhEï

f,dj fndfyda m%foaYj, isÿjk iajdNdúl Wmøjhla f,i kdhhEï o y÷kd .; yelsh'

kdhhEula hkq .=re;aj n,h ksid l÷ nejqï fyda nqre,a miska hq;a m%md;dldr ìï

fmfoia Èf.a mia "mdIdK yd fjk;a øjH my<g p,kh ùuhs'

kdhhEu o iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk w;r ñksid ueÈy;a ùu ksid tys ;Sj%;dj jeä ùfuka

Wmøjhla njg mßj¾;kh ùula oelsh yelsh' kdhhEu Wmøjhla ùu i|yd n,mdk

iajdNdúl yd ñksia l%shdldrlï /ils'

iajdNdúl fya;=

- j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;dj" wêl Ô¾Kh" wl=Kq ier" N+ lïmk" N+ úIu;dj" jHqyh

udkj fya;=

- ksis ie,iqulaska f;dr j isÿlrk bvï mßyrK lghq;=

- bÈlsÍï jev j, § m%udKj;a .fõIK yd ie,iqï fkdue;slu fuka u ;dlaIKh

fkd.e<mSu

- iajdNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu yd Wiaìïj, c,h r|jd ;eîu

- l÷lr nejqïj, ksjdi bÈlsÍï fyda uydud¾. bÈlsÍfï § Wia lKaä ks¾udKh

lsÍu Wod ( j,mfka" nÿ,a, m%foaYj, kdhhEu

- kdhhEï isÿjk m%foaYj, ck;dj bj;a ùug we;s wlue;a;

- m%foaYj, ixj¾Ok lghq;= kshñ; m%ñ;shg o isÿ fkdlsÍu

fï ksid kdhhEï ixisoaêh ;=<ska Ôú; foam, ydks lrk Wmøj ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù

we;'

fgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvdafgdkdfvda

- leá jeys j,dl=¿ wdYs%; j we;s jk m%n, ld,.=Ksl ixisoaêhla f,i fgdkdfvdaj

ye¢kafõ'

- fgdkdfvda ixisoaêh ksid fmdf<dj u; we;s úúO øjH by<g weo .kshs' c,;,djl

ks¾udKh jqfha kï th Èhf.dn j,djla jk fuhska c,h yd ud¨ka o by<g

we|.kshs'

- fuys iq<x fõ.h mehg lsf,daóg¾ 500-800 ;rï m%n, jk ksid we;s jk Wmøj

;;a;ajh ìhckl fõ'



- wêl fõ.j;a nj fuka u m%pKavldß nj ksid we;s jk Wmøjh b;d nrm;, fõ'

Wod ( 1931 weußld tlai;a ckmofha we;s jq fgdkdfvdajla u.Ska iys; ÿïßh fmÜá

5la Tijd bj;g úislr we;

- we;eï úg f.dvke.s,s wdYs%; m%foaYhl ks¾udKh jk fgdkdfvdajlska f.dvke.s,s

mqmqrd hdug o yels h'

- fgdkdfvdaj u.ska iq<Õ muKla fkdj wêl jeiaila o f.k tau ksid Wmøjh ;j;a

W.%úh yelsh'

- fgdkdfvdaj yÈisfha we;s ù flá ld,hla ;=< È wjika jk jdhqf.da,Sh ixisoaêhla

ksid we;s úh yels ydksh by<h'

.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r

f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj w;r .xj;=r ksr;=re j we;s jkakls' tfuka u m%foaY

/ilg n,mdk Wmøjhla f,i o y÷kd.; yelsh'

.x.djl iajdNdúl ksïk W;=rd .x.d wdrfha .,k c,fha uÜgu by< f.dia tu

c,h .x.d ksïk fomi msysá msgdr ;ekak m%foaYhg .,dhdu msgdrh Overflow) kï

fõ'

.x.d msgdr .e,Sug wu;r j c,ud¾. wjysr ùu ksid yÈis c,.e,sï o we;súh yelsh'

fuh jeä jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, we;s fõ'

.x.djg c,h jeä ù .x.d msgdr .e,Su iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls' ñksid tu m%foaY

wdYs%;j ckdjdi we;s lsÍu yd wd¾Ól lghq;= isÿ lsÍu ksid .xj;=r .e,Su Wmøjhla

njg m;afõ' fuys § Wmøjhla njg m;aùug n,mdk fya;= /ila y÷kd .; yelsh'

- .x.d wdYs%; my;a ìïj, ñksiqka mÈxÑ ù isàu

) bvï ysÕh yd ck.ykh wêl ùu ksid .x.d wdYs%; my;a ìï ksjdi

;ekSug yd wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g fhdod .kS'

) Wmøjhka ms<sn| j oekqj;alu wvqùu

) oßø;dj

) foaYmd,k n,mEï

- .x bjqr wdYs%; j isÿ lrk wd¾Ól ls%hdldrlï " ^l¿.Õ r;akmqrh wdYs%; j&

) m;,a lekSu" je,sf.dv oeóu

) j.d lghq;= isÿlsÍu

- Wmkd.ßl m%foaYj, c, rojk f,i ls%hd lrk l=Uqre" jdKsc yd ksjdi bÈlsÍfï

lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu'

by; fya;=ka u; bkaÈhdfõ .x.d kï .Õ" wms%ldfõ khs,a" hqfrdamfha rhska ol=Kq

weußldfõ weuika wd§ .x.dj, o .xj;=r .e,Sï oelsh yelsh'



,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks

iajdNdúl jkdka;rj, oeä iq<x yeñu" oeä kshÕh iy oeä úh<s njla mej;su jeks

iajdNdúl fya;= u; >¾IKh ù iajNdjfhka u we;s jk .sks úfYaIhla f,i ,eõ .sks

ye¢kaúh yels h' wl=Kq ier yd ue.aud .,dhEï o óg n,mE yels w;r ,eõ .sks

Wmøjhla njg m;a lsÍug o n,mdk lreKq lsysmhls'

- ,eõ .sks we;sjk jkdka;r wdY%s; j ckdjdi bÈlsÍu'

bvïysÕh ksid ck;dj jkdka;r wdYs%; j ksjdi bÈlr .kakd w;r yÈiaisfha

.skakla we;s jqjfyd;a ckdjdi o úkdY fõ'

- f.dvke.s,s yd uydud¾. bÈlsÍu'

jkdka;r wdikakfha iy we;=<; f.dvke.s,s fukau uydud¾. yd ixj¾Ok

jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska ,eú.skaklska we;súh yels úkdYh jeä úh yels

h'

- c, uq,dY% úkdY lsÍu

ñksia ls%hdldrlï fya;=fjka jkdka;rj, c, uq,dY% úkdY úh yels w;r th

,eõ.sksj, úkdYldÍ nj jeä lrhs'

iqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñ

f,dalfha úfYaIs; l,dmhkag iSudjk iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla f,i iqkdñ y÷kd.;

yelsh' fuh o Wmøjhla njg m;a j we;'

iqkdñ hkq mD:sú ;,fha we;s tla N+;,hla wfkl u; ,siaid hdfuka my<g

.uka lrk ;,h u; msysá c, l| tlajr u by< hdu yd tu.ska we;s lrk ;rx.

uqyqÿ fjr< olajd .uka lsÍuhs' tfuka u uqyqÿ m;af,a isÿjk N+ñlïmd" kdhhEï"

.sksl÷ msmsÍï fyda W,aldmd; m;s; ùu;a iuÕ we;s jk úYd, Yla;sh ksid o iqkdñ

;rx. we;s úh yelsh'

iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk iqkdñ ;;a;ajhla o Wmøhla njg m;aùug fya;= lsysmhla

n,mdhs'

- iqkdñ wjia:djl § ls%hdlrk wdldrh ms<sn| fkdoekqj;aNdjh

- fï ksid uqyqo wdmiaig weÈ hk úg ñksiqka uqyqo foig hdfuka úYd, Ôú;

úkdYhlA isÿfõ'

- fmr iqodkula fkdue;s ùu'

iqkdñ ix{djla ,o ú.i ls%hdldß ùug iqodkï ù isáh hq;=h' ta i|yd

wjYH øjH ;ndf.k isàu jeo.;a h' iqodkï fkdù isàu;a Wmøjhla fõ'

- iqkdñ n,mE yels fjr< m%foaYj, ksjdi f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu'

- fjr< m%foaYj, Ydl jeiau bj;a lsÍu'

- iqkdñ ix{d ms<sn| j wjOdkhla fkdue;slu yd ckudOH Ndú; fkdlsÍu'



wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%wdY%s; uq,dY%

- l=f¾"mS'Ô"remisxy" uyskao" ^2003&' wm wjg ñys;,h"weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda'


- wl=Kq iy .s.sreï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- N+ñlïmd yd iqkdñ" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- kdhhEï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- c,.e,sï yd kdhhEï" w;a m;s%ld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'



ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'210'210'210'210'2 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl

yd yd yd yd yd udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'udkj n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • • • • • f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid we;s jk iDcq yd jl% fN!;sl

n,mEï meyeÈ,s lrhs '

• • • • • iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid we;sjk iDcq yd jl% udkj n,mEï

úia;r lrhs '

• • • • • iajNdúl Wmøj ksid we;s jk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEï

ms<sn| j oekqj;a j isàfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .kshs'

ye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùu

fN!;sl mßirfha jßka jr yg .kakd ixisoaê fya;=fldg we;sjkakd jQ úkdYldß

m%;sM, iajNdúl Wmøj f,i y÷kd .; yelsh'

fN!;sl mßirh ;=< úúOdldr úkdYldÍ iajNdúl ixisoaê we;s jqj o ck.ykh

jeä ùu yd úoHdfõ ÈhqKqqj;a ksid j¾;udkfha § tu isÿùïj, m%n,;ajh ;Sõr fjñka

mj;s'

mDÓú wNHka;rfha fuka u jdhqf.da,h ;=< o úúO wdldrfha iajdNdúl ixisoaê

we;sjk w;r" N=ñlïmd" .sksl÷ msmsÍï" kdhhEï" iq<siq<x yd wl=Kq ier tajdhska lsysmhls'

Wmøjh mj;sk ld,iSudj wkqj tys n,mEu fjkiafõ' flá ld,iSudjla ;=< §

iajdNdúl Wmøjhka u.ska we;s lrk n,mEu taldldß fkdfõ' N=ñlïmd" iq<siq<x" iqkdñ

jeks ;;a;ajhka flá ld,hla ;=< isÿjqj o th úYd, m%foaYhlg n,mEï we;s l< yels h'

tfiau we;eï isÿúïj,ska ys;lr n,mEï olakg ,efí' Wod ( .xj;=r ksid frdkauv

;ekam;aùu",djd .,d hdfuka miq ta wdYs%; mi idrj;a ùu'

tfia jqj o iajdNdúl ixisoaêj,ska fN!;sl yd udkj mßirhg t,a,jkafka oeä

n,mEuls' we;eï ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid fuu n,mEu ;j ;j;a W.%fõ' fuu tallfhka

wfmalaId lrkqfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk fN!;sl yd udkj n,mEï wOHhkh

lsÍuhs'


N+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmdN+ñlïmd

fN!;sl n,mEï

- mDÓú mDIaGfha mdIdK ia:r ì|Shdulg yd N+ ;,h ú;ekaùulg ,la fõ'

- id.r m;af,a we;s jk N+ñlïmd ksid iqkdñ ;rx. ks¾udKh ù fjr< wdYs%; m%foaY Ldokh ùu'

- l÷lr m%foaYhlg N+ñlïmdjla we;s ùfuka l÷ kdhhEï isÿfõ'

- ysul÷ m%foaYhl isÿ jq úfgl ysul÷ lvd jeàu isÿfõ'

- .x.d wdYs%; j isÿùu ksid .x.d ksïkh ì¢hdfuka .xj;=r we;súh yelsh'



udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEï

- ksjdi we;=¿ úúO bÈlsÍï lvd jeàu'

- c, k, moaO;s yd m,afodare moaO;s úkdY ù hdu'

- ikaksfõok yd úÿ,s /yeka wdÈ ks¾ñ; úkdY ùu'

- ñksia Ôú; ke;sùu Wod ( 1970 fmarej, 70"000la ñhhdu'

- k.r úkdY ùu Wod ( 1972 kslr.=jdfõ uk.=fõ w.kqjr úkdY ùu'

iq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<xiq<s iq<x

fN!;sl n,mEï

- CIKsl j yuk ;o iq<x we;sùu'

- iq<s iq<x iu. wêl jeis we;Sùfuka .xj;=r we;sùu'

- ;o jeis yd wl=Kq we;sùu'

- ;o jeis ksid kdhhEï we;s ùu'

- c,h wmú;%ùu'

- jdiq,s W;ai¾ckh ^uqyqÿ f.dv .e,Su&'

- jdiq,s W;ai¾ckh ksid fjr< Ldokh'


- ksjdi yd foam, úkdY ùu'

- úÿ,s /yeka yd ixksfõok moaO;s lvd jeàu'

- c,h wmú;%ùu ksid mdkSh c,h ys.ùu'

- jix.; frda. jHdma; ùu Wod ( fvx.=" uef,aßhd" nrjd'

wl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqierwl=Kqier

fN!;sl

- jdhqf.da,hg khsg%cka jdhqj tl;=fõ'


- Ôú; ydks isÿùu'

- úÿ,s WmlrKj,g ydks isÿùu ^rEmjdysks" .=jkaúÿ,s hka;%&'

- ksjdi jeks ks¾ñ;j,g ydks meñKSu'

- ikaksfõok moaO;sj,g ydks isÿùu'

kshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕkshÕ

fN!;sl n,mEï

- mdxY= f;;ukh wvq ù mi ksire ùu

- wêl jdIamSlrKh ksid mfiys idrj;aNdjh ì| jeàu



- ÿú,s wxY= jdhqf.da,hg tlaùfuka jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ùu'

- c, W,am;a is§hdu yd c, ysÕh'

- ffcj úúO;ajh ydhkh'

- iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'

- mDÓú mDIaGh ì£hdu'


- mdxY= f;;ukh wvq ù j.dìï úkdY ùu'

- mdkSh c,h ysÕ ùu'

- p¾u frda. wd§ WIaKdêl frda. fndaùu'

- jix.; frda. jHdma;sh'

ysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;khysul÷ m%m;kh

fN!;sl n,mEï

- ysul÷ lvd jeàfuka .xj;=r ;;a;ajhka we;s fõ' fuu.ska c,h ÿIKhg

,la ùu;a isÿfõ' c, ysÕhla o we;sfõ'

- mdxY= Ldokh ùu kdhhEï we;s úh yelsh'

- úYd, ysul÷ id.r u; lvd jeàfuka iqkdñ ;;a;ajhka we;súh yelsh'

- ysul÷ wi< jkdka;r we;s úg tajd úkdY úh yelsh'


- ysul÷ mduq, we;s ksjdi úkdY ùu'

- ta wdYs%; j.dìï úkdY ùu'

- .xj;=r kdhhEï fya;=fjka uydud¾. wd§ há;, myiqlï úkY ùu'

- ðú; ydks ùu'

fgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvdafgdakdfvda

fN!;sl n,meï

- flá ld,hl § wêl j¾Idm;khla ,eìh yelsh'

- b;d ;o iq<x we;sùu'

- f.dvìï yd .efgk ia:dkfha we;s Ydl yd i;=ka úkdY ùu'


- .uka ud¾.fha isák ðúka úkdY ùu'

- f.dvke.s,s" wdÈ ish¨ u foaj,a wod< ia:dkfhka by<g tiùu keóu jeks foa

u.ska ydks isÿùu'

- há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu'



,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks,eõ.sks

fN!;sl n,mEï

- jkdka;r úkdYh'

- mßir iu;=,s; nj" iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'

- c, W,am;a is§hdu'

- m%dfoaYsh WIaK;ajh fláld,sk j fjkiaùu'

- jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ùu yd ÿïj,d ks¾udKh ùu'

- mßir ÿIKh'

udkj iudchg we;sjk n,meï

- jkdka;r wdikak foam, úkdY ùu ñksia ðú; o úkdY úh yel'

- úIjdhq me;sÍfuka Yajik frda. we;s ùu'

- jdhqf.da,h ÿIKh ú ÿïj,d ks¾udKh ù .=jka .ukaj,g ndOd meñKSu'

.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r.xj;=r

fN!;sl n,mEï

- .x.d bjqr lvd jeàu yd .x.d ksïkj, frdkauv ;ekam;a ùu'

- mdxY= f;;ukh wêlùu ^j.=reìï we;sùu&'

- mdxY= Ôúka úkdY ùu'

- mdxY= Ldokh isÿùu'

- mdßißl ;=,kh ì| jeàu'

udkj iudchg we;sjk n,meu

- ksjdi" foam, úkdYh ^úÿ,s /yeka" ÿrl:k ud¾. wvmk ùu&'

- ñksia Ôú; yd i;a;aj ðú; úkdY ùu'

- j.dìï ydks ùu'

- mdksh c, .eg¨j'

- fi!LH .eg¨ Woa.;ùu ^jix.; frda.&'

kdhheïkdhheïkdhheïkdhheïkdhheï

fN!;sl n,mEï

- l÷ m%foaYj, fldgia my;a m%foaYj,g ;,a¨ù hdu ^;eáfha uqyqKqjr

fjkiaùu&'

- c, W,am;a j, .uka ud¾. fjkiaùu ksid meje;s c, W,am;a is¢hdu'

- kj c, W,am;a ks¾udKh ùu'

- by< m%foaYj, we;s mdIdK fldgia m;kh ùu'




- ksjdi úkdY ù hdu'

- foam, úkdY ùu'

- úÿ,s /yeka ÿrl:k /yeka wdÈh leä is¢hdu'

- uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾.j,g ydks isÿùu'

- c,dY f.dvùu yd c,h msgdr .e,Su'

- c,dYj, fõ,s wdÈh ì£hdu ksid c, .e,sïj,g uqyqK §ug isÿùu'

iqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñiqkdñ

fN!;sl n,mEï

- fjr< nv N+ o¾Ykh fjkiaùu" fldr,a mr iy ÿm;a úkdY ùu'

- fjr<nv mßirh úkdY ùu'

- fjr<dYs%; mig ,jK c,h ñY% ùfuka mi ksire ùu'

- f.dvìu c,hg ,jK c,h tla ù c,h ÿIKh ùu'

- iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'

udkj iudchg we;sjk n,mEu

- ñksia ðú; yd foam, úkdY ùu'

- uydud¾. úÿ,sn,h wdÈ há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu'

- j.dìï úkdY ùu'

- ëjr l¾udka;h we;=¨ wd¾Ól ls%hdldrlï ì| jeàu'

- iudðh .eg¿ mek ke.Su'

by; ish¨ u iajdNdúl Wmøjj,g fmdÿ jq fN!;sl yd udkj iudchg we;sjk

n,mEï o mj;shs' mßir ÿIKh mßir iu;=,s; nj ì| jeáu iuia; ixj¾Okh wvd, úu

iy udkisl .eg¨ we;s ùu wdÈh tjeks .eg¨ lsysmhls' oekqj;a ùu" fmr iqodku wdÈh

;=<ska tu .eg¨ wju lr .; yelsh'


- - - - - l=f¾ ' Ô' rEmisxy uyskao" ^2006&'wm wjg ñys;,h"weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

- ùrlafldä" Wmd,S"^2006&' iqkdñ iy fjk;a iajdNdúl Wmøj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'

- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj"^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl jHik"cd;sl úoHd moku'

- iq<s iq<x b;d úkdYldÍfõ" w;a m;%sld" ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- c, .e,Sï yd kdhhEï" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j' - N+ñ lïmd yd iqkdñ" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- wl=Kq iy .s.=reï" w;am;%sld"ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'



bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï


Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha iajdNdúl wdmodjka isÿ ù ;sìh yelsh' we;eï úg Tng o

thg uqyqK §ug isÿj we;' mqrjeishl= jYfhka Tng uqyqK §ug isÿjk úúO iajdNdúl

wdmodjka fudkjdo@ ta ms<sno wjfndaOhla yd thg uqyqK Èh hq;= wdldrh ms<sno

wjfndaOhla o ;sìh hq;=h'ta i`oyd my; l%shdldrlu fj; isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

wdmod j¾.h nyq,j isÿjk m%foaY fN!;sl n,mEï udkj n,mEï l<ukdlrKhg

.; yels l%shd




fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajdfN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrlaIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd

.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs.ekSug Wmldßjk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs

ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s jk iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKhg

ils%h j odhl fõ' ^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&^ld,ÉfÊo 12&

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• Y%S ,xldjg n,mdk úúO iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh

lr.; yels wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'


f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj, fukau YS% ,xldfõ o msysàu wkqj úúO iajNdúl wdmod

isÿjk nj y÷kd.; yelsh' úfYaIfhka .xj;=r" iq<s iq<x" kdhhEï" wl=Kqier" kshÕ jeks

iajdNdúl wdmodj,g ksr;=rej uqyqK§ug isÿ ù we;' ;j o N+ñlïmd isÿjk l,dmhlg

wdikak fkdjqj o bka we;s jk n,mEïj,g f.dÿrejk rgla njg YS% ,xldj m;a j we;'

fujeks iajNdúl wdmodj,g f.dÿre ùu ksid ñksia Ôú; fukau foam, ydkshg

o ,lafõ' tfia fyhska YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;afõ'


YS% ,xldjg n,mdk iajdNdúl wdmod

- .xj;=r yd c, .e,Sï

- kshÕ

- kdhhEï

- iq<s iq<x yd iev iq<x

- iqkdñ Tsunami &

- wl=Kq ier



- YS% ,xldfõ isÿ jk iajNdúl yd iajdNdúl fkdjk wdmodj, l,dkqrEmS j j¾Okhla

isÿjk nj olaakg ,efí' fï ksid ,dxlsl ck;djg fN!;sl" wd¾Ól yd ðú; wysñ

ùï rdYShlg uqyqK §ug isÿ ù we;' fï ksid wdmod l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug

úêu;a m%fõYhla j¾;udkh jk úg ilia ù we;'

- YS% ,xldfõ wdmod wjodku wju lsÍu i|yd we;s iqodku

) 1993 wdmod l<ukdlrK leìkÜ wkqlñgqj msysgqùu

) cd;sl wdmod fmriqodkï iy wju lsÍfï ie,eiau bÈßm;a lsÍu

) cd;sl wdmod fmr iqodkï iy wju lsÍfï mk; f.k tau

) 1996 uehs ui cd;sl wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh msysgqùu ^ iudc fiajd

yd jks;d lghq;= wud;HdxYh hgf;a&

) 2004 iqkdñ jHikfhka miq wdmod l<ukdlrK moaO;sh iqúfYaIs fjkilg

Ndckh lsÍu'

) 2004ka miqj wdmod wjodkï l<ukdlrK moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd ish¨

foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ksfhdackh jk mßÈ idudðlhka 21 fofkl=f.ka

iukaú; mia wjqreÿ jevigykla Èh;a lsÍu

) 2005 § wdmod wjodkï l<ukdlrKh i|yd kS;s rduqjla y÷kajd§u

) 2005 uehs 13 jk od YS% ,xld wdmod l<ukdlrK cd;sl iNdjla msysgqùu fuu

iNdfõ iNdm;s ckdêm;sjrhd jk w;r" Wm iNdm;sjreka jkafka w.ue;s

;=ud yd úmlaIkdhl;=udh&'

) 2005 cqks ui wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhl= hgf;a wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh

msysgqùu'

) 2006 ckjdß ui wdmod l<ukdlrK yd udkj ysñlï wud;HdxYh msysgqùu'

wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h

11'1'1 rem igyk



- wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fhka fmkakqï lrkafka" wdmodj isÿùug mQ¾j wjia:dfõ

isg wdmodj isÿ ù wjidk wjia:dj olajd jQ wdmod l<ukdlrKh ioyd jQ wdlD;shls'

- fuu wdmod l<ukdlrK wdlD;sh ´kEu iajdNdúl wdmodjla ioyd l%shd;aul l<

yels wdlD;shls'kuq;a úúO iajdNdúl wdmodjka wkqj pl%fha ta ta wjia:dj, oelaúh

hq;= m%;spdrhka tlsfklg fjkiaúh yelsh'

fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^fmr iqodku ^Preparedness)mrffmrffmrffmrffmrfffffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ fffmr iqodku% fuiqodku ^ Preparedness&fmr&fmr&fmr&fmr&fmr

- wdmodjkag n,mdk fya;=" wdmodj iïnkaOfhka wkdjels m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj

- wdmodjkag m%;spdr oelaùu" yd we;eï wdmod iuÕ Èú f.ùug yels mßÈ lghq;=

lsÍfï yelshdj

Wod ( kshÕh i|yd

) kshÕhg fmr kshÕhla meñKSfï fmr ksñ;s y÷kd.ekSfï yelshdj ;sîu

jeo.;afõ' túg ta i|yd uqyqK §fï yelshdj we;s lr.; yelsh'

) tafiau wjOdku wju lr .ekSfï jevigyka ilid .ekSu jeo.;afõ'

) ckhd oekqj;a lr Yla;su;a f,i uqyqK §ug ilia l< hq;=fõ'

^c,h /ialr ;nd .ekSu" kshÕhg iqÿiq j.d l%u "lDIsl¾udka;h fjkqjg

úl,am jD;a;Ska f;dard .ekSu" Ôjk l%uh fjkialr .ekSu jeks oE wfkl=;a

iajNdúl wdmodjkag ;sìh hq;= fmr iqodku ms<sn| isiqka iuÕ idlÉcd lsÍu

wfmlaId flfrhs&'

wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj ^ Response&&&&&

- ljr fyda wdmodjlg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjYH;dj mek k.shs' fuu m%;spdr oelaùu

o ta ta wdmodjka wkqj fjkialï mj;S'

Wod ( kdhhEï wdmodjls

) wdmodjg f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu ^wdrlaIs; ia:dk lrd

f.khdu&'

) wk;=rg ,lajqjkag ffjoH m%;sldr lsÍu'

) yelshdjla we;akï fN!;sl foam, bj;a lr .ekSu'

) ck;djg ;djld,sl ksjdi bÈlsÍu yd wdydr mdk imhd§u'

) wdmodj ;lafiare lr .ekSu l<hq;= fõ'

) Yla;su;a f,i wdmodjg uqyqK Èh hq;=fõ'



h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^Recovery&&&&&

- fuys § kej; f.dv ke.Su ke;fyd;a mqkre;a:dmkh hk ls%hdldrlï l< hq;=

wjia:dj t<fò'

- ;lafiare l< wdmodj wju lr .ekSug yelskï h:d;;ajhg m;alsÍug Wmdh ud¾.

ls%hd;aul l< hq;=h'

- fuu Wmdh ud¾. flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk jYfhka fohdldrfhka ls%hd;aul úh

hq;=h'

- fuys oS ckhd oekqj;a lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<la ls%hd;aul l< hq;=hs'

Wod (iqkdñ wdmodjlska miq

) wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùfuka wk;=rej wdmodjg f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a udkisl

uÜgï h:d;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍfï iykYS,s jev ms<sfj,la ls%hd;aul l< hq;=hs'

) wdmodjg f.dÿre jq ck;djf.a ksjdi yd há;, myiqlï ;djld,slj;a"

iaÓrj;a f.dvke.Sfï jev ms<sfj<la Èh;a l< hq;=hs'

) wdmodjg uqyqK ÿka m%cdfõ Ôjk ;;a;ajh fmr ;snq ;;a;ajhg jvd jeä ÈhqKq

;;a;ajhlg m;a lsÍfï ls%hdud¾. .; hq;=fõ'

wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj wju lsÍfï wjia:dj (Mitigation)

wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fha wju lsÍu hk wjia:dj bkamiq iïnkaO jkafka

fmr iqodku hk wjia:djghs' wdmodj wju lsÍfï hï hï ls%hdud¾. kej; fmr

iqodkug o iïnkaO fõ' fï ksid we;eï ls%hdud¾. fmr iqodkug .; hq;= ls%hdu¾. f,i

fmkakqï lrk wjia:d mekk.S'

wdmodj wju lsÍu i|yd m%fõY úh hq;= ls%hdud¾. lsysmhla'

wdmodjg fmr

- wjodku ;lafiare lsÍu'

- wk;=re we.ùfï moaO;s iúlsÍu'

- wjodku wju lsÍfï fuj,ï y÷kajd§u'

- wjodku wju lsÍfï jevigyka Èh;a lsÍu'

- m%cd iyNd.S;ajh'

- ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'

- wdh;ksl Yla;su;aNdjh we;s lsÍu'



wdmod wjia:dj

- wk;=re weÕùu iy fírd.ekSu

- w,dNydks ;lafiare lsÍu

- yÈis ls%hdldrlï

- iykdOdr iemhSu

- Yla;su;a iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kh

wdmodjg miq

- wjodku ;lafiare lsÍu

- h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍfï Wmdhud¾. .ekSu

- kej; f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdldrlï

- oekqj;a lsÍï

- ixj¾Okh bÈßhg lrf.k hdu



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'211'211'211'211'2 YS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh ydYS% ,xldfõ mrsir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd

ixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.hixrlaIKh i|yd f.k we;s Wmdh ud¾. w.h

lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• mßir moaO;s hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s y÷kdf.k úia;r

lrhs'

••••• f;dard.;a mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh YS% ,xld wdlD;s

is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs'

••••• mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%u .fõIKh

lrhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßir kS;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßir wdpdrO¾u ks¾udKYS,S j mÍlaId lrhs


mßir moaO;shlaa hkq ìfhdauhl fldgils' YS% ,xldj" f,dj m%uqL jq ffcj

úúO;ajhlska hq;= rgls' ÿm;la ùu yd N+ úIu;dj wêl ùu wd§ jq úúO fya;= u; YS%

,xldfõ mßirh m%dfoaYSh j fjkia fõ' fï ksid wm rfgys úúO jq mßir moaO;s olakg

,efí' tjeks moaO;s ðùkaf.a meje;aug w;HjYHh' mßir moaO;s ksid c, iïm;" i;a;aj

iïm;" Ydl we;=<;a ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lrhs' tfukau wdydr ksIamdokh o ta u;

r|d mj;shs ^f;;a ìï yd id.r&' mßir ;=,kh r|dmj;skafka o mßir moaO;sh u; jk

w;r tu ;=,H;dj ìo jeàfuka úúO mdßißl .eg¨ we;s fõ' tu ksid mßir moaO;s

ms<sn| j wOHhkh yd ixrlaIKh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h' w;S;fha § ñksid mßir moaO;s

iuÕ iqixfhda.S iïnkaO;djla meje;ajqj o j¾;udkfha § ckixLHdj jeäùu" ñksia

wjYH;d ixlS¾K ùu" úúO ixj¾Ok jevigyka wd§ fya;+ka iuÕ ishÆ u mßir moaO;s

úkdY ùfï wjodkug ,laj mj;shs' fï ksid YS% ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd

ixrlaIKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj mek ke.S we;' tjeks l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd

ms<sn| j YsIHhdg wjfndaOhla ,nd§u fuu mßÉfþofhka wfmalaId flfrhs'


mßir moaO;sh iïnkaO úúO ks¾jpk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

- - - - - fN!;sl mßirh fyda jdiia:dkhla fyda ;=< Ôj;ajk Ydl yd i;=kaf.ka hq;a fMkaøsh m%cdjls'- lsishï jHqyhlg wkqj ks¾udKh jq o tlsfkl yd iïnkaO jq o jia;+kaf.a

fyda Wm ,laIK iuqyhlska hq;a tallhls'



- hï m%foaYhl jik ish¨ u Ôùka yd tu Ôùka iu. wka;¾ l%shd olajk tu

m%foaYfha wÔù mßirh o we;=<;a l%shdldÍ Mallh mßir moaO;shhs'

fuu tallh ioyd YS% ,xldj weiqßka f;dard.;a mßir moaO;s lsysmhls'

- f;;aìï

- jkdka;r yd jk Ôú rlaIs;

- fjr<

- c,dY $ jeõ wdYs%; ffcj moaO;s

f;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìïf;;a ìï

^f;;a ìï ye¢kaùu" f;;aìï jHdma;sh yd ,laIK ms<sn| j YS% ,xldfõ ìfhdau

tallfha § olajd we;&'

fuys § uq,ska u f;;a ìï mßir moaO;sj,g ydks isÿjk wjia:d ms<sn| j wjOdkh

fhduq flf¾' tjeks ls%hdldrlï f,i"

- wkjir bÈlsÍï

- bvï f.dv lsÍu

- wmøjH neyer lsÍu

- ffcùh iïm;a fld,a,lEu

- wdka;sl N+ñ mßfNdackh

f;;aìï l<ukdlrK ixrlaIK l%fudamd

- RAMSAR iïuq;shg wkqj lghq;= lsÍu fuys § m%Odk fõ'

- brdKfha RAMSAR k.rfha 1971 § iuqMj meje;a jq w;r 1975 isg ls%hdjg

kexùh'

- ''cd;Hka;r jeo.;alula we;s úfYaIfhka u c,c mlaIskaf.a jdiN=ñ jk

f;;a ìï ms<sn| iïuq;sh'' hkqfjka fuh ye¢kafõ'

- hqfkiaflda wdOdr u; ls%hd;aul jk w;r f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh u.ska

md,kh fõ'

iïuq;sfha wruqKq lsysmhls

1' cd;sl N+ñ mßfNda. ie,iqïlrKfha § f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh iïnkaOfhka

ie,ls,su;a ùu'

2' f;;a ìïj,g wh;a N+ñ m%foaY ;=< tajd keKj;a f,i mßyrKh lsÍu'



3' iajNdj rlaIs; (Nature Reserves) msysgqùu u.ska f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh

m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

4' wka;¾ cd;sl jeo.;alula we;s f;;a ìï f,aLkhg ta ta rgj, we;s f;;a

ìï we;=<;a lsÍug ie,iqï lsÍu'

5' mßir úoHd;aul jYfhka cd;Hka;r jeo.;alula we;s tla f;;aìula fyda

f;;aìï iïuq;shg we;=<;a lrjd .ekSu ^nqkao," wdkú¨kaodj yd udÿ.Õ

fuhg we;=<;a YS% ,xldfõ f;;aìï h&'

6' f;;aìï cd;Hka;r jYfhka l<ukdlrKh lsÍug yd yjqf,a N+la;s ú§ug

iyfhda.s;dj oelaùu'

7' f;;aìï l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j jd¾Isl jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu'

- YS% ,xldj ;=< /ïid¾ ld¾h Ndrh cd;sl f;;aìï fufyhqï msßlaiqï

lñgqj hgf;a jkÔú ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg mejf¾'

- jir 3g jrla iuq¿j meje;afõ'

- .súiqug we;=<;a jk rgj,a tl;= ù f;;a ìï ixrlaIK wruqo,

we;s lr tu.ska f;;aìï ixrlaIKhg wdOdr flfrhs'

jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkÔú rlaIs;

f,dalfha jkdka;rj,g idfmalaI j YS% ,xldfõ o jkdka;r moaO;shla mj;shs'

t;rï úYd, fkdjq j o m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajh wkqj úúO jq ,laIK iys; jkdka;r moaO;s

YS% ,xldfõ olakg ,efí' tjeks m%Odk jk rlaIs; moaO;s lsysmhls' Wod ( isxyrdc"

ú,am;a;=" kl,aia

jkÔú rlaIs;

jkÔú rlaIs; j¾. o lsysmhls'

1' oeä iajdNdúl rlaIs; ( y.a.," ßá.," hd,

2' iajdNdúl rlaIs; ( ñkafkaßh" .sß;f,a

3' cd;sl jk WoHdk ( hd," ú,am;a;=j" Wvj,j

4' wNhN+ñ ( úlafgdaßhd" rkafoKs.," iuk,

jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jkðú rlaIs; mßir moaO;sj,g ydks isÿjk wjia:d

- bvï ysÕh ksid jkdka;r t<s lsÍu

- ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u i|yd le,E t<s lsÍu

- bkaOk f,i or ,nd .ekSu

- oej ,nd .ekSu i|yd jkdka;r lmd oeóu" oej cdjdru

- wmøjH tlaùfuka jkdka;r úkdYh

- ovhï lsÍu



jkdka;r rlaIs; yd jk rlaIs; l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd

- jkdka;r wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ck;dj mßir ys;ldó wdl,amj,g keUqre l<

hq;=h'

- jkdka;r úkdY lrkakkag tfrys oeä kS;s mekùu yd ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

- fuys § rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka bÈßm;a l< jk i;aj wdrlaIK kS;s yd ksfhda.

w;r"

- cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk;

- le,E wd{dmk;

- jki;a;aj yd jDlaI,;d wdrlaIl wd{d mk;

- wmkhk kS;sh hk tajd jeo.;a h'

cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk;

- 1988 wxl 3 orK cd;sl Wreu jk N+ñ mk; kï fõ'

- jákdlñka hq;= jk N+ñ m%foaY kï lsÍfï n,h wod< wud;Hjrhdg mejf¾'

- wkjirfhka lsisu mqoa.,fhl=g we;=¿ úh fkyelsh'

- cd;sl Wreu N+ñhla ;=< mßirhg ydks jk lsisu ls%hdjla ;ykï h'

- kS;shg mgyeks jkakkag ovqjï ,ndÈh hq;=h'

- rcfha fkdjk foam<la o fuhg we;=<;a l< yels h'

le,E wd{dmk;

- uq,ska u 1907 bÈßm;a jQ w;r miq j 1995 § ixfYdaOkh jQ ksid 1995 wxl 25 orK

le,E ^ixfYdaOk& mk; hkqfjka y÷kajhs'

- fuu.ska mej;s le<e wd{dmk; ixfYdaOkh lr ixrlaIs; jk m%ldYhg m;alsÍu

yd jk iSud fjkia lsÍï wd§ ls%hd i|yd f.k tk ,§'

- ixrlaIs; jkhlg we;=¿ùu yd ydks lsÍu kS;s úfrdaê nj m%ldYhg m;a lr

we;'

jki;aj yd jDlaI,;d wdrlaIl wd{dmk;

- 1937 uq,ska u bÈßm;a l< w;r kej; ixfYdaOkh lr we;'

- YS% ,xldfõ jk i;aj yd jDlaI,;d ixrlaIKh i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;'

- fï u.ska ;ykï wvúhla fyda iSudka;ßl l,dmhla f,i N+ñhla m%ldY l<

yelsh'

wmkhk kS;sh

- mßir wud;HdxYfha wxl 03$2001 pl%f,aLfhka jkdka;rj,g iïnkaO foaj,a

wmkhkh lsÍu ms<sn| kS;s we;=<;a lr we;'

- wmkhkhka ;ykï lsÍfï f,aLkhla fï iuÕ bÈßm;a lr we;'



cd;sl mßir mk;

- 1980 § fuu mk; u.ska uOHu mßir wêldßh ^CEA& msysgqjk ,§'

- 1988 § yd 2000 § kej; ixfYdaOkh lr we;'

- mßirhg iïnkaO ´kEu ls%hdldrlul § uOHu mßir wêldßfha n,m;%hla

,nd.; hq;=h'

- bvï Ndú;h Wmßu M, ,ndf.k lsÍug;a" iajdNdúl iïm;a ;srir

Ndú;hg;a" ëjr lghq;= md,khg;a" jk ðúka iq/lSu yd jkdka;r

l<ukdlrKhg;a" mdxY= ixrlaIKhg;a ueÈy;a úh hq;= nj oelafõ'

fjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;sfjr< mßir moaO;s

fjr< hkq f.dvìu;a uqyqo;a tlajk ìï ;srejhs' fï ìï ;Srefõ fndfyda fihska

lrÈh iys; mßir moaO;s olakg ,efí' lrÈh ñßÈh ñY% jq lsjq,a Èh moaO;s o oelsh yelsh'

lsf,da ógr 1580 la muK jk fjr< ;Srfha m%Odk mdßißl moaO;s /ila mj;shs'

- fldr,a mr Wod ( yslalvqj

- lfvd,dk Wod ( fmd;=ú,a

- fudah iy l,mq Wod ( fudaor" ¨kdj

fjr< l,dmh jeo.;a ùug fya;=

- rfÜ uq¿ ck ixLHdfjka 50] g jvd fjr< l,dmfha Ôj;a fõ'

- YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sfha jeä fldgila fjr< l,dmfha kshqla; fõ'

- blaukska úkdY jk ixfõ§ mßir moaO;shla ùu'

- fi!kao¾hd;aul m%foaYhla ùu'

- iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u m%fõY ùug whs;shla we;s cd;sfha fmdÿ Wreuhls'

- ffcj úúO;ajh wêl ùu'

- u;aiH wNsckkhg b;d hym;a l,dmhla ùu'

fjr< moaO;s úkdY ùug n,mdk fya;=

- iajdNdúl fya;= u; fjr< Ldokh

- yqKq ,nd .ekSug $ w,xldrhg fldr,amr bj;a lsÍu

- fjr<ska wêl f,i je,s bj;a lsÍu

- mqmqrK øjH oud uiqka we,a,Su

- fjr<g wmøjH oeóu

- .x.dj,ska wêl f,i je,s bj;a lsÍu

- ie,iqï fkdl< fjr<dYs%; ks¾ñ;$ f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu



fjr< moaO;s l<ukdlrK yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd

- 1978 ëjr wud;HdxYh hgf;a fjr< ixrlaIK wxYhla msysgqjk ,§'

- 1981 wxl 57 orK mk; f,i fuh bÈßm;a úh'

- fjr< fmdaIKh

- ysß.,a yd fldr,a leãu ;ykï lsÍu

- fjr< ixrlaIK l%u ls%hd;aul lsÍu ^ .,ajeá" f.%dhsk" mkd neñ bÈlsÍu&

fjr< ixrlaIK mkf;a wruqKq

- fjr< l,dmh ms<sn| iólaIK lsÍu'

- fjr< l,dmh l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lsÍu'

- l,dmfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= úêu;a lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu'

- l,dmh we;=<; ixrlaIKh i|yd jev fhdackd l%u ilia lsÍu yd ls%hdfõ

fhoùu'

- wjYH kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu'

fjr< iïm;a l<ukdlrK ie,eiau

- fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïk;=j úiska fjr< l,dmSh iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

uq,a fldg .;a Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska mßmq¾K jq;a tald.%;dfjka hq;a ie,eiauls'

- fjr< iïm;a mßmq¾K jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍu'

- kS;s iïmdokh" mßmd,kh" m¾fhaIK yd wOHhk hk úúO Wmdh u.ska kj

l<ukdlrK ls%hdud¾. ilia lsÍu'

- ie,iqï hdj;ald,Sk j mj;ajd .ekSu'

- fjr< l,dmfha úúO udkqI ls%hdldrlï i|yd wjirm;a§fï l%uh mßmd,kh

lsÍu

- l<ukdlrK mrud¾: i|yd wjYH ìï $ bvï w;am;a lr .ekSu'

- mdßißl .=K iq/lSu i|yd fjr< ìï m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu'

- ksjerÈ yd fhda.H Ldok md,k ;dlaIKsl l%u u.ska fjr< Ldokh je<elaùu'

- .eg¨ yd tajdg úi÷ï ye¢k .ekSug m¾fhaIK yd wOHhkh isÿ lsÍu'

- fmdÿ ck wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wOHhk f;dr;=re iemhSu yd m%j¾Okh

lsÍu'

c,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;sc,dY% $ jeõ wdYS%; mßir moaO;s

ñksid úiska ks¾udKh l< fyda iajdNdúl c,h fyda mej;sh yels h' fuu c,dY

$jeõ mßir moaO;sj, ,laIK lsysmhls'

- moaO;sh ;=<g c,h m%fõYhg ndOd fkdmj;sk w;r msgùu ndOd iys;h'

- ndOd iys; ksid fuh md,s; moaO;shla f,i y÷kajhs'

- moaO;shg msáka Ôj j¾. tlajk w;r moaO;sh ;=< o ðj j¾. yg .kS'

- jeõj, uq,sl wruqK c,iïmdokh fõ'



- YS% ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh m%uqL iEu m%foaYhl u c,dY $ jeõ mßir moaO;s

olakg ,efí'

- l÷lrfha úÿ,s n, ksIamdokh wruqKq fldg c,dY bÈlr we;'

- j¾;udk jeõ $ c,dY bÈlsÍug o b;d u fhda.Hjkqfha merKs jdß ;dlaIKh

fhdod .ekSuhs' Wod ( fidrfndr jej

c,dY$jeõ wdYs%; mßir moaO;s l<ukdlrKh yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd

- moaO;sh wdYs%; j jk j.d we;s lsÍu'

- moaO;shg ys;lr fnda. j.d muKla y÷kajd §u'

- c, l<ukdlrKh úêu;a lsßu ^c, md,kh&'

- mdßißl yd jk wd{dmk;a" kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

- c,dY% $ jeõ mßir moaO;s rlaIs; N+ñ f,i m%ldY lsÍu'

mßir ixl,am yd wdpdrO¾u

mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid úiska úúO jq .;s mej;=ï"

isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh lrk ,È' fuys § fmrÈ. jdiSka jq YS% ,dxlslhkag wd.ñl mßirh

fnfyúka u WmldÍ ù we;'

- jkdka;r yd jkÔùka we;=<;a mßirh wdrlaId lsÍfï jeo.;alu iEu wd.ulu

biau;= lr olajd we;'

- mßirfha iunr;dj ì| oeóug n,mdk l=uk fyda ls%hdud¾.hla .ekSu

mßirhg isÿlrk ydkshls'

- j¾;udkfha f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a mßir ixl,am yd mßir wdpdr O¾u

wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkafka tfyhsks'

wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%wdYs%; uq,dY%

- mdrsirsl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1996&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh' 1999&" jk iïm;a yd mdßir wud;HdxYh'- fmf¾rd" y¾I" ^2006&' isxyrdch ixrlaIKh"l;D m%ldYkhls'- m%kdkaÿ tia'tia' fÊ'^2003&" f;;a ìï wdYs%; ls%hdj,sh iy M,odhs;dj" úfÊiqßh

.%ka: m%ldYk'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk11'3 mßirh yd iïnkaO YS% ,xldj flfrys n,mdk

m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod< m%ldY" iïuq;s yd flgqïm;a i|yd .súiqïj, wod<

nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs nj úu¾Ykh lrhs


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, ••••• YS% ,xldj iïnkaO ù we;s cd;Hka;r mßir iïuq;s ms<sn|

f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

••••• mßir iïuq;sj, YS% ,xldjg wod<;ajh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

••••• mßir iïuq;s wkqj YS% ,xldj f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.

.fõIKh lrhs'


f,dalhg fmdÿ jQ mdßißl w¾nqo /ila we;s j ;sfí' cd;Ska tlaj ixúOdk.; ù

mdßißl .eg¨ úi|d .; hq;= ld,h t<U we;' j¾;udkfha rdcHhka yqfol,d jQ tajd

fkdfõ' fï fya;=fjka f,dalfha tla ia:dkhl isÿjk mdßißl .eg¨jla f,djg u

n,mEï we;s lrhs' fuu .eg¨ rgla ;ksju úi|kjd fjkqjg tla ù úi£u jvd;a myiq

yd id¾:l fõ' mßir w¾nqo úi|d .ekSug YS% ,xldj o fuf,i wfkl=;a cd;Ska iuÕ tla

j iïuq;s .súiqïj,g t<U we;'

j¾;udk f,dalfha ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh fukau foaYmd,k ixlS¾K;ajh u; úúO

jQ mdßißl .eg¨j,g uqyqK md we;s w;r mßir iïuq;s u.ska tajd úi|d .ekSug W;aidy

f.k we;' YS% ,xldj tla j we;s fujeks iïuq;s yd .súiqï /ila ;snqK o fuys § wjOdkh

fhduq lrkqfha f;dard.;a lsysmhlg muKs' f,dj wka rgj,g idfmalaI j YS% ,xldj

mßirh iïnkaOfhka w;S;fha isg u hym;a wdl,amhlska lghq;= lr we;' mßirh yd

ne÷Kq ck ðú;hla YS% ,dxlslhkag ysñ j ;snqKs' j¾;udkfha fuh wE;a fjñka mj;S' fï

wkqj mdßißl iïuq;s u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a l< hq;= j we;'

YS% ,xldj tla j we;s fujeks iïuq;s yd m%ldY wkqj tajdg wod< j lghq;= lsÍug

úúO ls%hdud¾. f.k we;' wod< wdh;k msysgqjd we;' mßirh ixrlaIKfha § fïjd ms<sn|

j oekqj;aùu b;d u jeo.;a h' YS% ,xldj we;=<;a j we;s mdßißl iïuq;s yd m%ldY fuka

u tajdfha wod<;ajh ms<sn| j o wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha È isÿfõ'




- f,dalhg u fmdÿ jQ mdßißl .eg¨ rdYshla ks¾udKh ù we;

- úúO N+ o¾Yk wkqj we;s jk mßir w¾nqohkaf.a fjkialï olakg ,efí

- mßir w¾nqo je<elaùu fyda wju lsÍu i|yd cd;Ska tla ù iïuq;s yd m%ldY

t<s olajd we;

- YS% ,xldj fujeks cd;Hka;r mßir iïuq;s rdYshlg tla j isák w;r

fuu .súiqï wkqj lghq;= lsßu ld,sk wjYH;djls'

••••• jkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúkajkdka;r yd jk Ôúka

mßirh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § jkdka;r yd jk Ôúka b;d jeo.;a h'

ñksid fuu mßir moaO;sj,g n,mEï lrk ;rug ñksid g o mdßißl Wmøjj,g uqyqK

§ug isÿfõ' mdßißl n,mEï wju lr .ekSug kï mßirhg ñksid úiska lrk n,mEï

isud l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd cd;Hka;r iïuq;s yd .súiqï jeo.;a h' Bg wkq.; j lghq;=

lrk úg mßir ;=,H;dj wdrlaId ù Wmøj wju lr .; yelsh' YS% ,xldj jkdka;r yd jk

Ôúka iïnkaO j t<ô fujeks .súiqï lsysmhls'

ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh

- 1992 ßfhda o cekhsfrda ys meje;s ñysl; iuq¿j yd ßfhda iuq¿j kñka

ye¢kajQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jQ iuq¿fõ § t<ô

iïuq;shls

- fuys § iïuq;s 3 lg t<ô w;r ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| iïuq;sh bka tlls

- 21 jk ishji i|yd kHdh m;%hla hkqfjka cd;Ska ish,a, tlÕ úh hq;=

iïuq;s f,i tajd olajd we;'

- 1993 foieïn¾ 29 isg ffk;sl j ls%hd;aul ùu werô w;r 1994 § YS% ,xldj

fldgia lrefjla úh'

- 1996 jk úg rgj,a 165la w;aika lr we;'

iïuq;sfha m%Odk lreKq lsysmhls

1' cdk iïm;aj, whs;sh tajd mj;sk rgj, wêldß;ajhg hg;a jk

neõ ms<s.ekSu yd ta ta rgj,a ;u rgj, ffcj iïm;a /l .ekSug

kS;s ilialr .ekSu wjYH lr ;sfí'

2' hï rgl ffcj iïm;a Ndú; fldg ,efnk fjf<| jdis fõ kï"

tajd ffcj iïm;aj, ysñ ldr rgj,a iuÕ idOdrK f,i fnod

.; hq;= nj ms<s.ekSu'

3' ffcj iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug $ Ndú;hg wjeis ;dlaIKh f;jeks

f,dj rgj,g iyk fldkafoais hgf;a yqjudrej'

4' iïuq;sfha fldkafoais mejßug ixj¾ê; rgj, iydh ixj¾Okh

jk rgj,g ,nd§u'



- YS% ,xldj by; lreKqj,g wkqj lghq;= lsÍug tlÕ ù we;s w;r ta wkqj

ish mdßißl m%;sm;a;s ilia lrf.k we;'

- iïuq;shg wkqj YS% ,xldj ;=<" uOHu mßir wêldßh mdßißl lghq;=j,

m%n,;d$ÿn,;d úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ffcj úúO;ajh iïnkaO j YS% ,xldjg wod< ;j;a iïuq;s lsysmhls'

1' ÿ¾,N $ ;¾ckhg ,la j we;s jk i;=ka yd Ydl fjf<|du ms<sn| cd;Hka;r

iïuq;sh (CITES - 1973&

2' wka;¾cd;sl fldr,a mr iïuq;sh (ICRI)

••••• foaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdifoaY.=K úm¾hdi

j¾;udkfha § f,dal foaY.=Kh ksrka;r úm¾hdihkag ,lafjñka mj;sk w;r ta

ksid fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ we;s j ;sfí' fïjd YS% ,xldjg o m%n, j n,mdhs' fujeks w¾nqo

ms<sn|j;a "tajdg wod< j YS% ,xldj ne§ we;s iïuq;s" m%ldY ms<sn|j;a wjOdkhg ,la l<

hq;=h' tfuka u tajdfha ls%hdldß;ajh úu¾Ykh l< hq;=h' tjeks m%ldY iïuq;s lsysmhls'

f.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;shf.da,sh foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï md,kh ms<sn| ßfhda iïuq;sh

- 1992 ßfhda iuq¿fõ § t<ô iïuq;shla jk w;r 21 jk ishjig kHdh

m;%hla hk uefhka bÈßm;a úh

- YS% ,xldj 1994 § iïuq;shg we;=<;a úh

- uq, § rgj,a 50 folla iïnkaO jQ w;r j¾;udkh jk úg idudðl ixLHdj

rgj,a 180 ls'

- rgj,a yd l,dm wkqj foaY.=K úm¾hdij,g n,mdk yß;d.dr jdhq ksl=;=fõ

fjkialï fï u.ska y÷kd f.k we;'

- tu rgj,a my; iïuq;shg tlÕ jk nj olajd we;'

"jdhqf.da,hg tla jk we;eï jdhq u.ska yß;d.dr wdjrKhla we;s úu;a ta u.ska

foaY.=Ksl fjkialï we;s ùu;a je<elaùu i|yd ñksia ls%hdldrlï u.ska tjeks jdhq j¾.

jdhqf.da,hg tla ùu je<elaùug ish¨ md¾Yjhka tlÕ úh hq;=h" hkak fuys m%Odk

f;audj fõ'

- fuu iïuq;sh f,dal ld,.=K úoHd ix.uh yd iïnkaO j ls%hd;aul fõ

(UNFCCC)

- fuu .súiqug wod< j YS% ,xldj f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.

1' yß;d.dr jdhq jÜfgdarejla ms<sfh, lsÍu

2' foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka ms<sn| j m<uq jk cd;sl m%ldYh ms<sfh, lsÍu

3' foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK

4' fï ms<sn| wOHhkhg uOHia:dkhla msysgqùu jeo.;a h'



••••• f;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìïf;;aìï

mßirfha iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug kï f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s o mej;sh

hq;=h' tfy;a j¾;udk YS>% ck ixLHd j¾Okh;a" ta iuÕ u isÿjk ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh;a

ksid f,dalfha f;;a ìï úkdY fjñka mj;s' fuh YS% ,xldjg o m%n, .eg¨jls' fï ksid

YS% ,xldj o f;;a ìï iïnkaO úúO iïuq;Skag t<U ;sfí' ta w;r /ïid¾ iïuq;sh

jeo.;ah'

/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh/ïid¾ iïuq;sh

- fuu iïuq;sh 1975 § ls%hdjg kexjq w;r 1990 uehs udifha § YS% ,xldj w;aika

;eîh ^by; tallhkays § fï ms<sn| úia;r olajd we;&

- YS%% ,xldfõ f;;a ìï ;=kla fï jk úg fuu iïuq;shg we;=<;a j we;' tkï

nqkao," wdkú¨kaodj yd udÿ .Õhs'

- /ïid¾ iïuq;sfha YS% ,xld ld¾hNdrh cd;sl f;;aìï fufyhqï lïgqj hgf;a"

jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg mjrd we;

••••• laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka laf,dafrdaf*daf,dfrdaldnka (CFC)

foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| jQ iïuq;Ska flfrys by; § wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

foaY.=K fjkialï flfrys m%n, f,i odhl jk jdhq j¾.hla f,i CFC jdhqj y÷kd.;

yelsh' tksid úúO jq mdßißl iïuq;Ska w;r CFC jdhqj iïnkaOj o wOHhkh l< hq;=

j we;'

laf,daßka" *a¨fjdßka yd ldnka tl;= lr laf,dafrd*a¨jfrda ldnka (CFC) jdhqj

ksmojk ,È' ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ úúO lghq;= i|yd fuh ksmojd we;s w;r 1975

weußld tlai;a ckmofha .%Eka fudßia yd udßfhda fud,ska hk úoHd{hska úiska fidaka

ia:rh úkdY ùug CFC jdhqj n,mdk nj fidhd .kakd ,È' YS;lrK yd jdhq iñlrK

i|yd;a" iqj| ú,jqka yd ridhk øjH i|yd;a jeä jYfhka CFC Ndú; úh' YS% ,xldj CFC

jdhqj ksl=;a lsÍfï § wvq odhl;ajhla oelajqj o ta iïnkaO j we;s m%{ma;Skag tlÕ ù we;'

tjeks iïuq;s w;r fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh jeo.;ah'

fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh (Montreal Protocal - 1987)

- 1987 jif¾ § rgj,a 24la tla ù lekvdfõ fudkaá%h,a k.rfha § fuu iïuq;shgt<U we;

- CFC ksid fidaka ia;rh laIh ùu je<elaùfï wruqKska fhdackd lsysmhla bÈßm;a

úh

1' CFC jdhq ksIamdokh yd mßyrKh jir 2000 jk úg ixj¾ê; rgj,a úiska

kj;d,sh hq;=h'

2' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a jir 2010 jk úg tu ;;a;ajhg m;a úh

hq;=h'

3' ydkslr ridhksl ixfhda. ksIamdokh" fj<|du fuka u" Ndú;h hk wxY ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'



- by; wruqKq wkqj lghq;= lsÍug YS% ,xldj 1989 foieïn¾ 15 Èk w;aika

;nd tlÕ úh' 1990 ud¾;= 15 isg iïuq;shg wkql+, j lghq;= lrhs'

- 1994 jk úg rgj,a 120 la .súiqug w;aika ;nd we;' j¾;udkh jk úg

rgj,a 192 la md¾Yjlrejka ù we;'

- ´fidaka úhk /l .ekSug" .súiqu m%udKj;a fkdjq ksid 1989 § fy,aiskals

ys § o" 1990 § ,kavkfha § o kej; kej;;a .súiqu w¨;a lrk ,È'

YS% ,xldj fudkaá%h,a iïuq;shg wod< j f.k we;s mshjr lsysmhls'

1' 1996 jif¾ § fidaka laIhldrl øjH ODS& wdkhkh md,kh lsÍug kj

kS;s y÷kajd§u'

2' YS;lrK ksIamdok wdkhk ;=kla iy iqj| ú,jqka l¾udka; wdh;kh;a

´fidaka ñ;=re ;dlaIKhg mßj¾;kh lsÍu'

3' jir 2000 § YS% ,xldj CFC ridhk øjH wdkhkh kej;Sug fhdackd lr

;snqKs' ta wkqj 2007 jir wjidkfha § wdkhkh iïmq¾Kfhka kej;Sug

fhdackd úh'

4' fudkaá%h,a m%;sm;a;s b;d id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| cd;Hka;r

iïudkh YS% ,xld cd;sl ´fidaka tallhg 2007 jif¾ ysñ úh'

5' ´fidka ia;rh /l .ekSug ls%hdldß ùu fjkqfjka 2008 jif¾ UNEPA

iïudkh ysñ úh'

- by; iïuq;sj,g wu;r j úhdkd iïuq;sh yd lsfhdafgda m%{ma;sh o YS%

,xldj iïnkaO ù we;s jeo.;a mdßißl iïuq;ska h'


- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^2008&' cqks $ cq,s l,dmh'

- mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1997&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾; fïka;=j'

- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh" 1999&' jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'



bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï


- flaj, ls%hdldrluls'

- YS% ,xldj tlÕ ù we;s mdßißl iïuq;s 5la kï lrkak'

- by; kï l< iïuq;sj,ska tlla iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xldjg wod< j fï olajd

f.k we;s ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrkak'


lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'

- Tn m%foaYfha fyda wdikak ´kEu jkdka;r fyda f;;a ìï mßir moaO;shla

f;dard .kak'

- f;dard.;a mßir moaO;sfha ixrpl y÷kdf.k kï lrkak'

- tu moaO;s ÿIKh ù we;akï fya;= fidhd olajkak'

- tu moaO;sh wiu;=,s; ùug n,mE fya;= .fõIKh lrkak'

- tu moaO;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug fhÈh yels ms<shï meyeÈ,s lrkak'




iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djiajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;djm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukdm%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukd

wjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhswjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 12'1 mdßißl jeo.;alula olajk lreKq ms<sn| j cd;Hka;r

yd m%dfoaYSh ixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍlaId lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • • • • • j¾;udkfha § mßird;aul .eg¨ we;s lsÍug yd W.% ùug

ñksia ls%hdldrlï uq,sl jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

••••• wkd.; mrmqrg hym;a jq mßirhla f.dv ke.SSu i|yd

wka;¾ cd;sl fm< .eiaul wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

••••• mßirfha úúO wxY flakaø fldg f.k úúO kï j,ska

mßir ixúOdk ìys ù we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

••••• m%dfoaYSh j uqyqK fok mßir .eg¨ uq,a lrf.k m%dfoaYSh

ixúOdk o ìysù we;s nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

••••• YS% ,xldfõ mßirhg iDcqj u iïnkaO j lghq;= lrk

ixúOdk ms<sn| j f;dr;=re wOHhkh lrhs'


j¾;udk f,dalh ñksia b;sydifha fmr fkdjq ;rug mßir w¾nqo /ilg uqyqK

md we;' oy wgjk Y; j¾Ifha isg fï olajd f,dal ck ixLHdj wg .=Khlska muK by<

f.dia we;s w;r ck ixLHdj fo.=K ùug .; jk ld,h o l%ufhka wvq fjñka mj;shs'

ck ixLHdj by< hdfï m%;sY;hg idfmalaI j fN!;sl mßirh mßyrKh lsÍu o

by< hhs' udkqI wjYH;dj, m%udKh o Èfkka Èk u j¾Okh jk w;r thg iu.dñ f,i

mßirh mßyrKh o j¾Okh ù we;' fuys m%;sM,h mßir ;=,s;;dj ìhlre wkaoñka ì|

jeàu yd f.da,sh mßir w¾nqo rdYshlg uqyqK §uhs'

f.da,Sh WKqiqu by<hdu" ldka;dÍlrKh " ´fidaka ia;rh laIh ùu" jkdka;r

CIh ùu" i;a;aj fldÜGdi mßirfhka ;=rka ùu" c,h wmú;% ùu" jdhq ÿIKh " id.r c,

uÜgu by< hdu" foaY.=K úm¾hdihka we;s ùu fya;= fldg kshx " c, .e,sï" kdhhEï

jeks w¾nqoj,g ue; ld,fha § uq`M uy;a f,dal jdiSkag u uqyqK §ug isÿù we;'

ñksid Ndú; lrk n,Yla;s m%udKh wêl f,i by< f.dia we;' oywg jk

ishjfia isg fï olajd cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug tla jQ NdKav m%udKh foish .=Khlska by<

f.dia we;' ñysl;g jkdka;r wysñ jqfha fylaghd¾ ñ,shk .Kksks' mßirhg tl;= ù



we;s laf,dfrdaf*daf,dafrdaldnka" óf;ka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jeks jdhq j¾.j, m%udKh

Èfkka Èk by< hhs' fidaka ia:rh yryd jdhq f.da,hg we;=¿jkakd jq mdrcïnq, lsrK

m%udKh wêl ù we;' fuu ;;a;ajh by; mßir w¾nqoj,g uq,a ù we;'

fujeks ìhlre mßir w¾nqohkaf.ka ñysl; fírd .ekSug cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYsh

jYfhka lghq;= l< hq;af;a mdßißl w¾nqoj,g foaYiSudjla fkdue;s ksidh' ;srir

ixj¾Okhl wjYH;dj fï ksid wjOdrKh lrhs'

ñksidf.a Èú meje;au Wfoid fkd.e<fmkakd jQ mßirhla wkd.;hg Wreu jk

fyhska j¾;udkh jk úg rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk f,i mßir ixúOdk /ila ìys ù we;'

ixLHd;aul f,i w;s úYd, jQ fuu mßir ixúOdk ish,af,a u mrud¾:h jkafka ;srir

ixj¾Okhls' fu;rï w;súYd, jq mßir ixúOdk /ila .ek fuys È wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

wiSre fyhska cd;Hka;r jYfhka" m%dfoaYsh ^l,dmSh& yd foaYSh jYfhka m%n, f,i

ls%hd;aul jk mßir ixúOdk lsysmhla .ek muKla wOHhkh lsÍu fuys§ wfmalaId

flfrhs' fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" fjr< mßirh .ek lghq;= flfrk fyhska

mßir ixúOdkhla f,i fuys § i,ld we;' tfiau mdßißl iuq¿ yd jevigyka o fuu

tallh hgf;a idlÉPd flfrhs'


tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j (United Nations Conferance

on Enviroment and Development - UNCED&&&&&

wfma fmdÿ wkd.;h ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ukqIH j¾.hdf.a iy ta ta rgj, wd¾Ól mdßißl

rgdj md,kh úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| uq,sl lreKq wvx.= mDÓú;,h ms<sn| kS;s moaO;shla

we;s lsÍu fuu iuq¿fõ wruqKhs'

- ßfhda iuq¿j" ñysl; iuq¿j hk kïj,ska o fuu iuq¿j y÷kajhs'

- 1992 cqks ui 3 isg 4 olajd n%iS,fha ßfhdao cekhsfrda ys § fuu iuq¿j meje;aúKs'

- fkda¾fõ w.%dud;Hjßhl j isá f.%dayd,ï nDDkaÜ,kaâ ue;sKshf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka

msysg jQ mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| fldñiu u.ska ilia l< jd¾;djlaa wmf.a

fmdÿ wkd.;h Our Common Future) fuu ßfhda iuq¿j meje;aùug fya;= ldrl

úh'

- ßfhda iuq¿fõ m%Odk f;audj jQfha mßirh yd ;srir ixj¾Okhhs'

- my; oelafjk m%ldYhka fuu iuq¿fjka ìysúh'

1' 21 jk ishjfia kHdh m;%h

2' ixj¾Okh yd mßirh ms<sn| ßfhda m%ldYh



3' jkdka;r uq,O¾u ms<sn| m%ldYh

4' foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a rduq.; iïuq;sh

5' ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn|j jk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a rduq.; iïuq;sh

6' wd§jdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu

ixúOdkfha N+ñldj

1' iEu ñksil=g u ia:djr wkd.;hlg uqyqK Èh yelsjk fia mDÓú mßirh

/l .ekSfï wjYH;dj;a" mßirh yd wd¾Ól lghq;= w;r .e<mSu;a we;s

lsÍug wjYH iaÓr mshjr .ekSu'

2' udkj ixy;sfha wkd.;h w¨;a u.lg fhduq lsÍu ioyd ñksiqka talrdYS

lsÍu'

3' mßirfha .=Kd;aulNdjh mj;ajdf.k hdu yd mdßißl jYfhka hym;a

ia:djr ÈhqKqjla iEu rglu we;s lsÍu' Wod ( jdhqf.da,h wdrlaId lsÍu"mDÓú

iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍu'

fuu ñys;, iuq`Mfjka mrsirh yd ;srir ixj¾Okhg wod< tlÕ;djka rdYshlg

t<ö we;' thska lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1' ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd m%Odk jkafka ñksid h' iajNdjO¾uhd iu.

iyfhda.S;ajhlska lghq;= lr fi!LH iïmkak Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï mq¾K

whs;sh Tjqkag we;'

2' ;ukaf.a md,khg k;= jk m%foaY ;=< flfrk lghq;= ksid wi,ajdiS rgl

mßirhg ydks fkdùug;a ;ukaf.a md,k m%foaYhg Tífnka fkdhEug;a

lghq;= lsÍu Tjqkaf.a j.lSuhs'

3' ixj¾Okh lsÍug we;s whs;sh imqrd,Sfï § j¾;udk wkd.; mrïmrdj,

ixj¾Ok yd mßir wjYH;djka wdrlaId jk f,i ls%hdl< hq;= h'

4' msgia;r n,mEïj,g hg;a fkdù rdcHhka ys jeishkaf.a iajdNdúl iïm;a

yd Tjqkaf.a mßirh wdrlaId lr .; hq;= h'

5' hqoaOh mßirhg fnfyúka wys;lr jkafkls' hqo .egqï mj;sk wjia:djkays

§ ish¨ rdcH cd;Hka;r kS;sj,g f.!rj l< hq;= h'



tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk (Unitd Nation Envirornmental Programme -

UNEP)

- 1972 uq,a ld,fha § iafgdlafydaï kqjr meje;s udkj mßirh ms<sn| tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a m%:u iuq¿fõ § l< fhdackdjlska fuu ixúOdkh wdrïN úh'

1974 isg ls%hd;aul fõ'

- hqfkma ixúOdkfha uq,ia:dkh msysgd we;af;a flkahdfõ khsfrdaì k.rfha

h'

- tlai;a cd;Ska úiska ixj¾Okh jk rgl uq,ia:dkh msysg jQ m%:u ixúOdkh

fuh hs'

fuu jevigyk u.ska ls%hd;aul l< jevigyka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

ixúOdkfha N+ñldj

- 1972 isg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a yd tys idudðl rgj, mdßißl m%;sm;a;s yd

jevigyka yev .ekaùfï mqfrda.dñ j lghq;= lsÍu'

- 21 ishji i|yd kHdh m;% kï jq ñysl; iuq`:fõ fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu

- mßir lghq;=j, § UNEP jevigyk úiska ;u lghq;= wxY 11 lg fnod

l%shd;aul ùu' Wod ( mßir oekqj;alu"f.da,Sh mßirh ms<sn`o wjOdkfhka

isàu" ldka;dÍlrK md,kh

hqfkma wdh;k úiska ;u jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug l,dmSh wdh;k lsysmhla

msysgqjd ;u lghq;= úuOH.; lr,Su

1' nexfldla - wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmh

2' khsfrdaì - wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmh

3' fulaisflda isá - ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh

4' lsx.aiagka - leßìhdkq l,dmh

5' nyf¾ka - ngysr wdishdj

6' ðksjd - hqfrdamd l,dmh

7' we;ekaia - uOHOrKS l,dmh



hqfkma wdh;kh mdßißl lafIa;%h úIhhka lsysmhlg fnod tajd úfYaI f,alï

ld¾hd, 05 hgf;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu

flaI;%h f,alï ld¾hd,h

msysá ia:dkh

1' ydkslr ridhksl øjH ðkSjd

2' l¾udka; iy mßirh meßish

3' ydkslr wmøjH foaY isud m%jdykh

yd tajd neyer lsÍu md,kh ðkSjd

4' j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s Ôúka

fjf<|du ms<sn| iïuq;sh ðkSjd

5' ixl%uKsl i;a;ajhska ms<sn| iïuq;sh fndka

- mßirfha ys;lr fjkialï we;s l< yelafla uyck;djf.a oekqu yd wjfndaOh

mq¿,a lsÍfuka iy oekqj;a lsÍfuka muKla nj wjfndaO lrf.k ls%hd;aul ùu'

^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| uq,sl m%{ma;sh ms<sn| j 11'3 ksmqK;d

uÜgu hgf;a f;dr;=re imhd we;&

foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h (Inter Government Panel On

Climate Change IPCC)

foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajkakjqka yd ta ms<sn| hï hï ;SrK

.kakjqka i|yd foaY.=K fjkialï ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jev

igyk yd tal;=j msysgqjk ,o wdh;khls'

foaY.=Kh iïnkaO o;a; fyda m%;sudkhka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍula fï u.ska isÿ

fkdlrk w;r ñksidf.a n,mEu u; isÿjk foaY.=K fjkialï ;=<ska we;s jk wjodku

ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH kj;u úoHd;aul" ;dlaIKsl yd iudc wd¾Ól

f;dr;=re f,dal jHdma; uÜgñka mßmq¾Kj;a újD; yd úksúo Ndjfhka hq;=j;a bÈßm;a

lsÍu fuys ld¾hNdrh fõ'

tfiau foaY.=K úm¾hdi u.ska we;s jk n,mEï wju lr .ekSu yd tajdg

wkqj¾;kh ùfï yelshdjka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re fuu wdh;kh u.ska isÿ lrhs'

- 1992 § ßfhda iuq¿fõ § bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj 1994 § ls%hd;aul lrk ,o tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| j jQ uq,sl m%{ma;sh ieliSfï § ;SrKd;aul

ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk ,§'

- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Okh ms<sn| lghq;= lrkafka o fuu IPCC

wdh;khhs'



iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh iajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾ cd;sl ix.uh (International Union for

Conservation of Nature - IUCN)

- mßirh ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;= j f,dal uÜgñka ìys jq m%:u ixúOdkhhs'

- cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla jQ fuh 1948 È meßisfha f*dkagkaí¨ k.rh Fontainblev&

uq,ia:dkh lrf.k wdrïN úh'

- oekg we;s úYd, u f.da,Sh uÜgfï merKs u mdßißl ixúOdkh jkafka fuhhs'

- mßirh yd OrKSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| uq,sl wêldßh jkafka o fuu ix.uhhs'

- fuu ixúOdkfha j¾;udk uq,ia:dkh we;af;a iaõÜi¾,ka;fha .a,Ekaâ Gland)

k.rfha h'

ixúOdkfha N+ñldj

- j;auka yd wkd.; ñksia m%cdjf.a hym; i|yd h<s we;s l< yels iïm;a úNjh

ukd fia kv;a;= lsÍu ;=<ska mßir ixj¾Okhla iy;sl lsÍu'

- úfYaI wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s N==ñ yd id.r m%foaYj, wdrlaIdj yd l<ukdlrKh

;=<ska iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrlaIKh yd fndfyda Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI m%udKj;a

ixLHdjlska mj;ajdf.k hdu'

- ksfhdackd;aul yd iqúfYaI m%cdjla iys; Ydl yd i;a;ajhka we;=<;a jk N+ñ

yd tjeks lrÈh yd ñßÈh m%foaY wdrlaId lsÍu'

- ìysùug we;s lsisÿ Ydl fyda i;a;aj úfYaIhla j|ùfï ;¾ckhg ,la fkdjk

mßÈ tajdfha wdrlaIdj iy;sl lr,Su i|yd l%fudamd ilia lsÍu'

- jdhqf.da,h ms<sn| mq¿,a mrdihl lghq;= lsÍu'

- cd;Hka;r iïuq;s bgqlsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'

- úúO rdcHhka l,dmSh wdh;k yd rdcH wdh;kj, m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu

mßirh ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< IUCN ix.uh my; jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul

lsÍug o ne£ isà' tu jHdmD;s fufiah"

1' ixrlaIKh yd ixj¾Okh

2' ck ixLHdj yd iïm;a 3' ixrlaIKh ms<sn| úoHdj 4' i;a;aj úfYaI ixrlaIKh 5' Ydl ixrlaIKh 6' wdrlaIs; m%foaY l<ukdlrKh 7' kd.ßl yd fjr< m%foaY ixrlaIKh 8' f;;a ìï ixrlaIKh 9' ksj¾;k jkdka;r ixrlaIKh 10' Y+Ial N+ñ ixrlaIKh 11' wOHdmkh yd mqyqKq ixrlaIKh

12' ixrlaIK kS;sh



fuu ix.uh jeo.;a m%ldYk lsysmhla jd¾Isl j" w¾O jd¾Isl j yd udisl j m<

lrhs'tajdhska lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

- IUCN m%ldYk

- IUCN mqj;a iÕrdj

- r;= o;a; fmd; ^Red Data Book&

f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh yd YS% ,xldj

- YS% ,xldfõ fN!ñl mßirfha we;s ffcj úúO;aj m%fNaohka wOHhkfhys ,d

jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jg Ys,amSh wdOdr ,nd §u'

- YS% ,xldfõ T!Iëh Ydl ixrlaIKh lsÍu i|yd Ys,amSh iyfhda.s;dj ,nd§u'

wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh wkaa;¾cd;sl c, l<ukdlrK wdh;kh ( International Water Mangement

Institute IWMI)

- cd;Hka;r m¾fhaIK wdh;k 15 lska tlla f,i fuu IWMI wdh;kh ye¢kaúh

yels h'

- fuu IWMI wdh;khg wdOdr imhkafka rgj,a 60 la u.sks'

- fm!oa.,sl wdh;k" cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh ixúOdk tl;= ù fuu wdh;khg

Woõ Wmldr lrhs'

- ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,aj, È<s÷ ck;djg uqyqK §ug isÿjk c,h yd N+ñh

ms<sn| wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §u i|yd OrKSh f,i iqÿiq jgmsgdjla mj;ajd .ekSu

fuu wdh;kfha m%Odk N=ñldjhs'

tu N=ñldj ;=< § fuu wdh;kh my; ld¾hhkays fhfoa'

1' ksïk c, l<ukdlrKh

2' N+ñh c,h yd Ôúldj

3' lDIsl¾uh c,h yd k.r

4' c, ixrlaIKh yd mßirh

- rfÜ úúO mqoa.,hska yd wdh;k iuÕ m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka ixj¾Okh mokï

lr.;a ksfhdað; wdh;k fm!oa.,sl f.dùka yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;k iuÕ

iïnkaO ù fuu wdh;kh m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fhfoa'

- fuu IWMI wdh;kfha uq,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a YS% ,xldfõ n;a;ruq,af,a h'



ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ôl=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ôl=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ôl=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ôl=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d yd mdßißl jevigyk ^South Asian Cooperation of

Environmental programme -SACEP&&&&&

- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a 08 lska iukaú; fuu ix.uh l,dmSh mßir ix.uhls'

1982 jif¾ § msysgqjk ,È'

- we*a.ksia:dkh" nx.a,dfoaYh" N+;dkh" bkaÈhdj" ud,Èjhsk" fkamd,h"mdlsia:dkh

yd YS% ,xldj hk rgj,a tl;= jQ rdcH ixúOdkhls'

- fuu ixúOdkfha uq,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a fld<Uhs'

- fuu ixúOdkfha úIh m:hka 15la y÷kdf.k tajd tla tla idudðl rgj,a

w;f¾ my; wdldrhg fnod § we;'

1' bkaÈhdj - kS;s ilia lsÍu" wOHdmkh yd mqyqKq lsÍu

2' brdkh - n,Yla;s" j.lSï yd mdßißl .=Kh 3' nx.a,dfoaYh - lfvd,dk " fv,agd yd fjr< l,dmh 4' fkamd,h - ixpdrl l¾udka;h 5' mdlsia:dkh - mßir moaO;s yd m%cd jk j.dj 6' YS% ,xldj - mdßißl n,mEu ;lafiarej" msßjeh m%;s,dN úYaf,aIKh

7' ifima ixúOdkh - ldka;dßlrKh yd m%dfoaYSh uqyqÿ îuia;hla f,i&

- fï jk úg ifima ixúOdkh my; ch.%yKhka folla w;a lr f.k we;'

1' ixúOdkhla fkd;sîfï wvq j msßueisug ixúOdkhlaa we;s lsÍu

2' iyfhda.S;dj i|yd hdka;%Khla ieliSu

- fuu ixúOdkh ifima rgj,g muKla fkdj iuia; f,dal m%cdjg u jeo.;a

jq jevms<sfj,la olajd mq¿,a lsÍu ;jÿrg;A wfmalaIs; h'

- ifima ixúOdkh u.ska hqksfima ixúOdkfha jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug o

wdOdr lrhs'

ixúOdkfha N+ñldj

fuu ixúOdkhg wh;a rgj,a fm!oa.,sl j fyda rgj,a lsysmhla iyfhda.S;ajfhka

fyda ish¨ u rgj,a iduqysl j fyda idudðl rgj, iajNdúl yd udkqI mßirh wdrlaId

lsÍu l<ukdlrKh yd kÕd isgqùu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r" idudðl rgj, oßø;dj

ke;slsÍug o iudc wd¾Ól úIu;dj wju lsÍug o l,dmSh ckhdf.a ðj.=Kh kÕd

isgqùug o Tjqkag Woõ Wmldr lsÍu fulS ixúOdkfha N+ñldj f,i oelaúh yels h'



cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;khcd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;kh (National Aquatic Resources and

Research Development Agency - NARA)

- 1981 wxl 54 orK mkf;ka fuu wdh;kh 1981 jif¾ § msysgqjk ,È'

- YS% ,xldfõ c,c iïm;aj, ixj¾Okh yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= ms<sn|

iïnkaëlrKh" m¾fhaIK mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| lghq;= bgq lsÍu isÿlrkafka

fuu wdh;khhs'

- YS% ,xldfõ iuqøsl wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmfha mek k.sk .eg¨ ms<sn| lghq;=

lsÍu yd Bg uqyqK§u fuys m%Odk wruqKhs'

- YS% ,xldfõ c,c iïm;a ms<sn| l<ukdlrKh" ixj¾Okh yd m¾fhaIK lghq;=

isÿlrkafka o kdrd wdh;khhs'

ixúOdkfha N+ñldj

- Ôù yd wðù c,c iïm;a iïnkaO j cd;sl ixj¾Ok jevigyka ls%hd;aul

lsÍfï § ;dlaIKsl w;ska ksmqK whf.a Woõ ,nd .ekSu'

- c,c iïm;a y÷kd .ekSu" ;lafiare lsÍu" l<ukdlrKh" ixrlaIKh iy

ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIK lghq;= i|yd Èß .ekaùu'

- c,c iïm;a wê Ndú;h" l<ukdlrKh" ixrlaIKh iy ixj¾Okh iïnkaO j

úoHd;aul ;dlaIKsl yd ffk;sl wxYhkaf.a WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu iy thg

iïnkaO wdh;k u.ska lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu'

- YS% ,xldfõ ëjr l¾udka;h yd c,c iïm;a ixj¾Okh ixrlaIKh yd

l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka we;s o;a; yd f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu m%pdrh lsÍu

yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'

- .eUqre iy fkd.eUqre uqyqÿj, fuka u wNHka;r c,dYj, o c, úoHd;aul

f;dr;=re yd kdúl f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu ms<sfh, lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'

- by; i|yka wxYj,g wod< udkj iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd mqyqKq mdGud,d

meje;aùu'

uOHu mßir wêldrsh ûOHu mßir wêldrsh ûOHu mßir wêldrsh ûOHu mßir wêldrsh ûOHu mßir wêldrsh ^Central Envionmental Authority -CEA &&&&&

- 1980 wxl 47 orK cd;sl mdßißl mkf;a we;=<;a ksfhda. wkqj YS% ,xld uOHu

mßir wêldßh msysgqjk ,§'

- 1981 wf.daia;= udifha msysgqjk ,o fuu wêldßh ,xldfõ mdßißl m%;sm;a;s yd

l%fudamd ilia lsÍfï yd wod< úúO wdh;k w;r iïnkaêlrKh lsÍfï m%Odk

wdh;kh f,i ls%hd lrhs'

- fuu wêldßfha m%Odk j.lSu jkafka ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqïlrKfha §

mdßißl wjOdkh fhduq lrùu yd iajNdúl iïm;a yd mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

iemhSuhs'



wêldßfha N+ñldj

- ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqïlrKfha § mdßißl wjOdkh fhduq lrùu" iajdNdúl

iïm;a yd mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu'

- úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s u.ska mßirh fl<iSug fyda mßydkshg m;alsÍug jvd

mßirh ÈhqKq lsÍug yels nj fmkajd§u'

- 1984 isg rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ish¨u ixj¾Ok lghq;= fjkqjfka mßir

n,mEï ;lafiare ksl=;a lsÍu'

- wêldßfha lghq;= §mjHdma; uÜgñka bgqlsÍu i|yd Èia;s%la mdßißl tackais 25la

msysgqjd tajdg wod< ld¾hhka mjrd tu lghq;= wëlaIKh lsÍu'

- Èia;s%la uÜgñka iajNdúl iïm;aj,g n,mEï we;sjkafka kï ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re

,nd .ekSu yd ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'

- úúO l%ufõo fhdodf.k mßir wdrlaIKfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| ck;dj oekqj;a

lsÍfï jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍu

uOHu mßir wêldrsfha m%h;akh jkqfha mßirh .ek ie,ls,a,la olajk ck;djla

ìyslsÍug wjYH mßir wOHdmkhla yd oekqj;alula ,nd§uhs'

uOHu mßir wêldßfha ld¾hNdrfha lemS fmfkk wxY folla fõ'

1' cd;sl mdßißl úu¾Yk flakaøhla ìys lsÍu" ta u.ska mßirh yd iïnkaê;

o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ialr ;eîu'

2' mßir m%;sm;a;s yd ixrlaIK l%fudamd ilia lsÍu i|yd l,ska l,g wjYH

jk f;dr;=re yd o;a; moaO;shla ms<sfh, lsÍu'

fhdað; cd;sl mdßißl mk; hgf;a fuu wdh;kh cd;sl mßir ksfhdacs; wdh;kh

jYfhka tys ku yd ld¾hNdrh fjkiaùug kshñ; h'

fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j ( Coast Conservation Department - CCD)

- 1963 jirg fmr fjr< ixrlaIK isÿ jqfha úúO fomd¾;fïka;= hgf;ah'

- tfia jqjo 1963 ka miq fjr< ixrlaIKh ms<sn| jeo.;alu rch f;areï .;a

ksid tu jif¾§ u fld<U jrdh fldñiu hgf;a fjr< wdrlaId lsÍu ms<sn|

fjku wxYhla ia:dms; lrk ,È'

- miqj 1978 jif¾ § fjr< ixrlaIK wxYh ëjr wud;HdxYh hgf;a msysgqjk

,o w;r 1981 wxl 57 orK fjr< ixrlaIK mk; hgf;a 1984 oS fjr< ixrlaIK

fomd¾;fïka;=j ìysúh'

- bkamiqj 1988 § wxl 64 orK ixfYdaOk mkf;a we;s lreKq wkqj fuu

fomd¾;fïka;=j ls%hd;aul fõ'

- YS% ,xldj jgd we;s fjr< ms<sn| ish¨ lghq;= isÿlrkafka fuu fomd¾;fïka;=j

u.sks'



- tu wruqK we;s j fjr< ixrlaIKh i|yd my; wdldrfha ie,iqï ilia lrk

,È'

1' 1990 § fjr< ixrlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| uyd ie,eiau

2' 1992 ^ Costal 2000 & ie,eiau

3' 1997 fjr< ixrlaIK ie,eiau

4' 2004 fjr< ixrlaIK ie,eiau

fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ N=ñldj

1' fjr< wdYs%; lghq;= fjkqfjka n,m;% ,nd§fï ld¾hhka ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

2' cd;sl fjr< l,dmSh l<ukdlrK ie,iqï ilia lsÍu'

3' f;dard.;a úfYaI jQ m%foaYj, l<ukdlrK lghq;= ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

4' je,sf.dv oeóu yd fldr,a ms<sn| kshdukh lsÍu'

5' fjr< l,dmSh mßir lghq;= ms<sn| fiúu'

6' fjr< bxðfkare lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su'

7' fjr< wdrlaIs; bÈlsÍï lsÍu'

8' yÈis wdmodj, § fjr< wdrlaIs; lghq;= lsÍu'

9' fjr< ixrlaIKh ms<sn| wOHdmksl lghq;=j, fh§u'



- YS% ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh ls%hdjg ke.Su i|yd rduqjla" ^2005&'

jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'

- udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi &^2009&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'



bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï

ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu ls%hdldrlu - 1 1 1 1 1

wka;¾ cd;sl yd m%dfoaYsh jYfhka o cd;sl jYfhka o ls%hd;aul jk mßir

ixúOdk ms<sn| wOHhkh fldg f;dr;=re f.dkqjla ilia lsÍu fuu ls%hdldrlfuka

wfmalaId flf¾' fuys § fmd;am;a" iÕrd" fjk;a udOH mßYS,kh lsÍfuka fidhd .kakd

f;dr;=re weiqßka tla tla mßir ixúOdkhkaf.a wruqKq ld¾hNdrh yd bgq lrk fiajd o

wka;¾.; lrkak'


cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYSh mßir ixúOdk ms<sn| j ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,sms ilia fldg

m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'


j¾;udkfha § f,dj uqyqKmdk .eg¨ wju lsÍfï ld¾hfhys È cd;Hka;r yd

m%dfoaYSh mßir ixúOdkhj,ska fuf;la f.k we;s l%shdud¾. ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul

j n,ñka mßir i`.rdjlg ,smshla ilikak'



N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - N+f.da, úoHdj - II

udkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdjudkqI N=f.da, úoHdj



ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7 ksmqK;dj - 7

lDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾YkhlDIsl¾ufha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d yd wdk;s úu¾Ykhlrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhslrñka lDIs lghq;= i|yd M,odhs wdldrfhka odhl fjhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh" ;dlaIKh" ksIamdokh yd

wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f,dal lDIsl¾ufha iajdNdjh fjkiaùu flfrys n,mE

idOl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• f,dal wdydr ksIamdokh by< kexùu i|yd yß; úma,jh odhl

jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• lDIs ìï m%udKh jeä fkdlr wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍfï

Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .;a wdldrh úia;r

lrhs'

• yß; úma,jfhka u;= jQ .eg¨j,g ms<shï fh§u i|yd cdk

;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfuka jvd;a ixlS¾K .eg¨ yg.;a nj

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• miq.sh oYl ;=k ;=< f,dal OdkH ksIamdokfha isÿ jQ m%idrKhg

fya;= olajhs'

• lDIs øjH wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sfhys uE; ld,Sk j yg.;a

fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'


YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNfha isg u ñksid ish wjYH;d i|yd Ydl yd i;=ka m%fhdackhg

.;af;ah' jk øjH /ia lsÍu yd i;=ka ovhï lsÍfuka ñksid fuu ls%hdj,sh wdrïN l<

w;r iaÓr jdiia:dk msysgqjd .ekSu;a iuÕ u úêu;a f,i lDIsl¾ufha wdrïNh isÿúh '

ixlS¾KjQ;a úúO;ajhla olajkakdjQ;a lDIsl¾uh f,dj ck ixLHdfjka jeä fldgilf.a

wd¾Ól lghq;a; ù we;s w;r f,dal wd¾Ólfha iEu wxYhla iuÕ u lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO

ù we;' f,dal ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh;a iuÕ lDIs ksIamdok i|yd jQ b,a¨u j¾Okh jq

w;r" Bg iß,k mßÈ b,a¨u iemhSu i|yd úúO Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍug úoHd{hka

fm<UqK w;r" fï ksid u jir oyia .Kkdjla ;siafia mej;s lDIsld¾ñl l%u úisjk

ishjfia § úma,jhlg yiqùu olakg ,eìK' fï uÕska f,dal lDIsl¾ufhys yg.;a

m%jK;d yd wdk;s ms<sn| wOHhkhla lsÍu fuu tallfha wruqK fõ'




lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhlDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dal ck ixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okh;aa iuÕ m%Odk

jYfhka wdydr i|yd;a fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd;a we;s jQ b,a u msßuid,Su i|yd lDIsld¾ñl

lghq;=j, § ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl Ys,aml%u Ndú; lsÍu m%p,s; jkakg úh' lDIsld¾ñl

;dlaIKh iïnkaOfhka jQ fuu ls%hdj,sh m%Odk jYfhka wxY folla hgf;a i,ld

nef,a'

1' yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh

2' cdk ;dlaIKh

yß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jh

lDIs ksIamdok jeä lsÍu i|yd lDIsld¾ñl Ys,amSh l%uj, ;dlaIKsl jYfhka

ÈhqKqjla we;s l< ls%hdj,shls'

jeä M,odhs yd mßißhg jvd;a Tfrd;a;= fok fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u" úúO lDIs

ridhk j¾." fmdfydr m<sfndaO kdYl wd§ Ndú;h" jdßud¾. u.ska c,h fhoùu yd hka;%

iq;% Ndú;h u.ska YS>%fhka wiajekak jeä M,odhs yd mßirhhg jvd;a Tfrd;a;= fok

fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u yß; úma,jh f,i o ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- j¾I 1943 § fulaisfldafõ wdydr ksmehqu jeä lsÍu i|yd lDIsld¾ñl m¾fhaIK

jHdmD;shla weröu yß; úma,jfha wdrïNh f,i ie,lsh yels h'

- fuu jHdmD;sh 1962 § wjika jqj o 1963 § f,dal wdydr yd lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh

i|yd jk f,dal ie,eiau kï jev igyk weröu;a iu. fuu ls%hdj,sh f,dj

mqrd yß; úma,jh kñka m%p,s; úh'

- yß; úma,jh iïnkaO cd;Hka;r ls%hdldrlï i|yd cd;Hka;r lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK

ms<sn| WmfoaYl iNdj msysgqjkq ,eìh' Consultative Group on International Agri-

cultural Research CGIAR&'

- yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh wxY follska ls%hd;aul úh'

1' kj udÈ,sfha jeä M,odhs îcj¾. ksmoùu

2' kùk lDIsl¾ñl Ys,aml%u fhdod .ekSu

- kj udÈ,sfha jeä M,odhs îc j¾. ksmoùu lsysm wdldrhlska isÿ flfrhs'

uqyqka l< îc ( tlu mjqf,a úúO .=Kdx.j,ska hq;a îc folla uqyqka

fldg úfYaI .=Kdx.j,ska iukaú; îc ksmoùu uqyqka lsÍu u.ska isÿfõ'

Wod ( Tfrd;a;= fok ù j¾.hla yd jeä M,odjla fok ù j¾.hla uqyqka lsÍfuka

kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok jeä M,odhS ù j¾.hla jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu oelaúh yels h'



- tfia jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o ù j¾. .Kkdjls'

) ms,smskfha cd;Hka;r iy,a m¾fhaIKdh;kh u.ska ksmojk ,o IR - 8 ù

m%fNaoh

) wms%ldkq m%foaYj,g y÷kajd fok ,o fkßldia ^Nericas& ù m%fNaoh

) H 4 ù m%fNaoh

) IR 36 ù m%fNaoh

- fuu ù j¾.j, úfYaI .=Kdx. .Kkdjls

) f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u

) lDñ Wjÿrej,g Tfrd;a;= §u

) flá ld,iSudjl § wiajekak ,nd.; yels ùu

) iïm%odhsl ù j¾.j,g jvd lsysm .=Khlska wiajekak jeä ùu jeks

.=Kdx. ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

- uqyqka l< jeä M,odhS ;sßÕ= j¾. o fõ'

) cmdkfha jefjk ñá ;sßÕ= m%fNao lsysmhla weiqßka ksmojk ,o fkdßka 10

^Norin & tjeks ;sßÕ= m%fNaohls'

- fuu ;sßÕ= j¾.j, o úfYaI .=Kdx. .Kkdjls'

) ;o iq<Õg Tfrd;a;= §u

) ñá me,Eá ùu

) wêl jeis yd f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u

) È,Sr frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u jeks .=Kdx. ta w;r fõ'

- fouqyqka îc

) jeä M,odhS îc j¾. ksmoùfï ;j;a l%uhls fouqyqka lsÍu' fuhska isÿ

flfrkafka cdkuh jYfhka tlsfklg ÿria: jQ îc j¾. folla mrd.kh

lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd îc frdamkh lr tajdhska îc ,nd .ekSuhs'

- BG 407 H kñka y÷kajk ù m%fNaoh tfia fouqyqka lrk ,o îchls'

- ;sßÕ= yd rhs uqyqka fldg jeä .=Kdx. iys; ;sß`.= j¾.hla o ksmojd we;'

mgl frdamkh

jeä M,odjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< ;j;a ls%hdud¾.hla f,i mgl

frdamkh o jeo.;a fõ' ridhkd.drhl § isÿ flfrk ls%hdj,shla u.ska Ydlj, we;s mgl

j,ska by< .=Kd;aul w.hla we;s me< rdYshla ,nd .ekSu fï u.ska isÿ flf¾'

fufia yß; úma,jh wdYs%; lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh u.ska jeä M,odhs îc j¾.

ksIamdokh i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ,È' tu îc f,dj mqrd Ndú;hg .ekSu

ksid úYd, f,i f,dal OdkH ksIamdokh by< kexjqk w;r ñ,shkhl muK ck;djla

id.skafkka uqojd .ekSfï yelshdj o bka ,eìKs'



kq;k lDIsld¾ñl Ys,am l%u Ndú;h

- lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, È hka;% Ndú;h

) ìï ilia lsÍu îc jemsßu $ me< isgqùu

) j,a fk<Su - lDIs ridhk fh§u - c, iïmdokh wiajekak lemsu wd§

ish,q wxYj, § kùk hka;% Ndú; flfrhs'

) w;a g%elagrfha isg úYd, g%elag¾ hka;% olajd o wiajekak lemSu i|yd

Ndú; flfrk l=vd hka;%j, isg ixhqla; fld< uäk hka;% ^Combine

harvester& olajd o úúO wdldrfha hka;% Ndú;h isÿfõ'

hka;% Ndú;h

- jev lghq;= myiqùu" ld,h b;sß ùu " we;eï m%foaYj, Y%u ysÕhg ms<shula ùu"

hka;% iQ;% kv;a;=j yd fiajd iïnkaO /lshd ìysùu ksid /lshd úhqla;shg hï

wdldrhl úi÷ula ,eîu'

lD;%su fmdfydr Ndú;h

- yß; úma,jfha id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu i`oyd lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h w;HjYH

idOlhla úh'jeä ÈhKq l< îc j¾.j,ska by< wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu i`oyd

lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h jeo.;a úh'

lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl

- lDñ Wjÿre yd j,ame, u¾okh i|yd lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl fh§u u.ska j.djkag

isÿjk ydks j<ld .; yels w;r wiajekak wdrlaId lr .ekSu fukau" jeälr

.ekSug o tu.ska yelshdj ,eî we;'

lDIsl¾uh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

- fnda. j¾.j, frda. u¾okh "fmdfydr fh§u" lDñ kdYl yd j,a kdYl fh§u"

c,h iemhSu fukau fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh wd§ ish¨ wxY i|yd mß.Kl iydh

,nd .ekSu j¾;udkfha isÿfõ'

yß; úma,jfha m%;sM,

yß; úma,j u.ska ys;lr fuka u wys;lr m%;sM, o we;s úh'

- wdydr ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg yd wdydr iqrlaIs;;djg we;s l< n,mEï

- iudc wd¾Ól n,mEï

- mdßißl n,mEï

wdydr ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg we;s l< n,mEï

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a .Kkdjl OdkH ksIamdokh 1960 ka miq oYlj,

§ YS>%fhka by< hdu

Wod ( OdkH wdkhkh l< w;r fulaisfldaj" bkaÈhdj" ms,smSkh jeks rgj,a miqj

OdkH wmkhkh lrk rgj,a njg m;aùu'



- ksIamdokfha j¾Okh úfYaIfhka ;sßÕ=" bßÕ= yd iy,a hk OdkH j¾. weiqßka

isÿúh' jeä M,odhs îc Ndú;h" fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk fh§u óg fya;= úh&'

- bkaÈhdfõ ;sßÕ= ksIamdokh 1960 § fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk 10 isg 2006 § 13 olajd

j¾Okh ùu'

- ms,smskfha ù ksIamdokh 1966 - 77 w;r ld,h ;=< 30]lska j¾Okh ùu'

- fuu ;;a;ajh tu rgj, wdydr iqrlaIs;;djg o fya;= ùu' uq,dY%h ( ^http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/green revolution&

iudc wd¾Ól n,mEï

- yß; úma,ùh lDIsl¾uh i|yd fhojqïj,g îc" fmdfydr" lDIs ridhk" hka;%

iq;%& wêl uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿùu ksid ÿmam;a f.dùka Kh fok wdh;k

j,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu yd Kh .e;shka njg m;aùu'

- w;ñg ire f.dùka hym;a m%;sM, fk<d .ekSu'

- fï ksid f.dùka w;r wd¾Ól úIu;d yg .ekSu'

yß; úma,jfha mdßißl n,mEï

lD;s%u fmdfydr" lDñkdYl yd j,akdYl Ndú;h ksid yg .;a wys;lr n,mEï

- lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h ksid u;aiH j¾. yd wdydrhg .; yels m<d

j¾. o úkdY ùu ta ta fya;=fjka .%dóh f.dùkaf.a wdydr fõ, ire l<

w;sf¾l wdydr j¾. ^fuh ieÕjqKq wiajekakla f,i ye¢kafõ & ,nd .ekSug

;snq wjia:dj wysñ ùu'

- j.djka i|yd c,iïmdokh lsÍu u.ska we;eï bvï ,jKSlrKhg f.dÿreùu"

c,h r|d isàu yd ;j;a m%foaYj, N+.; c, uÜgï my< neiSu'

- j.dj hka;S%lrKh lsÍu ksid bkaOk i|yd úYd, uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿùu

;=<ska fhojqï i|yd wêl úhoula oeÍug isÿùu'

- fmdfydr" lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;fha § úpdrhlska f;dr j wvqfjka

fyda jeäfhka Ndú; lsÍu fukau tajd Ndú;fha § ms<smeÈh hq;= wdrlaIl

mshjrj,a wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu jeks fya;= ksid mßirhg fukau f.dùkaf.a

Ôú;j,g o ydks isÿùu'

yß; úma,jh ksid lDIsl¾uh f.da,ShlrKhg k;=ùu

- frdlf*,¾ moku" f*da¾â moku yd USAID wdh;kh jeks n,j;a weußldkq

wdh;kj, wkq.%yh yd uq,Huh moku u; f.dv ke.=Kq lDIs m¾fhaIKuOHia:dkj, n,mEu'

- yß; úma,ùh lDIsl¾uh i|yd îc" fmdfydr" lDIsridhk yd hkaf;%damlrKksmo jq nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, n,mEug fndfyda rgj,a f.dÿre ùu

Wod ( ms,smSkh



cdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKh

- yß; úma,jfha wdhym;a m%;sM,j,ska ñ§ wdydr ksIamdokh ;j ÿrg;a by<

kexùfï l%fudamdhhla f,i cdk ;dlaIKh y÷kajdosh yelsh' th fojeks

yß; úma,jh f,i o y÷kajd we;'

- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska tla Ôúfhl=f.a fyda Ydlhl cdkhla ;j;a Ôúfhl=g

fyda Ydlhlg uqyq lsÍu isÿfõ' tu.ska m<uq Ôúhdf.a fyda Ydlfha .=Kdx.j,g

fjkia .=Kdx. we;s kj i;ajfhl= fyda Ydlhla ìys flfrhs'

cdk bxðfkare ;dlaIKh lDIsl¾ufhys wxY lsysmhla flfrys n,md we;'

- OdkH ksIamdokh

- t<j¿ yd w, j¾. ksIamdokh

- m<;=re ksIamdokh

- i;a;aj ksIamdokh

OdkH ksIamdokh

- ù ;sßÕ= yd bßÕ= jeo.;a fõ' cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska úúO frda. ldrl yd lDñ

jix.;j,g Tfrd;a;= fok úfYaI .=Kdx.j,ska hq;= ù m%fNao .Kkdjla

y÷kajd §u isÿúh'

Wod ( IR 2061 frda. ldrl lDñ j¾. y;lg Tfrd;a;= fok ù j¾.hls'

rka iy,a ^Golden rice& úgñka wka;¾ .; iy,a j¾.hls'

- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska úúO f,v frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= fok ;sßÕ= j¾.hla o"

;srsÕ= yd rhs cdkuh jYfhka ñY% fldg ksmojk ,o ;sßÕ= j¾.hla o iliafldg

we;'

- CIqø j¾.fha nelaàßhdjla wvx.= lr î'à' fldaka ^BT-corn &kñka nv bßÕ=

j¾.hla yd rglcq cdkhla wvx.= fldg fidahd fndaxÑ m%fNaohla o cdk ;dlaIKh

u.ska y÷kajd § we;'

t<j¿ yd w, j¾.

- cdk ;dlaIKh hgf;a úfYaI ;lald,s j¾.hla " fndaxÑ" lerÜ jeks t<j¨

j¾. .Kkdjla ksmojd we;'

- cdk ;dlaIKfha n,mEug ,la jQ ;j;a fnda.hls wd¾;dm,a "tfia ksmojqkq

w¾;dm,a j¾. w;=ßka"

) reishdkq úoHd{hka msßila úiska ksmojk ,o w¾;dm,a úfYaIhla yd

mSrej, ,Sud ys msysá cd;Hka;r w¾;dm,a m¾fhaIKdh;kh u.ska ksmojk

,o w¾;dm,a úfYaIhla o jeo.;a fõ'



m<;=re ksIamdokh

- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska jeä ÈhqKq fldg ksmojk ,o m<;=re j¾. .Kkdjls'

flfi,a "mefmd,a" ñÈ" wem,a yd fodvï fï w;ßka jeo.;a fõ'

- È,Sr frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u

- mudù b§u

- m%jdykfha § ;e,S fmdä ù fkdhdu jeks .=Kdx.j,ska hqla; ùu fï m<;=re

j¾.j, úfYaI;ajh fõ'

i;a;aj ksIamdok

- lsß ksIamdokh " l=l=¿ uia ksIamdokh yd W!re uia ksIamdokh i;a;aj

ksIamdok w;r jeo.;a fõ'

- wdydr fkdjk fnda. i|yd o cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k we;'

Wod ( lmq cdk ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lrf.k lmq Ydlhg je<fok lDñ

frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= fok lmq j¾.hla jeä ÈhqKq lr we;'

cdk ;dlaIKfha jdis wjdis

jdis

- wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lr .ekSug yelsùu

- M,odj jeälr .ekSug yelsùu

- fnda.j,g je<fok f,v frda. wvqlr .ekSug yelsùu

- úúO mßirj,g .e<fmk fnda. j¾. jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug yelsùu

- t<j¿ yd m<;=re wiajekak wmf;a hdu je<elaùug yelsùu

wjdis

fi!LH wjodku

- cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska ksmojk ,o nv bßÕ= w¾;dm,a" fidahd fndaxÑ jeks wdydr

j¾.j,ska w¾;dm,a fidahd fndaxÑ jeks wdydr j¾.j,ska ñksia isrerg wys;lr

n,mEï we;s lsÍu'

- B.S.T fyda¾fudakh Ndú;h ksid lsß ksIamdokh jeä jqj o tu lsß Ndú;h

u.ska ñksia isrerg wys;lr n,mEï we;s ùu'

mdßißl wjodku

- lDIsl¾uhg ys;lr lDóka úkdYùu'

- j,akdYlj,g Tfrd;a;= fok j,a me,Eá ìysùu'

- ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùu'

- idïm%odhsl îc l%ufhka wNdjhg hdu'



ksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKhksIamdokfha m%idrKh ^;sßÕ=" t<j¨" m<;=re" u;aiH yd i;aj ksIamdok weiqßka&

f,dalfha lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokj, m%idrKh my; i|yka wxY hgf;a oelaúh yels h'

- wiajekak jeä lsÍu

- ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu

- flá ld,Sk wiajekak

- .nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh

wiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍu

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< m%Odk OdkHj, wiajekak jeäùug fya;= .Kkdjla n,md

we;'

- jeä M,odhs îc Ndú;h ^Wod ( 1R 8 ù" fkdßka 10 ;sßÕ=&

- lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h

- lDñ kdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h

- cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu

- mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u Ndú;h

- ÈhqKq c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;h

- kq;k j.d l%u Ndú;h ^yß;d.dr&

fï wkqj ;sßÕ=" iy,a" bßÕ= w¾;dm,a yd fidahd fndaxÑ jeks øjHj, ksIamdokfha

j¾Okh my; j.=fjys oelafõ'

lDIs ksIamdok m%udKfha j¾Okh ^fuá%la fgdka ñ,shkhlska&

j¾Ih ;sßÕ= iy,a

uq,dY%h ( fsource:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/green revolution

7'1'1' j.=j

ksIamdokfha § j¾Okhla we;s lr .;a rgj,a ms<sfj<ska my; oelafõ';sßÕ= ( Ökh" bkaÈhdj" reishdj" mdlsia:dkh" lilia;dkhiy,a ( Ökh" bkaÈhdj" bkaÿkSishdj " nx.a,dfoaYh" úhÜkduh" ;dhs,ka;hbßÕ= ( Ökh "n%iS,h "fulaisfldaj" wd¾ckaákdj" bkaÈhdj "bkaÿkSishdjw¾;dm,a ( Ökh" reishdj "bkaÈhdj" tlai;a ckmoh" hqlaf¾kh "c¾uksh "fmda,ka;h

1996

2007

bßÕ= w¾;dm,a fiadhd fndaxÑ

585

607

562

566

576

784'7

294'8

315 ^2006&

130'3

204 2004&



ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍuìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍu

- j.djka i|yd ìï m%udKh jHdma; lsÍfï § fndfyda rgj,a tys iSudjkag <Õd

ù we;' Wod ( bkaÈhdj" Ökh" ngysr hqfrdamSh rgj,a yd Bðma;=j jeks rgj,a'

- we;eï rgj,a c, iïmdokh u.ska j.djka i|yd bvï fhoùug m%h;ak ord

we;' Wod ( fi!È wrdìh ;sßÕ= j.d lsÍu i|yd ìï fhoùu

- iuia;hla f,i f,dj ;sßÕ= yd ù ìï l%ufhka wvqfjñka mej;Su'

- bßÕ= i|yd fhdok ìï m%udKh jeäùfï m%jK;djla olajhs'

- fjk;a ñksia lghq;= i|yd fhoùu ksid j.d ìï m%udKh jd¾Islj wvq fjñka

mj;S'

- c, iïmdÈ; ìïj,ska 10]la ,jKSlrKh ùu ksid o j.dfjka bj;a fõ'

flá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekakflá ld,Sk wiajekak

- cdk ;dlaIKh yd jeä ÈhqKq l< îc j¾. ksid flá ld,iSudjl § wiajkq

,nd .; yels fnda. j¾. ìysùu'

Wod ( ) Èk 110 l § wiajkq ,nd .; yels ;sßÕ=

) udi ;=kl § wiajkq ,eìh yels ù jd¾;d

) Èk 40 l § wiajkq ,nd.; yels w¾;dm,a

flá ld,Sk j wiajkq ,nd .; yelsùu ksid we;eï fnda.j,ska jirlg lkak

lsysmhl wiajekak ,nd.; yels ù we;'

t<j¿ yd m<;=re ksIamdokfha m%idrKh flfrys n,md we;s lreKq lsysmhls'

) cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska ÈhqKq l< fnda. j¾. u.ska jeä M,odjla ,eîu'

) krla fkdù l,a;nd .; yels ùu'

) fmdfydr Ndú;h yd ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl l%u Ndú;h'

) yß;d.dr j.dj jeks l%u ksid jeä jHdma;shla w;a lr .ekSu fï w;ßka

jeo.;afõ'

i;a;aj øjH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh

- lsß yd ta wdYs%; øjH" l=l=¿ uia yd W!re uia i;a;aj ksIamdok w;r jeo.;a fõ'- fïjdfha ksIamdok m%idrKh flfrys cdk ;dlaIKfha n,mEu yd f.dúm,

ixúOdkj, ÈhqKqj oelaúh yels h'- lsß ksIamdokh jeä lsÍfï mshjr w;r B.S.T fyda¾fudakh Ndú; lsÍu lemS

fmfka'- l=l=¿ md,kh yd W!re uia ksIamdokh i|yd kj l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu'- b;d flá l,l § mßfNdackhg .; yels ksIamdokhla f,i l=l=¿ uia i|yd

jeä b,a¨ula mej;Su fï ;;a;ajh tys ksIamdok m%idrKhg n,md we;'- lsß ksIamdokfha § weußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj " bkaÈhdj " kjiS,ka;h jeks rgj,a o"

- l=l=¿uia yd W!re uia ksIamdokfha § Ökh o uq,a ;ekla .kS'



u;aiH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh

ëjr ksIamdokj, m%idrKh wxY ;=kla hgf;a oelaúh yels h'

1' id.r u;aiH ksIamdokh

2' wNHka;r c,dY u.ska flfrk u;aiH ksIamdokh

3' c, Ôù j.d u.ska flfrk ksIamdokh

m%Odk ëjr ìï wkqj f,dal u;aiH ksIamdokh fuÜá%la fgdka ñ,shk& 2006 jir

i|yd my; oelafõ'

1' jhU È. meis*sla - 21'6

2' .sKsfldK È. meis*sla - 12

3' ngysr uOHu meis*sla - 11'2

4' Bidk È. w;a,dka;sla - 9'1

5' kef.kysr bkaÈhka id.rh - 5'8

uq,dY%h ( F.A.O "2008'

f,dj m%Odk u;aiH ìï 10ka jeä u ksIamdokh jhU È. meis*sla l,dmfhys jk w;r wvqu

ksmehqu w;a,dka;sla l,dmfhysh'

ëjr ksIamdok i|yd m%uqL rgj,a f,i

Ökh" mSre" weußld tlai;a ckmoh" bkAÿkSishdj" cmdkh" Ñ,S " bkaÈhdj"

reishdj" ;dhs,ka;h" ms,smSkh hk rgj,a jeo.;a fõ'

u;aiH ksIamdokfha m%idrKh flfrys úúO ndOl mek ke.S we;'

- rgj,a w;r .egqï

- mdßißl .eg¨

- ëjr m%foaYj, wdrlaIdj fï w;r m%uqLfõ'

.eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd ëjr iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu biau;=j we;'

fï hgf;a mshjr .Kkla f.k we;'

) w;a,ka;sla gqkd fldñiu

) 1970 wkkH wd¾Ól l,dm ms<sn| tlÕ;dj

) 1995 f,dal ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| frdau iuq¿j

) 1929 weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd lekvdj w;r jQ meismsla - ye,snÜ .súiqu

.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh.nvd lsÍfï yd ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh

wdydr ksIamdokh yd ne£ mj;sk jeo.;a wxYhla f,i .nvdlsÍfï yd ieliSfïls%hdj,sh ye¢kaúh yelsh'- .nvdlr ;eîu wjYH ùug fya;=

) ksIamdok w;sßla;h iqrlaIs;j ;nd .ekSug

) ksIamdÈ; oE fkdlvjd iemhSu lrf.k hdu i|yd

) wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd f;d. mj;ajd .ekSug



- j¾;udk .nvdlrK ls%hdj,sfhys ÈhqKq ,laIK lsysmhla we;'

) th fnfyúka hdka;S%lrKh ù ;sîu

) mß.Kl ;dlaIKh jeks kq;k l%u Ndú;h

) merKs úhoï wêl l%u fjkqjg kùk l%u Ndú;h

) fï l%u Ndú;h ksid NdKavj, wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍug yd kdia;sh

je<elaùug yelsùu

lDIsøjH ieliSfï ls%hdj,sh

- ieliSfï ls%hdj,sfhka isÿjkafka ksIamdÈ; lDIs øjH mdßfNdackh i|yd ilia

lsÍuhs' fï i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; flfrhs'

) áka lsÍu" uia" ud¨ yd m<;=re wdÈh

) weisÍu - myiqfjka wdydrhg .; yels f,i ilia l< t<j¿

yd m<;=re

) fnda;,a lsÍu m<;=re hqI" lsß wdÈh

- lsßøjH ieliSfï § úúO iajremfhka ksIamdok bÈßm;a lsÍu Wod ( Öia" ng¾"

lsßmsá

- uiajeks oE ilia lsÍfï § áka lsÍu fukau fidfiacia jeks oE ieliSu

- OdkH j¾. msá njg m;a lsÍu

- f;a" fldams" fldfldajd l=vq fukau fjk;a l%uj,g ieliSu - CIKsl f;a"

fldfldajd

- we;eï øjH ieliSfï § fjk;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu o isÿfõ'

Wod ( bßÕ=" fidahd" iqßhldkak weg" lefkda,d wdÈfhka f;,a is£u

wf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,shwf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh

f,dj iEu rglg u wjYH lDIs ksIamdok tu rgj, u ksmojd .ekSu l< fkdyelsh'

we;eï rgj,a w;sßla;hla we;s j ksmojk w;r ;j;a rglg tu øjH ksmojd .;

fkdyelsh' fï ksid lDIs øjH wdYs%; j wmkhk yd wdkhk fjf<|du mek k.S'

wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh yg.kafka fï weiqßks'

- lDIs øjH iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' th NdKav

ksIamdokfha isg mdßfNdackh olajd u iïnkaO ù mj;S'

- wf<úlrKh l%u lsysmhlg isÿfõ

) ksIamdolhd ;u ksIamdok fl<ska u mdßfNda.slhd fj;g m;a lsÍu'

) ksIamdolhdf.ka w;rueÈhdg;a w;rueÈhdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg;a ,eîu

- tfy;a wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfhys § jvd;a jeo.;a jk wxY fol f,i ie,lsh

yelafla

1' f;d. fjf<|du iy

2' is,a,r fjf<|du hs



- wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh flfrys n,mdk lreKq .Kkls

) m%;sm;a;s

) nyqcd;sl iud.ï

) lDIs jHdmdr

) lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk

) fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re fï w;ßka jeo.;a fõ'

- lDIs øjH wf,úlrK m%;sm;a;s flfrys úúO lreKq n,mdhs

) iemhqu ;SrKh lsÍu

) ñ, ia:djr;ajh mj;ajd .ekSu

) f.dùkaf.a meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu

) cd;Hka;r fjf<| mßirh jeks lreKq ta w;r m%Odk fõ

- ;sßÕ= jeks OdkH fjf<|dfï § wefußld tlai;a ckmoh wkq.ukh lrkm%;sm;a;s

- hqfrdamd ix.uh ;u rgj, îÜ iSks ksIamdokh /l .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukhflfrk wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s

- wdkhk i|yd ;Srenÿ mekùu wdÈh tjeks m%;sm;a;s f,i oelaúh yelsh'

nyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ï

- lDIs øjH wf,úlrKfha § nyqcd;sl iud.ï úYd, n,mEula we;s lsÍu- îc fmdfydr" lDñ yd j,akdYl" lDIs hkaf;%damlrK wd§ lDIsl¾uh yd iïnkaO

iEu wxYhlu wf,úlrKfhys m%uqL ù we;af;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï ùu lemSfmfkk ,laIKhls'Wod (weursld tlai;a ckmoh yd fudkaiekafgda iud.u lDIsøjH yd iïnkaOúYd, u nyq cd;sl iud.uls'

- îc" lDñkdYl yd j,a kdYl ksmoùu tys m%Odk ld¾hhka fõ'- lDIsridhk yd t<j¿ îc i|yd ähqfmdkaÜ iud.u m%isoaêhla Wiq,hs'- ld¾.s,aia" le,aðka" iSndf.hs.s jeks iud.ï f,dal OdkH fjf<|dfï wdêm;Hh

orhs'- fkiaf,a jeks iud.ï lsß yd wdydr øjH fjf<|dfï m%uqLfõ'- nyqcd;sl iud.ï fndfyduhla ,dNh uq,a fldg f.k ls%hd;aul ùu úfYaI

,laIKhls'- tfiau f,dal foaYmd,kh yeisrùfï mjd yelshdjla we;eï nyqcd;sl iud.ï

i;= j mj;S'

lDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdrlDIs jHdmdr

- wdydr ksIamdokfha j.dj" îc iemhSu f.dú hkaf;%damlrK" f;d. fnod yeÍu"yd wf,úlrKh wd§ iEu wxYhla u lDIs jHdmdr yd iïnkaO fõ'

- lDIs jHdmdrj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK .Kkdjls'

) uyd mßudK jHdmdr ùu

) ;dlaIKh Wmßu f,i Ndú; lsÍu

) jdKsc uÜgulska ish ksIamdok lsÍu fï w;r m%Odk fõ'



lDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdklDIsld¾ñl ixúOdk

- lDIsl¾uh yd iïnkaO lghq;=j, meje;au yd tu lghq;=j, fhfokakkaf.a

hym; Wfoid msysgqjd .;a ixúOdk f,i fïjd ie,lsh yels h'

- fuu ixúOdk úúO uÜgñka msysgqjd we;'

) foaYSh ixúOdk

) l,dmSh ixúOdk yd

) cd;Hka;r ixúOdk jYfhka fïjd j¾. l< yels h'

- foaYSh ixúOdk fïjd rgla ;=< msysgqjd f.k we;s lDIs ixúOdk fõ'

) lsß ksmojkkakaf.a iuqmldr iñ;s

) iaùvkfha lDIsld¾ñl uKav,h

) lekvdfõ lDIsld¾ñl ix.uh ^ Fedaration)

- l,dmSh ixúOdk

Wod ( weußldkq Ydka;slr m%foaYfha lDIs ixj¾Ok ix.uh

- cd;Hka;r ixúOdk

) f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh (FAO)

) lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wruqo, (IFAD)

) f,dal wdydr jev igyk (WFP)

) f,dal wdydr ljqkais,h (WFC)

- fuu ixúOdk we;eïúg tla wruqKla fyda wruqKq lsysmhla Wfoid ls%hd;aul

fõ'

- fndfyda úg ish fiajd fkdñf,a ,nd fohs'

fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=refjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re

- lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO ieu wxYhl§u fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSuf.dúhdg" fjf<kaodg fukau mdßfNda.slhdg o jeo.;a fõ' ) j.d l< hq;af;a l=ulao@ ) wiajekak ,nd.; hq;af;a ljr úgl§ o@ ) ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu ) ksIamdok .nvd lsÍu ) ñ, ;SrKh lsÍu jeks lreKq fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=rej,g wh;a fõ'

- j¾;udkfha úoaHq;a udOH u.ska fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re ,nd §fï § úfYaIfiajdjla bgqlrkq ,nhs' ÿrl:kh " .=jka úÿ,sh " rEmjdysksh " wka;¾ cd,h"mqj;am;a wd§ úúO udOH fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g fï f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu uE;la jk ;=reÿIalr jqj o j¾;udkfha úúO udOH Wmfhda.S lrf.k f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSugyelsùu' fï i|yd úúO jevigyka ls%hd;aul fõ'

- wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha È j¾;udkfha úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk wxYhlaf,i m%pdrK ls%hdj,sh oelaúh yelsh' fndfyda wdh;k ish NdKav m%pdrKh

i|yd úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla jeh lsÍu j¾;udkfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'



ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 Y S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh ydY S % ,xldfõ lDI sl¾ufh a i ajNdjh" ;dl aIKh yd

ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'ksIamdokh wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh flfrys yß; úma,jh n,mE wdldrh

úuid n,hs'

• yß; úma,jfha hym;a fuka u whym;a m%;sM, o meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• yß; úma,jfha wys;lr n,mEïj,ska ñ§fï Wmdh ud¾.hla

f,i ftkaøSh lDIsl¾ufhys jeo.;alu jgyd .kshs'

• YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufhys jeú,s fnda.j,g ysñ jk ia:dkh

úuid n,hs'

• YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'


YS% ,xldj ft;sydisl jYfhka lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ rgls' w;S;fha isg mej;s

iajhxfmdaIs; lDIsld¾ñl rgdj hqfrdamSh wdêm;Hh;a iu. u fjkia ù wdydr wdkhkh

l< hq;= ;;a;ajhg m;aúh' lDIsld¾ñl wxYh jHdmdßl j.d fj;g keUqre ùu isÿ jQ w;r

tu.ska Woa.; jQ .eg¨ j¾;udkh olajd u fndfyda ÿrg fkdfjkiaj mj;S' tneúka YS%

,xldfõ ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka i,ld n,k iEu mshjrl § u lDIsl¾udka;h ms<sn|

j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= j we;' ta wkqj fuu tallfhka ;dlaIKh" ksIamdokh

yd wf,úlrK ls%hdj,sh weiqfrka YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufha iajNdjh ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla

,nd§u wruqK fõ'


YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKhYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh

- wm rfÜ ck ixLHdfõ j¾Okh;a iu.u m%Odk jYfhka wdydr fnda.j,g we;s jQ

b,a¨u imqrd,Su msKsi ù" t<j¨ yd m<;=re j.djkaf.a ksIamdokh j¾Okh

i|yd lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh fhdod .eksKs'

- lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh hgf;a wm rfÜ wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,o wxY lsysmhls'

1' kùk hka;% Ndú;h

2' yß; úma,jh

3' cdk ;dlaIKh

4' fMkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h

5' jdß ;dlaIKh



kùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;hkùk hka;% Ndú;h

- wfkl=;a j.d yd ii|k úg ù j.dj i|yd hka;% Ndú;h lemS fmfka'

- iS iEfï isg iy,a ieliSu olajd úúO mßudKfha hka;% Ndú; flf¾'

Wod ( w;a g%elagrfha isg ixhqla; fld< uäk hka;% Combine harvester& olajd jQ

úúO hka;%

- hka;% Ndú;fha jdis

) jev lghq;= myiqùu

) ld,h b;sß ùu

- hka;% Ndú;fha wjdis

) wêl uqo,la jehùu

) Y%uh bj;aùu ms<sn| .eg¨j

) l=vd ìï fldgiaj, hka;% Ndú;h ÿIalr ùu

) mdßißl jYfhka mig we;s jk n,mEï

) hka;% Ndú;fha iSud ;sîu

) fy,au¿ j.dfõ hka;% Ndú;h ÿIalr ùu

yß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jhyß; úma,jh

- yß; úma,jfha n,mEu wm rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl fCI;%h ;=< jeä u n,mEula lr

we;af;a ù f.dú;ekghs'

- w;S;fha isg u iïm%odhsl ù j¾. rdYshla furg Ndú; jqj o jeä jk b,a¨u

i|yd fïjdhska ,efnk wiajekak m%udKj;a fkdùu ksid l%ufhka lD;s%u fmdfydr

Ndú;h jeä úh'

- ù wiajekak jeä lsÍu i|yd m¾fhaIK jev ms<sfj<la ksoyiska miq ls%hd;aul

úh' tys m%Odk mshjr lsysmhla fõ'

) iïm%odhsl ù j¾. w;=ßka f;;a l,dmhg yd úh<s l,dmhg fhda.H ù j¾.

fjka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu

) fouqyqka îc j¾. y÷kajd §u Wod ( 1957 H kñka ye¢kajq ù m%fNao myla

y÷kajd §u H.-4, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-10

) kj îc j¾. y÷kajd §u

jeä M,odhS îc j¾.

flá ld,Sk îc j¾.

frda. yd È,Srj,g Tfrd;a;= fok îc j¾.

,jK yd j.=re ìïj,g Tfrda;a;= fok îc j¾.

Wod ( BG 350- lDñ jix.;j,g Tfrda;a;= §u

At 353 - ,jK c,fhka hq;a m%foaY i|yd

LD 356 - l¿;r yd .d,a, Èia;s%lal i|yd

BG 300- lDókag Tfrd;a;= oSu $Èk 90ka wiajekak ,eîu



- yß; úma,jfha n,mEu YS% ,xldjg o me;sÍu

) kj ù j¾. y÷kajd §u Wod ( IR - 8 ^1966&

) m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h jeäùu

) fmdfydr Ndú;h wksjd¾h ùu

- fmdfydr Ndú;h

1960 § fuÜá%la fgdka 20"000

1996 § fuÜá%la fgdka 239"000

- lDIs ridhk Ndú;h

1970 oS ,Sg¾ 28"865

1978 § ,Sg¾ 503"383 ^uq,Y%h ( cd;sl fmdfydr f,alï ld¾hd,h&

- by; mshjr ksid f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok úhoï wêl ùu Tjqkg Tfrd;a;=

fkdfokakla ùu

- ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk Ndú;h ksid mßirhg isÿ jQ ydks w;s

úYd,h'

- fïjd Ndú; lsÍfï § ksis whqre kshuhka ms<sfkdme§u ksid f.dùkaf.a fi!LHhg

ydks isÿùu

- kj ;dlaIKfhka y÷kajd ÿka fnda. j¾.j, îc ,nd .ekSu f.dúhdg uqyqK

mEug isÿ jQ .eg¨jls' merKs f.dùka ;ukag wjYH îc j¾. ;uka úiska u

iïmdokh lr .;a; o j¾;udkfha tajd nyq cd;sl iud.ïj,ska jeä ñ,g ,nd

.ekSug fhduq ù we;'

- yß; úma,jh ;=<ska wiajekak jeä jqj o ta i|yd fhojqï j, ñ, wêlùu yd

fjk;a .eg¨ ksid f.dúhd wiSrejg m;a jQ nj fmfka'

- yß; úma,jfha jeä wjOdkh ù j.djg muKla fhoùu ksid wfkla fnda.

fkdi,ld yeÍu isÿùu;a" oßø;dj ÿre lr .ekSug fkdyels ùu;a olakg ,eìKs'

cdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKhcdk ;dlaIKh

- yß; úma,jfha whym;a m%;sM, wju lr .ekSfï ls%hdud¾.la f,i cdk ;dlaIKhy÷kaajd §u isÿúh'

- cdk ;dlaIKh furg ù j.djg jvd t<j¿ yd m<;=re j.djg n,md we;'- cdk ;dlaIKh u; jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o t<j¿ w;r" jegfld¨" lrú," nKavlald"

jÜglald" ;lald,s yd jïngq o m<;=re w;ßka mefmd,a yd flfi,a o jeo.;a fõ

ftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;hftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h

- lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;fha mj;akd .eg¨ u. yrjd .ekSu i|yd ftkaøsh fmdfydrNdú;h flfrys wjOdkh kej; fhduq ù ;sîu jeo.;a m%jK;djls'

- ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid ksIamdok úhou wvq jk w;r tu.ska ksmojklDIs ksIamdokj,g jeä b,a¨ula mj;S' ta wkqj" ) rdcH wxYfhka fuka u fm!oa.,sl wxYfha o ueÈy;a ùfuka ftkaøsh fmdfydr

ksIamdokh wrUd we;'



) iq¿ mßudKfhka tajd f.j;=j, ksmojd .ekSug wjYH Wmfoia o ksl=;a

flf¾'

) ftkaøsh fmdfydr Ndú;h fukau foaYSh lDñkdYl fh§fï m%jK;djla o

olakg we;' Wod ( fldfydU Ydlh weiqßka

jdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKhjdß ;dlaIKh

- YS% ,xldj jdß ;dlaIKh w;ska §¾> b;sydihla iys; ÈhqKq Ys,aml%u Ndú; l<

rgls'

- wm rfgys c, iïmdok l%u m%Odk jYfhka j¾. folls

.=re;aj jdß ud¾. l%u

Wiaidk jdß ud¾. l%u

.=re;aj jdß ud¾.

) YS% ,xldfõ c, iïmdÈ; ìï jeä fldgila fï hg;g .efka

) .=re;aj jdß ud¾. we< ud¾. cd,hla yd iïnkaO fõ

) .x.d ksïk yerjqï fhdackd l%u o fï hg;g .efka

Wiaidk jdßud¾.

- .=re;aj c, iïmdokfhka c,h iemhsh fkdyels Wiaìïj,g c,h iemhSu fï

u.ska isÿfõ'

- fï i|yd j¾;udkfha úÿ,sfhka ls%hdlrk fyda bkaOk n,fhka ls%hd lrk

fmdïm Ndú; flf¾'

- rdcdx.kh m%foaYfha tjeks Wiaidk jdßud¾. fhdackd l%uhla we;'

- j.d <sx ;j;a Wiaidk jdßud¾. l%uhls

- wkqrdOmqr yd l=reKe., Èia;s%lalj, nyq, j olakg ,efí'

- wd`ähd<sx Wod ( hdmkh

- N+.; c,h m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd k, <sx Ndú;h'

- j.d lghq;= i|yd c,h fnod yeÍug úúO l%u Ndú; flfrhs'

) fødaKs c, iïmdokh Basin irrigation&

) we.s,s c, iïmdokh Furrow irrigation&

- fødaKs c, iïmdokh ù j.dfõ ,sheÈj,g c,h iemhSug;a we.s,s c, iïmdokh

t<j¿ j.dj i|yd;a fhdod .efka'

- j.djka i|yd c,h iemfhk kj; u l%uhls ìxÿ jdß ;dlaIKh Drip irrigation&

- kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lalfha t<j¿ j.dj i|yd úisß c, iïmdok l%uh ^Sprinkler

irrigation& fhdod .kS'

- fï yer .xj;=r je<elaùfï yd ,jK c,h bj;a lsÍfï fhdackd l%u o ls%hd;aul

flf¾' Wod ( w;a;säh" ;=ïfndaú," fnd,af.dv



• ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh ksIamdokfha m%idrKh

- wm rg lDIs ksIamdokj, m%idrKh wxY lsysmhla hgf;a oelaúh yels h

) ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu

) wiajekak jeä lsÍu

) wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu

) kùk hka;% Ndú;h

ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍuìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu

- ù j.dfõ ìï m%udKh jeäùug idOl .Kkdjla n,md we;

) kj ìï c, iïmdokh u.ska j.djg fhoùu' Wod ( uyje,s m%foaY

) kj c, iïmdok jHdmdr hgf;a ;jÿrg;a ù j.dj jHdma; fjñka mej;Su

) ,jK c,h iys; j.=re ìï j.djka i|yd iqÿiq ìï njg m;a lsÍu'

- wfkl=;a jeú,s fnda. iïnkaOfhka n,k úg ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu ms<sn|

;;a;ajh fjkia iajrEmhla .kS' my; oelafjk j.=j wOHhkh lsÍfuka ta nj

wjfndaO lr .; yels h'

uq,dY%h ( Land utilization committee report 1985 -2004.

7.2.1 j.=j

- j.=j wkqj f;a yd rn¾ j.d i|yd fhÿK ìï m%udKh wvq ù we;'

fuys § olakg we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka wvq ù we;af;a úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï

m%udKh úuhs' iq¿ j;= hgf;a jQ ìï m%udKh iq¿ m%udKhlska j¾Okh ù we;'

- iuia; fmd,a j.d ìï m%udKh jeäùula olakg ,enqK o tys úYd, j;= i|yd

fhÿK ìï m%udKh wvq ù we;'

- f;a jeks j.djkaf.a ìï m%udKh wvqùug wd¾Ól jdis iys; j fjk;a j.djkag

ìï fhdod .ekSu" j.dìï len,s ùu" ixj¾Ok jHdmdr iy ksjdi bÈlsÍug fhdod

.ekSu wd§ fya;= n,md we;'

wiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍuwiajekak jeä lsÍu

- wiajekak jeä lsÍu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'

) jeä M,odhs îc" fmdfydr" lDñ yd j,akdYl Ndú;h

2004

188737153064442820

lDIs ld¾ñl N+ñmßfNda. j¾.h f;a rn¾ fmd,a

YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackh^fylaghd¾& 1956 - 2004

1956

252673227549250294

1985

201630199030300040



) ÈhqKq lDIsld¾ñl l%u fhdod .ekSu

) jeä jdr .Kkla ^lkak lsysmhla& jirlg j.d l< yels ùu

) fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh

) hym;a l<ukdlrKh

wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍuwmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu

- lDIs ksIamdok wmf;a hdu wjia:d lsysmhl § u isÿfõ'

) ksIamdokfha §

) m%jdykfha §

) weiqreïj, §

) .nvdlrKfha §

- OdkH j¾. fndfyda úg by; ish¨ u wjia:dj, § wmf;a hEïj,g f.dÿre fõ'

- t<j¿ j¾. yd m<;=re wdÈh m%jdykfha § yd weiqreïj, § úkdY fõ'

- rn¾ lsß wdÈh ksIamdokfha § wmf;a hdu isÿfõ'

fuu wmf;a hdï wvq lsÍu i|yd ls%hdud¾. .Kkdjla wkq.ukh l< yels fõ'

- ÈhqKq ksIamdok Ys,am l%u Ndú;h

- ÈhqKq weiqreï l%u Ndú;h

- ÈhqKq m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h

- .nvdlrKh úêu;a lsÍu fï hgf;a jeo.;a fõ'

kùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;hkùk hka;%iq;% Ndú;h

- ksIamdokh" m%jdykh yd .nvdlrKh jeks wjia:d i|yd hka;% Ndú;h jeo.;a

fõ'

) m%jdykfha § nyd¨ï Ndú;h

) .nvdlrKfha § YS;lrK l%u Ndú;h

) jeú,s fnda. ksIamdokfha § o hka;% Ndú;h jeo.;a fõ'

) rn¾ yd fmd,a wdYs%; øjH ksIamdokh i|yd hka;% Ndú;h j¾;udkfha m%p,s;

fjñka mj;S'

• wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh

- YS% ,xldfõ lDIs øjH iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sh o m%Odk wxY folla hgf;a

ls%hd;aul fõ'

1' f;d. fjf<|du

2' is,a,r fjf<|du

fuu ls%hdj,sh lsysm wdldrhlska úuid ne,sh yelsh'

) wd¾Ól uOHia:dk

) fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqï ) .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

) mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu



- wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha § YS% ,xldfõ úYd, ld¾hNdrhla .%dóh fmd< u.ska

bgqùu

) .%dóh ksIamdolhkaf.a ksIamdok iDcqj u mdßfNda.slhka w;g m;a lsÍu g

yels ùu

) myiqfjka wf<ú lr .ekSug yels ùu

) tla ia:dkhl § wjYH;d jeä m%udKhla bgqlr .ekSug yels ùu fuys jdis

f,i oelaúh yels h'

wd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dkwd¾Ól uOHia:dk

- f.dùkaf.a øjHj,g idOdrK ñ,la ,nd§u

- w;r ueÈhkaf.ka ksIamdolhd uqojd .ekSu

- mdßfNda.slhdg wvq ñ,g ksIamdok ,nd .ekSug yelsùu fïjdfha úfYaI jdis h'

- oUq,a," óf.dv" lemafmáfmd," Èjq,msáh" weô,smsáh" je,sir" ;Uq;af;a.u"

kdrdfyakamsg" r;au,dk jeks ia:dk /il msysgqjd we;'

fm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqïfm!oa.,sl iud.ï iu. .súiqï

- lDIs øjH" ksIamdokh yd wf<úh iïnkaO fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj,ska o fiajdjla

isÿfõ' wf<úlrKfha § tjeks fiajdjla imhk iud.ï .Kkdjla oelaúh yels

h'

) CIC iud.u

) ld.s,aia

) fcdaka lS,aia

) ðkfiak iud.u tjeks iud.ï lsysmhls'

- CIC iud.u u.ska ksmojk lDIs hka;% wf<ú lsÍu iïnkaOfhka rdcH wf,ú

ixia:dj iu. .súiqulg t<öu' f.dùka mqyqKq lsÍu tfiau f.dùkag wjYH îc

ksmoùu" m<;=re j.dj jeks wxY flfrys o fhduq ù we;'

- Ôkfiak iud.u fld< uäk hka;%" w;ag%elag¾" c, fmdïm ksIamdokh

iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fiajd imhhs'

- ld¾.s,aia "fcdaka lS,aia jeks iud.ï f.dúfmd<j,g u f.dia f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok

fl<skau ñ,g .ekSu;a f.dùkag j.dj i|yd wjYH fhojqï ,nd §ula isÿflf¾'

- lsß ksIamdokfha § fm!oa.,sl iud.ï úYd, fiajdjla bgq lrhs'

) ñ,aflda iud.u

) fkiaf,a jeks iud.ï ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'



.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

- j¾;udk mdßfNda.slhd NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § lreKq .Kkla ms<sn| wjOdkh

fhduq lrhs'

) weiqreï l< Èkh" l,a bl=;aùfï Èkh

) m%ñ;sh ms<sn| iy;slh

) fi!LHdrlaIs; nj

) kshñ; nr m%udKh

- fï lreKq ms<sn| j ksIamdolhdg ie,ls,su;a ùug fï ksid isÿfõ'

- ksIamdolhdg fuu lreKqj,g wkql+, j NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd fm<Uùulaa

fï u.ska we;s flf¾'

mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqjmdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj

- lDIs øjH ksIamdokfha § mdßfNda.sl reÑh yd myiqj .ek ksIamdolhd ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;=h' Wod ( ) iy,a ksIamdokfha § .,a je,s bj;a lrk ,o iy,a ksmoùu

) m<;=re j¾. weisÍu

) mdßfNda.slhdf.a l%%h Yla;shg .e<fmk f,i NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu

Wod ( l=vd m%udKfha isg úYd, m%udKhka olajd úúO m%%udKj,ska wiqrd

NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu

) mdßfNda.slhdf.a is;a .kakd wdldrhg NdKav bÈßm;a lsÍu'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 7'37'37'37'37'3 YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,SkYS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,Sk

m%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'm%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackfha uE; ld,Sk j isÿ jQ m%jK;d

y÷kajhs'

• lDIsìï l%ufhka .s,syShdu ksid we;s jQ ;;a;ajhka ksoiqka iys;

j bÈßm;a lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ we;s fNda. j¾. w;=ßka wdfoaYl yd R;=uh jYfhka

j.d lrk fNda. j¾. ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ isÿ jQ fjkialï is;shï weiqßka

meyeÈ,s lrhs'


wE; w;S;fha mgka u YS% ,xldj lDIsld¾ñl rgla úh' jeõ wdYs%; j ìys jQ fl;a

hdhj,ska iYS%l jQ úh<s l,dmSh m%foaY ksid wmrg fmrÈ. OdkHd.drh njg m;aúh'

ngysr cd;Skaf.a meñKSfuka miq Èjhsfka uOHu yd ngysr m%foaYj, f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ jeks

jdksc fnda. j.d wdrïN lrk ,§' jdKsc fNda. j.djkag jeä wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,o

ksid fuu ld,h ;=< úh<ss l,dmSh ù j.dj wvd, úh' ksoyiska miq tu m%foaYj, ìys jQ

uyd mßudK c, fhdackd l%u ksid ù j.dj kej; jHdma; úh'

uE; hq.fha lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï /ila olakg we;' we;eï

m%foaYj, lDIsìï .s,syS hdu" wdfoaYl fNda. j.djka we;sùu" fNda. úúOdx.slrKh fïjd

w;r m%Odk h' ck.ykfha l%ñl j¾Okh;a iu. ñksia wjYH;d jeä jk w;r" rfÜ

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fya;=fjka fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd fjka flfrk ìï m%udKh o jeäfõ'

fï fya;=ka ksid lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ fjkialï fuka u .eg¨ o mek ke.S

we;'

YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.fha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d wOHhkh lsÍu fuu

tallfha wruqK hs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSsug w;aje,la

lDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdulDIs ìï .s,syShdu

- iSñ; iïm;la jQ N+ñh u; m%idrKh jk ñksia wjYH;d yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï

fya;= fldg f.k N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaO .eg¨ /ila u Woa.; ù we;'

- YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNdackh i,ld n,k úg uq¿ N+ñfhka 1$3 la lDIsl¾uh

hgf;a ixj¾Okh lr we;s w;r 1$3 la jkdka;r iy jk Ôú wjYH;d i|yd

fhdod f.k we;' b;sßh úúOdldr há;, jHqyhka" ckdjdi" f.j;=" kd.ßl

yd wixj¾ê; N+ñ jYfhka jHdma; j we;'



- YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h oelafjk my; m%ia;drh yd j.=j wOHhkfhka tla

tla fNda. j¾. iïnkaO ìï m%udKhkaf.a wvq jeä ùu oel .; yelsfõ'Y%S

,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.fha we;s jQ fjkialï my; m%ia;drh u.skaa oelafõ'

uq,dY%h ( chfldä" fla'ir;a" ^2008&' Y%S ,xldj" ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsfhda. iy m%;spdr'

7'3'1 m%ia;drh

Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h i,ld ne,Sfï § my; i|yka ,laIK úoHudk fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ mdßfNda.h ^1956 - 2004&

lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ

1956 1985 2004

lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. j¾.h fylaghd¾ ] fylaghd¾ ] fylaghd¾ ]

ù 511"074 7'8 800"470 12'3 877"994 13'6

f;a 252"673 4'0 201"630 3'1 188"737 2'9

rn¾ 227"549 3'5 199"030 3'1 153"064 2'3

fmd,a 250"294 3'9 300"040 4'6 442"820 6'7

ñY% yd fjk;a 80"154 1'2 140"830 2'2 295"470 4'5

f.j;= 576"846 8'8 781"280 12'0 889"350 13'7

Source : Land Utilization Committee Report,1985 - 2004.

7'3'1 j.=j

- by; j.=j wkqj 1956 § 7'8] la j mej;s ù ìï m%udKh 1985 yd 2004 § 12'3] isg

13'6 olajd jeä ù we;'

ù j.d ìï jHdma;sh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla oelaúh yels h'

- uyje,s jHdmdrh jeks uyd mßudK c, iïmdok jHdmdr ksid ù ìï m%udKh jeä

ù we;' úfYaIfhka úh<s l,dmh ;=< fï jeäùu isÿ ù we;'

- ta w;ru f;;a l,dmSh my;a ìïj, ckdêl nj yd fjk;a lghq;=j,g wjYH ìï

,nd .ekSu i|yd l=Uqre f.dv lsÍu ksid tu m%foaYj, ù ìï wvq ùula isÿj we;'

- 1956 § 4]la jq f;a j.d N+ñ 1985 § 3'1] olajd;a 2004 § 2'9] olajd;a wvq j we;'



- fuys § o úfYaI ,laIKhla jkafka úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï m%udKh YS>% f,i

wvqùuls' fjk;a j.djka i|yd j.dj bj;a lsÍu yd ckdjdi i|yd bvï ,nd

.ekSu;a Bg fya;= ù we;' tfy;a iq¿ f;a j;= wxYfhys ìï m%udKfha iq¿ j¾Okhla

oelsh yels h''

- rn¾ j.d N+ñh o 1956 § 3'5] isg 1985 È 3'1] yd 2004 § 2'3] olajd;a wvqúh

f;a j.djg n,mE idOl u rn¾ j.dj flfrys;a n,md we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'

úYd, j;= i|yd fhok ìï wvqùu;a iq¿ j;= wxYfha j¾Okhl=;a olakg ,eîu'

- fmd,a j.dj i|yd fhdojq ìï m%udKh 1956 § 3'9] isg 2004 § 6'7] olajd j¾Okh

ù we;'

tfy;a fmd,a j.dfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaOfhka o úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla oelaúh yels

h'

- úYd, j;= wxYfha ìï m%udKh wvqùu bvï leì,s fldg úlsKSu yd fjk;a ñksia

lghq;= i|yd fmd,a bvï ,nd .ekSu óg fya;= ù we;'

- tfia jqj o iq¿ fmd,a bvï m%udKfhys tla;rd jeäùula olakg we;'

- ta w;ru úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj,g j.dj jHdma; lsÍfï jev ms<sfj< ksid tu

m%foaYj,g j.dj jHdma; ùfuka bvï m%udKh jeä ù we;s nj fmfka'

- ñY% j.dìï yd fjk;a fNda. o f.j;= o iEfyk m%udKhlska jeä ù we;'

- we;eï fNda. iïnkaOfhka ìï m%udK jeä jq nj fmkS .sh o i;H jYfhka u tu

ìï m%udKhkaf.a meyeÈ,s wvqùula úoHudk jk nj;a Bg úúO lreKq n,md we;s

nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'

• wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§uwdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd§u

- YS% ,xldj m%Odk jeú,s fNda. lsysmhla u; r|d isàfï wjodku ksid uE; ld,fha

§ fNda. úúOdx.slrKhg fhduq ùu olakg ,eìK' fï hgf;a úúO m%foaYj,g

wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. y÷kajd §u isÿúh'

- fï hgf;a jeo.;a fNda. j¾. .Kkdjls'

) w¾;dm,a" nv bßÕ=" bo,a bßÕ=" Wla" rglcq" fidahd fndaxÑ" f,dl= ÆKq" m;%i|yd jjk Ydl" .¾lsx" u,aj¾. jeks fnda. ye¢kaúh yels h'

) v%e.ka mDÜ" lgqfmd,a ^Farm oil& jeks wdfoaYl fnda. j¾. uE;l § lDIswxYhg tl;= ù we;'

) tfiau oekg rn¾ j;=j, tla tla fldgia wkqj wdfoaYl fnda. j.d lsÍuWod ( flfi,a j.d lsÍu w;ayod ne,sï isÿ flfrñka mj;S'

) fmd,a bvïj, .ïñßia" fldams yd wU" mefmd,a jeks m<;=re j.d o wdfoaYl

fnda.j,g ksoiqka fõ'

R;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§uR;=uh jYfhka fNda. y÷kajd§u

- R;=uh fnda. jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels fNda. j¾. .Kkdjls' fï hgf;a jeo.;a

jk r¿ OdkH j¾. lsysmhla oelaúh yels h'



- l=rlalka" bo,a" bßÕ=" ;," fufkaß" uqx weg" wU tjeks fnda. lsysmhls'

- .,aTh jHdmdrfha ù j.dj fjkqjg Wla j.d lsÍu o R;=uh fnda. j.djg ksoiqka

f,i oelaúh yelsh'

j¾;udkfha YS% ,xldfõ N+ñ mßfNda.h iïnkaO .eg¨ /ila u;= ù we;'

- ckdêl my;rg f;;a l,dmfha lDIs ìï yd fjk;a ñksia lghq;= i|yd ìï ,nd

.ekSfï ;rÕh ksid u;=j we;s .eg¨'

- uOH l÷lrfha o< nEjqï m%foaY m%fhdackhg .ekSu ksid ygf.k we;s .eg¨'

- W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, mej;s whym;a foaYmd,k mßirh ksid N+ñ mßfNda.h

iïnkaOfhka u;= jQ .eg¨ bka lsysmhls'

wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:

- YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a "^1991&' jk iïm;a yd mßir wud;HdxYh'

----- f,dal nexl=j yd YS% ,xldj"^2003&' is;sch udOH ixioh'

- Wiia fm< udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" fojeks fldgi^2008&' wOHdmk m%ldYk

fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- YS% ,xld cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^kj ixialrKh&' 2007'

- wd¾Ól úuiqu ^2002&' uehs $ wf.daia;='

- Hobblink, Henk,(1991). Bio technology and the Future of World agriculture, Zed

Books CTD.

- Peris, G.H. (1982) . Development and Change in Sri Lanka. New Delhi.



bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï

l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1l%shdldrlu - 1

YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ufhys uE; ld,Sk j ^miq.sh oYl ;=k& yg.;a fjkialï

tys j¾Okh flfrys n,mE wdldrh ms<sn| iúia;r jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu'

fuys § my; i|yka fCI;% flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'

- hemqï lDIsl¾uh

- jeú,s fnda.

- wmkhk lDIsl¾uh


lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok yd iïnkaO wf<úlrK ls%hdj,sfha kj m%jK;d ms<sn|

úia;rd;aul ,smshla iïmdokh lsÍu


YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda. rgdfõ uE; ld,Sk fjkialï ms<sn| f;dr;=re

m;s%ldjla ilia lsÍu

ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' ie'hq' fuu ls%hdldrlï ;=k lKavdhï fyda flaj, ls%hdldrlï f,i ixúOdkh lr .;

yelsh'




wdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;awdlr yd m;,a l%shdldrlï wdk;s mÍlaId lr Lksc iïm;a

ixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhsixrlaIKhg odhl fjhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha iajNdjh" jHdma;sh wOHhkh

lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;j, iajNdjh ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a

lrhs'

l f;dard.;a wdlr l¾udka;j, jHdma;sh úia;r lrhs'


mDÓúh u;=msg fyda N+.; j we;s Lksc lekSfï l%shdj,sh wdlr l¾udka;h f,i

ye¢kafõ' Lksc hkq ksIal¾Il iïm;ls' ksIal¾Il iïm;la hkqfjka y÷kajkafka laIh

jk" ke;s kï kej; w¨;ska we;s fkd jk iïm;a i|yd h' kso¾Ykhla f,i Lksc f;,a"

.,a w`.=re" hmia" rka" ueKsla jeks iïm;a ks¾udKhg wjqreÿ ñ,shk .Kkla jeh fõ'

wdlr l¾udka;h yd iïnkaO øjHj, iajrEmh wkqj fïjd j¾. lr we;' m%Odk

jYfhka f,dayuh Lksc yd f,dayuh fkdjk Lksc jYfhka y÷kd.; yels w;r" f,dayuh

Lksc kej; f*ria yd ksf*ria f,day jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' f,dayuh fkdjk Lksc"

bkaOkuh yd bkaOkuh fkdjk Lksc jYfhka fjka lr .; yelsh by; j¾.SlrKhg

wod< kso¾Yl 12jk fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha fojeks mßÉfþofha

úia;r fõ&' f;dard .;a wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok lsysmhl iajNdjh;a tys jHdma;sh;a

ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuid ne,Su fuu tallfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


• m%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;shm%Odk wdlr yd m;,a ksIamdok yd jHdma;sh

Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a Lksc f;,a (Petroleum)

- fmdf<dfjka ,nd .kakd f;,a wuqf;,a fyj;a fndrf;,a hkqfjka y÷kajkw;r msßmyÿ lr fmg%,a" ãi,a" N+ñf;,a hk bkaOk ,nd .kakd w;r w;=re

M, jYfhka ;dr" .%Sia" ma,diaála" .Eia hk oE ,nd .kS'

- hka;% iQ;% l%shd;aul lrk n, Yla;s uQ,hla f,i fuka u r: jdyk Odjkh

i|yd wjYH n, Yla;s uQ,hla f,i nyq, j fhdod .efka' fï ksid u f;,a

wdlr msysá rgj,a o< cd;sl wdodhu w;ska by< ;;a;ajhl isáhs'



jHdma;sh

- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfha m%uqLhka f,i fi!È wrdìh" reishdj" wfußld

tlai;a ckmoh" brdkh" Ökh" fulaisfldaj" lekvdj" tlai;a wrdì tó¾

rdcHh" fjksishq,dj" lafõÜ" fkda¾fõ" khsÔßhdj" n%iS,h" we,aÔßhdj" brdlh

hk rgj,a ie,l=j fyd;a Tjqka f,dal f;,a ksIamdokfhka 75% la ksmojhs

- ueo fmrÈ. muKla f,dal f;,a ksIamdokfhka 50% la ksmojhs' oekg

fidhdf.k we;s f;,a ixÑ; j,ska 2$3 la u ueo fmrÈ. l,dmfha msysgd

we;'

- j¾;udkfha fndfyduhla rgj,a Lksc f;,a .fõIKh i|yd úoHd;aul

m¾fhaIK wrUd we;s neúka f;,a ixÑ; jHdma;sfhys fjkialï ld,Sk j

isÿfjhs'

- oekg Lksc f;,a .fõIK wdrïN lr we;s m%foaY f,i W;=re uqqyqÿ"

TiafÜ%,shdj" fmdala iuqø ikaêh" ihsîßhdj" we,ialdj" .S%ka,ka;h fmkajd

osh yelsh' oekg YS% ,xldfõ o Lksc f;,a .fõIKh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla

mj;S'

.,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re .,a w`.=re (Coal)

- f,dalfha m%Odk u bkaOk f,i oekgu;a bÈßfhka isákafka .,a w`.=re h'

.,a w`.=re ks¾udKh ù we;af;a j¾I .Kkdjlg fmr je<,S .sh jDlaI,;dÈh

Èrdm;a ùfukqhs' Èrdm;a jQ Ydl fldgia mdIdK ;Ügq w;r ;ekam;a j È.=

ld,hla mej;Sfuka >K ldnka ;Ügq njg m;a fõ'

- .,a w`.=rej, Wiia nj tys wvx.= ldnka m%udKh wvq f;;ukh yd jdIamYS,s

jdhq j, m%udKh u; r|d mj;S'

ldnka m%;sY;h - 45 - 60% w;r - ,s.akhsÜ fyj;a ldIaÀl .,a w`.=re

ldnka m%;sY;h - 70 - 80% w;r - ìgqñkia fyj;a c;= .,a w`.=re

ldnka m%;sY;h - 90% lg jeä weka;%ihsÜ fyj;a m%c;= .,a w`.=re

- m%c;= .,a w`.=rej, ksl=;a jk ;dm m%udKh wêl ksid hlv WKq lsÍug;a

jdfka ksIamdokhg;a nyq, j fhdod .kS'

jHdma;sh

f,dalfha .,a wÕ=re fl;aj,ska 95]la u jHdma; j we;af;a W;=re w¾O f.da,fha h'

iEu m%foaYhl u .,a wÕ=re fl;a jHdma; j we;;a merKs m,sia m%foaYhka ys nyq, j

jHdma; j we;s nj y÷kd.; yels h' f,dj .,a wÕ=rej,ska 2$3la u W;=re wefußldfõ

msysgd ;sîu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' f,dal ksIamdokfhka 55]la u wefußld tlai;a ckmoh

yd Ökh i;= fõ' .,a w`.=re jHdma;sh wkqj m%Odk m%foaY y;rlaa y÷kd .; yelsh

01' W;=re wfußldfõ uOHu yd kef.kysr m%foaY

02' jhU È. hqfrdamh

03' reishdkq l,dmh



04' kef.kysr wdishdj

hmiahmiahmiahmiahmia

ksIamdok l¾udka;fha m%Odk wuqøjH jk hlv yd jdfka ksmehqug uQ,sl u wuqøjH

jkafka hmia h' hmia f,dalfha iEu ;eklu mdfya oelsh yels jqj;a Wiia j¾.fha hmia

jHdma;sfha iSud olakg ,efí' flfia fj;;a mDÓú mDIaGfha 5]la u we;af;a hlv nj

lshefõ'

hmiaj, we;s hlv m%;sY;h wkqj hmia j¾. y;rlg fnod we;'

01' r;= fyughsÜ (Red Hematite) hlv m%udKh 72% la muK fõ Wiia j¾.fha

hmia h'

02' ue.akghsÜ (Megnetite) hlv m%udKh 70% la muK fõ'

03' ,sfudkhsÜ (Limonite) hlv m%udKh 60% la muK fõ'

04' isvrhsÜ (Sidarite) hlv m%udKh 30% la muK fõ' nd, j¾.fha hmia h'

hmia jHdma;s m%foaY

- W;=re wfußldfõ mxp uyd ú,a m%foaY

- hqlaf¾kh yd reishdfõ l=iafkÜiala l,dmh

- Ökfha uekapqßhd Idxis m<d;

- ol=Kq wfußldfõ n%iS,h

- ´iafÜ%,shdfõ yeu¾iaf,a jeáh

- tlai;a rdcOdksfha ol=Kq fõ,aaih" ñâ,kaâ" fI*S,aâ" n¾ñkayeï

wd§ m%foaYj, hmia nyq, f,i jHdma; j we;'

^is;shï weiqßka m%dfoaYsh jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrjkak&

;U;U;U;U;U

ksf*ria f,day úfYaIhla jQ ;U ñY% f,dayhla jYfhka mj;S' wfkl=;a f,day j¾.

iu. ^ksl,a" fl%dañhï& tlg ixflakaøh ù mj;S' uq,a hq.fha ñksid úiska Ndú;hg .;a

Lksc j¾.hls' f,dalv hq.fhka miq ;Uj,g ;snq jeo.;alu hï ;dla ÿrg wvq jqj o úÿ,s

n,h fnod yeÍu ÈhqKqùu;a iu`. ;Uj, ;snq jeo.;alu b;d jeä úh'

- ;U ñY% j olakg ,efnk Lkschla neúka ridhksl m%;sl%shdj,g NdckhlsÍfuka wk;=re j ;U f,dayh fjka lr .kS

- ;dm ixkhkh" u< fkdne§u" ;dmh wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu" kuHYS,s

.=Kh wd§ úfYaI .=Kdx. ksid ;U jeo.;a f,dayhls'

jHdma; m%foaY

- Ñ,s

- mSrE

- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh



- reishdj

- cmdkh

- lekvdj

- ieïìhdj

îe' hq ( jHdma;s m%foaY is;shï ;+<ska y÷kd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrjkak&

rka rka rka rka rka (Gold)

udkj YsIagdpdrfha È.= b;sydihla r;%xj,g we;s njg wd§ udkj idlaIsj,ska

;yjqre ù we;' u< fkdne£u" §ma;su;a j¾Kh" kuHYS,sNdjh" ys. nj wd§ .=Kdx.hkaa ksid

f,dalfha jákd u f,dayh njg m;a ù we;'

m;,a lekSï u`.ska ,nd .;a rka ñY% mia rkamia& j,ska rka f,dayh ksiaidrKh lr

.kshs' óg wu;r j ;U yd fjk;a f,day i|yd lkskq ,nk f,da miaj,ska o w;=re

ksIamdokhla jYfhka rka ,nd .ekSug isÿ fjhs'

iaj¾KdNrK ieliSu yd j;alï jYfhka ;nd .ekSug rka jeo.;a ù we;' m%uqL

ld¾h iaj¾KdNrK ieliSu jqj;a úúO rdcHhka" nexl= yd mqoa.,hka" ;u j;alï ;nd

.ekSfï udOHhla ù we;af;a rka ixÑ; /ia lsÍuhs'

jHdma;sh

rka wdlr jHdma;sh we;s m%foaY yd rgj,a lsysmhls'

- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha frdlS l÷ m%foaYh

- ol=Kq wm%sldfõ úÜfjdag¾ia /kaâ

- íafÜ%,shdfõ" ld,a.=¾,s" l+,a.d¾â m%foaY

- reishdfõ ,Skd .x.dOdrh yd w,a;dhs l÷ m%foaYh

- lekvdj

- Ökh

îs;shï weiqßka by; m%foaY y÷kdf.k is;shul ,l=Kq lsÍug fhduq lrjkak&



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 8'28'28'28'28'2 f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd f,dal wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d" ksIamdokh yd

fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs' fjf<|du weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha f;dard .;a Lksc lsysmhl ksIamdok

ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a lrhs'

l ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du weiqßka wdlr l¾udka;j, m%jK;d

mss<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

l wdlr iïm;a ys lekSï w¾nqo yd wdmod ms<sn| lreKq úia;r

lrhs'


f,dal ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj yuqfõ úúO hka;%iQ;% yd WmlrK ksmoùu;a" tajdg wjYH

f,day wuqøjH yd n,Yla;s wjYH;djhkq;a ksid Lksc lekSï nyq, úh' ta wkqj hmia"

we¨ñkshï" ;U" Bhï" áka jeks f,day lekSu;a" n,Yla;s uQ,hka f,i .,a w`.=re" Lksc

f;,a yd iajdNdúl jdhq leKSu;a fuys§ jeo.;a fõ' ta iu.u tu øjH wkqidrfhka

flfrk ksIamdok l¾udka; o b;d fõ.fhka ÈhqKq úh'

we;eï Lksc wdY%s; ksIamdok yd fjf<|du f,dalfha n,j;a wd¾Ól lghq;= njg m;a

ù we;' tfuka u rgj, wd¾Ól Yla;sh ks¾Kh lrk idOl njg o m;aj we;' we;eï

wdlr l¾udka; w¾nqo lrd weÈ f.dia we;' tajdfha kj m%jK;d o olakg ,efí'

l Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;

- f;,a ksê .fõIKh" leKSu yd fndrf;,a ,nd .ekSu wdlr l¾udka;hg

wh;a jk w;r ,nd .kakd fndrf;,a msßmyÿj yd w;=re ksIamdokh" Lksc

f;,a ksIamdok l¾udka;hg wh;a fõ'

- w;S;fha Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfhys kshe,s isá rgj,a w;r refïkshdj"

wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh" fmda,ka;h jeo.;a úh' th 1970 oYlh

jk úg weußld tlai;a ckmofhka jeäu ksIamdokhla fglaidia ckmofhka

o ¨ishdkdfjka o" jfhdañka j,ska o ,enqKs' kuq;a j¾;udkfha wfußld

tlai;a ckmoh Lksc f;,a ksIamdokfha bÈßfhka isà' tafiau wdishd meismsla

l,dmfha bkaÿksiShdj"uef,aishdj" Ökh jeks rgj,a ueofmrÈ. l=fõÜ"

´udka jeks rgj,a wNsnjdf;,a ksIamdokfhka bÈßhg meñK ;sîu oelsh

yels kj m%jK;djla fjhs'

- oekg f,dalfha Lksc f;,a iïm;aj,ska 60% la muK ueo fmrÈ.

l,dmfha tlrdYS ù we;' fi!È wrdìh" brdkh" brdlh f;,a ksIamdokfha

m%uqLhka ù we;s w;r ueo fmrÈ. rgj, tal mqoa., wdodhu b;d by< w.hla

.ekSu f;,a ksIamdokh wdY%s; m%jK;djls'



- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka olakg ,efnk ;j;a m%jK;djla

jkafka we;eï rgj,aj, f;,a fl;a ySk ù hdu fya;= fldg f.k laIhfkdjk iïm;a ;=<ska n,Yla;s W;amdokhg m%fõY ùuhs' iq¾h Yla;sh" iq<x";dmh" c, úÿ,s n,h wdÈh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí'

- Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh i|yd f;,a ksê .fõIK jeo.;a mshjrls' ta i|ydpkaøsld ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSula o oelsh yelsh'

- tfukau Lksc f;,a laIhjk iïm;la neúka wkd.;h i|yd wdrlaId lr.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' j¾;udkfha Lksc f;,a ixÑ; ixrlaIKh g jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sîu olakg ,efí'

Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh ^ ,Sg¾ ì,shk&

l,dmh 2000 2007

W;=re wfußldj 763'2 778'7

ol=Kq iy uOHu wfußldj 99'7 155'0

hqfrdamh yd hqfa¾Ishdj 939'2 1053'3

ueo fmrÈ. 208'1 357'6

wm%sldj 130'1 204'4

wdishd meismsla 272'1 396'3

Source : B P Statistical Review of world Energy - June 2009.

8'2'1 j.=j

- fndrf;,a msßmyÿfõ § m%Odk bkaOk m%fNao lsysmhla ,nd.ekSfuka wk;=rej

fjk;a w;=re ksIamdok lsysmhla u ,nd .; yelsj we;'

- ,nd .kakd m%Odk bkaOk j¾. - fmÜ%,a" ãi,a" N+ñf;,a

- w;=re ksIamdok - ,sysis f;,a" L P .Eia" bá" ;dr" .%Si"a ma,diaála

lDñ kdYl" ridhksl fmdfydr

ffoksl fndrf;,a ksIamdokh ^ner,a oyia&

source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/petrolium

8'2'2 j.=j

Producing nation

Saudi Arabia

Russia

United State

Iran

China

Mexico

Chanada

United Arab Emirates

Venezula

Kuwait

103bbl/d 2006

10665

9677

8331

4148

3845

3707

3288

2945

2803

2675

103bbl/d 2007

10234

9876

8481

4043

3901

3501

3358

2948

2667

2613



fffffjf<odujf<odujf<odujf<odujf<odum%Odk Lksc f;,a ksIamdok m%foaYj,ska Lksc f;,a W!k;djla mj;sk m%foaYj,g

lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï u; Lksc f;,a fjf<|du ;SrKh fõ'úYd, jYfhka Lksc f;,a ksIamdÈ; m%foaY jk wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj

ueofmrÈ. l,dmh wd§ m%foaYj,ska ks¾ndê; j f,dalfha wfkl=;a rgj,g wmkhkhflreKs'

- tfy;a j¾;udkfha Lksc f;,a fjf<|du ;=< olakg ,efnk m%jK;djlajkafka w;sßla; ksIamdok fj<|m<g bÈßm;a fkdlsÍfï ixrlaIK Wmdhud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍuhs' Wod ( wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" Tfmla rgj,a

- ld¾ñl ixj¾Okfha bÈßfhka isák cmdkh" m%xYh" wd§ rgj,anyq, f,i Lksc f;,a Ndú; lrk rgj,a neúka tu rgj,a wdkhkhlrk Lksc f;,a m%udKh o jeä ù ;sfí

- cd;Hka;r fj<|dfï lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka wfkl==;a n,Yla;swNsnjd Lksc f;,a b,a¨u jeä ùula olakg ,eîuhs' Bg fya;=jkafkawe;eï rgj,a Ndú; n,Yla;sfhka 1$3 la muK fmfÜ%da,shï u; hemSuhs'

- úYd, jYfhka Lksc f;,a wdkhkh lrk rgj,a w;r cmdkh" wfußldtlai;a ckmoh" m%xYh" b;d,sh" c¾uksh yd fko¾,ka;h wdÈ rgj,a jeo.;ah'

- 20 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § wNHka;r oyk wekaðu (Internal Combustion

Engine) fidhd .ekSu;a iu. ÿïßh yd .=jkahdkd i|yd Lksc f;,a b,a uby< .sfhah'

- ld¾ñl rgj,a ìysùu;a iu. Lksc f;,a i|yd jQ l%h Yla;sh by< hdufï wdYs%;j oelsh yels ;j;a m%jK;djla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'

- Tfmla jeks ixúOdk msysgqùu u.ska Lksc f;,a fjf<|du md,kh lsÍugmshjr .ekSfuka fjf<|dfï m%Odk n,mEïlrejd njg Tfmla ixúOdkhm;aj ;sfí' ta ksid u Tfmla fkdjk rgj,a f;,a .fõIKhg fhduq ùuo m%jK;djla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha2008 j¾Ifha wmkhk wkqj m%uqL;dj .;a rgj,a yd tajdfha

ksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKhksIamdok m%udKh

^osklg ner,a oyia .Kkska&

Source :US Information Administration

8'2'3 j.=j

Exportiong Nation 103bbl/d

wmkhkh lrk rg 1. Sudi Arabia 8"651 2. Russia 6"565 3. Norway 2"542 4. Iran 2"519 5. United Arab Emirat 2"515 6. Venezula 2"203 7. Kuwait 2"150 8. Nigiria 2"146 9. Algiria 1"847 10. Mexico 1"676 11. Lybiya 1" 525

12. Iraq 1"438 13. Angola 1"363 14. Kazakastan 1"114 15. Canada 1"071

103m3/d

1"376 1"044 444 401 400 350 342 341 297 267 242 229 217 177

170



.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;.,a w`.=re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;

- n,Yla;s ksIamdok Lkschla jYfhka w;S;fha Lksc f;,aj,g jvd jeä

jeo.;alula .,a w`.=rej,g ysñj ;snqKs'

- bkaOkhla jYfhka w;S;fha fnfyúka u Ndú; l< iïm;la jqj;a j¾;udkh

jk úg .,a w`.=re ksIamdok m%udKhka j¾Okh ù we;af;a Lksc f;,a ksIamdokhg

idfmalaI j iq¿ jYfhks' Bg fya;= ù we;af;a .,a w`.=re ksê ydrd .ekSu"

m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu wdÈh i|yd úYd, msßjehla oeÍug isÿ ùuhs' j¾;udkfha

YSS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;aa iu. n,Yla;s Ndú;hg .ekSfï § by; i|yka lreKq

flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lsßu ksid n, Yla;shla jYfhka .,a w`.=rej,

idfmalaI jeo.;alu wvq ùu ksIamdokfha wdk;shla jYfhka oelaúh yelsh

.,a w`.=re ksIamdÈ; rgj,a ^fgdka ñ,shk&

rg 2003 2004 2005 2006 m%;sY;h

Ökh 1722 1992'3 2204'7 2380 38'4

wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 972'3 1008'9 1026'5 1053'6 17'0

bkaÈhdj 375'4 407'7 428'4 447'3 7'2

TiafÜ%,shdj 351'5 366'1 378'8 373'8 6'0

reishdj 276'7 281'7 298'5 309'2 5'0

ol=Kq wm%sldj 237'9 243'4 244'4 256'9 4'1

c¾uksh 204'9 207'8 202'8 197'2 3'2

bkaÿkSishdj 114'3 132'4 146'9 195'0 3'1

fmda,ka;h 163'8 162'4 159'5 156'1 2'5

f,dal ksIamdokh 5187'6 5585'3 5886'7 6195'1 100

source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal

8'2'4 j.=j

- 20 jk ishji jk úg .,a w`.=re ksIamdokfhka Ökh bÈßhg meñK ;sfí'

Ökfha YS>% wd¾Ól j¾Okh thg fya;= ù we;'

- tfy;a wksl=;a ld¾ñl rgj,a .,a w`.=re ksIamdokh wvq jYfhka lrk nj

o;a; igykg wkqj fmkShhs'

wdY%s; ksIamdÈ;

- wefudakshï ksIamdok

- vhs j¾.

- iqj| j¾.

- ma,diaála

- khsf,daka fl¢

- lDñkdYl j¾.



fjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|dufjf<|du

uq,a hq.fha § .,a w`.=re" hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h weiqßka nyq, f,i m%fhdackg

.;a w;r f,dayuh øjH WKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod f.k we;' hlv fgdka 1 la ksmoùug .,a

w`.=re fgdka 9 la wjYH úh&' tfy;aa miq ld,Sk j .Eia W÷ka Ndú;h;a iu`. .,a w`.=re

i|yd ;snQ b,aü wvq úh' Ndú;h wvq ùu cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï .,a w`.=re i|yd ;snQ

b,aü wvqùug fya;=jla f,i oelsh yelsh'

;j o ÿïßh tkaðu l%shdlrùug n,Yla;shla jYfhka Ndú;h l%ufhka wvq ù

fjk;a úl,am n,Yla;Ska fj; fhduq ù ;sîu lemS fmfkhs'

- .,a w`.=re wmkhkh lrk we;eï rgj,a tajd wdkhkfha o fh§ isàu .,a

w`.=re wdY%s; m%jK;djla jYfhka oelsh yelsh'

- wvq msßjehlska .,a w`.=re ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%jK;dj u; wfußld tlai;a

ckmoh m%Odk wmkhklrejl= njg m;aj ;snqKs' tfy;a f,dalfha fjk;a

rgj,a wo bÈßfhka isà'

- .,a w`.=re wmkhkfha m%uqLhd njg íafÜ%,shdj m;a j ;sfí'

- w;S;fha isg u .,a w`.=re bkaOkhla jYfhka Ndú; lrñka mej;=K o hqfrdamSh

fjf<|fmd< wysñ ùu" .,a w`.=re wdkhkh lrk fndfyda rgj,a c, úÿ,s

n,h ÈhqKq lsÍu" fmÜfÜ%da,shï" .Eia jeks bkaOk Ndú;hg mqreÿ ùu" ksIamdok

úhou by< hdu wd§ lreKq mokï lrf.k .,a w`.=re fjf<|fmdf<a miqnEula

y÷kd.; yelsh

.,a w`.=re wmkhkh lrk rgj,a ^fgdka ñ,shk&

rg 2003 2004 2005 m%;sY;h

TiafÜ%,shdj 238'1 247'6 255'0 27'2

bkaÿkSishdj 107'8 131'4 142'0 15'1

Ökh 103'4 95'5 93'1 9'9

ol=Kq wm%sldj 78'7 74'9 78'8 8'4

reishdj 41 55'7 98'6 10'5

wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 43 48 51'7 5'5

lekvdj 27'7 28'8 31'2 3'3

fmda,ka;h 16'4 16'3 16'4 1'7

úhÜkduh - 10'3 14'1 1'5

uq¿ wmkhk 713'9 764 780'9 100

source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal

8'2'5 j.=j

hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;hmia ksIamdokh yd ta wdYs%; l¾udka;

hmia ksIamdokh hkqfjka fuys § y÷kajkafka hmia ksêj,ska hmia ydrd .ekSuhs'



weia;fïka;=.; hmia ksIamdokh fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk

^2006 wfußldkq tlai;a ckmo N+ úoHd;aul iólaIKhlg wkqj&

rg ksIamdokh m%;sY;h

Ökh 520 30'8

TiafÜ%,shdj 270 15'9

n%iS,h 250 14'8

bkaÈhdj 150 8'8

reishdj 105 6'0

hqlaf¾kh 73 4'4

wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 54 3'5

wfkl=;a rgj,a 268 15'8

f,dalh 1690 100

source: http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

8'2'6 j.=j

- f,dalfha YS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla ,nñka bÈßhg we§tk Ökh hmia ksIamdokfha

bÈßfhka u isáhs'

- bkaÈhdj" reishdj yd wfußld tlai;a ckmoh wNsnjd Ökh bÈßhg meñK

;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' tafiau wvq jákdlulska hqla; j mej;s hmia fl;a

wê;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka M,odhS f,i kej; m%fhdackhg .ekSug Ökh

W;aidy f.k we;'

wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;

- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;

- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;

- keõ l¾udka;

- hlv wdY%s; fjk;a ksIamdok l¾udka;


- f,dalfha m%Odk hmia wdkhklrejka f,i cmdkh" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh"

ol=Kq fldßhdj" c¾uksh" Ökh wd§ rgj,a ld¾ñlrKh;a iu. bÈßfhkaisà' tafiau hmia wmkhklrejka f,i TiafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" fjksishq,dj"iaùvkh yd lekvdj WodyrK jYfhka oelaúh yelsh'

- j¾;udkfha fjf<|fmd< flakaø.; j o hmiaa l¾udka;h jHdma; j we;'Wod ( wfußld tlai;a ckmofha iqmSßh¾ ú, wdY%s; j

- hmia wmkhklrejka jk TiafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" fjksishq,dj wd§ rgj,a jqj o;u l¾udka; i|yd nyq, j hmia Ndú;hg .kS'

- hmia i|yd we;s b,a¨u Èfkka Èk j¾Okh ùu hmia fjf<|du wdY%s; j

y÷kd.; yels m%jK;djla f,i oelaúh yelsh'



;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;;U ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;

;U ksê fmd<jg wdikakfha msysgd we;s neúka wvq úhoulska ksmojd .; yelsh'

iEu ;U ñYs%; mia fgdka oyilg u ;U ,nd .; yelafla fgdka 5 la muKs'

uq,a ld,fha ;U ksIamdok m%foaY jQfha ngysr W;=re wfußldj" lekvdj yd

fulaisfldaj h' tfiau wm%sldfõ isïndífõ yd fldxf.da fõ ;U ksIamdÈ; m%foaYhka úh'

tfy;aa uE; ld,Sk o;a;j,g wkqj f,dal ;U ksIamdokfha kshq;= rgj,a fjkia ù

we;'

f,dal ;U ksIamdokh ^fuá%la fgdka 50"000 g jeä rgj,a&

rg 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Ñ,s 4"581 4"904 5"412 5"320 5360

wdckaákdj 204 199 177 187 180

´iafÜ%,shdj 868 839 854 916 858

lekvdj 603 557 563 595 607

bkaÿkSishdj 1"171 1"005 840 1"065 816

tlai;a rdcOdksh 1"140 1"120 1"260 1"140 1"200

Ökh 59'3 620 752 777 889

fjk;a rgj,a 443'9 4554 4"941 6998 5188

f,dal ksIamdok 13"600 13"800 14"700 15"000 15"100

source: http//www.indexmudi .com / eu/ cummdition

8'2'7 j.=j

- f,dal ;U ksIamdokfha j¾;udk o;a;j,g wkqj fuá%la fgdka 50" 000 g

jvd jeäfhka ksIamdokh lrk rgj,a úYd, m%udKhla we;' ;Uj,

mj;akd jQ iqúfYaI .=Kdx. ksid u ;U ksIamdokh j¾;udkfha jeä ù

we;'

- ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj;a iu. l¾udka; i|yd ;U Ndú;h jeä ù ;sîu fuhg

fya;= fõ'

l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;l¾udka;

- fudag¾ i|yd fldhs,a ksmoùu

- flan,a ksIamdokh

- f¾äfhda yd bf,lafg%dksla WmlrK i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSu

- ;U yd áka f,dayh ñY%lr f,dalv iE§u

- Ys;lrK wd§ WmlrKj, fldgia i|yd fhdod .ekSu

- ;U ;yvq ksIamdokh

e




- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" ;U m%Odk .ekqïlrejd njg m;aj ;sfí'

- wm%sldkq ;U ksIamdok úYd, m%udKhla hqfrdamhg wf,ú lrhs'

- Ñ,S rdcH ;U ksIamdokfha bÈßfhka u isà' tu rgj, iïm;a f,dalfha

ld¾ñl rgj,a u.ska wdkhkh lrkq ,nhs

rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;rka ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka;

- f,dalfha rgj,a 70l muK úúO m%udKfhka rka ksIamdokh lrkq

,enqj;a úYd, m%udKfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,enqfha ol=Kq wm%sldjhs'

- rka ksIamdokfha fojeks ia:dkh wfußld tlai;a ckmoh f.k we;s w;r

TiafÜ%,shdj f;jk ia:dkh ysñlr f.k we;s nj my; o;a; igykg wkqj

wkdjrKh fõ'

f,dalfha rka ksIamdokh 1994

rg m%;sY;h

ol=Kq wm%sldj 25'3

wfußld tlai;a ckmoh 14'2

TiafÜ%,shdj 11'2

Ökh 8'0

reishdj 6'4

lekvdj 6'4

uQ,dY%h ( *s,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; ^kj ixialrKh& 2003

7'2'8 j.=j

'

- f,dal rka ksIamdokfha fmr o;a; flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §

fmkS hkafka ol=Kq wm%sldj rka ksIamdokh w;ska bÈßfhkaa isá njhs'

- tfy;a wfkl=;a rgj,a iu. úuid ne,Sfï§ fmkShkafka rka ksIamdokfha

WÉpdjpk ùï isÿ ù we;s njhs'



f,dal rka ksIamdokh ^fugs%la fgdka&

rg 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TiafÜ%,shdj 266 282 259 262 244

lekvdj 151 140 124 119 103

Ökh 192 205 215 225 245

bkaÿksiShdj 142 141 91 130 164

ol=Kq wm%sldj 398 373 337 294 272

fjk;a rgj,a 1379 1417 140 1438 1430

f,dalh 2530 2560 2440 2470 2460

source: http//www.indexmudi:com

8'2'9 j.=j

- ñka wkdjrKh jkafka rka ksIamdokh i|yd fjk;a rgj,a olajk

ie,ls,a, jeä ù we;s njhs'

- le,sf*dakshdj" ngysr TiafÜ%,shdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" we,ialdj yd ksõ.skshdj

jeks rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla we;s jQfha r;arka ksIamdokhla iu. h'

- kQ;kfha úYd, wd¾Ól l%shdj,shla yeisrùug rka ksIamdokh iu;a fjhs'

wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;wdY%s; l¾udka;

- ldis yd wdNrK ksmoùu

- oka; ffjoH lghq;= i|yd

- bf,lafg%dksla l¾udka;h

- T!IO ksIamdokh

leKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;dleKSï w¾nqo;d

- fuu lreKq by; oela jq iEu Lksc j¾.hla i|yd u wod< fõ' fndfyda Lksc ksê

úYd, f,i ydrd .ekSu ksid Lksc CIh ùu u; b;d .eUqf¾ msysá Lksc iïm;a

mjrd .ekSug jeä msßjehla yd mßY%uhla oeÍug isÿùu o w¾nqohla ù we;'

Wod ( ol=Kq wms%ldfõ rka wdldrj, yd Ökfha .,a wÕ=re m;,aj, fuu ;;a;ajh

oeä f,i olakg ,efí'

- wdlr l¾udka;fha fh§ we;s Y%ñlhka m%udKj;a jegqma fkd,eîu" wjodkï iys;

fiajdjla ùu" fi!LH ;¾ck jeks fya;=ka u; fiajdj yerhdu o .eg¨jla ù we;'

ol=Kq wms%ldfõ rka l¾udka;h wdY%fhka fuh oeä f,i w¾nqohla ù we;'

- Lksc ydrd .ekSfï § m%jdykh yd msßmyÿfõ § ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla wmf;a hdu

o w¾nqoldß ;;a;ajhla u;= lr we;'

- ;dlaIK oshqKqj;a iu. Y%u n,ldh wvq lsÍug m;,a lrejka fm<Uùu o we;eï

rgj, fiajd kshqla;sfha w¾nqo ks¾udKhg n,md we;'

leKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmodleKSï l¾udka;fha wdmod



- m;,aj, .eUqr jeäj;au tajdfha fodaKd lvd jeàfuka úYd, wk;=re isÿfõ'

úfYaIfhka Ökfha .,a wÕ=re wdlrj, isÿjk fujeks wdmod nyq, j olakg ,efí'

- m;,a wdYs%; j isÿjk .sks.ekSï ksid isÿù we;s yÈis wdmod ;;a;ajhka o jd¾;dfõ

úfYaIfhka .,awÕ=re m;,aj, fuu ;;a;ajh jeä jYfhka olakg ,efí'

- .eUqre m;,aj, úIjdhq ldkaÿùfuka o Y%ñlhkag wk;=re isÿ ù we;s wjia:d

olakg ,efí'

- wdlr l¾udka;fhka mßirhg t,a, ù we;s n,mEï o wdmodjla f,i ie,lsh

yelsh' mßir moaO;sj,g we;s lrk ydksh iq¿mgq fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka" jdhqf.da,hg"

c,f.da,hg yd ffcj úúO;ajhg n,mEï we;s lrhs' Lksc lekSfuka miq tu

mßir h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdlsÍu fuu w¾nqoh ;j;a ;Sj% lrhs'

- lïlrejkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajhg lrk n,mEï o wdmod ;;a;ajhls' úfYaIfhka

ñksrka" hmia" .,awÕ=re m;,aj, fiajh lrkakkag jeä jYfhka iajYk wdndO

we;s fõ'


- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi'

- ùrlafldä" Wmd,s "^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'

- fykakdhl kd,ks" ^2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" tia" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'



ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9ksmqK;dj - 9YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaIdYS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍlaId

lr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhslr M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lrhsksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;sh mßlaId lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ ueKsla" ñksrka" Lkscje,s" wemghsÜ yd hmia hk

Lksc ksêj, msysàu yd iajNdjh ms<sn| úia;r bÈßm;a lrhs'

• m%Odk Lksc lsysmhl ksIamdokh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

• YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu wjfndaO

lr.kshs'

• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïnkaOfhka we;s kj m%jK;d ms<sn| lreKq

bÈßm;a lrhs'


YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a ms<sn| ye¢kaùu" Lkscj, .=Kdx. yd j¾.SlrKh ms<sn|

f;dr;=re 12jk fY%aKsh fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj hgf;a Tn bf.k .kakg we;' YS%

,xldfõ f;dard.;a m%Odk Lksc lsysmhl iajdNdjh yd jHdma;sh ms<sn|j;a " tu Lkscj,

Ndú;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re;a fuu tallfhka idlÉcd lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


• YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aYS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a

- ueKsla

- ñksrka

- Lksc je,s

- wemghsÜ

- hmia m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a fõ'

by; Lksc iïm;aj,

- jHdma;sh

- ksIamdokh

- m%jK;d idlÉPd lsÍug kshñ;h'

ueKslaueKslaueKslaueKslaueKsla

- ueKsla iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xldjg È.= b;sydihla o lS¾;shla o ;sfí'- m<uq yd fojk ishjiaj, .%Sl f,aLkj, o miq l,l Ök yd wrdì f,aLkj, o YS% ,xldj f,dalfha úYsIag ueKsla yuqjk rgla nj i|yka ù we;'- YS% ,xldfõ Wiaìï fY%aKshg wh;a mdIdK l,dmfha ueKsla ,efnk m%foaY nyq,

jYfhka msysgd we;s nj fmfka'- .x.d m;a,j, yd wNHka;r ;eks;,d ìïj, we;s fndr¿ w;r fuu ueKsla Lksch

nyq, j olakg ,efí'- ueKsla iys; fndr¿ hkq miq.sh N+ úoHd;aul hq.hkays § Ô¾Kh" Ldokh yd

mßjykh hk ls%hdj,skag Tfrd;a;= ÿka fYaI Lkschka h'- by; we;s ueKsla Lksch úm¾hdihg Ndckh jQ mdIdKhls'



jHdma;sh

- N+f.da,Sh jYfhka iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< ueKsla ksê msysgd we;'

- uOHu lÿlrh yd ksß; È. wdYs%; j ueKsla fl;a msysgd we;'

- inr.uq m<df;a m%Odk k.rh jk r;akmqrh m%foaYh wjg ueKsla

m;,aj,ska 80]la u jHdma; j mj;S'

- nyq, j ueKsla ,enk m%foaY oelafjk is;shula my; oelafõ'

YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ueKsla jHdma;s m%foaY

uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví'^1979& YS% ,xldfõ LKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd

iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j'

9'1'2 is;shu



ksIamdokh

- ueKsla l¾udka;fha ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh hkq ueKsla b,a,ï .eÍu;a" m;,a lekSï"

ueKsla lemSu yd ueKsla fhdod iaj¾KdNrK ;ekSu;a hk ld¾hhka h'

- YS% ,xldfõ ueKsla m;,a lekSfï § b;d iq,N l%uh jkqfha wdxYsl fodakd iys;

m;,a lemSu h'

- .Õ we£u hk ls%hdj,sh o ,xldfõ ueKsla .eÍfï § Ndú; fõ' .x.d m;a,j,

we;s ueKsla iys; fndr¿ leg È. ñg iys; fmdare u.ska .x.d bjqrg we£u isÿ lsÍu"

.Õ we£u f,i Ndú; fõ'

- .x.d bjqre lekSï u.ska o ueKsla b,a,ï u;= lr .kS'

- ueKsla b,a,ï u;= lr .;a miq ueKsla iys; fndr¿ bj;g f.k fõje,a l+=vd

wdOdrfhka c,fhka fia§u yd f;aÍu isÿ flf¾'

- oekg;a ,xldfõ ueKsla m;,a lekSu iïm%odhdkql=, j isÿ lrk wjia:d fndfyda

fõ'

- hdka;s%l l%u yd ;dlaIKsl l%u ueKsla m;,a lemSug ;ju;a wd.ka;=l ù we;'

- ueKsla lemSu yd iaj¾KdNrK ksIamdok ld¾hfhys úYd, msßila kshe,S isák

w;r tu ld¾hh i|yd o YS% ,xldj úfYaI m%d.=KHhla w;a lrf.k isáhs'

- ueKsla .,l w,xldrh yd tys jákdlu jeä lr .kafka th ksjerÈ j lmd

Tmoeóu ;=<sks'

- ueKsla lemSfï ld¾hh olaI m<mqreÿ lemqïlrejka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk

lghqla;ls'

m%jK;d

- wkjir ueKsla .eÍï wju lr ueKsla .eÍu i|yd rdcH wkq.%yh jeäfjñka mj;S'

- ueKsla b,a,ï i|yd m%isoaO fkdjqKq m%foaYj, o ueKsla b,a,ï lemSu isÿlrhs'

- ld,hla bj; oeuq ueKsla len,s ;dlaIKsl l%uj,ska ^oeä ;dmhg ,la lr& Wiia

;;a;ajfha ueKsla njg mßj¾;kh flfrhs'

ñksrkañksrkañksrkañksrkañksrka

- jir 180 l muK b;sydihla YS% ,xld ñksrka l¾udka;hg we;s w;r f,dalfha b;d

Wiia ñksrka ,efnk rgls'

- YS% ,xldfõ ñksrkaj, mú;%;djh ^ldnka m%;sY;h& 99]la muK jk ksid by<

wd¾Ól jákdlula we;'

- f,dal hqoaO iufha § f,dal ñksrka fjf<|mf,a taldêldßhla mj;ajdf.k hdug

;rï by< ksIamdokhla yd wmkhk jákdlula ;sî we;'

- ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i o" ;dmh yd úÿ,sh i|yd ikakdhl;djlska hqla; øjHhlaf,i o ñksrka jeo.;a fõ'



- YS% ,xldfõ nyq, jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka mdIdKhka ys iajdNdúlme,Sï Tiafia" uyd Ouks jYfhka msysá ñksrka h'

- ;yvq jYfhka yd iqkanqka yd m;=re f,i msysá ñksrka úfYaIhla o YS% ,xldfjka,efí' fïjd ;,d;= ñksrka ^uhsld& jYfhka y÷kajhs'

- ;,d;= ñksrka Wiia mdrúoaHq;a Yla;shlska o úÿ,s mßjdrl yelshdjlska o by<;dmhla ord isàfï yelshdjlska o hqla; ksid bf,lafg%dksla WmlrK l¾udka;hgfnfyúka fhdod .kshs'

jHdma;sh- uOHu yd ksrs; os. m%foaYhka ys jHdma; j we;'- f,dal hqO iufha oS m;,a 6000 la muK ls%hd;aul jqj;a oekg ls%hd;aul jkafka

m;,a lsysmhls'- m<d;a f,i .;fyd;a niakdysr" ol=K" inr.uqj" jhU yd uOHu m<d;a ñksrka

nyq, j msysá m<d;a h'

- Ouks ñksrka yd ;,d;= ñksrka msysá ia:dk oelafjk is;shula my; oelafõ



uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví' ^1979&' YS% ,xldfõLKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

9'1'3 is;shu

YS% ,xldfõ ñksrka jHdma;sh



YS% ,xldfõ ;,d;= ñksrka jHdma;sh

uq,dY%h ( fyar;a" fÊ' ví'^1979& YS% ,xldfõ LKsc iïm;a" N+ úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

9'1'4 is;shu

ksIamdokh

- ñksrka ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i foaYSh j iq¿ m%udKhla Ndú; lrhs'

- wuqøjH f,i ñksrka úfoaY rgj,a rdYshlg wmkhkh lrhs 9'1'5 j.=j n,kak&'

- mekai,a" ñksrka fldaj" iafkaylhka" negß jeks ksIamdokhka i|yd wuqøjHhla

f,i Ndú; lrhs'

- jdfka ;ekSfï § o úÿ,sn, lghq;= i|yd o ñksrka Ndú; lrhs'



ñksrka wmkhkh ^fuÜ%la fgdka &

Source : Geological survey and mines bureau Sri Lanka, ( 2008).

9'1'5 j.=j

kj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;dkj m%jK;d

- oekg m;,aj, b;d .eUqf¾ ñksrka msysá ksid ksIamdok úhoï jeäùu

- oekg ñksrka l¾udka;fha fm!oa.,sl wxYh m%Odk jYfhka kshe,Ss isàu

- wdishdkq rgj,g lr we;s ñksrka wmkhkh by< hEu'

- tlai;a ckmoh yd tlai;a rdcOdksh" ngysr rgj,g lrk wmkhkfha m%uqLhka

njg m;aùu'

----- foaYSh ñksrka mßfNdackh o l%ufhka by< hñka mej;Su'

Qty.

65

140

220

328

20

25

-

1900

-

-

1080

0.48

-

-

-

40

60

674

248

Country

Australia

Bangladesh

China

Germany

Greece

India

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

New Zealand

Pakistan

Philippines

Singapore

South Africa

Taiwan

Thailand

Turkey

U.K

U.S.A

value

29384

34062

257822

276552

5400

11610

-

794445

-

-

239480

2390

-

-

-

26315

18450

683303

326515

Qty.

74

60

140

28

-

94

-

1406

-

-

1400

-

-

-

-

62

-

820

287

value

($)

19898

14745

153536

2153

-

53007

-

719908

-

-

355140

-

-

-

-

19300

-

1005630

445930

Qty.

86

40

60

80

-

544

-

1886

-

-

1500

0.24

-

-

-

80

-

700

300

value

($)

39900

11828

69400

49295

-

180746

-

10027631

-

-

392314

494

-

-

-

23580

-

707895

426630

Qty.

44

20

141

300

-

454

-

1440

-

-

1580

-

-

10

80

-

-

888

470

value

($)

27090

7100

127500

217749,06

-

-

-

767506

-

-

507200

-

3800

21700

7350

-

-

1200378

724252

2004 2005 2006 2007



Lksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,sLksc je,s

- YS% ,xldfjka ,efnk Lksc je,sj, m%Odk jYfhka my; Lksc øjHhka

wvx.= j we;'

b,aukhsÜ - 70-72] muK

rEghs,a - 8] muK

i¾fldaka - 8-10] muK

is,sukhsÜ - 1'0] muK

fudkihsÜ - 0'3] muK

- b;d by< jákdlula we;s Lksc je,s ixÑ; YS% ,xldfõ mq,auqfâ" lhsldj,"

fmd,afldgqj yd l=Èruf,a ;=vqj hk m%foaYj, olakg ,efí'

- fuys úYd,; u ksêh mq,auqfâ msysgd we;s w;r th fgdka ñ,shk 4la muK fj;ehs

.Kka n,d we;'

- mq,auqfâ ksêh f,dalfha Wiia ksêhla f,i i,lk w;r tys we;s ghsfÜkshï

Lkschkaf.a ixflakaøkh fjk;a Lksc je,s ksêj, olakg fkd ,efnk nj

y÷kdf.k we;'

- ghsfÜkshï ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd m%Odk;u Lksc øjHhka jkafka

b,aukhsÜ yd rEghs,ah'

jHdma;sh

- fuh ks,dje,sfha isg uq,;sõ olajd mq¿,a uqyqÿ ;Srhl jHdma; j mj;shs'

- mq,auqfâ we;s ksêh lsf,da óg¾ 10la muK È.ska yd óg¾ 100 l muK m<,lska

hqla; h'

- óg wu;r j jhU fjrf<a l=Èruf,a yd ksr; È. fjrf<a fmd,afldgqj yd lhsldj,

m%foaYfha idudkH ksê f,i msysgd we;'

ksIamdokh

- Lksc je,sj,ska b,aukhsÜ" rEghs,a yd i¾fldaka fjka lr .ekSu muKla

ksIamdokhkaa f,i fuys § oekg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

- b,aukhsÜ" rEghs,a yd i¾fldaka wmkhkh i|yd u ksIamdokh lrhs'

- by; Lkschkaf.a foaYSh mßfNdackhla ke;s ;rï h'

- jd¾Isl j lrk ksIamdokhka" wmkhk;aa yd tys jákdlu;a my; j.=fõ olajd

we;'



mq,auqfâ wdYs%; Lksc je,s jHdma;sh

Source : Sri Lanka mineral sands LTD.

9'1'6 is;shu

LKsc je,s

b,aukhsÜ

rEghs,a

i¾fldaka

LKsc ks¾hd;h" 2004 - 2006 ^remsh,a ñ,shk&

Source : Geological Survey and Mines Buirow records ( 2008).

9'1'7 j.=j

fgdka

36303

8162

23587

jákdlu

196.95

290.07

1266.07

fgdka

57034

2280

8321

jákdlu

373.26

59.19

579.56

jákdlu

646.65

292.42

526.41

2004 2005 2006

fgdka

121811.7

5108

11136



m%jK;d

- miq.sh ld, jljdkqfõ § wdrlaIl fya;= u; Lksc je,s ksIamdokfha hï wvd<

ùula isÿúh' tfy;aa oeka h:d;;ajhg m;aù we;'

- mq,auqfâ mej;s fYdaOkd.drh ;%ia;%jd§ lghq;= ksid wlS%h j mej;sh;a ;s%l=Kdu,h

mej;s fYdaOkd.drh ls%hd;aul úh'

- bÈß ld,fha § Lksc je,s fYdaOkh ÈhqKq uÜgulg m;aùfï bvlv oeka ie<iS

we;'

wemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜwemghsÜ

- le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ ^Ca5 Po

4)

3& nyq, j wvx.= fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKhla f,i msysgd

we;'

- fuys m%Odk Lksch "wemghsÜ" f,i y÷kd f.k we;'

- Ydl j¾Okhg w;HjYH uQ, øjHhla jk fmdiamria 30]la muK fuu mdIdKj,

wvx.= neúka th l=vq lr fmdfydrla jYfhka Ndú; flfrhs'

- YS% ,xldfõ fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKfha wemghsÜ .Khg wh;a jk Lksch nyq, j we;s

ksid b;d by< wd¾Ól jákdlula we;s nj y÷kd f.k ;sfí'

jHdma;sh

- wkqrdOmqr Èia;s%lalfha tmamdj, m%foaYfhkaa fuu ksêh 1971 j¾Ifha wjidk

Nd.fha § fidhd .kakd ,§'

- j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 06l muK N+ñ m%udKhl fuu mdIdKh me;sß we;s w;r fgdka

ñ,shk 60la muK ;sfí hhs .Kka n,d we;'

- fuu ksêh óg¾ 125la muK fyda Bg jeä m%udKhlg .eUqrg msysgd we;s nj

y÷kdf.k we;'

ksIamdokh

- fmdiafmaÜ mdIdKh l=vq lr wuqøjHhla f,i ksl=;a lsÍu oekg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

- fïjd ishqï f,i weUreKq úg fmdfydrla f,i Ndú; l< yelsh'

- fuu fmdiafmaÜ mdIdK l=vqj, we;s le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ Ydlj,g wjfYdaIKh

lr .ekSug §¾> ld,hla .; jk ksid wuqøjHhla f,i we;af;a iSñ; m%fhdackhla

nj woyia flf¾'

- úfYaIfhka ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ jeks È.= ld,Sk fNda.j,g m%fhdackj;a

jkafka fï ksidh'

- iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ;s%;aj fmdiafmaÜ hkq b;d m%fhdackj;a tfuka u flá ld,Sk

fnda. i|yd Ndú; l< yels fmdfydrls' fuh ilia lr .ekSfï l¾udka;h fuys

we;s jeo.;a ld¾ñl ls%hdj,shls' fuh oekg isÿ jkafka ke;'



- fuu wemghsÜ Ndú; lr ksmoúh yels fmdiafmÜ fmdfydr j¾. f,i

) frdla fmdiafmaÜ ) fudfkda wefudkshï fmdiafmaÜ

) á%m,a fmdiafmaÜ ) iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ i|yka l< yels h'

- fmdiafmaÜ Ndú;hg .kakd m%Odk l¾udka; kï

) fmdfydr ) fnfy;a j¾. ) lD;s%u wiaÓ ksIamdokh

) msÕka NdKav ) ;Ska; j¾. ) i;aj wdydr ksIamdokh wdÈh

fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdokh yd tys wf<ú jákdlu my; oelafõ'

wemghsÜ wf<úh ^frdlafmdiaf*aÜ& fjf<|du 2004-2007

Source : Lanka Phosphate Ltd.

9'1'9 j.=jhmiahmiahmiahmiahmia

- YS% ,xldfjka fidhdf.k we;s hmiaj, hlv m%;sY;h f,dalfha Wiia hhs i,lkhmiaj, hlv m%;sY;hg jvd fndfyda fihska wvq ksid by< wd¾Ól jákdlulake;' ^60]lg jvd hlv m%;sY;h we;akï Wiia ;;a;ajfha hmia fõ&'

- ;jo úYd, ksê jYfhka msysgd ke;s w;r l=vd ksê f,i úiqreKq iajdNdjla .kS'th o fuys wd¾Ól jákdlu wvq lrhs'

- YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksê mq¿,a jYfhka fofldgila y÷kdf.k we;' I fmdf<dj u;=msg fyda ta wdikakj we;s ,sfudkhsÜ ksê II ;rula .eUqre j we;s ue.akhsÜ ksê

jHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;shjHdma;sh- by; olajd we;s m<uq j¾.fha hmia r;akmqr" .d,a, yd ud;r Èia;s%lalj, ia:dk

lsysmhl jHdma; j we;s nj y÷kd f.k we;'- fojk j¾.hg wh;a hmia ksê ú,f.or" mksfrkavdj yd fiareú, m%foaYfhka

fidhd f.k ;sfí'- fiareú, yuq ù we;s ksêh b;d m%fhdackj;a jk ksêhla nj fidhd f.k we;'

úfYaIfhka tys hlv m%;sY;h 65]lg jeä nj lshhs' tfuka u thska ;j;a Lkscj¾. lsysmhla ,nd .; yelh' Wod ;U

j¾Ih

m%udKh fgdkajákdlure'ñ,shk

2004

44937

168.87

2005

41979

188.16

2006

44143

223.74

2007

40054

231.072



YS% ,xldfõ fmria Lksc jHdma;sh

uq,dY%h( fyar;a" fÊ'ví'^1979&' YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a'

9'1'10 is;shu

ksIamdokh

- oekg YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksêj,ska hmia ydr .ekSula fkdlrhs'- hmia ksêj, msysàu;a" hmiaj, wvx.= hlv m%udKh wvqùu;a hk idOl u; tajd

oekg m%fhdackhg fkd.kshs'- foaYSh mßfNdackhg wjYH hlv wjYH;dj fuu ksêj,ska ,nd.; yels jqj;a ta

i|yd úYd, msßjehla oeÍu fjkqjg hlv wdkhkh oekg myiq ù we;'

m%jK;d

- YS% ,xldfõ hmia ksIal¾IKhla isÿfkdfõ' YS% ,xldfõ hlv wjYH;dj wdkhkslhlvj,ska isÿlr .kshs' tu ksid hmia wdYs%; ksIamdokj, m%jK;d fuys § y÷kd.ekSu .eg¨ iy.;h'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'29'29'29'29'2 YS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;aluYS% ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;alu

wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'wjOdrKh lrhs'

^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&^ld,Éfþo04&

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg Lksc iïm;aj, odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'

• Lksc iïm;a rdYshla ;ju;a wuqøjH f,i muKla Ndú; jk

njg lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

• Lksc wdYs%; ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh úh hq;= nj

ms<s.kshs'

• cd;sl wdodhug" fiajd kshqla;shg yd m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg

Lksc wdYs%; l¾udka;fhka úYd, odhl;ajhla ,nd.; yels nj

jgyd .kshs'

• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § mdßißl ydks isÿjk nj;a tajd

wju lr .ekSug W;aidy l< hq;= njg;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'


YS% ,xldj w;HjYH Lksc iïm;a hï m%udKhla msysá rgla f,i y÷kd .; yelshs'

tu Lksc iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdackhla .ekSug ;ju;a wfmdfydi;a ù we;af;a thg

wod<jk ;dlaIKsl l%u yd Wmdh ud¾. Ndú;fha W!k;djhla ;jÿrg;a mj;sk fyhsks'

YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla oekg we;s Lksc iïm;a u.ska ,nd §

;snqK o úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSug tu iïm;a wdYs%; ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh

wfmdfydi;a j ;sfí' úfYaIfhka wuqøjH f,i wmkhk lsÍu fjkqjg oaù;Shsl ksIamdokhla

f,ij;a ixj¾Okh lr wmkhkh lrkafka kï úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla ,nd.; yels

j we;'


ld¾ñl wuqøjH f,i jeo.;alu

wuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjHwuqøjH ksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokhksIamdokh

ñksrka mekai,a" ldnkal+re" iafkaylhka" úÿ,s WmlrK

ueKsla iaj¾KdNrK" Tmoeuq ueKsla jákd hka;% i|yd

Lksc je,s ghsfÜkshï j¾Klh yd ghsfÜkshï f,dayh

wemghsÜ iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ;s%;aj fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr

hmia hlv f,dayh



Wmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍuWmfhda.S;dj fjkia lsÍu weiqßka jákdlï jeä lsÍu

- Lksc wuqøjHhla f,i wmkhkh lrkakg fmr thska ksIamdokh l< yels oaù;Sshsl

ksIamokhlaj;a isÿlsÍug W;aidy .;fyd;a Lksc iïm;aj,ska jeä m%fhdackhla

,nd.ekSug wjia:djla ;sfí'

- Lksc u.ska úúO ksIamdokhka lsÍug yels jqjfyd;a tajdfha w;=re ksIamdok u.ska

o úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdackhla w;a lr.; yels j we;'

- úfYaIfhka ñksrka" Lksc je,s" wemghsÜ yd fiareú, ue.akghsÜ Lkschkaf.a

ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla wdrïN l<fyd;a ,nd.; yels wd¾Ól jdis /ils'

Wod (

1' ishjia .Kkdjla ;=< u ñksrka wmkhkh lrkjd ñi thska lrk wjika

ksIamdokhla ;ju isÿ fkdlsÍu'

2' YS% ,xldfjka b;d wvq ñ,g f.khk f.jqv jákd ks,a ueKsla njg úfoaY

rgj, § mßj¾;kh lr .ekSu isÿjqj;a foaYSh j isÿ fkdùu'

3' foaYSh j wjYH jk fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr wjYH;djka wemghsÜ ksêfhka

ksIamdokh lr fkd.ekSu'

4' Lksc je,sj,ska m%Odk Lksc lsysmhla fjkalr .ekSu muKla wo olajd u

isÿ jqj;a ghsfÜkshï jeks jákd f,dayhla ksiaidrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy

.;fyd;a úYd, wd¾Ól jákdlï ,nd.; yelsùu'

5' kefkda ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka Lksc l¾udka;fhka úYd, m%;s,dN ,eìh

yelsùu'

- Lksc øjHj, ienE jákdlï jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug wjYH ;dlaIKh iu.

ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla wdrïN lsÍfï wjYH;djlaa oeä j mj;shs'

fiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;shfiajd kshqla;sh

- ueá" yqKq.,a" ueKsla" ñksrka" Lksc je,s" is,sld je,s" .x.d je,s" wemghsÜ" mdIdK

j¾." wdÈ Lksc øjH wdY%fhka we;s ld¾ñl ls%hdj,shg fhduq ù we;s Rcq yd jl%

fiajd kshqla;sh ,laI 4la muK fj;ehs .Kka n,d ;sfí'

- by; fhdackd l< Lksc iïm;aj,ska lrk wjika ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla weröfuka

fuu fiajd kshqla;sh óg jvd lsysm .=Khlska jeä lr .; yels h'

- YS% ,xldfõ mj;sk fiajd úhqla;s m%Yakhg Lksc iïm;a weiqßka fyd| úi÷ula

iemhSug yelshdj we;'

m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|ydm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd

- YS% ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, Lksc iïm;a j¾. jHdma; j we;af;a úiqreK iajdNdjhlg

nj y÷kd.; yelsh'

- ta ta Lksc iïm;a weiqßka isÿjk yd wkd.;fha l< yels j we;s ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh

;=<ska ta ta m%foaYj, ixj¾Okhg úYd, msájy,la ,nd.; yels h'



- fiajd iemhSu ;=<ska ta ta m%foaYj, ckhdg fyd| wd¾Ólhla fuka u" idudÔhSh

myiqlï ,nd Èh yelsh'

- ld¾ñl ls%hdj,sh ÈhqKq jqjfyd;a thska tu m%foaYj, há;, myiqlï jeä

ÈhqKqùfuka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a fjhs'

- we;eï Lksc wuqøjH weiqßka l¾udka; ÈhqKqùfuka jl% j ìysfjk /lshd wjia:d

yd wdodhï ud¾. jeä ÈhqKqfõ'

cd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajhcd;sl wdodhug we;s odhl;ajh

- 2004 j¾Ifha o< cd;sl ksIamdokhg 2]l odhl;ajhla m;,a yd lekSï wxYfhka

,nd È we;'

- óg wu;r j ld¾ñl ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfhka 8]la wh;a lrf.k we;af;a Lksc øjH

wdYs%; l¾udka;j,sks'

- Lkscuh wmkhkj,ska 2007 j¾Ifha weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 136la Wmhdf.k

we; ^thska ueKslaj,ska muKla Wmhd f.k we;s jákdlu weußldkq fvd,¾

ñ,shk 120ls&'

- ueKsla yereKq úg wfkla Lksc iïm;a u.ska Wmhd we;s úfoaY úksuh b;d wvq nj

fmkShhs' thg fya;=j úh yelafla wuqøjH f,i Lksc wmkhkhhs'

^uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj" 2007&'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 9'39'39'39'39'3 YS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQYS%,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jQ

mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § mdßißl ydkshla isÿjk

nj meyeos,s lrhs'

• Lksc iïm;a ksIal¾IKh lr.kafka N+ñfhka ksid c,jykhg

yd N+ o¾Ykhg tu.ska we;s jk n,mEu by< nj ms<s.kshs'

• Lksc l¾udka;hg Rcq j iïnkaO Y%ñlhkag wjodkula yd

fi!LH ;¾ckhla we;s nj jgyd .kshs'

• Lksc l¾udka;h ksid isÿjk mdßißl ydksfha m%;sM,hka ksid

m%foaYjdis ckhdf.a fi!LHhg we;s jk n,mEï o wjfndaO lr

.kshs'

• mdßißl ydksh wju lr.ekSfï l%u Ys,am we;=<;a ld¾ñl

ls%hdj,shl wjYH;dj jgyd .kshs'


Lksc iïm;a msysgd we;af;a N+ñh u; fyda N+ñfha .eUqre ia:dkj,hs' Lksc ksIaamdokfha

§ mdßißl ydkshla iaÓrj u n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh hq;=h' tfy;a Lksc iïm;a ,nd.ekSfï

§ wm ,nk wd¾Ól jákdlu u; mdßißl ydksh fkdi,ld yeßh hq;= fkdfõ' isÿjk

mdßißl ydksfhka ck Ôú;hg isÿúh yels wdmod úfYaI ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lr fuu

Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh lr.; hq;= j we;' tfia fkd jqjfyd;a Lksc l¾udka;fhka

,nk wd¾Ól m%fhdackh ;djld,sl úh yels h' tfuka u mrsirfha fi!kao¾hd;aul w.h

fkdi,ld Lksc iïm;a ksIaldIKh fkdlsÍug o j. n,d.; hq;= j we;'


• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEïLksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tys mdßißl n,mEï

- ish¨ u Lksc j¾. fmdf<dfjka ksIal¾IKh lr .ekSfï isg ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh

olajd mj;skqfha mdßißl jYfhka oeä wys;lr ;;a;ajhlsks' úfYaIfhka N+

o¾Ykhg yd c,jykhg isÿjk n,mEu m%n, h'

c,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEïc,jykhg we;s lrk n,mEï

- N+ñh úúO .eUqre uÜgï olajd leKsfuka ,nd.kakd Lksc j¾. ksid N+ñh u;=msg

úúO m%udKfha j,j,a yd mia l÷ ks¾udKh fõ'

- j¾IKh fya;= fldg mDÓú mDIaGhg ,efnk c,fhka fldgila fuu my;a

ia:dkhka ys r|d mj;shs'

- ueKsla leKSu yd yeÍu ksid c,jykh g isÿjk n,mEu wfkla Lksc iïm;a

j,g jvd jeä nj fmfka'



- úfYaIfhka ueKsla Lksch fndfyda ÿrg ;ekam;a jkafka wjidê; mdIdK ia;r

;=< jk ksid .x.d wdYs%; j ueKsla .eÍu nyq, j isÿfõ'

- r;akmqr" n,xf.dv yd we,yer m%foaY wdYs%; j .,dniakd l¿ .Õ yd we,yer

m%foaYfhaa l¿ .Õ wdYs%; j isÿjk ueKsla .erSu ksid úYd, f,i c,jykhg

n,mEula isÿ lrhs'

- .x.dj .,dhk ud¾.h fndfyda úg fjkia jkafka .x.dj yrialr .x.d ksïk

m;af,a ueKsla m;,a ks¾udKh lsÍu ksid h'

- .x.dj .,k ÈYdj fjkia ùu isÿjkakdfiau .x.dfõ m<, m%udKh o fjkia ùu

isÿjkafka bjqre wdYs%; j ueKsla m;,a yeÍu ksidh'

- ueKsla b,a,ï fia§u yd .x.d bjqre lvd jeàu ksid .x.d m;=,a f.dvùu u.ska

.x.dj f.k hk c, m%udKh o wvqfõ' fuksid fndfyda úg .x.d msgdr .e,Su o

isÿfõ'

- ksrs;È. fudaiñka fmdaIKh jk r;akmqr m%foaYfha ksrka;r c,.e,Sï we;sùug o

ueKsla m;,a yeßu fya;= ù we;'

- f.dvìï wdYs%; j isÿ lrk ueKsla .eÍï ksid ks¾udKh jk m;,a fya;=fldg

f.k kdhhEïj,g f.dÿre fõ' fï ksid fmdf<dj u;=msg .,d.sh l=vd Èh

myrj,a uelShk w;r c, W,am;aj, iemhqï .uka ud¾.h o fjkiafõ' we;eï

úg c, W,am;a is§hdug o n,mEï we;sfõ'

N+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEïN+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk n,mEï

- ueKsla" ñksrka" Lksc je,s hk kE u Lksc iïm;la Ndú;hg .ekSfuka isÿjkafka

tajd ;sfnk ia:dkfhka bj;a lr fjk;a ia:dkhlg mßjykh lsÍuhs'

- fjr< wdYs%; j we;s úúO j¾.fha Lksc je,s bj;a lsÍfuka fjr< bu Ldokh

isÿfõ' ta wkqj kj N+ o¾Ykhla ks¾udKh fõ'

- ueKsla .eÍu ñksrka yEÍu ksid úYd, j,j,a ìysjk ksid N+ o¾Ykh fjkiafõ'

tfiau j,j,a yeÍu ksid bj;a lrk mia f.dvìu f.dv .eiSu ksid l=vd m%udKfha

l÷.eg ks¾udKh fõ'

- kdhhEï o ueKsla .eÍu ksid isÿjk fyhska mj;sk N+ o¾Ykhg n,mEula lrñka

my;a m%foaYj, mia yd .,a f.dv .efia'

- w;ayßk ,o m;,a c,fhka msÍ j,j,a ks¾udKh ùu o isÿfõ'

- .x.d wdYs%; j ueKsla .eÍu fya;=fldg f.k fuf;la .x.dj .uka l< .uka

ud¾.h o fjkialg ,lafõ' kj N=ñhla Tiafia .x.dj .uka lrñka mej;sh N+

o¾Ykh fjkilg ,lalrhs'

- wemghsÜ jeks Lksc fndfyda úg l÷ wdYs%; j mdIdK wdY%h lrf.k ks¾udKh fõ'

fuu wemghsÜ Lksch ydrd .ekSu ksid tajd jHdma; ù ;snq m%foaYfha úYd, j,j,a

ks¾udKh jk w;r lkao o bj;a ù hhs'



- l=uk fyda wdldrfha Lkschla yeßu ksid Ydl moaO;shg o n,mEula isÿjk fyhska

m%foaYfha mdxY= Ldokh W.% fõ' tu ksid meje;s iajdNdúl N+o¾Ykh fjkilg

,lafjñka mej;s iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hh úkdY úh yels h'

fi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEïfi!LHhg we;s lrk n,mEï

- úúO Lksc j¾. ksIal¾IKfha § mßjykfha § yd ta wdYs%; NdKav ksIamdokh hk

lghq;=j, § ksl=;a jk Lksc wxY= ksid ta wdYs%; ld¾hhka ys fhfokakkag úúO

f,v frda. je<foa'

- ueKsla Lksch yeÍu ksid ks¾udKh jk j,j,a fya;=fldg f.k tys lïlrejkag

uef,aßhd" nrjd jeks frda. fndaùug we;s yelshdj by< h'

- óg wu;r j ueKsla m;,a wdYs%; m%foaYj, ck;djg o uÿrejka ud¾.fhka fndajk

frda. jHdma; jk w;r c,h ÿIKh ùu ksid we;s jk frda.j,g o ck;djg

uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'

- ueKsla .rkakka ojfia jeä ld,hla c,h iu. .; lsÍu ksid úúO frda.j,g

f.dÿre fõ'

- ñksrka l¾udka;fha fhfokakka nyq, f,i frda. mSvdj,g ,lajkafka ñksrka

Lkscfhka ksl=;a jk wxY= fldgia ksid h'

- fmky¨ frda." wlaIs frda. yd p¾u frda.hkag o tu lïlre ck;dj ks;r

f.dÿre ùfï m%jK;djla mj;s'

- óg wu;r j ueKsla yd ñksrka m;,a wdYs %; j úI jdhq ldkaÿj yd

ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ jdhqj wdYajdi lsÍu ksid we;eï úg urKhg o m;afõ'

- we;eï úg m;,a lvd jeàu ksid o lïlrejka wk;=rej,g f.dÿrefõ'

- yqKq.,a msÉÖu ;=<ska ksl=;ajk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ nyq, jdhqj ksid fi!LHhg

;¾ckhla we;'

• mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍumdßißl ydksh wju lsÍu

Lksc j¾. uy fmd<fjka ksYal¾IKh lr .ekSfï isg ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh olajd

jQ iuia; ld¾hfha § mdßißl jYfhka úYd, wys;lr ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù we;' mq¾K

f,i mßir ydksh je<elaùug fkd yels jqj;a mßir ydksh wju lsÍfï ls%hdud¾. .;

hq;= j we;' ta w;r u;= oelafjk ls%hdud¾. .ekSu ;=<ska mßir ydksh wju lr.; yelsh'



mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍumßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu

- kS;Hkql+, j lekSï l¾udka;j, fh§u - kS;Hkql+, fkdjk ueKsla m;,a$je,sf.dv oeóu$ ysß.,a leãu jeks fohska isÿjk mßir ydksh úYd, h'wkjirfhka isÿjk m;,a lekSïj, § iSud rys; j yd ms<sfj<lska f;dr j Lksciïm;a lekSï isÿfõ' fuhska úYd, mßir .eg¨ we;s lrhs'

- úfYaIfhka wkjir je,s f.dv oeóu" ysß.,a leãu jeks lghq;=j,ska bj;a jfjk;a wd¾Ól lghq;=j,ska tu bmhSï fidhd .ekSug W;aiql ùfuka isÿ jkmßir ydksh wju lr.; yelshs'

- kS;Hkql+,j jqj o Lksc lekSfï § mßir ys;ldñ l%fudamdhhka ms<sme§u- Lksc lekSSfuka wk;=re j yEreKq j,j,a kej; jid oeóu" tla ia:dkhlska

je,sf.dv .ekSu ksr;=re j isÿ fkdlsÍu jeks mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okhlr.; hq;=h'

- Lksc wrmsßueiaulska hqla; j mßfNdackh lsÍu w;súYd, ksjdi bÈlsÍu" bÈlsÍïir, fkdùu" w;sßla; ksIamdokh jeks oE u.ska Lksc kdia;shla isÿfõ' fï ksidLksc wrmsßueiaulska Ndú;hg ñksid keUqre l< hq;=h'

- Lksc leKSï j, § mßir ys;ldñj lghq;== lsÍu iïnkaO j Wmfoia mdi,a úIhks¾foaYj,g we;=<;a lsÍu u.ska mßir ys;ldñ wdl,am j¾Okh l< yelsh'

- mßir ixúOdk iñ;s wdh;k" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ld¾hhka iu. noaO ùLksc ld¾ñlhkaf.a yd mdßfNda.slhkaf.a wdl,am j¾Okh l< hq;=hs'

- Lksc ksYal¾IKfha § isÿjk mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSug m%cdjg o hï j.lSulawe;' úfYaIfhka wkjir Lksc lekSï ms<sn| wdod< n,Odß wdh;k oekqj;a lr

th j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h'

wod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍuwod< wK mk;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu

YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tu lghq;= md,kh i|yd wjYH ffk;sl

miqìu ilia lr .ekSug u;= wK mk;a ls%hd;aul ù we;'

) 1992 wxl 33 orK m;,a yd Lksc øjH mk;

) 1992 wxl 33 orK m;,a yd Lksc øjh mkf;a 26 j.ka;sh wkqj YS% ,xldfõ kEu

ia:dkhl msysá ´kE u Lkschl ysñlu rch i;=fõ'

) by; mkf;a 34 fjks j.ka;shg wkqj by; ld¾hhka i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a l<

yelafla N+ úoHd iólaIK yd m;,a ld¾hdxYhghs'

) .x.d m;=,aj,ska je,s leKSu ms<sn| wjir m;% ,nd.; hq;af;a m%foaYSh f,alï

ld¾hd,fhka h'

) 1993 jif¾ leKsï ^n,m;%& fr.=,dis wxl 01 u.ska Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha

§ n,mj;a jk mdßißl ks;Sß;s y÷kajd § we;'

by; i|yka wKmk;a ksjerÈ j ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka yd fuu ld¾hhg iïnkaO wdh;k

yd m%cdj iduqysl j lghq;= lsÍfuka md,khlska hqla; j Lksc l¾udka;h mj;ajd

f.k hd yelsh'



foaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùufoaYmd,k lemùu

- kS;Hkql+, fkdjk Lksc leKSï je<elaùug fldf;la kS;s Í;s mej;=K o tajd

n,.ekaùug foaYmd,k lemùula wjYH nj úúO isÿùï Tiafia fmkShk lreKls

- wkjir je,sf.dv oeóu" ueKsla m;,a" ysß.,a leãï" .,a j,j,a mj;ajd f.k hdu

jeks oE msgqmi foaYmd,k ueÈy;a ùï ;snq wjia:d wikakg ,efí' fï ksid

fldf;l=;a wK mk;a kS;s Í;s ;snqK o tajd ksjerÈ j ls%hd;aul lsÍug fkdyels

jq wjia:d olakg we;'

- ;sridr mßir ixrlaIKhlg lemjqKq kdhl;ajhla ;sîfuka uyck;djf.a yd

m;,a lrejkaf.a fkdoekqj;a Ndjhlska isÿjk mdßißl ydksh wju lr .;

yelsh'

- m;,a lïlrejkag fiajd ia:dkj, § isÿjk wk;=re ;;a;ajhka yd je<fok

f,vfrda.j,ska uqojd .ekSug hïlsis foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùula wjYH nj fmfka'

- foaYmd,k mCIj, mlaI m%{ma;Sj, fujeks lemùï we;=<;a ùu jeo.;a fõ'


- fyar;a" fÊ'ví" 1979&' YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a" N+úoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- YS% ,xldfõ iajNdúl iïm;a" ^1994&' ñysl; wdh;kfha m%ldYkhls'

- LKsc mdIdK yd mßirh" YS% ,xld N+ úoHd ix.ufhaa m%ldYkhls'

- YS% ,xld uyd nexl= jd¾;dj" ^2008&'

- chfldä" ir;a" ^2008&' YS% ,xldfõ ;srir ixj¾Okh wNsfhda. yd m%;spdr" l¾;D

m%ldYkhls'

- Sri Lanka Minerals Year Book, (2008 ). G.S.M. Bureau

- Geological Survey and Mines Bureau Report.

- Herath,J.W,(1998). Mineral based industries of Sri lanka,Department of Geological Sur-

vey and Mines Bureau.





YS% ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a wdYs%; j bf.k .;a f;dr;=rej,ska my; j.=j iïmq¾K

lrkak'

Lksch jHdma; j we;s Lksch wdYs%; j fjk;a úfYaI

m%foaY lrk ksIamdok f;dr;=re


Tn m%foaYh wdYs%; j by; idlÉcd lrk ,o Lksc iïm;a wd¾Ól jYfhka

m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk wjia:d ;sìh yelsh' tfia kï tu Lksc iïm;a wdYs%; j my;

lreKq idlÉcd lrkak'

- wd¾Ól jeo.;alu

- mdßißl n,mEu

- mdßißl n,meï wju lsÍug .; yels mshjr




l¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõl¾udka;j, ia:dk.;ùfï l%shdj,sh mÍlaId lr Y%S ,xldfõ

ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl

ksoiqka weiqßka mÍlaId lrhs'^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'

l w;S;fha § l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu flfrys fN!;sl idOl

n,mE nj m%ldY lrhs'

l kQ;kfha § fN!;sl idOl wNsnjd udkqI idOl bÈßhg meñK

we;s nj y÷kd .kshs'

l f,dalfha tla tla rgj, olakg we;s úúO l¾udka; ia:dk.;

ùug n,md we;s idOl j.= .; lrhs'

l ksIamdok l¾udka;j, jHdma;sh f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï

lrhs'


ñksidf.a ueÈy;aùu ;=<ska ksIamdok idOl iu. iajdNdúl iïm;a yiqrejd ñksia

wjYH;d imqrd,Sug ksñ fyda w¾O ksñ NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdok

l¾udka;hla f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys § iajdNdúl iïm;a" wuqøjH yd n,Yla;sh Ndú; lr

l¾udka; Yd,dj, § NdKav ksIamdokh lrhs'

ksIamdok l¾udka;j,g §¾> b;sydihla we;' udkj YsIagdpdrh wdrïN jQQ hq.fha isg

wo olajd ñksia wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd úúO oE fkdfhla whqßka ksIamdokh lr

.ekSug ñksid Wkkaÿ ù we;' ir, Èú fmj;la uq,a ld,fha § .; l< ñksid kj fidhd

.ekSï iu. u ixlS¾K NdKav Ndú;hg yqre mqreÿ úh' úfYaIfhka ld¾ñl úma,jfhka

miqj úúO ld¾ñl NdKav ksmoùug ñkssidf.a oekqu yd ;dlaIK Ys,am l%u fhdod f.k w;s

úYd, ixlS¾K l%shdoduhkaf.ka NdKav j¾. ksmoúh' we;eï úg f,dal hqoaO we;s ùug

fuka u j¾;udkfha f,dalfha oelsh yels úúO l,flda,dy, ìysùfï fya;=j f,i o fuu

l¾udka; wxYfha ksmhqï bjy,a jkakg we;ehs o is;sh yelsh' j¾;udk mdrsißl w¾nqo

j, § l¾udka; wxYh m%Odk fõ'

ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a f,i j¾. lsÍfï § fuu ld¾ñl

NdKavj, ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%udKh o fndfyda úg i,ld n,hs' wfußld tlai;a ckmoh"

ì%;dkH yd cmdkh jeks ld¾ñl rgj,a ;u o< foaYsh ksIamdokfhka jeä m%;sY;hla

l¾udka; wxYfhka ,nd fohs' we;eï rgj,a ;u rg ;=<ska u l¾udka; i|yd wjYH wuqøjH

,nd .kakd w;r ;j;a rgj,a wjYH wuqøjH wdkhkh lr ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs' rgl

lDIs wxYfha fyda fiajd wxYfha fyda ÈhqKqjg fuu l¾udka; wxYfha ÈhqKqj Rcq j n,mdk



ksid iEu rgla u ksIamdok l¾udka; wxYfha ÈhqKqjg lghq;= lrhs' fuys § ta ta rgj,

ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug úúO idOl n,mdhs' fuu tallfhka wfmalaId

lrkqfhaa f,dj m%Odk u wd¾Ól lghq;a;la jk ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mE

tjeks idOl l¾udka; lsysmhla mokï lrf.k wOHhkh lsÍuhs'


• f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl

- ,dN ,eîu" /lshd W;amdokh" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh" iïm;a Wmfhdackh hkd

§ wruqKq we;s j l¾udka; ia:dk.; lsÍfï § wod< wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug

yels jk fia l¾udka; ia:dk .; l< hq;=h'

- iuyr l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍfï § tla idOlhla o we;eï l¾udka; ia:dk .;

lsÍfï § idOl lsysmhla o n,mdhs'

- j¾;udkfha § fndfyda úg by; idOlj,g wu;r j fm!oa.,sl idOl uq,a

lrf.k o l¾udka; ia:dk .; lr we;'

- l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl m%Odk fldgia folls'

) fN!;sl idOl

) udkqI yd wd¾Ól idOl

- fN!;sl idOlj,g wh;a jkafka my; oelafjk idOlhka h'

) N+ñh

) wuqøjH

) n,Yla;sh

) foaY.=Kh

) iq.u;dj

- udkqI yd wd¾Ól idOl jkafka my; oelafjk idOlhka h

) m%d.aOkh ^udkj yd fN!;sl &

) Y%uh mqyqKq yd kqmqyqKq&

) ;dlaIKh

) fjf<|fmd< ^m%dfoaYsh$foaYsh$l,dmsh$cd;Hka;r &

) m%jdykh

) rdcH m%;sm;a;s

) udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a msysgd we;s ÿr

) fjk;a



hlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;hhlv yd jdfkaa l¾udka;h

fndfyda rgj, ld¾ñlrKfha moku ù we;af;a o hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hhs' b;d

l=vd .Dy WmlrKfha isg keõ yd .=jkahdkd ;ekSu olajd u hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h

odhl ù we;' fuu l¾udka;h iuia; l¾udka; l%shdj,sh ;=< jeo.;a ùug lreKq lsysmhla

n,md we;'

I. l,ameje;au yd Yla;su;a nj w;ska fjk;a f,dayj,g jvd Wiia ;;a;ajhlska

mej;SuII. lïmkhg yd ;dmhg Tfrd;a;= §u

III. fjk;a f,dayj,g jvd kuHYS,s ùu

- wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" reishdj" ì%;dkH" bkaÈhdj" cmdkh" b;d,sh" m%xYh yd

Ökh jeks rgj,a hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha fh§ isáhs'

- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h i|yd wjYH wuqøjH jkqfha"

) hmia ^fyughsâ" ,sfudkhsÜ" ue.akghsÜ&

) .,a w`.=re c;= (Anthracite), m%c;= (Bituminous), ,s.akhsÜ (Lignite&

) yqKq.,a

) fvd,uhsÜ

) ueka.kSia

) c,h

- by; wuqøjH ,nd f.k l¾udka;h id¾:l f,i lrf.k hdug tlS iïm;a

wdY%s; j hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lr we;'

- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha mxpuyd ú,a winv m%foaYfha yd bkaÈhdfõ ofudaod¾

.x.d ksïk m%foaYfha fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lr we;af;a wuqøjH moku u;h'

- wfußld tlai;a ckmofha ñÑ.ka yd yshqrka ú,a wjg we;s hmia fl;a yd wem,dÑhka

.,a w`.=re fl;a ksid ñÑ.ka ú,anv m%foaYfha yd mSÜian¾.a m%foaYfha l¾udka;h

ia:dk.; ù we;' wuqøjH moku thg n,md we;'

- wuqøjH CIh ùu ksid o l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu fjkia ù we;'

- bkaÈhdfõ ceïfIâmq¾ wi<ska .,a w`.=re yd hmia fl;a msysgd ;sîu ksid o"

ofudaod¾ .x.dfjka c,h ,nd .ekSug yels ksid o ceïfIâmQ¾j, l¾udka;h

ia:dk.; lr we;'

- fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùu i|yd m%jdykh m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd fohs' ú,a

yd .x.d wdY%s; j keõ u.ska wuqøjH yd NdKav m%jdykfha fhfohs'

Wod ( mxpuyd ú,a yd Ydka; f,darkaia .x.dj - bkaÈhdfõ ofudao¾ .x.dj

- cmdkfha hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùu idïm%odhsl idOlj,

n,mEfuka f;dr j isÿ ù we;' cmdkh fuu l¾udka;fha fh§ug úfoaY rgj,ska

hlv iqkanqka yd hmia wdkhkh lrhs' fuys § n,md we;af;a merKs l¾udka;

ia:dk.; ùug n,mE idOl fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a fj<|fmd< idOlh yd mßjykfha

ÈhqKqj fuhg bjy,a ù we;'

Wod ( fgdalsfhda" kdf.dhd" fldafí



- b;sydifha f,dj hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h i|yd m%uqLfhda jQfha ì%;dkH" wfußld

tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh jeks ngysr rgj,a h' thg fndfyda ÿrg fya;= jqfha

wuqøjH ,eîfï jdishhs' tfy;a Tjqka ysñlr f.k ;snq ia:dkh wo jk úg

kef.kysr wdishdj m%uqL wdishd rgj,a jk Ökh" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj" uef,aishdj

jeks rgj,a ysñlr f.k we;af;a udkj idOlhkaf.a n,mEï fN!;sl idOlhkaf.a

n,mEu wNsnjd hdu ksid h'

Wod ( Ökh ^uekapqßhd" wkaIdka" hxIqjdka& cmdkh ^W;=re lshqIq " Tidld&

bkaÈhdj ^ceïfIâmq¾&

keõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;hkeõ l¾udka;h

- wka;¾ cd;sl fj<|dfï § NdKav yqjudrefõ § yd ëjr lghq;= fjkqfjka o

wjYH lrk l=vd m%udKfha isg úYd, m%udKfha keõ olajd keõ ksIamdokh fï

hgf;a isÿ fõ'

- hqO keõ" ëjr keõ" iqfLdamfNda.s hd;%d" Lksc f;,a m%jdyk keõ" NdKav yd u.S

m%jdyk keõ wd§ jYfhka úúO j¾.fha keõ ksIamdokh lrhs'

- ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" fkda¾fõ hk rdcH uq,a ld,j, § fuys

m%uqLfhda jQ w;r j¾;udkfha § cmdkh" Ökh" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh we;=¿

rgj,a lsysmhla o l¾udka;hg wj;S¾K ù we;'

- keõ l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùfï § f.dvìï m%foaYh ;eks;,d m%foaYhlaùu yd

wdikak uqyqo lvf;d¨ iys; .eUqre fjr<la ùu m%n, idOlhla fõ' keõ

;ekSug .eUqre yd lvf;d¿ fjr< jeo.;a jk w;r wuqøjH .nvd lsÍug ;eks;,d

N+ñh bjy,a fõ' fuksid fkda¾fõ" fko¾,ka;" ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a

ckmoh" Ökh yd cmdkh hk rgj, by; idOl bjy,a lrf.k l¾udka;h

ia:dk .; lr we;'

Wod ( ghska"àia" fn,amdiaÜ" úYdldmÜkï" fnd,aáfuda¾ "yqiagka" .a,diaf.da"

weïiag¾vEï" frdg¾vEï fuu k.rj, mqkS, fudah msysgd ;sîu keõ

l¾udka;hg myiq ù we; ^fld<U jrdh o uE;l isg jeo.;ah&'

- m%Odk wuqøjH jkafka hlv yd jdfka ksid tu wuqøjH ksIamdokh lrk m%foaY

wdY%s;j u fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; lrhs' tfy;a fndfyda úg jdfka lïy,a

keõ ;gdldx.k wi< u msysgqjd ;sîu ksid keõ l¾udka;hg jvd myiq h'

Wod ( Tidld

- foaY.=Kh o jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka È.= ld,hla ;siafia c,h fkdñfok ;;a;ajhla

meje;sh hq;= ùu keõ l¾udka;hg w;HjYHùu ksihs'

- keõ l¾udka;h wêl m%d.aOkhla wjYH jk l¾udka;hls' fï ksid fuu l¾udka;hg

rdcH wkq.%yh w;HjYH fõ' OkjdÈ wd¾Ólhla iys; rgj,a jk ì%;dkH" wfußld

tlai;a ckmoh" fko¾,ka;h wdÈh fï i|yd uQ,Huh m%d.aOkhla fhdojhs'

cmdkh yd bkaÈhdjg o fuu yelshdj we;s ksid keõ l¾udka;h isÿ lrhs' wd¾Ól

w;ska ÿn, rgj,a fuu l¾udka;hg fhduq fkdjkafka by< m%d.aOkhla tu rgj,g

fhoùug fkdyels ùu ksid h'



- keõ l¾udka;h lsishï rgl ia:dk.; ùu i|yd by; oelajQ N+ñh" wuqøjH"

foaY.=Kh" m%d.aOkh keue;s idOl fuka u rdcH wkq.%yh o w;HjYH idOlhls'

rdcH wkq.%yh hgf;a wdrlaIdj" wdfhdaclhka Èß .ekaùu" ffk;sl rduqjla

iemhSu hkdÈh ,eìh hq;= h' by; rgj,g fuu rdcH wkq.%yh fkd wvqj ,eî we;'

fudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;hfudag¾ r: l¾udka;h

- 20 jk Y;j¾Ifha f,dalfha úYsIaG; u ia:dkhla ysñ lr .kakd wxYhla f,i

fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h ye¢kaúh yelsh' fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kkla wdodhï bmo úh

yels fuka u" ñ,shk .Kklg /lshd wjia:d Wod lr fok yd úúO l¾udka;

j,ska Wmldrl fiajd ,nd.kakd wxYhla jYfhka o fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h

j¾;udkfha § ÈhqKqjg m;a j we;'

- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fhka ñksidf.a .ukd.ukh fuka u ñksidf.a nyqúO ld¾hhka

/ila b;d blaukska lr .ekSug yelshdj we;' w;S;fha § fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha

m%uqLfhda jqfha hqfrdamd rgj,a h' tfy;a wo jk úg cmdkh" ol=Kq fldßhdj"

uef,aishdj jeks rgj,a bÈßhg meñK we;'

- fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha ia:dk.; ùug m%Odk f,i hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h

mej;Su jvd fhda.H fõ' ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" bkaÈhdj jeks rgj,a

fuys§ m%uqLfhda jkafka tu rgj,a hlv yd jdfka o ksmojk ksid h' fïjdfha

hlv yd jdfka uOHia:dk wdYs%;j fudag¾r: l¾udka;h ia:dk .; úh'

- N+ñh o ;j;a idOlhls' ;eks;,d N+ñhla msysàu ksid jdyk ksmoùug wjYH

bvlv yd wuqøjH f.dv.id ;nd .ekSug myiqjla we;s fõ Wod ( fgdalsfhda"

- n,Yla;sh wfkl=;a l¾udka;j,g fuka u fudag¾ r: l¾udka;hg ke;sj u neß

iïm;ls' Lksc f;,a" .,a w`.=re fyda iajdNdúl jdhq l¾udka;h i|yd wjYH

idOlhls' by; rgj, fuu iïm;a úúO m%udKhkaf.ka oelsh yels h'

- úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl ksmqK;ajhlska o l<ukdlrK ksmqK;ajhlska hq;= Y%ñlhska

isàu o fudag¾ r: l¾udka;fha ia:dk .; ùug bjy,a fõ' cmdkh udkj iïm;

Wmßu jYfhka fuu l¾udka;hg fhdod .kakd rgls'

- fjf<|fmd< idOlh o b;d jeo.;a jkafka b,a¨ug iß,k fia iemhqu ilia jk

ksid h' foaYSh fjf<|fmd< yd cd;Hka;r fj<|fmd< uq,a lrf.k o rgj,a

úiska fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh lrhs' úfYaIfhka u cmdkh yd Ökh wefußld

tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,a fuhg wh;afõ'

- fjf<|fmd< yd l,dmsh b,a¨u u; idïm%odhsl ksIamdok rgj,a fjkia ù we;s

w;r ;j;a rgj, iud.ï taldnoaO lr we;' Wod ( fgdfhdagd- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, fjf<|fmd< jvd;a mq¿,a ù we;s w;r iud.ï o

fjkia ù we;' tkï jdyk j¾.h ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g

fjkia lr ksmojhs'



.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h.=jka hdkd l¾udka;h

- fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq j ÈhqKqjg m;a jQ l¾udka;hla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh

yelsh' fuh tl,ia lsÍfï l¾udka;hls' u.Ska lsysmfofkl= f.k hk fy,sfldmag¾

hdkdfõ isg úYd, m%udKhla u.Ska f.k hd yels .=jka hdkd o ksmojk w;r hqoaO

lghq;=i|yd fhdod .kakd hdkd" kshuqjka rys; hdkd" fndaïn fy,k hdkd f,i

fïjd úúO fjhs' Yíofha fõ.hg jvd fõ.fhka .uka lrk hdkd o j¾;udkfha

§ ksIamdokh lr we;'

- .=jka hdkd l¾udka;fha fh§ isák rgj,a lsysmhls'

) uydì%;dkH ) wfußld tlai;a ckmoh ) reishdj

) m%xYh ) c¾uksh ) cmdkh

) Ökh ) bkaÈhdj ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

- wjYH f,day j¾. rg ;=< u ;sîu fyda myiqfjka wdkhkh lr.; yelsùu fyda

fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug m%uqL fõ' ^m%Odk f,dayh ghsfÜkshï&' by;

rgj,a fuu f,dayh myiqfjka ,nd .kS'

- úYd, m%d.aOkhla wdfhdackh l< hq;= l¾udka;hla jk .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h

wjodku oeßh hq;= o fõ' by; rgj,g tu yelshdj we;af;a fndfyda rgj,a

ixj¾ê; rgj,a ksid h'

- úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl miqìula ;sîu;a fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug m%n,

idOlhls' by; oelajq .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h isÿ lrk rgj,a úoHd;aul yd

;dlaIKsl miqìula we;s rgj,a h' tu ksid ta rgj, l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ù

we;'

- foaY.=Kh o .=jka hdkd l¾udka;hg jeo.;a jkafka m¾fhaIK yd .=jka .; lsÍïjeks lghq;= i|yd §ma;su;a wdf,dalhla yd wvq j¾Idm;khla ;sîu w;HjYHjk ksid h'

- m%dfoaYSh ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka o fuys § n,mdhs'- .=jka hdkd l¾udka;h úYd, wjldYuh bvla wjYH l¾udka;hls' l÷ ndOl

j,ska f;dr ;eks;,d ìula ;sîu .=jka hdkd mÍlaIK lghq;=j, fh§ug wdOdrfõ' by; rgj, fulS myiqlï meyeÈ,s j ;sîu ksid l¾udka;h ia:dk .;ù we;'

- ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj wd§ .=jka hdkd l¾udka;hksIamdokh lrk rgj, rdcH m%;sm;a;S o l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùu i|yd n,mdwe;' úfYaIfhka u foaYSh wdrlaIdj i|yd n,mdk l¾udka;hla fyhska rdcHwkq.%yh fï i|yd m%n, j n,mdhs'

- úfkdaoh i|yd .=jka hdkd Ndú;h" .=jkahdkd ;dlaIKh ÈhqKqùu" jeäfõ.fhka.uka lrk hdkd ksmoùu" jeä mqoa.,hska m%udKhla .uka lsÍu" u.S ixp,kjeäùu wdÈh ksid .=jkahdkd ksIamdokh jeä ù we;'

- .=jka hdkd ksIamdok iud.ï taldnoaO ùu yd jeiShdula o olakg ,efí- iajdNdúl wdmodj, n,mEu ksid thg Tfrda;a;= fok .=jkahdkd ksIamdokh o isÿ

lrkq ,nhs'



úoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;húoHq;a l¾udka;h

- ñksiqkaf.a Ôú;fha § tÈfkod l%shdj,sh myiqlr,Su i|yd;a f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh

i|yd;a Wmldr jk fuj,ï úoHq;a l¾udka;h hgf;a ksIamdokh fjhs'

- uq¿;eka f.hs Ndú; lrk l=vd weUreï hka;%h" wd,skaofha we;s .=jka úÿ,sh"

rEmjdysksh" úÿ,s mxld" jdhq iólrK hka;% wdÈh;a ikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú;

lrk .Dyia; ÿrl:k yd cx.u ÿrl:kh" mß.Kl Wmdx.hka ksmoùu;a úoHq;a

l¾udka;h hgf;a ksmojk NdKavhka h'

- cmdkh" uyd ì%;dkH" wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh" m%xYh" Ökh" ol=Kq

fldßhdj hk rgj,a úoHq;a l¾udka;fha fhfok m%Odk rgj,a h' fuys§ w.aksÈ.

wdishdkq NICs ( Newly Industrialized Countries ) rgj,a m%uqL ksIamdokfha fh§

we;'

- wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka; High - tech Industries& iy úoHq;a l¾udkaa;h;a w;r

we;af;a úYd, fjkila fkdfõ' wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka;fha tla fldgila f,i

úoHq;a l¾udka;h y÷kd.; yelsh'

- wê ;dlaIKsl l¾udka; .ek § we;s ks¾jpk .;a úg fuu fjki ms<sn|

wjfndaOhla ,efí' wfußld tlai;a ckmofha lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j wê

;dlaIKsl l%shdldrlï w¾: oelaùu wkqj

" kj ;dlaIKh iy m¾fhaIK wdOdrfhka udkj ixy;sfha wNsjDoaêhg fyda

w.;shg fya;= jk ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï ks¾udKh lsÍu" wê;dlaIKsl l¾udka;

f,i oelafõ'

- fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafkaa úoHq;a l¾udka;h ñksidf.a

tÈfkod l%shdj,s myiqlr,Sfï yd ikaksfõokh i|yd fuj,ï ksmojk

l%shdj,shla njhs'

- fulS l¾udka;h o uq,a hq.j,§ m%d.aOkh fhoùfï Yla;sh we;s rgj, fuka u

m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sfha fhÈh yels rgj, ksIamdokh lr we;' úfYaIfhka u fuys

§ ngysr rgj,a jk wfußld tlai;a ckmoh" ì%;dkHh" hqfrdamd rgj,a m%uqL fõ'

- uE;l § ;dlaIKh ngysr rgj, isg wdishd" ,;ska wfußld rgj,aj,g meñK

ÈhqKq jq miq úoHq;a l¾udka;h tu rgj, o úúO m%udKhkaf.ka ia:dms; úh'

fuys§ uef,aishdj" ol=Kq fldßhdj" cmdkh" n%iS,h" bkaÈhdj yd Ökh hk

rgj,a bÈßhg ths'

- fndfyda úg fuu rgj,a w;ßka we;eï rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dms; yd ÈhqKqùug" uq,ska ÈhqqKq jQ rgj,a u.skaa lrk ,o m%d.aOk wdfhdackh bjy,a ù

we;'- fulS rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dms; ùug n,mE m%Odk; u fya;=j ù we;af;a

wLKav j fuu wxYh .ek m¾fhaIK lsÍu i|yd úYd, m%d.aOkhla jeh lsÍugyels ùuhs'Wod ( is,slka ksïkh

- uq,§ wêl m%d.aOkhla wjYH jQ fuu l¾udka;h j¾;udkfha § l=vd mßudK

l¾udka;hla f,i wdrïN lsÍug ;rï yels ù we;af;a wjYH m%d.aOkh úYd,



fkdùu ksihs'

- foaYsh fjf<|fmd< fuka u cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmdf<a úoHq;a NdKavj,g we;s

b,aü u; úúO rgj, fuu l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ù we;'

- Ys,amSh oekqu o fuysÈ uq,sl ù we;' cmdkh" bkaÈhdj fuys § jeo.;a h'

fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;hfmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h

- Lksc f;,a msßmyÿfjka miq bj;a j hk øjH Ndú; fldg úúO ridhk j¾.

ksIamdokh lrhs' fïjd fmfg%da ridhk øjH jk w;r tajd ksIamdokh lsÍu fmfg%da

ridhk l¾udka;h f,i ye¢kafõ'

- fuu l¾udka;h hgf;a m%Odk jYfhka my; oE ksmojhs'

) ;dr ) ,syssis f;,a ) ma,diaála

) khsf,daka j¾. ) úIîc kdYl ) wef,k iq¿ ^.ï& øjH

) wdf,amk ) lDñkdYl

- fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h úYd, f,i isÿ lrkafka wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd

ngysr hqfrdamSh rgj,a úisks'

- kuq;a j¾;udkfha § ueo fmrÈ. rgj,a yd wdishdkq rgj,a o ksIamdok l¾udka;

Yd,d fï iïnkaOfhka msysgqjd we;'

- f,dalh mqrd u fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h jHdma; j we;af;a tajdg mj;akd oeä

b,aü ksidh'

- m%d:ñl fmfg%da ridhk j¾. ;=kls'

01' - t;,ska Êthylene)

- fm%dm,Ska (Propylene)

- ìhqgãka (Butadiene)

t;,Ska yd fm%dm,Ska ld¾ñl ridhk ksIamdok iy ma,diaála ksmojhs' lD;s%u rn¾

ksmoùug negãka fhdod .kS'

02' fnkaiska (Benzene) vhs j¾. ksmojk lD;%su úIìc kdYl ksmojk

w;r fgd¨hska (Toluene) ma,diaála yd lD;%su flÈ iE§ug fhdod .kS'

03' iska;isiaa .Eia (Synthesis gas) fhdod f.k hqßhd fmdfydr yd úúO

ridhk Èhr j¾. iE§u o lrkq ,nhs'

- fuu l¾udka; ia:dk .; jkafka m%Odk jYfhka u wuqøjH u;hs' tu ksid Lksc

f;,a msßmyÿj isÿjk iEu rgl u fmfg%da ridhk l¾udka;h ia:dk .; fõ'

- Y%ñl msßia úYd, f,i wjYH fuu l¾udka;hg ,dN Y%uh fuka u ;dlaIKsl

{dkh o úYd, m%udKhlska wjYH fõ'

- m%d.aOkh o fulS l¾udka;hg úYd, f,i fhoúh hq;=h' f.dvke.s,s yd úúO

m¾fhaIK i|yd;a" wuqøjHj,ska uQ,øjH fjka lr .ekSug ixlS¾K hka;%



iq;% wdÈh ksmoùu i|yd w;s úYd, m%d.aOkhla fhoúh yels rgj, l¾udka; mq¿,a

f,i ia:dk.; fldg ixj¾Okh lr we;'

- fmfg%da ridhksl l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùu i|yd N+ñh o bjy,a fõ' mßir .eg¨

we;s lrk ksid fuu l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu kd.ßl m%foaYj,ska neyer m%foaYj,

isÿ lrhs'

lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;

- t<fokqkaf.ka yd ófokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd lsßj,ska ilia lrkq ,nk ksIamdok

lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu ksIamdok Yla;sh ckkh lrk wdydrj¾.hs'

- úúO lsß wdydr j¾. ksmojk ia:dkhla lsß wdYs%; ksIamdÈ; ,nd.kakduOHia:dkhls'

- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj,ska jeä mqr m%udKhla t< .jhskaf.ka o wvq m%udKhla ó.jhkaf.ka o thg;a jvd wvq m%udKhla wfkl=;a i;=kaf.ka o ,nd .kS ^t¿jka"neg¨jka" Tgqjka yd wYajhska&'

- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok j¾. lsysmhls') lssß msá (Milk Powder)

) ng¾ (Butter )

) <ore lsßmsá) Wl= l< lsß) úirKh lrk ,o lssß (Evaporated Milk)

) Öia) .sf;,a) uqojdmq lsß) fhda.Ü

- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokhka nyq, jYfhka isÿ lrkafka my; i|yka rgj,a h') fvkaud¾lh ) fko¾,ka;h ) m%xYh) iaúÜi¾,ka;h ) TiafÜ%,shdj ) kjiS,ka;h) wfußld tlai;a ckmoh

- m%Odk idOlh N+ñhhs' ;eks;,d iys; wvq ckixLHdjlaa we;sa ;DK;,d fyd¢kajefjk m%foaY fï i|yd w;HdjYH fõ'

- fï wkqj W;=re yd ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha fi!uH l,dmSh rgj,a jk fvkaud¾lh"kjiS,ka;h" fko¾,ka;h" TiafÜ%,shdj yd wdckaákdj hk rgj,;a reishdj ydwfußld tlai;a ckmoh;a .j mÜá md,kh isÿ lrhs'

ol=Kq wfußldj - ,dfkdaia yd leïfmdiaW;=re wfußldj - fmhßiaol=Kq wm%sldj - fj,aâTiafÜ%,shdj - vjqkaiareishdj - iafgmaia

hk m%foaYj, .j mÜá md,kh isÿ lrkafka by; N+ñh yd foaY.=Kh keue;s

idOl n,md we;s ksid h'

- i;=kaf.a fi!LHdrlaIs; nj mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a h'



- Y%uh o fuys § m%n, idOlhls' úYd, m%udKhla lsß ksIamdok ld¾hfha fhÈh

hq;= j we;s ksid;a úYd, N+ñ m%udKhl lghq;= lsÍug;a" fi!LHdrlaIs; j lghq;=

lsÍug wjYH ksid;a ñksia Y%uh nyq, j wjYH fõ' tjeks myiqlï by; rgj,ska

imhd .; yels ùu ksid fuu l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg fya;= ù ;sfí'

- m%d.aOkh ;j;a idOlhls' tys § fm!oa.,sl yd rdcH hk wxY foflka u by<

m%d.aOkhla fhoúh yels kï muKla fuu l¾udka;h l< yelsh' úfYaIfhka

nyq cd;sl iud.ï fï wxYfha fh§ isákq olakg ,efnkafka m%d.aOk yelshdj

we;s ksidh ^Wod ( fkiaf,a" f*kafgrd&'

- m%jdyk myiqlï ;sîu o fuu lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug

n,mdk ;j;a idOlhls' kdúl m%jdykh" .=jka m%jdykh yd f.dvìï m%jdykh

ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod f.k we;af;a lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok blaukska fj<|fmd<g

iemhsh hq;= ksid h'

- lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj, § fjf<|fmd< o b;d jeo.;a h' tkï ksIamdok wf,úfha

§ fjf<|fmd< oeä n,mEula isÿ lrhs' .=Kd;aul nj wdrlaId jk f,iska NdKav

mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd Èh hq;=h' fjf<|kdu fuys § b;d jeo.;a fõ' fjf<| kdu

u; ksIamdok ñ, § .ekSfï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' fuys § mdßfNda.slhkaf.a

reÑh jvjk wdldrfhka ish ksIamdok bÈßm;a lsÍula oelsh yels h'


- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" fojk fldgi'

- fykakdhl" kd,kS " 2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"

fld<U 10'

- Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia



bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlïbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï


f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; rdYshla we;' yq l¾udka;" ner l¾udka; yd wê

;dlaIKsl f,i tajd fldgia flf¾' fulS l¾udka;hka ia:dk .; ùug idOl tlla fyda

lsysmhla n,md we;' we;eï úg fuu ish¨ idOlj,ska f;dr j fm!oa.,sl wNsu;d¾:

wkqj l¾udka;hla fyda lsysmhla Tn m%foaYfha ia:dk .; j ;sìh yelsh' tjeks l¾udka;hla

f;dardf.k tys ia:dk.; ùug n,md we;s idOl fudkjdoehs wOHhkh lsÍu fuu

l%shdldrlñka wfmalaId flfrhs'

- Tn mdi, wjg msysgd we;s ksIamdok l¾udka;hla f;dard .kak'

- tu l¾udka;h keröug flaIa;% pdßldjla iqodkï lrkak'

- isiqka lKavdhï fldg fyda flaj, f,i fyda fuh l%shd;aul lrkak

- f;dard.;a l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùug n,md we;s idOl fudkjdoehs fidhd

ne,Sug Wmfoia fokak'

- fidhd.;a f;dr;=re mx;s ldurfha § isiqkag bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd

fokak'

- bf.kqï M, mokï lrf.k isiqka we.ehSug ,la lrkak'


fuu l%shdldrlu flaj, l%shdldrluls' mqia;ld, Ndú;fhka fyda fjk;a

fmd;am;a i`.rd wdÈh Ndú; lrñka tla tla YsIHhdg$YsIHhdjg tla tla ksIamdok l¾udka;h

ia:dk.; ùug n,md we;s idOl fidhd n,d f;dr;=re m;%sldjla ieliSug isiqka fhduq

lrkak'

- fï i|yd iEu isiqfjl= u ish¨ u l¾udka;j, ud;Dld ,nd fokak'

- f;dr;=re m;%sldjg we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ms<sn| flá úia;rhla imhkak'

- i;shla folla fyda wjYH wdldrhg ld,hla ,nd fokak'

- ksud l< f;dr;=re m;%sld mx;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

- isiq ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍfï § .=re ueÈy;a ùu b;d jeo.;a h'

- bf.kqïM,j,g wod< j ks¾kdhl mokï lrf.k isiqka we.ehSug ,la

lrkak'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 10'210'210'210'210'2 YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùugYS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ia:dk.; ùug

n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'n,md we;s idOl mÍlaId lrhs'


bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;j, miqìu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùfï idOl fudkjdoehs úia;r lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk l¾udka; lsysmhla tajd ia:dk.; ùfï

idOl wkqj ú.%y lr olajhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; lsysmhl ld,Sk fjkialï iy ta iïnkaO

rdcH m%;sm;a;s f.k yer olajhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'


"iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu msKsi ñksidf.a ueÈy;a

ùfuka flfrk wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh l¾udka; hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'"

rdcOdks wdrïNfha isg u YS% ,xldfõ hï hï l¾udka; mej;s nj mqrdjia;=j,ska

yd b;sydi .%ka:j,ska meyeÈ,s h' hg;a úð; hq.h" Bg miqj 1960 olajd ld,h" 1960- 1970

w;r ld,h" 1970- 1977 w;r ld,h yd 1977ka miq ld,h f,i YS% ,xld l¾udka; j¾Okfha

hq. lsysmhls' w;S;fha § lDIsl¾uh u; r|d mej;s wd¾Òlh j¾;udkh jk úg l¾udka;

wxYh flfrys jeä keUqrejla fmkakqï lrhs' j¾;udkfha § o< foaYSh ksIamdokfhka

fuka u ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;sfhka o YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; wxYh by< f.dia we;'

wm rfgys we;s l¾udka; m%Odk j¾. lsysmhls' ksYal¾Il" ksIamdok yd fiajd hkqfjka

tla j¾. lsÍuls' fuhska ksIamdok l¾udka; ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tys o m%Odk

fldgia ;=kls'

1' uyd mßudK l¾udka;

2' uOH mßudK l¾udka;

3' iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;

iSks iy isfuka;s uyd mßudK l¾udka;j,g ksoiqka jk w;r" ma,diaála yd

ìialÜ wdÈh uOH mßudK l¾udka; f,i o" fndfyda yia; l¾udka; iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;

f,i o oelaúh yels h'

fï wkqj l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùu i|yd n,mE idOl idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h"

isfuka;s" iSks" we.¿ï" rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka; i|yd jeo.;a jQ wdldrh;a tajdfha

úfYaIs; idOl fuka u ld,Sk fjkialï o fuys § wjOdkhg ,la flfrk w;r l¾udka;

ia:dk .; ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s o bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'




• YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka;

- idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;

- isfuka;s l¾udka;h

- iSks l¾udka;h

- weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h

- rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;

by; l¾udka; u;= oelafjk f;aud hgf;a wOHhkh lsaÍug fuys § wfmalaIs;h'

l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùfï idOl

- úfYaI; jQ idOl

- ld,Sk fjkialï

- l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùu iïnkaO rdcH m%;sm;a;s

l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùug n,mdk idOl rdYshls' tajd w;r"

- N+ñh - wuqøjH

- Y%uh - m%d.aOkh

- fj<|fmd< hk idOl jeo.;a h'

fïjd ´kE u rgl l¾udka;hla ia:dk .; ùug jeo.;a fõ' fïjdfha m%n,;ajh

ráka rgg" m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh yels h' tkï iuyr rgl by; idOl ish,a,

u fyda lsysmhla m%uqL úh yels h' ;j;a rgl tla idOlhla m%uqL úh yel' ;j;a iuyr

rgl by; idOl ish,a,g u fjkia jQ idOlhla m%uqL úh yelsh' tjeks úfYaIs; jQ idOl

o /ils' ta w;r"

- foaY.=Kh - m%jdykh

- n,Yla;sh - jHjidhl;ajh

- ld,Sk wjYH;d wdÈh jeo.;a h'

;j;a fndfyda rgj, by; idOl ish,a, iu." tu rfgys mj;sk rdcH m%;sm;a;s

o m%n, fõ' l¾udka; ms<sn|j ;SrK .ekSu rch úiska isÿ lrhs' tu ;SrK u; l¾udka;

wdrlaId lsÍu yd j¾Okh isÿfõ' fï wkqj l¾udka; flfrys n,mdk idOl fndfyda

mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s h'

YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; i|yd by; idOl ish,a, u n,md ;sfí' iuyr l¾udka;

tla ia:dk .; ùfï idOlhla u; ìys j we;s w;r ;j;a iuyr tajd idOl /il

n,mEfuka ìysj we;' tfuka u fïjd ld,Sk j fjkialïj,g o ,la j we;' iajdNdúl

wdmod" hqoaO" úúO W;aij" ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdÈh úfYaIs; n,mEï t,a, lrhs' tfuka

u rch úiska ld,Sk j f.k we;s wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;s" újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s"

l¾udka; úflakaøKh iy nÿ iyk ,nd §u wdÈh YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; flfrys Rcqj u

n,mEï lrñka mj;S'



idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hidïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h

YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu úfYaI jeo.;alula idïm%odhsl yia;

l¾udka; i|yd ,eî we;' .DydYs%; j iq¿ mßudKfhka isÿ lrk fïjd .Dy l¾udka;

hkqfjka o y÷kajhs' yia; l¾udka; j¾Okh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § my;

lreKq jeo.;ah'

ia:dk .;ùfï idOl

- wuqøjH fukau Y%uh hk idOl idïm%odhsl l¾udka; ia:dk .;ùu i|yd n,md

we;'

- l¾udka;hlg Y%uh jeo.;a jk úg" ;j;a wjia:djl § wuqøjH jeo.;a úh

yelsh'

- wuqøjHj, msysàu fukau mqyqKq Y%uh l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug Rcqj u n,md

we;'

- jeä jYfhka foaYSh wuq øjH fhdod .kakd w;r iuyr tajd wdkhkh lrhs'

- m%d.aOkh yd bkaOk ysÕ rgla jk YS% ,xldjg fuu f,i l¾udka;h b;d jeo.;a

h'

- fuys § idïm%odhsl Ys,amSh oekqu mrïmrd.; j mej; taula oelsh yels fõ'

- idïm%odhsl l¾udka;j, fh§ug kj mrïmrdj wlue;s ùu ksid l¾udka; ì|

jeàulg ,laj we;'

úfYaIs; idOl

- tla tla l¾udka;hkag úfYaIs; jQ m%foaY we;s lsÍu Wod ( l=Kavidf,a" l,dmqrh"

fõje,afoKsh" lsßjjq," wïn,kaf.dv" weïnelal

- jd¾Isl m%o¾Yk" iïudk m%odfkda;aij" mqyqKq mdGud,d wdÈh u.ska Èß.ekaùï

,nd§u o j¾Okhg fya;= fõ'

- ksjfia lghq;= lrk w;r u l¾udka;fha fhÈh yels ksid ldka;djkag o jeä

jYfhka odhl úh yels ùu'

ld,Sk fjkialï

- mdßißl w¾nqo i|yd ms<shula f,i idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h fhdod .;

yelsh' tkï l¾udka;fha § mßirhg ksl=;a jk wmøjH ÿIs; jdhq wdÈh wju

ùu" NdKav m%;spls%hlrKh l< yels ùu fuka u mßir ys;ldó NdKav ksmoùu

wdÈh ksid fuu l¾udka;h ld,Skj b;du jeo.;a ù we;'

- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ksid fjf<|fmd> ld,sk j j¾Okh ù we;'



rdcH m%;sm;a;s

- mej;s iEu rchla u l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg ;u m%;sm;a;s ilia lr we;' l=vd

l¾udka; fomd¾;fïka;=j" ,lai," yia; l¾udka; uKav,h" .eñÈßh" cd;sl

fudaia;r uOHia:dkh wdÈh msysgqjd iydh olajd ;sfí'

- iuDoaê nexl=j wd§ uq,H wdh;k u.ska Kh ,nd§u'

- idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka; j¾Okfha § mj;sk ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj NdKav

ksIamdokh wjYH h' tfukau ieye,a¨ NdKav ksIamdokh o l< hq;= h'

isfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;hisfuka;s l¾udka;h

YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk l¾udka;hla f,i isfuka;s l¾udka;h y÷kd.; yels h' l¾udka;

ia:dk .;ùfï idOl fuhg o n,md we;' fuys § jeo.;au idOlh jkqfha wuqøjHhs'

NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd uq,sl j fhdod.kakd øjH wuqøjHh kï fõ' wuqøjH

j,ska jeä fldgila bj; hk fyda blaukska krla jk tajd jq úg l¾udka; wuqøjH wdYs%;

j ÈYdkq.; ùula oelsh yelsfõ' wuqøjHj, jákdlu jeä iy tajd mßjykhg jeä

úhoula oeÍug isÿ fkdjk úg wuqøjH wi< l¾udka; msysgqùu wjYH ke;' fï wkqj

isfuka;s l¾udka;h YS% ,xldfõ uyd mßudK l¾udka; w;ßka wuqøjH m%uqL jQ l¾udka;hla

f,i jeo.;a h'

ia:dk .;ùfï idOl

- lkalika;=f¾" .d,a, iy mq;a;,u YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk isfuka;s lïy,a fõ'

- ;%ia;jd§ w¾nqoh ksid lkalika;=f¾ l¾udka; Yd,dj ;djld,slj jid ;sfí'

- mq;a;,u isg hdmkh olajd mj;sk yqKq.,a fhdod f.k isfuka;s ksIamdokh

isÿlrhs'

- isfuka;s l¾udka;fha j¾Okh i|yd mqyqKq Y%uh o n,md we;'

úfYaIs; idOl

- .d,a, isfuka;s l¾udka;Yd,dj uq,sl jYfhka m%jdykh u; ;SrKh ú we;'

.d,a, jrdh Bg n,md ;sfí'

- fuys§ ol=Kq m<d; ;=< we;s fjf<|fmd< o l¾udka;hg uq,a ù we;'

- isfuka;s úúO j¾.fha ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .ekSu ksid úYd, fj<|fmd<la

ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' Wod (úúO isfuka;s NdKav ksIamdokh

- YS% ,xldfõ YS>% ixj¾Okh ;=< bÈlsÍï i|yd wjYH isfuka;sj,g úYd, b,a¨ula

we;sùu Wod ( uydud¾." jrdh

ld,Sk fjkialï

- ld,Sk j ksIamdok úúO ùu Wod ( úis;=re NdKav ksIamdokh'

- mßir úkdYh wju lsÍug oej ksIamdok fjkqjg isfuka;s wdYs%; ksIamdok fhdod

.ekSu'

- isfuka;s wdkhkh by< f.dia ;rÕldß;ajhla we;sj ;sîu'



- fj<| kdu mokulska wf,ú lghq;= j¾Okh ùu Wod ( fyd,aisï

- úúO j¾.fha wjYH;djkag wkqj isfuka;s y÷kajd §u' Wod ( lmrdrejg" ghs,aj,g

wd§ jYfhka

rdcH m%;sm;a;s

- 1950 § YS% ,xld isfuka;s ixia:dj msysgqjd we;s w;r" 1955 § rdcH wkq.%yh iys;

ixia:djla f,i o" 1957 § ld¾ñl ixia:d mk; hgf;a o m%;sjHqy.; lrk ,§'

- j¾;udkfha § l¾udka; wud;HdxYh hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hhs'

- YS% ,xldfõ iEu rchhlau isfuka;s l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg ish m%;sm;a;s fhdod

f.k we;'

l¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhs;dj ;=<ska isfuka;s l¾udka;h ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh

l< hq;= w;r isfuka;s wdkhkh wvqlr foaYSh ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu o jeo.;a h'

fï i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù wjYH lghq;= lsÍu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

iSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;hiSks l¾udka;h

YS% ,dxlsl ck;djg jvd;a wjYH NdKavhla njg iSks y÷kd .; yels h' ta wkqj

jd¾Islj iSks úYd, m%udKfhka mßfNdackhg .efka' iSks l¾udka;Yd,d ia:dk .;

flfrkqfha tu ksIamdokhg wjYH Wla j.d lrk N+ñ wdYs%; j h' tkï fuys m%Odk

wuqøjH jkqfha Wlajk fyhsks' ta wkqj YS% ,xldj ish b,a¨fuka wvq m%;sY;hla ksmojk

w;r" jeä m%;sY;hla wdkhkh lrhs' iSks l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ùug N+ñh fukau

wuqøjH m%n, j n,mdk w;r my; lreKq ta iïnkaO j jeo.;a h'

ia:dk .;ùfï idOl

- Wla m%jdykh lrkjdg jvd iSks ksmojd m%jdykh lsÍu jdisodhl ksid wuqøjH

wdikak N+ñfha u l¾udka;Yd,dj msysgqjhs' fï wkqj iSks hkq N+ñh fukau

wuqøjH o tlfia jeo.;a jk l¾udka;hls'

- Y%uh o ksIamdok N+ñh wdikakfhka u ,nd.; yelsùu ;j;a ,dNodhlh'

- YS% ,xldfõ iSks ksIamdok l¾udka; wdYs%; j ta i|yd ck;dj mÈxÑ l< o iuyr

l¾udka;Yd,d jeishdu ksid fkdfhla .eg¨ mek ke.S we;'

- l¾udka;Yd,d wdYs%; j j.dj we;s lsÍu i|yd le,E ìï fhdod .ekSu ksid jk

i;=kag ;u kscìï wysñ ùfï .eg¨jla Woa.;j we;' fï ksid w,s ñksia .egqï

W.% ù we;'

úfYaIs; idOl

- iSks ksIamdokfha § w;=reM,j,ska o úúO ksIamdok isÿlrhs' ^u;ameka yd iqjo

ú,jqka&'

- iSks wdY%s; úúO ksIamdok rdYshla ìysùu ^meKs ri lEu&'

- l¾udka; j¾Okh;a iu. iSks i|yd b,a¨u by< hdu



ld,Sk fjkialï

- lka;f,a" ysÕ=rdk hk m%foaYj, uq,au iSks l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lr we;s w;r miq

j me,j;a; yd fijk., l¾udka;h wdrïN lr ;sfí'

- uq,a ld,fha § ,xld iSks ixia:dj hgf;a iy miqj fm!oaa.,sl wxYh hgf;a o

l¾udka;Yd,d wdrïN lr we;'

- j.dìï wdYs%; Y%ñlhkaf.a idudÔhSh wd¾Ól .eg¨ j¾Okh ù we;s w;r tajd úi|d

ksIamdokh j¾Okh lsÍu jeo.;a h'

- iSks wdkhkh j¾Okh ùula o ld,Sk j oelsh yelsh'

rdcH m%;sm;a;s

- 1957 ,xld iSks ixia:dj msysgqjd lka;f,a iy ys.=rdk l¾udka;Yd,d ta hg;g f.k

we;'

- 1977 ka miq fm!oa.,sl wxYhg o l¾udka;h weröug wkqn, § ;sfí'

- Wla j.dlrejka wdrlaId lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ù wdkhksl iSks i|yd ;Sre noaola wh

lrhs' fuh iSks ñ, by< hdug o n,mdhs'

- l¾udka; wdYs%; f.dùkag o iyk ,nd §u" há;, myiqlï j¾Okh lsÍu rdcH

m%;sm;a;shla f,i isÿlrhs'

weÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;hweÕ¨ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h¿ï l¾udka;h

YS% ,xld l¾udka; lafIa;%fha j¾;udkfha § m%uqLhd ù we;af;a weÕ¨ï l¾udka;hhs'

fuu l¾udka;hg wm rg ;=< È.= b;sydihla mej;sh o ksoyiska miqj ld,h b;d jeo.;a

h' thska o újD; wd¾Ól l%uh y÷kajd §fuka miq j weÕ¨ï i|yd YS% ,xldj m%uqL rdcHhla

njg m;aúh' flfia jqj o fuh ia:dk.;ùug N+ñh" Y%uh" wuqøjH" m%d.aOkh yd

fjf<|fmd< fukau ;j;a idOl /ila uQ,sl fõ' fïjdhska idOl lsysmhla muKla YS%

,xldfõ mj;s' Y%uh wm rfgys m%Odk; u idOlhhs' úúO kïj,ska ye¢kajq l¾udka;

uOHia:dk YS% ,xldj mqrd jHdma; j we;'

ia:dk .;ùfï idOl

- uQ,slj u Y%u idOlh u; YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h ia:dk .; ù we;' ,dNodhs

iy mqyqKq Y%uh fuhg wjYH h' wfkla rgj,g idfmalaI j ,dNodhs mqyqKq Y%uh

wm rfgys mj;shs'

- fjf<|fmd<" m%jdyk myiqlï u; N+ñ idOlh fhdodf.k l¾udka;h ia:dk.; j

lr ;sfí'

- wdfhdaclhkag wjYH há;, myiqlï N+ñh wdYs%; j imhd ;sfí'

- wmkhkh uq,sl lr f.k ta wdYs%; myiqlï iys; m%foaYj, jvd;a jHdma; j we;'



úfYaIs; idOl

- YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï i|yd by< b,a¨ula mej;Su

- .=Kd;aul yd ;;a;ajfhka Wiia ksIamdok f,i f,dj m%lg ùu ksid fufia b,a ula

mj;S'

- ld,h;a iu. Y%ñlhka b;d fyd¢ka mqyqKq ù we;s w;r fuhska M,odhs;dj by<

f.dia we;'

- úfoaYSh rchhka yd ixúOdk iu. fjf<| .súiqï we;s lr .ekSu Wod : SAFTA,GSP+)

ld,Sk fjkialï

- YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h ;=< ld,Sk j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka myiqlï

imhñka l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù we;'

1962 tal, ld¾ñl ckmoh msysgqùu'

1978 ksoyia fj<| l,dm msysgqùu'

1992 weÕ¨ï lïy,a 200 jev igyk'

1995 ld¾ñl WoHdk wdrïN lsÍu'

1996 l¾udka;mqr wdrïN lsÍu'

2006 .ug l¾udka; jevigyk'

- l¾udka; úflakaøKh by; ld,Sk fjkialï u.ska isoqlsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'

- ld,h;a iu. Y%ufhys jeo.;alu fjkia ù fjf<|fmd< iy m%jdykh hkd §

idOl u; ia:dk .;ùula oelsh yelsh'

- weÕ¨ï wmkhkh i|yd fjf<| .súiqï m%n, ù we;' weÕ¨ï fldagd ^Quota)

,nd§u fuys§ m%uqL fõ'

- fjf<| m%o¾Yk mj;ajd kj fjf<|fmd< fidhd .ekSula olakg ,efí'

- kj ksIamdok rdYshla ìysùu ld,Sk j isÿjk fjkialuls ^úúO j¾.fha weÕ¨ï&'

rdcH m%;sm;a;s

- ksoyiska miqj ìys jQ rchhka YS% ,xldfõ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg úúO

l%shdud¾. f.k we;' úfYaIfhka 1962 m<uq ld¾ñl ckmoh tal, msysgqùfuka miqj

fCI;%hg úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq úh'

- uyfld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu 1978 § msysgqjd lgqkdhl" ìh.u wd§ wmkhk ieliqï

l,dm msysgqùu'

- 1992 j¾Ifha § uyfld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu mq¿,a lr YS% ,xld wdfhdack uKav,h

msysgqùu'

- 1994 ka miq ìys jQ rch o úúO kïj,ska l¾udka; úflakaøKh lr weÕ¨ï

l¾udka;hg Èß fok ,§'



rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka;

rn¾ iy ma,diaála wdYs%; l¾udka; ms<sn| j fuys § wjOdkh fhduq flfrk w;r

j¾;udkfha § b;d mq¿,a f,i jHdma; l¾udka;hla f,i fuh y÷kd .; yelsh' rn¾

ksIamdokfha § tla wjia:djl wuqøjHhla ksujqu f,i ,efnk w;r ;j;a wjia:djl ksñ

øjHhla ksmojhs'

i:dk .;ùfï idOl

- wuqøjHhlaa f,i rn¾ fhdod .kakd l¾udka; rn¾ j.d ìï wdYs%;j o ksñ øjH

ksmojk l¾udka; ld¾ñl m%foaY wdYs%; j o msysgqjd we;'

- wuqøjH ksIamdok m%foaYj, tu l¾udka;Yd,d jHdma;j we;' ta wkqj lE.,a,"

r;akmqr" l¿;r wd§ m%foaYj, l¾udka;Yd,d olakg ,efí'

- ksñ øjH f,i ksmojk l¾udka;Yd,djla le<Ksh m%foaYfha msysgqjd we;s w;r

gh¾ iy áhqí tys ksmojhs' mdjyka" mdmsis wd§ ksIamdok l¾udka;s Yd,d o olakg

,efí'

- wuqøjH f,i ksmojk m%foaYj, § N+ñh" Y%uh" fukau foaY.=Kh hk idOl m%n,

jk w;r ksñøjH f,i ksmoùfï § Y%uh" fjf<|fmd< wd§ idOl m%n, fõ'

tfukau m%jdykh o jeo.;a h'

- rn¾ iuÕ tlaj hk l¾udka;hls ma,diaála l¾udka;h" Lksc f;,a msßmyÿfõ

w;=reM,hla f,i ma,diaála ksmojhs' fuh ner l¾udka;hla f,i .; yels w;r

tajdhska NdKav ksmoùu ÿq l¾udka;hla f,i .; yels h'

- ld¾ñl l,dm ;=< fyda l¾udka;mqr wdYs%; j fyda iq¿ mßudK j .Dyia: j

ma,diaála NdKav l¾udka;h jHdma;j we;'

- fjf<|fmd<" m%jdykh" Y%uh wdÈh ma,diaála l¾udka;h ia:dk .;ùug n,md

we;'

úfYaIs; idOl

- úúO ksIamdok ìysùu" ;;a;ajfhka Wiia ksIamdok ìysùu ksid b,aü by<hdu'

- ieye,a¨ yd fkdìf|k iq¨ nj ksid ksjfia m%fhdackhg jeä b,aüla mej;Su

m%jdykh myiqùu

ld,Sk fjkialï

- oejuh NdKav ksIamdokfha § jk úkdYh yd wêl msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu ksid

b,aü jeäùug idfmalaI j ma,diaála l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù we;'

- .Dy WmlrK /ila ma,diaálaj,ska ksmojhs

- .=Kd;aul núka Wiia úúO ksIamdok isÿlsÍu ^fi,a,ï nvq" .Dy WmlrK&

- fj<|kduj,ska ksIamdok by< hdu ^mSkslaia" wd¾msflda&

- Ndú;fhka miqj wmøjH f,i mßirhg tla lsÍfuka mßir ÿIKh by< f.dia

we;'




- wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2009&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj fojk fldgi'

- l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh" ld¾hh iudf,dapkh'

- ch;s,l" ksu,a" ^2003&' l¾udka; lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh iy YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh"

tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

- chfoaj" ;s,lisß" 1994&' YS% ,xldfõ mdrïmßl Ys,ams .ï yd mdrïmßl Ys,amSkaf.ka

mej; tk mjq,a ms<sn| iólaIKhla" p;=r je,a,ïmsáh'

- fykakdhl" kd,kS" ^2004&' udkj N+f.da, úoHdj" tia' f.dvf.a" fld<U 10'



01' YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; wdYs%; f;dr;=rej,ska my; j.=j iïmq¾K lrkak'

l¾udka;h jHdma; ia:dk.;ùug kq;k m%jK;d

m%foaY n,mE idOl


02' Tn m%foaYfha we;s l¾udka;hla f;dard f.k ta wdYs%; .eg¨ iy tajd úi£ug Tn

bÈßm;a lrk ms<shï úia;r lrkak'



ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11 ksmqK;dj - 11ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;sixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd YS% ,xldj ;=< we;s

úNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhsúNj;d mÍlaId lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ,laIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'

^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo 07&07&07&07&07&

11'2 YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels

ls%hdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'

^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo ^ld,Éfþo 03&03&03&03&03&

bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • ixpdrl l¾udka;hg wod< uq,sl ixl,am N+f.da, úoHd;aul

j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska wdl¾IKhg fya;= fmkajd fohs'

• ixpdrl l¾udka;h u.ska wd¾Ólhg jk n,mEï fmkajd fohs'

• ixpdrl jHdmdrh u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;shg jk n,mEï

ú.%y lrhs'

• ixpdrl l¾udka;h u.ska mßirhg jk n,mEï fmkajd fohs'

• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾. fhdackd

lrhs'


ixpdrl jHdmdrh f,dalfha wju msßjehla ord jeä m%;s,dNhla w;am;a lr .;

yels fCIa;%hla f,i f,dj mqrd m%p,s; ù we;' tfuka u mßirhg wju ydkshla lrñka

jeä m%;s,dN w;am;a lr .; yels wxYhla f,i jeo.;afõ' fuu tallh u.ska ixpdrl

l¾udka;hg wod< uq,sl N+f.da, úoHd;aul ixl,am" YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug

fya;=" ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï" m%;s,dN iy ixj¾Okhg .; yels ls%hdud¾. ms<sn|

j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'


ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h ixpdrl l¾udka;h

- ixpdrl l¾udka;h j¾;udk f,dalfha úYd,;u yd j¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk l¾udka;hls'

- úúO fya;=ka u; rglska rglg fyda m%foaYhlska m%foaYhlg hdu ixpdrhhs'

fuh ie,iqï iy.; j fyda tfia fkdue;s j o úh yels h'

- ie,iqï iy.; ixpdrl jHdmdrh jdKsc moku u; f.dv ke.S we;'

- R;=uh jYfhka we;s jk fm<Uùu fyj;a foaY.=Kfha R;=.; nj wkqj

úfYaIfhka Ys; R;=fõ tys lgql núka ñ§u i|yd fjk;a rgj, ixpdrfha

fhfoa ^ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj,&'



- ixj¾ê; rgj, ckhd ixpdrh i|yd fmd<Ujk m%Odk;u idOlh f,i

talmqoa., wdodhu by< uÜgul mej;Su o fya;=fõ'

- jd¾Isl j úfõl ksjdvqjla ,nd .ekSug iEu fiajd kshqla;sfhl=f.a u

mqreoaola njg m;a ùuo fya;=jls ^YS; iD;= ksjdvq ld,fha È&'

- ;u /lshd ia:dkfhka neyer j úfõl ksjdvqjla .; lsßug jegqma iys;

ksjdvq ,eîu o fya;= fõ'

- ksjdvqj ;u rfÜ .; lrkjdg jvd wvq úhoulska fjk;a rgl .; lsÍug

yels ùu o ;j;a idOlhls'

YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hYS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h

- cd;Hka;r ks¾jpkhg wkqj furfgys § ixpdrlhka f,i y÷kajkafka

hg;a msßfihska tla rd;s%hla fyda Èjhsfkys .; lrk wd.ka;=lhska h'

YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug fya;=

11'1'1 rEm igyk

- bkaÈhka id.rh ;=< msysá l=vd ¥m;la jqj o úúO N+ úIu;d" úúO foaY.=K

;;a;ajhka yd b;d flá ld,iSudjla ;=< <Õd úh yels fkdfhl=;a iajdNdúl

yd udkj ks¾ñ; msysgd ;sîu ixpdrl wdl¾IKhg fnfyúka u n,md we;'

- iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< úúO ;;a;ajhka ;sîu yd tu tla tla ;;a;ajfha m%foaY

lrd flá ÿrlska <Õdùug yelsùu úfYaI ;;a;ajhls'

- iajNdj fi!kao¾hh keröug" ú£ug meñfKk ixpdrlhska n,dfmdfrd;a;=

jkafka ysret<sh ^Sun& uqyqo ^Sea& je,a, ^Sand& yd wd.ka;=l i;aldrh

^Service& hs'

YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhskameñKSug fya;=

iajNdj fi!kao¾hhjHdmdßl lghq;=

iïuka;%K i|yd

ft;sydisl ia:dk

keoE ys;ñ;=rka

wOHdmk lghq;=

wd.ñl lghq;=

lS%vd lghq;=

wdhq¾fõo ffjoHm%;sldr

úúO ixialD;sldx.

;%dickl w;aoelsï

ksjdvq .; lsÍug



- ixpdrlhska YS% ,xldj ixpdrl ia:dkhla f,i f;dard .ekSu flfrys

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úúO wxY flakaø.; ù ;sîu m%Odk jYfhka n,mdhs'

Wod( mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h - uqyqÿ fjr<" jkdka;r" l÷lr N+ o¾Yk jk

i;=ka WoHdk wdÈh' ixialD;sl ixpdrl l¾udka;h - fm!rdKsl kgnqka

wd.ñl isoaOdia:dk fl!;=.dr Wreuhka ms<sn| ixpdrl l¾udka;h Heritage

Tourism &isxyrdch" .d¨ fldgqj'

- YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska wdldr follska meñfKhs'

) lKavdhï jYfhka ixpdrl ksfhdað;hka u.ska ie,iqï lrk ,o pdßld

lÜg,hla ^ Tour Package & ñ, § f.k meñKSu'

) ;ksju meñfKk ixpdrlhska

YS% ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñKSug fya;= ^2005&

uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h" ^ 2005&

11'1'2 m%ia;drh

f,dalfha úúO rgj,ska ixpdrlhkaf.a meñKSu ^2005&

uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h'"^ 2005&'

11'1'3 is;shu



- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r f,i wxY folla mj;S'

- foaYSh ixpdrl wxYh my; lafIa;% wkqj y÷kd.; yels hs'

ixpdrl meñKsu fCI;% wkqj 1995

jkaokdlrejka 40]

mjqf,a ksjdvq .;lsÍu 22]

lKavdhï ksjdvq .; lsÍu 21]

wOHhk iy keröï 14]

fjk;a

source: ( Tourism Master Plan , (1993)

11'1'4 j.=j

- foaYSh ixpdrl ia:dk f,i wkqrdOmqrh" l;r.u" kqjrM<sh" uykqjr" YS%mdoh"

fmdf<dkakrej" iS.sßh yd oUq,a, jeo.;afõ'

- rg;=< ;%ia;jdofha ksudj;a iu. ixpdrlhka W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaY fj;

fhduq ùfï m%jK;djla o we;'

- ixpdrl l¾udka;fha § ixpdrlhka meñKSu fukau furg Tjqka .; lrk

ld,h o jeo.;afõ'

ixpdrlhka /¢ isák ld,h

source: Tourism Master Plan, (1993).

11'1'5 j.=j

- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h úiska YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ixpdrl l,dm 7la kï lr

we;'

1' fld<U k.rh

2' uy fld<U

3' ol=Kq fjr<

4' kef.kysr fjr<

5' uOHu l÷lrh

6' mqrdK k.r

7' W;=re m%foaYh

ld,h

rd;s% - 1- 3rd;s% - 4-7rd;s% - 8-14rd;s% - 15-21rd;s% - 22-30rd;s% - 31 fyda Bg jeä

2002 ]&

22'627'034'712'1 2'6 1'0



YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk ixpdrl l,dm

source: The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, (2007).

11'1'6 is;shu

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ixj¾Ok ie,iqï

- ixpdrl lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|yd uq, msÍu 1937 ixpdrl ld¾hdxYh msysgqùu

olajd w;S;hg úys§ hhs'

- 1966 wxl 10 ixpdrl mk; u.ska YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h msysgqùu

- 1968 - 1978 oi wjqreÿ m%j¾Ok ie,eiau ilia lsÍu' ta wkqj m%Odk ixpdrl

uOHia:dk 5la kï lsÍu'

- YS% ,xld fydag,a mdi,a msysgqùu - 1993

- oi wjqreÿ ie,eiau UNDP / WTO wkq.%yh u; we;s lrk ,È'



wkd.; wfmalaId

- ixpdrl l¾udka;h

) uydmßudK $rdYS ixpdrl lghq;=

ysre t<sh" uqyqo yd fjr< uq,alr.;a id¾j ixpdrl l¾udka;h

( Mass tourism with a focus Sun, Sea and Beach)

) foaYSh úl,am ixpdrl lghq;= ^Alternative tourism)

hk fldgia 2 hgf;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

- fuu wxY fol 1993 ixpdrl l¾udka; uy ie,iqu ^ Tourisam Master Plan &

wkqj y÷kajd ÿks'

iqkdñ n,meï

- 2004'12'26 iqkdñ jHikh YS% ,xld ixpdrl l¾udka;hg o fndfyda fihska

n,mEfõ h'

- ta u.ska ixpdrl há;, myiqlï fndfyda fihska úkdY úh'

- m%Odk fjr< wdYs%; ixpdrl fydag,a 25 lg nrm;, ydks isÿ jQ w;r kef.kysr

fjrf<a fydag,a 6la iïmq¾Kfhkau úkdY úh'

- /lshd 66"840 lg n,mEï we;súh'

- 2005 mq¾j iqkdñ oekqï §ï fya;=fjka ixpdrlhska meñKSu 21'4] lska ì|jegqKs'

- rfÜ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg isÿ jQ mdvqj weußlka fvd,¾ ñ,shk 201 f,i

.Kka n,d we;'

- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h wÈhr 3la hgf;a fuh h:d;;ajhg m;a lsÍug

ie,iqï lr we;'

1' ixpdrl fjf<|fmd< m%j¾Okh lsÍu

2' kej; bÈlsÍï iy mqkre;a:dmk lghq;=

3' n,mEug ,la jQ m%foaYj, m%cdj kej; ia:dms; lsÍu

- fï i|yd wefußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 195la fjka fldg we;'

• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï

wd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEïwd¾Ól n,mEï

- ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wd¾Ól n,mEï my; fCIa;%h Tiafia fmkajd Èh yels h'

) úfoaY úksuh bmhSu'

) /lshd kshqla;sh'

) m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh'

) rcfha wdodhï jeäùu'

) wdodhï bmhSu fyj;a wd¾Ól W;af;ackh'



úfoaY úksuh bmhSu

- YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< úfoaY úksuh Wmhk yhjeks úYd,; u fCIa;%h ixpdrl

jHdmdrhg ysñfõ'

- 2004 j¾Ih ;=< § remsh,a ñ,shk 42666 o ^4'7]&

2005 j¾Ifha § remsh,a ñ,shk 36377 o ^3'6]& Wmhd we;'

- 2006 jir jk úg bmhsï weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 319'5la jk w;r th remsh,a

ñ,shk 33250la muK fõ'

- ixpdrlhskaf.a ffoksl úhou idudkH weußldkq fvd,¾ 76'7 fõ ^2006&'

- fï wkqj YS% ,xldjg úfoaY úksuh myiqfjka bmhSh yels úNj;djla we;s

fCIa;%hla f,i jeo.;afõ'

/lshd kshqla;sh

- f,dalfha iEu /lshd oyhlska tlla ixpdrl fCIa;%fha /lshdjla f,i ie,flk

w;r ;=kajk f,dalfha rglg meñfKk úfoaY ixpdrlhska 5 fofkl=f.ka tla

/lshd wjia:djla ìys jk nj ms<s.efka'

- fï wkqj /lshd wjia:d Wod lsÍug fuu fCIa;%h jeo.;a fõ'

- Rcq yd jl% /lshd wjia:d ìysfõ'

- Rcq /lshd f,i ixpdrl fydag,a" ixpdrl wd.ka;=l ksjdi" ixpdrl wdmk

Yd,d úúO ixpdrl fiajd imhk wdh;k ksoiqka fõ'

- jl% /lshd f,i fydag,aj,g Wmldrl fiajd imhkakka" úis;=re NdKav

imhkakka' w;alï" isysjgk" ueKsla yd iaj¾KdNrK ksIamdolhska yd fjf<÷ka"

ixpdrl u.fmkajkakka ksoiqka fõ'

- ixpdrl fCIa;%fha /lshd 100 ìys lrk úg tu.ska jl% /lshd 140 ìys jk nj

ixpdrl ixLHd f,aLk 2005 w;afmd; i|yka lrhs'

- 2005 j¾Ifha § ixpdrl fiajh yd iïnkaO Rcq /lshd 52085 úh'

- uq,sl YS% ,xld ixpdrl o;a; wkqj 2008 jif¾ § Rcq /lshd 51"857 la iy jl%

/lshd 72"599 la fõ'

m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh

- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh m%foaY wdYs%; j há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh

- Wod (mskakj," oUq,a," lKav,u" iS.sßh" fmdf<dkakrej" l;r.u" yslalvqj" wd§

wdYs%; m%foaY ÈhqKqùu

- tu m%foaY wdYs%; j há;, myiqlï jeäùu" kj mkakfha ixpdrl fydag,a"

wdmk Yd,d bÈùu" kd.ÍlrKh we;sùu

- ixpdrl uKav,fha ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s fydag,a 2005 j¾Ifha § 234 jQ w;r tys



ldur myiqlï 13162 úh'

ixpdrlhska i|yd ldur myiqlïj, m%dfoaYSh jHdma;sh - 2005

uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h" ^ 2005&'

11'1'7 j.=j

- by; j.=j wkqj ixpdrl jHdmdrfha kjd;eka myiqlï fld<U k.rfhka

mßndysr m%foaYj, jeämqr jHdma; j we;s nj fmkS hhs'

rcfha wdodhu jeäùu

- YS% ,xld rch u.ska ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka u.ska iDcq yd jl% wdldrfhka nÿ

whlsÍu" fl!;=ld.dr" WoaNso WoHdk" cd;sl jfkdaoHdk" ixialD;sl ;s%fldaKfha

wdh;k iy fjk;a wdh;k i|yd we;=¿ùfï m%fõY m;%" wf,úh wd§ jYfhka

úYd, wdodhula Wmhhs' 2005 j¾Ih ;=< fuu nÿ yd m%fõY m;% wf,úh u.ska

remsh,a ñ,shk 1880'3 Wmhd we;'

- .=jka .;ùfï .dia;=j ^ Embarkation Tax & yd f¾.= .dia;= whlsÍu jeo.;afõ'

- fï wkqj YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg úYd, odhl;ajhla bka ,efí'

wd¾Ól W;af;ackh

- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh m%foaYj,g ixpdrlhska meñfKk úg tu m%foaYj, jdih

lrk ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh o Wiia ùug n,mdhs' Wod( uykqjr" yslalvqj"

fnkaf;dg"fírej," WKjgqk" mskakj," lKav,u" oUq,a," wd§ m%foaY fmkajd

Èh yels h'

wd¾Ól jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEï

- ixpdrlhkaf.a meñKSfï wúksYaÑ;;djka ksid wd¾Ól m%;s,dN WÉPdjpkh'- tla ld,hlg muKla iSudùu ksid /lshd yd wdh;ksl jYfhka jk n,mEu'- ixpdrlhska nyq, j .ejfik m%foaYj, ckhdg .eg¨ldß ;;a;ajhg uqyqK

§ug isÿùu foaYSh NdKav ñ, by< hdu ksid tu m%foaYj, idudkH ckhdg.eg¨ u;=ùu'

- úfoaY úksuh wdmiq .,dhdu" ixpdrlhska i|yd wjYH wdydrmdk yd fjk;awjYH;d i|yd úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav f.kaùug isÿùu'

- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, n,mEï" ixpdrlhska meñKSu ;SrKh lrkafka iud.ïj,

wjYH;d mrsÈ fõ'

m%;sY;h

33'722'318'918'4 6'7

100

m%foaYh

ol=Kq fjr< ;Srhfld<U k.rhuy fld<U m%foaYhft;sydisl k.r m%foaYl÷lr m%foaY

tl;=j



ixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEïixialD;sl yd iudcuh n,mEï

- YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sldx. f,dj mqrd m%p,s; ùu'

- YS% ,dxlsl l,d Ys,am yd ks¾udK m%p,s; ùu'

- ixialD;sl Ys,amSkag w¨;ska wdodhï ud¾. ìysùu'

- ixialD;sl ;s%fldaKhg wh;a ia:dkj, fuka u wfkl=;a mqrdjia;= ixrlaIKh

lsÍu i|yd m%fõY m;% ud¾.fhka uqo,a ,eîu'

- iure NdKav ksIamdokh lrk yia; l¾udka;fha mqk¾ðjkhla we;sùu'

iudðhSh m%;s,dN

- wfkla cd;Ska y÷kd .ekSfuka f,dal iduhg u. fy<sùu'

- ixialD;s w;r >Ügkh ksid YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sh úldYkh ùu'

- YS%,dxlsl ;reK ;reKshka úfoaY NdIdjka bf.k .ekSug fhduq ùu'

- we;eï úfoaYsh hym;a isß;a úß;a bf.k .ekSug fhduq ùu'

ixialD;sl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEï

- ixialD;sl jákdlula we;s W;aij" l,d Ys,am iy iure NdKavj, ;snq oeä

ixialD;sl wx. ,laIK úhelS f.dia jdKscuh w.hla u;=ùu'

- wd.ñl yd fN!;sl jákdlula we;s NdKav msgrgg we§hdu'

- ixpdrlhska ksid foaYSh ck;djg ksoyfia ;u wd.ï weoySug wjysrùu'

- iuyr úfoaY ixpdrlhka foaYSh wd.ñl isoaOia:dkj, ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh

fkdlsÍu'

idudðhSh whym;a n,mEï

- úfoaYSh .;s isß;a úß;a wkqlrKh lsÍu'

- mjq,a ixia:d msßySu'

- iodpdrh msßySu'

- iudc frda. me;sÍhdu'

- <ud wmfhdackh jeäùu'

- u;aøjH Ndú;h jeäùu'

mßiruh n,mEu

- mßirh ixpdrl jHdmdrfha uq,sl moku jk neúka mßirh iq/lSfï m%jK;djeäùu' Wod( mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h (Eco Tourism& fj; fhduq ùu' Wod(lKav,u

- mßirh iq/lSu i|yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu'- j|ù hk yd ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s i;=ka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd úfoaY rgj,ska

wdOdr ,eîu Wod( leianEjqka ixrlaIKh'- wNh N=ñ" WoaNso WoHdk" i;aj WoHdk i|yd m%fõY m;% wf,úfhka wdodhu

,eîu yd tu.ska tu ia:dk kv;a;= lsÍu'

l



mdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEumdßißl jYfhka jk whym;a n,mEu

- YS% ,xldfõ we;s o¾YkSh ia:dkj, fydag,a iy ixpdrl ksjdi f.dv ke.Sfuka

iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hhg ydks meñKSu'

- fjr< Ldokh'

- ixpdrlhska nyq, j krUk ngysr yd ol=Kq fjr< m%foaY ÿIKh ùu'

- o¾YkSh fldr,a mr úkdY ùu'

- ixpdrl ksfla;k wi< we;s c, ud¾. ÿIKh ùu'

- joùhdfï ;¾ckhg Ndckh jQ i;=kaf.a fldgiaj,ska idok ,o NdKav

ixpdrlhka ñ, § .ekSfuka tu i;=ka úkdY ù hdu'

Wod( we;=ka" leianEjka" b;a;Ejka

- jkdka;r wdl¾IKsh ia:dk yd wNhN=ñj,g oeßh fkdyels ;rï ixpdrlhska

yd jdyk meñKSu ksid ffcùh mßir moaO;sj, ls%hdldß;ajhg ndOd meñKSu'

- ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh ia:dkj, fkdÈrk l=Kqfrdvq oeóu ma,diaála" ùÿre fnda;,a

jeks& u.ska ffcùh moaO;sh úkdY ùu'

- iajNdúl fi!kao¾hh we;s ia:dk krUd isysjgk m,l tl;= lsÍu ksid tu

m%foaY ;¾ckhg ,laùu'

Wod( kl,aia rlaIs;h" isxyrdch

- Ydl" i;aj fldgia fjkalr fydr ryfia fjk;a rgj,g ixpdrlhka úiska

f.khdu'

• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels ls%hdud¾.

ixpdrl jHdmdrfha m%j¾Okhg my; i|yka fCIa;% flfrys iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla

fhduq l< hq;= fõ'

- ixpdrl wdl¾IK Attractions & f.dv ke.Su

) YS% ,xldfõ fN!;sl yd udkqI mßirh ixpdrl wdl¾IKsh;ajh flfrys

myiqfjka fhdod .; yelsh' l=vd Èjhskla jQ wfma rfÜ we;s fN!;sl

mdßißl úúO;ajh ixpdrlhska weod .ekSug myiqfõ' flá ld,hla ;=<

wvq úhoulska jeä ld,hla úfõlh .; lsÍug iqÿiq mßirhla fyhska ta

ms<sn| j f,dal uÜgñka mq¿,a m%pdrKhla ,nd §u l< hq;= h'

) wka ixpdrl m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j fuys we;s iqúfYaI;djka ms<sn| j

úfoaYsh ixpdrlhska mq¿,a uÜgulska oekqj;a lsÍu' f,dalfha wgjk mqÿuh

jYfhka fhdackd lsÍug we;s iS.sßh'

) jkdka;r mßirhg mßndysr j w,s m%ckk uOHia:dkhla njg m;a ù we;s

mskakj, w,s wkd:d.drh ffcj úúO;ajhlska hq;= isxyrdc jkh" kl,aia

rlaIs;h" jjq,amfka yqKq .,a .=ydj" ßá., jeks ixpdrl wdl¾IKsh ia:dk

fjk;a f,dalfha lsisÿ rgl fyda ixpdrl m%foaYhl olakg fkd,efí'

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh úiska kï lr we;s f,dal Wreu ia:dk 7la YS% ,xldfõ

we;' fï wkqj YS% ,xldj iqúfYaI ixpdrl l,dmhla njg m%pdrKh

jeo.;afõ'



) ixpdrlhkag myiqjk whqßka ixpdrl kjd;eka myiqlï i,id§u

jeo.;afõ' Bg wu;r j mdßißl ixpdrlhska ^Eco Tourists& i|yd Tjqka

wfmalaId lrk kjd;eka myiqlï i,id§u jeo.;a fõ' cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skag

wkqj ixpdrl myiqlï ie,iSu ixpdrl wdl¾IKhg fnfyúka n,mdhs'

) úfYaIfhka u mdßißl ixpdrl há;, myiqlï" ixpdrl ,e.=ïy,a" kerUqï

ueÈß ^ l=re,a,ka" Èhwe<s wdÈh& mdßißl uxfm;a wd§ myiqlï mßirhg

ydkshla fkdjk mßÈ jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'

) ixpdrl kjd;eka myiqlïj,g wu;r j Tjqkaf.a ixpdrl .ukdka;fha §

i;=gqodhl j úfõlh .; lsÍug wjYH wfkl=;a lS%vd yd úfkdao ùfï

myiqlï ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h'

) ixpdrlhska i|yd wjYH m%jdyk myiqlï .=jka" uydud¾." ÿïßh yd fjk;a

mßjyk yd m%fõY ùfï myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

) ixpdrl fiajd i|yd wjYH Y%ñlhska úêu;a wdldrfhka mqyqKq lsÍu jeo.;a

fõ' ksoiqka f,i j¾;udkfha ixpdrl u. fmkajkakka wúêu;a

wdldrfhka tu ls%hdj, ksr; jk neúka ixpdrlhska wmyiq;djg ,la

ùu yd ixpdrlhska ksid u. fmkajkakka o wmyiq;djkg ,laùu'

) j¾;udkfha ixpdrl jHdmdrh iïnkaOfhka we;s wdl,amuh ;;a;ajh

t;rï iqNodhl fkdjk neúka ta ms<sn| j m%cdj ksjerÈ j oekqj;a lsÍu

jeo.;a fõ' ta u.ska ixpdrl jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO .eg¨ wju lr.; yels

h'

) wm rgg úfoaY úksuh myiqfjka ,nd.; yels úNj;d iys; iïm;la

jYfhka ixpdrl jHdmdrhg cd;sl uÜgñka óg jvd wkq.%y iy jev

igyka ielish hq;=h' ixpdrl uKav,hg muKla fuh ;ks j l< fkdyels

neúka wksl=;a wdh;k o fï i|yd wkq.%yh oelaúh hq;= j we;'

) fydag,a wdÈh ia:dms; lsÍfï § mßirhg wkq.; jk whqßka iSud lsÍu'

) jeä wdodhï ,eìh yels ixpdrlhska flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu'


- YS% ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj" ^2005&'

- YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj" ^2007&'

- The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, (2007). Surrvey Department of Sri Lanka.




ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01ls%hdldrlu 01

1' YS% ,xldj we;=<; we;s ixpdrl wdl¾IKSh iqúfYaI ia:dk ^mdßißl yd

ixialD;sl & y÷kd .ksñka ta ms<sn| j f;dr;=re we;=<;a ks¾udKhla ilikak'

ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02ls%hdldrlu 02

2' YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO j wd¾Ól" mdßißl" ixialD;sl

yd idudðhSh jYfhka we;s hym;a yd whym;a ,laIK ;=,kd;aul j

wOHhkh lrñka ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lrkak'

ie'hq'

fuu ls%hdldrlu flaj, j fyda lKavdhï jYfhka lrkak'

isiq .fõIKh bÈßm;a lsßu" úia;drKh we.hSï wjia:d ,ndÈh hq;= h'




f.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrf.da,SshlrKfha iajdNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs YS% ,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys n,mdk idOl f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

úuid n,hs'^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&

bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh ms<sn| uq,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs'

• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh l=ula o hkak ms<sn| j úia;r lrhs'• f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,shg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu ms<sn|

idlÉcd lrhs'• f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lr bka YS%

,xldjg .; yels wdo¾Y y÷kd .kshs'• f.da,ShlrKfha iajNdjh ;=,kd;aul j wOHhkh fldg bka

.; yels wdo¾Y ms<sn| wdl,am f.dvk.d .kshs'

ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuf.da,ShlrKh i|yd úYaùhlrKh" mDÓúlrKh" c.;alrKh" N+f.da,ShlrKh

hk ish,a, Ndú; fõ' f.da,ShlrKh i|yd n,mE m%Ok; u idOlh jkafka f;dr;=reikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ,enq úYd, ÈhqKqjhs'

f.da,ShlrKh uE;l isg f,dal ckudOH ;=< b;d mq¿,a wkaoñka l;d nyg ,laj mj;sk ud;Dldjls' fï ms<sn| ksrjq,a woyila ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a jkafka N+f.da,ShjYfhka i,lk l< cd;sl foaY isudj,ska f;dr f,dalhla ks¾udKh lrk w;r udkqIls%hdldß;ajfha ish¨ u fCIa;% f.da,ShlrKhg k;= j mj;sk neúks' f,dj úúO ia:dkiy ckhd w;r foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" idudÔhSh iy ixialD;sl hk fï iEu fCIa;%hl uúYd, jYfhka isÿfjñka mj;akd wka;¾ ls%hdj,shla f,i f.da,ShlrKh ye¢kaùu oksjerÈ fõ' foaYisudj,ska f;dr (Bordless word) f,dalhla ks¾udKh lrk fï ;=< N+f.da,ShjYfhka cd;sl rdcHhla ;=< cd;sl uÜgfï mj;skakd jq iudc idïm%odhsl yr moaO;sj,jeo.;alu wvqfjñka mj;shs'

úYaj .ïudk ixl,amfhka woyia jk mßÈ wm Ôj;ajk f,dalh yels,Sula ke;fyd;al=vd ùula isÿfõ' tu yels,Su isÿjkafka ld,h yd wjldYh uq,afldg f.k nj m%ùKiudc úoHd{hl= jk wd¾' frdnÜika ^1992& fmkajd fohs' ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj ;=<ska fuuúp,Hhka ys idfmalaI jeo.;alu wvq fõ' f,dal uÜgfï isg m%dfoaYSh uÜgu olajdf.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,shg n÷ka ùu u; N+f.da, úoHdjg ysñ ia:dkh ke;s ù hdula isÿjknjg u;hla N+f.da, úoHd{hka w;r mej;=K o" m%foaYsh úIu;dj ;j ÿrg;a biau;=lrkakla njg f.da,shlrKh y÷kd.; yelsh'

j¾;udkfha f.da,ShlrKh ;=< isÿjkafka fjf<|fmd< jHdma; ùulaa jk w;rfï ms<sn| idlÉPd jk úúO fCIa;% y÷kd.; yelsh' tajd kï wd¾Ól ,sys,a m%;sm;a;s yrydcd;sl wd¾Ólhka f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhka iu. wk¾;.%yKh lsÍu" f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd<n,fõ.hka" ksIamdok l%u fjkia lsÍu" mßirh f.da,sh WKqiqïùu& iudc yd ixialD;sl



úm¾hdihka kj mßfNdack rgd" kj iudc mka;s ìysùu& ta w;r fõ' fï ;=<ska rdcHhlwd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl" iudc" ixialD;sl fjkila isÿjkafka ;rÕh" taldêldrh" ;dlaIKslúma,jh hk fCIa;% u.sks'

tu ksid kq;k úoHd;aul f,dj ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh w;s oejka;ÈhqKqjla ,nd ;sîu f.da,ShlrKh i|yd fnfyúka n,mE idOlhla jYfhka y÷kd.;yels h'


• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh hkq l=ulao@

- w;S;h yd iu. w;aje,a ne| we;s f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh flfrys ful,jeä wjOdkhla fhduqj mj;skafka f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhaf.da,ShlrKh flfrys h'

- f;dr;=rla hkq iudch ;=< isÿjk hï fohla f,aLkhlska" Yíofhka" oDIHfhka.%dylhdg <Õdlr §ug ;e;a lsÍuls'

- ikaksfõokh hkq mKsúvhla tla mqoa.,hl=f.ka ;j;a mqoa.,hl=g fydalKavdhulg heùu iy th ,enqKq njg f;areï .ekSuhs'

- uq,§ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ^Information Technology IT & hkqfjka ye¢ka jQ w;rmiqj f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Information Communication Technology

ICT & hkqfjka Ndú; lrk ,È'- 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha § m%d.aOkh wd¾Ól j¾Okhg w;HjYH idOlh njg

m;ajqj o ld,h;a iu. f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh tu ia:dkh w;am;a lr.kq ,eîh'

- 1950 oYlh ;=< mß.Kl hka;%h fidhd .kq ,eîh" miq l,l ;dlaIKsll¾udka;hka ys ÈhqKqj;a äðg,alrKh iu. ÿrl:k" pkaøsld ;dlaIKhg uqiqùu;aiu. f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh úma,ùh f,i j¾Okh úh' ñka woyia jkafka mß.Kl;dlaIKh yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha taldnoaO m%;sM,hla f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhìys ù we;s njhs'

- fï wdldrhg ;dlaIKsl oekqu" wd¾Ól ksIamdokh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug fuka uksIamdokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh by< oeóug o ufydamldß ùu'

- úoHq;a udOHfhka f;dr;=re ieliSu" .nvd lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkish¨ u ;dlaIKhka f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg wh;a w;r mß.Kl"mß.Kl cd," mß.KldYs%; WmlrK" ÿrl:k" *elaia" pkaøsld iy úúO jQ CIqøúoHq;a ksIamdok Ndú; fõ'



f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIK ls%hdj,sh

12'1'1 rEm igyk

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK udOH

12'1'2 rEm igyk

- úoHdfõ ;dlaIKfha ksrka;r m%udKd;aul" .=Kd;aul YSS>% ÈhqKqj f.da,ShidudðhShlrKhg ,laùu ;=< ;j ÿrg;a ñksia wfkHdakH iïnkaO;d j¾Okhfjñka mj;S' ta i|yd oeßh hq;= úhoï my; nisñka mj;sk w;r Bg idfmalaIj fiajd,dNSkaf.a m%udKh by< hñka mej;Su'

Wod ( 1930 jif¾ § ksõfhda¾la isg ,kavka olajd úkdä 3l ÿrl:k weu;=ulafvd,¾ 300la jq w;r 2005 jk úg fvd,¾ 0'08 olajd my; neisu'

Wod ( tla NdIdjla fjk;a NdId lsysmhlg wka;¾cd,h Wmfhda.s lrf.k NdId mßj¾;khg Translation& yelsùu'

úoaHq;a udOHfhkaf;dr;=re ieliSu

.nvd lsÍu

fnod yeßu

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

• úoaHq;a udOHfhka f;dr;=re ieliSu• .nvd lsÍu• fnod yeÍu

mß.Kl cd,

mß.KldYs%;WmlrK

ÿrl:k*elaia

pkaøsld

(G I S)

N+f.da,Sh ia:dk.;lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GPS)

N+f.da,Sh úoHd;aul f;dr;=re moaO;sh

mß.Kl



- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fya;=fjka f.da,ShlrKfhys m%;sM, wiailauq,a,la ker me;=reK o rgj,a jYfhka n,k úg kuH;dj" iq.u;dj" kj;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .ekSug wjYH ksmqK;d w;ska úúO cd;ska w;r wiudk;dy÷kd.; yels fõ'

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha udOHhla jYfhka"

wka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,hwka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,h- mß.Kl ikaksfõok fCI;%fha úYd, fmr<shla lsÍug wka;¾cd,fha mq¿,a

Ndú;h Wmldß ù we;'- wka;¾cd;sl f;dr;=re iïmdok cd,h u.ska ´kE u ud;Dldjla ms<sn| j

f;dr;=re imhk w;r tu f;dr;=re f,dj úúO rgj,aj,ska tl;= fõ' f,djúYd, u mß.Kl cd,h wka;¾cd,h jYfhka ye¢kafjk w;r mß.Kl ydmß.Kl cd,d tlsfklg fmdÿfõ lghq;= lrk úg tu moaO;sh mß.Klcd,hla jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí'

- ld,h;a iuÕ l%udkql=, j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrk w;r isñ; ld, mrdihla;=< § jeäfofkl=f.a myiqj Wfoid WÑ; jk whqßka kùlrKh ù we;'

- flá ld,hla ;=< § oekqu jeä lrk udOHhla jk w;r úYd, jYfhka uqøs;"Yío" úäfhda" mska;+r" wka;¾cd,h yryd nyqudOHj,g f;dr;=re imhhs'

- úúO fCIa;%hkays isák msßia wka;¾cd,h yryd ;u oekqu j¾Okh lr .ksñkaisáhs'Wod ( - wOHdmkh ,nkakka ^úYajúoHd, isiqka " mdi,a isiqka" fjk;a&

- Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k ^úYajúoHd," m¾fhaIK wdh;k& - rdcH wdh;k yd úúO ixúOdk - jHdmdßlhka

- fjk;a lKavdhï ^úfkdaoh ,nkakka&

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO wfkl=;a myiqlï w;r 1' bkag%dfkÜ Intranet&

wdh;khl wNHka;r mß.Kl ish,a, tl;= lr f;dr;=re yqjudre lrk moaO;shls 2' tlaiag%dfkÜ Extranet&

wdh;k lsysmhla taldnoaO lr ilia lrk mß.Kl moaO;shls' 3' úoHq;a jdKsch (E - Commerce&

wka;¾cd,h Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka isÿ lrk .kqfokq úoaHq;a jdKscHh fõ',shlshú,sj,ska f;dr j wju msßjehlska hqla; j läkñka wod< ld¾hh lr.ekSug yels fõ'

4' úoaHq;a ;emE, E- mail &b;d läkñka ,sÅ; f;dr;=re ,nd §ug;a wod< f;dr;=re laIKhlska ,nd.ekSug;a yels ikaksfõok udOHhls'

5' w;:H úYaj úoHd, Virtual Campus&fuu úoaHq;a wOHdmkh fndfyda rgj, läkñka jHdma; fjñka mj;sk w;rwju fN!;sl iïm;a Ndú; lr jeä msßilg Wiia wOHdmk myiqlï fï ;=<ska,nd.; yelsh'

6' úoHq;a nexl= E - Banking&



wka;¾ cd,h" ÿrl:kh fyda bf,lafg%dksl fg,¾ hka;%h Ndú; lr ojfia´kE u fj,djl nexl= lghq;= j, ksr; úh yels w;r Kh ldâm;a ^Credit

Card& Ndú;h fuys § b;d ckms%h fõ'7' bf,dlafg%dksla ffjoH fiajdj ^E - medicine& wka;¾ cd,h yryd ffjoH

fiajd ,nd.; yels w;r ffjoH fiajd ,nd.ekSug yels wjia:d mq¿,a lrhs'

• f.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqf.da,ShlrKh hkqfï ms<sn| úúO oDIaáfldaKhkaf.ka Tjqkaf.a úIh m:j, isg olskakg úúO msßiaW;aidy ord we;'- iudc úoHd{hkaf.a woyi jkafka f.da,ShlrKh ikaksfõok yd f;dr;=re

;dlaIKh iïnkaO uE;ld,Sk m%dfhda.sl ls%hdj,shla njhs'- frdnÜ .s,amska ^1987& keu;s foaYmd,k úoHd{hdf.a woyi kï f.da,ShlrKh

jkdys fj<|du" uq,H yd laIqø wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s weiqßka cd;sl wd¾Ólhkaf.awka;¾ hemsfï j¾Okhla njhs'

- N+f.da, úoHd{hl= jk fâúâ ydú ^1989& foaYmd,k úoHd{hl= jk fÊïiañÜ,agka 1996& fmkajd fokafka f.da,ShlrKh u.ska ld,h yd wjldYh wkqjf,dalh yels,Sulg f.dÿre lrjk njhs'

- weka;ks .svkaia 1991& g wkqj ikaksfõokh" oekqu yd ixialD;sh f,dalh mqrdtljr yqjudre flfrk ls%hdj,shla fõ' f,dalh ;=< tlsfkl iudc isoaëka ysiïnkaO;dj f.dvk.kakla jk w;r w;rueÈhd f,i f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhls%hdlrhs'

- frdnÜika ^1992& keu;s iudc úoHd{hdg wkqj f.da,ShlrKh u.ska f.da,ShixialD;shla f.dv ke.sula isÿfõ' th ks¾udKh jkafka m%Odk uQ,hka follaWmfhda.s fldg f.kh' th ld, wjldY ixfldapkh yd úYaùh ú{dkhjYfhka y÷kajhs'

- f.da,ShlrKh uQ,slj u foaYiSud yryd NdKav" fiajd" uqo,a" ck;dj f;dr;=reyd ixialD;sh yd yr moaO;s .,dhdfï ls%hdoduhla jk w;r wd¾Ól úoHd{hkam%ldY lrkqfha fuh m%Odk; u wd¾Ól ls%hdoduhla njhs'

tfy;a iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a woyi f.da,ShlrK ls%hdoduh Okd;aul fukau RKd;auln,mEï we;s lrk njls'- ió¾ wñka 1994& fcïia fmg%dia 1997& mjikafka OkjdÈ f.da,Sh l%uh OkjdÈ

rgj,a lsysmhl wjYH;dj Wfoid f;jk f,dj rgj,a iqrdlEulg ,la lrknjls'

- o is,ajd 2006& m%ldY lrkq ,nkafka f.da,Sh ixialD;sh" m%dfoaYShj úkdY lrkqoelsh yels jqj o th m%foaYh ms<sn| ye.Sula kej; we;s lsÍug Wmldß úh yelsnjhs'

- fuu ish¨ ks¾jpk i,ld ne,Sfï § f.da,ShlrKh hkak úfoaY fjf<|dugwe;s ndOl bj;a lr ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh Wmßu whqßka Ndú; lrñka wNHka;rfjf<|fmd<j,a yryd cd;Hka;r fj<| wd¾Ólhg taldnoaO lsÍu ke;fyd;a"N+f.da,sh jYfhka ld,h yd wjldYh w;r mr;rh wju lsÍula f,i y÷kd.;yels h.

- ld, wjldY ÿr wju ùu u; f,dal ck;dj w;r ÿria: nj ySkfjñka mj;S'wfkla w;g f,daljdiSyq úYaùh Wjÿre" wjodkï" w¾nqo flfrys uE; ld,Sk júYaùh jYfhka ú{dkhla f.dv k.ñka mj;S' Wod ( f.da,Sh WKqiqu" id.ruÜgï by<hdu" foaY.=Ksl fjkialï'



f.da,ShlrKfha wx. ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h'- úYaúYSlrKfhys hg;a úð;jdoh" ld¾ñlrKh fuka ;SrKh lrk ,o wjidkhla

fkdue;s w;r w;s ixlS¾K ls%hdj,shls'- úYaùhlrKh ixialD;sl ls%hdj,shla ùu" foaYisud wNsnjd hk ixialD;sluh

wkkH;djla ms<sônq lsÍu'

• f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu i|yd úYd, odhl;ajhla wka;¾cd,h u.ska imhd ;sfí' tys mq¿,a Ndú;h ikaksfõok fCIa;%hg úYd, fmr<shla isÿfldg we;' flá ld, iSudjla ;=< jeä fofkl=f.a myiqj Wfoid WÑ; jk whqßka thkúlrKh ù we;af;a iudcfha mj;sk wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k m%jK;dfya;=fjks'

mß.Kl idlaIr;dj we;s ´kEu flfkl=g wjYH f;dr;=re talrdYS lr.; yels w;r"- wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd f,dj mqrd úYajúoHd, fjí wvúj,g msúiSfï wjia:dj

yd tys fiajd ,nd .ekSug yelshdj mej;Su'- ´kEu fCIa;%hl f;dr;=re ;ukag wjYH mßÈ ,nd .; yels ùu" ta w;r m%isoaO

lrk ,o fmd;am;a" m¾fhaIK" .fõIK m;s%ld" iÕrd" mqj;am;a" Yío fldaI"mqia;ld, myiqlï'

- fkdñ,fha ,nd fok yd uqo,a f.jd ,nd.; yels úúO uDÿldx." ud¾..;wdOdr" Wmfoia" mß.Kl Yío fldaI wdÈh ,nd.; yels ùu'

- NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍug" fj<| oekaùï m%pdrhg" fj<| m¾fhaIK ilialsÍug jHdmdßl f,dj ;=< yelsùu'

- jvd;a ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSu i|yd md,k yd mßmd,k lghq;= myiq lsÍugyelsùu

- rdcH lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfuka rfÜ ck;djg m%;s,dNw;alr §ug yels ùu'

- úfkdaoh i|yd ieliQ jevigyka "Ñ;%mg" ldgqka" ñ;=re weiqre" úfkdaod;auljev igyka ,nd.ekSug yels ùu'

- wka;¾ cd,hg wu;r j N+f.da,sh f;dr;=re moaO;sh GIS& yd f.da,Sh ia:dk.;lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GPS& yryd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug" f;dr;=re ilia lsÍug ydfnod yeÍug yels ùu'

wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSu yd jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|ydf;dr;=re ;dlaIKh bjy,a lrf.k we;s wdldrh n,kafka kï"

Wod ( wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh

- Okjd§ wd¾Ólh meñKSu;a iu. m%d.aOk yqjudrej" NdKav ksIamdokh" fldgiafjf<|fmd<" Y%u fj<|fmd< cd;sl uÜgñka Tíng hdu" hï NdKavhl fydafiajdjl whs;sh ;ks rgla i;= fkdùu' tl,ia lsÍfï l¾udka; ìysùu' Wod( mß.Kl ksIamdok .;aúg wefußld tlai;a ckmofha tla fldgila ksmojkw;r ;j;a fldgia cmdkh" uef,aishd jeks rgj, ksIamdokh lsÍu'

- uq,Huh ls%hdj,sh uq¿ukska u foaYiSudj,ska f;dr ls%hdj,shla ùu' f;dr;=re;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s fldg f.k uq,H myiqjla msgia;r ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;yelsùu'



foaYmd,k f.da,ShlrKh- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok udOH Tiafia rgla wNHka;rfha isÿjk foaYmd,k .eg¨

laIKfhka uq¿ f,djg wkdjrKh ùu u; cd;Hka;r m%cdjg hï hï n,mEïl< yels ùu' ta yryd udkj whs;sjdislï" uq,sl whs;sjdislïj,g n,mEïlsÍu'

mdßißl f.da,ShlrKh- mdßißl w¾nqo yuqfõ úYaùh ú{dkhla f.dvke.S ;sìu' tla me;a;lska n,j;a

cd;Skaf.a mßir ydks m%;sM, ish¨u cd;Skag fmdÿfõ n,mEu' Wod ( foaY.=Kfjkialï' wfkla miska ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh yqjudrej ;=< fujeks mßir.eg¨j,ska ñ§ug laIKsl mshjr .ekSug ;rï ÈhqKq ;dlaIKhla mej;Su' Wod( iqkdñ Wjÿr tla rglg n,mEu isÿjk laIKfhka wka;¾ ikaksfõokudOH yryd n,mEï úh yels wfkla rgj,a oekqj;a lsÍu'

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd ne÷Kq .eg¨ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha n,mEu u.ska f.da,Shj tla ia:dkhla jgd flakaø .; l<o ta yd ne÷Kq .eg¨ rdYshlg u ÈhqKq yd ÈhqKq fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ólhka uqyqK mdisáhs'

- mß.Kl ffjria u.ska fufyhqï moaO;sh ydks ùu- ryia f,i jev igyka ,nd .ekSu yd w;sYh ryiH fjí wvúj,g msúisug

yelshdj- wka;¾ cd,h yryd isÿjk uyd mßudK uq,H jxpd- weieì m%ldYk" oekaùï mqjre" PhdrEm" Ñ;%mg wka;¾ cd,h Tiafia fnod yeÍu

yd wka;¾cd, yryd .kq ,nk f;dr;=retla rglg kS;Hdkql=, fyda iodpdr iïmkak fohla fjk;a rglg kS;Hdkql+,

fyda iodpdr úfrdaêúh yels ùu- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fmdÿ ckhdf.a udOHhla jqj o n,j;a cd;Ska úiska th

w;am;a lrf.k isàu' Tjqkg wjYH mßÈ m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh" NdId Ndú;h th;=<ska iudc úIu;djlg bvlv ie,iSu'

- ld, wjldY ixfldapkh u; f;dr;=re ksl=;a ùu YS>%ùu th ;=< jerÈ f;dr;=rlajqj o b;d blaukska mq¿,a f,i jHdma; ùu'

- ;%ia;jd§ l%shd isÿlsÍug f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh úYd, jYfhka Wmfhda.Sfldg .ekSu'

wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:- lreKdodi" ví'tï' ^1999&' f.da,ShlrKh yd l,dmShlrKh" bfuÊ ,xld

mí,sflaIka'- ùrisxy"áhqv¾ "^2002&' f.da,Sh iudch iy tys u;jdo" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda- fykakdhl "kd,Sks "^2004&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj"tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'- wdßhfiak "iïm;a" 2004&' f.da,shlrKh" fidndoyu yd udkj ixy;sfha brKu" iriú m%ldYlfhda'- ñys÷l=,iqßh" pdñkao" 2004&' m%dfhda.sl wka;¾ cd,h" <ysre m%ldYk'- ysoe,a, wdrÉÑ" iS'iS' 2005&' ixj¾Ok wOHhkh" iriú m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv'- Okmd, "ta'tï' wdßhfiak "iïm;a" ^2004&' mßirh udkqI wjYH;d iy iudc

ixj¾Okh" iriú m%ldYlfhda'- wd¾Ól úuiqu" ^2007&' ck $ cq,s l,dmh'





f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh

úpdrd;aul j úuikak'


- fuh lKavdhï ls%hdlrluls - f.da,ShlrKh flfrys f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhys n,mEu my;

wxY hgf;a mka;s ldur idlÉPdjlg ,la lrkak'

) wd¾Ól wxYh ) foaYmd,k wxYh ) iudc yd ixialD;suh wxYh ) mdßißl wxYh




YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhaYS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhafufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhsfufyjr mÍlaId lrhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 13'1 YS% ,xldfõ iudc" wd¾Ól" mßj¾;kfhys ,d f;dr;=re

;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha

wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ foaYmd,ksl m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï § f;dr;=re

;dlaIKfha wod<;ajh ;=,kd;aul j fmkajd fohs'

• YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § lDIsld¾ñl wxYhg f;dr;=re

;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï jeo.;alu ú.%y lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok wNsfhda. yuqfõ f;dr;=re

;dlaIKfha odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• YS% ,xldfõ M,odhs fiajd wxYhla mj;ajd f.k hdug f;dr;=re

;dlaIKh fhdod.; yels wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'


f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 21 jk ishji kj f,dalhlg fhduq l< hq.hla f,i fmkajd

Èh yelsh' f.da,ShlrKh yuqfõ ´kEu rglg yqol,dj lghq;= lsßug fkdyels ù we;'

kj oekqu fudfyd;ska fudfyd; iaftdagkh fjñka f,dj mqrd jHdma; fõ' tneúka hï

rgla ixj¾Okh flfryss fhduq ùfï § f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh flfrys fhduq ùu wksjd¾hh

wx.hla njg m;a ù we;' fuu tallh u.ska YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfhys odhl;ajh yd wNsfhda. ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHd;aul oDIaáhlska idlÉcd

flfrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,laúIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSSug w;aje,la

- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 21 jk ishjfia f,dalh kj u.lg fhduq lr we;'

- ÿrl:kh" mrs.Klh yd wfkl=;a f;dr;=re ikaksfõok udOH tlsfklg

iïnkaO fjñka f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla njg mßj¾;kh ù we;'

- ;dlaIKsl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgj,a fndfyduhla ksIamdok" wf,úlrK yd

fiajd wxY i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u ld¾hhka

ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS wdldrfhka bgqlr .eksug fhduq ù ;sfí'

- YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï

ld,Sk wjYH;dj yd oekg we;s ndOl y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'



YS% ,xldfõ iudc wd¾Ól mßj¾;kh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md we;s wdldrh my;

wxY hgf;a idrxY l< yels h'

wd¾Ól wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

YS% ,xldfõ lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod.; yels

úNj;d we;;a wju uÜgñka fuf;la fhdod f.k we;'

- úúO fNda. j.d lsÍug wjYH oekqu wka;¾cd,h yryd ,nd .ekSu

- f.dùka jHdmdßlhka yd fiajd imhkakka w;r oekqu yqjudre lr .ekSu

Wod ( fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka" m¾fhaIK wkdjrK" kj fidhd .ekSï'

- lDIsl¾uhg wod< j ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu

- lDIsl¾uh iïnkaO úúO rcfha yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;k lDIs iïm;a

ixrlaIKhg yd l<ukdlrKhg N+f.da,Sh f;dr;=re moaO;s GIS & Ndú;

fldg is;shï iliaa lsÍu yd Bg wu;r j f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha

b;d jeo.;a WmlrKhla jk f.da,Sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï moaO;sh ^ GPS &

Ndú; lsÍu'

- úfYaIfhka fmdfydr" m<sfndaO kdYl" lDIsld¾ñl yd wfkl=;a fhojqï

ksIamdokh lrk iud.ï f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh nyq, j fhdod

f.k we;' îc ksIamdokh" lDIs rihdksl øjH" frda.j,ska f;dr fnda.

ksIamdokh" úoHd.dr ;=< cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skag wkqj îc mÍlaIdj" mY=

iïm;a ixrlaIKh" lDIs hkaf;%damlrK" lDIs m%pdrl lghq;='

Wod ( nj¾ iud.u" fya,Sia iud.u" n%jqkaia iud.u fï w;r YS% ,xldj ;=<

bÈßfhka isáhs'

YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl flaI;%h wfkl=;a flaI;%j,g idfmalaI j f;dr;=re ikaksfõok

;dlaIKh Ndú;h w;ska bÈßfhka isáhs' ta w;r"

- lDIsmdol ld¾ñl wuqøjH ksIamdokh i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl iud.ï

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh nyq, j fhdod .kshs' Wod ( gh¾ yd áhqí ksIamdokh

" iskS ksIamdokh'

- YS% ,xldj ;=< weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h úYd, f,i jHdma; j we;s w;r fï i|yd

uyd mßudK f,i f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .kshs'

Wod ( kùk fudaia;r" ú,dis;d wdÈh y÷kd .ekSu" kùk ;dlaIKsl oekqu

yd WmlrK ,nd .ekSu" wuqøjH ,nd .ekSu" kj fj<|fmd< y÷kd.ekSu"ñ, .Kka ;srKh lsÍu

fujeks lreKq u.ska YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl flafIa;%h ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï j¾Okhla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s h'



fiajd wxYhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § o fuu ;;a;ajh oel.; yels h'

- nexl= - .kqfokq" uqo,a yqjudre" fplam;a yqjudrej" fmd,sh ilia lsÍu

- l¾udka;Yd,d - ie,iqï lsÍu" ksIamdokh" ;;a;aj md,kh" weiqreï lsÍu'

- uqøK fCI;%h - ie,iqï lsÍu" uqøKh

- f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu ;=<ska fiajd wxYhg

jvd;a ksjerÈ j ie,iqï ilia lsÍug yd mj;ajd f.k hdug yels ù we;'

flfia jqj o fjk;a fndfyda rgj,a yd iei£fï § YS% ,xldj iudc

mßj¾;khg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k we;af;a iSñ; m%udKhlsks'

- j¾;udkfha f,dalfha ;dlaIKsl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgj,a fndfydauhla

fiajdodhslhskaf.a wjYH;d i|yd" fndfyda fCIa;% f;dr;=re ;dlaIKsl

Wmdx. yd iïnkaO fldg we;'

- fiajd iemhSfï § Rcqj u fiajdfhdaclhska yd fiajdodhlhska yuqùu

jeo.;a fkdjk w;r úúO Wmdx. u.ska úfYaIfhka mß.Kl cd,.;

fiajd i|yd iïnkaO ù ;u ld¾hhka ´kEu rgl" ´kEu m%foaYhl isg"

´kEu fõ,djl bgqlr .ekSug myiqlï we;'

Wod ( rdcH mßmd,kh

nexl== fiajh - uqo,a yqjudrej

wOHdmkh - wka;¾cd,h Tiafia úúO mdGud,d" úNd.j,g

fmkS isàu jeks fiajd ,nd .ekSug yelsùu'

fi!LHh - frda. ks¾Kh yd m%;sldr i|yd fg,s fuäiska

(Tele medicine &

m%jdyk - .=jka" kdjql f.dvìï m%jdyk moaO;s cd, .;

lsÍu myiqfjka l< yels ùu'

foaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhfoaYmd,k wxYh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

- YS% ,xldj ;=< f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ls%hd;aul lsÍu Wfoid

m%;sm;a;s rduqjla ilia fldg we;' fuh B YS% ,xld E -Sri Lanka kï fõ'

fï u.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha cd;sl ixj¾Okh id¾:l f,i ls%hd;aul

lsÍu i|yd f.da,Sh oekqu flakaø lr .ekSuhs'

- YS% ,xldj ;=< úúO jQ mßmd,k lghq;= ilia lsÍu" ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd

we.hSu i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh úúO rdcH wdh;k fomd¾;fïka;= u.ska

m%fhdackhg .kq ,nhs'

- rdcH wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka o f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fnfyúka

fhdojd ;sfí' Wod ( N+f.da,sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï moaO;sh ^GIS)yryd

hqOuh m%foaYj, ksjerÈ is;shï ilia lsÍu;a" f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï

moaO;sh (GPS) yryd hqO m%foaY wdY%s; f;dr;=re laIKsl j ,nd .ekSu;a

lrkq ,nhs'



- wka;¾cd,fha úúO jQ fjí wvú u.ska foaYmd,k{hka Pkao lghq;= mj;ajd

f.k hdu i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s fldg .kshs'

Wod ( úúO mlaI u.ska Pkao odhlhka oekqj;a lsÍug" wfkla mlaI

ms<sn|j;a rfÜ mj;sk foaYmd,k jgmsgdj meyeÈ,s lr ,Sug;a

Wmfhda.s fldg .ekSu'

ixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSuixiAlD;sl yd iudðhSh wxYh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu

- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh u.ska úYd, u n,mEulg ,la ù we;af;a iudÔhSh yd

ixialD;sl wxYh fõ'

- kd.ßl m%foaY wdYs%; j fuu ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu .%dñh m%foaYj,g jvd

by< uÜgul mj;shs' .%dñh m%foaYj,g idfmalaI j kd.ßl m%foaYhka

ys mß.Kl wka;¾cd,h" cx.u ÿrl:k yd wfkl=;a ;dlaIKsl Wmdx.

Ndú;h idfmalaI j jeä ù ;sfí'

- wd.ñl lghq;=" NdIdj" úfõlh yd úfkdaodxY" lS%vd" fi!kao¾hd;aul lghq;=

.Dy ks¾udKh" kCI;%h" we÷ï me<÷ï" wdydr mdk" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈh

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid úúO fjkialïj,g ,la ù we;'

- NdIdj mq¿,a ù we;s w;r kj jpk" fhojqï" úYaj fldaI" Yío fldaI" flá

mKsúv fï wdYs%; uDÿldx." fjí wvú /ila ìys ù ;sfí'

- úfõlh yd úfkdaodxY i|yd rEmjdysks" jev igyka" mß.Kl lS%vd" Ñ;%mg"

jd¾;d jev igyka wdÈh ks¾udKh ù we;' fuu fCIa;%h idudðh Ôú;hg

úYd, n,mEula isÿlrhs'

- fi!kao¾hd;aul wxYh ;=< kj Y%jH oDIH WmlrK /ila u ìys ù ;sfnk

w;r m%didx.sl l,d flaI;%fha o ÈhqKqjla olakg ,efí'

- we÷ï" me<÷ï" ú,dis;d iïnkaO fjí wvú mdGud,d uDÿldx. /ila

y÷kd.; yelsh' fï i|yd kùk mkakfha WmlrK Ndú;h mq¿,a ù we;'

- iajdNdúl Wmøj yd fjk;a Wjÿre iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re ;dlaIKsl j

,nd .eksu" ñksiqka oekqj;a lsÍu yd f;dr;=re fnod yeßu i|yd fhdod

.kq ,nk ;dlaIKh Èfkka Èk j¾Okh fjñka mj;shs'

- tfukau f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h;a iu. iudch iEu

w;lskau kùlrKhg ,laj mj;shs' ld,h" Y%uh" úhou wju jYfhka

fhdod jeä m%fhdack ,ne.ekSug yels ù we;'

- mqoa., iïnkaO;d we;s lsÍug " ixiald;sl" iudÔh Wreu ms<sn| mq¿,awjfndaOhla ck;djg ,nd §ug" iudch oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdÈ jYfhkaúúO fCIa;% i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok Ndú;h j¾;udkfha § mq¿,afjñka mj;shs'Wod ( úúO ffjoH jevigyka u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" wmod

l<ukdlrKh



- rEmjdysksh yd wka;¾cd,h YS% ,dxlsl iudc mßirfha lemS fmfkkfjkialï we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;s w;r iudcfha hym;g fukau iudcmßydkshg o Rcqj odhl ù we;'

- f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh YS% ,dxlsl ixialD;sl jákdlï ì| jeàug iDcq jodhl ù we;s w;r f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh iudc yd ixialD;slwxYh flfrys Ndú; lsÍfï § iqmßlaIdldß j yiqrejd .ekSug iEumd¾Yjhla u j.n,d .; hq;= j we;'


- E - learning policy


l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01l%shdldrlu - 01 YS% ,xldfõ iudc" wd¾Ól mßj¾;kfhys ,d f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh n,md

we;s wdldrh my; fCIa;% hgf;a ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrkak'

- wd¾Ól - foaYmd,k - ixialD;sl yd idudÔhSh wxY




cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdcd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj mÍlaIdlrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhslrñka foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl fjhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 14'1 cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § nyq cd;sl iud.ïj,ska we;s jk

n,mEï ;=,kd;aul j mÍlaId lrhs'


bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, • wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lrhs'

••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï hkq fudkjdoehs úia;r lrhs' ta ms<sn| j

lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk whqre

úia;r lrhs'

••••• nyq cd;sl iud.ï iy cd;Hka;r fjf<|du m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha

§" ;dlaIKh mejÍfï §" iïm;a ksYaldIKfha § yd l<ukdlrK

ls%hdj,sfha § jeo.;ajk whqre y÷kajd fohs'


f,dalfha cd;Ska w;r ls%hd;aul fj<| .kqfokq ls%hdj,sh wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du

f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' j¾;udk f,dal wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh ;=< cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug

iqúfYaI ia:dkhla ysñfõ'

úfoaYSh rgj,a tll fyda lsysmhl mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk wkqnoaO wdh;k fyda

YdLd u.ska ish jHdmdßl lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk uydmßudK iud.ï nyqcd;sl

iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'

j¾;udkfha cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï jákdlfuka 50]lg jeä m%;sY;hla nyq

cd;sl iud.ï úiska ysñ lr f.k we;' tneúka f,dal wd¾Ólh fndfyda ÿrg md,kh

lsÍfï yelshdj nyq cd;sl iud.ï i;=j ;sfí'

ta wkqj f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< m%d.aOk wdfhdackh" ;dlaIKh yeisrùu" iïm;a

ksYaldIKh yd l<ukdlrKh jeks lghq;=j, § nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh

ie,lsh hq;= ;;a;ajhl mj;S'

wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh;a" tys § nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, N+ñldj

yd ls%hdldß;ajh;a ms<sn| j úYaf,aIKd;aul wOHhkhl fh§u fuu tallh b.ekaùfuka

wfmalaId flfrhs'




cd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhcd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh

- f,dalfha iEu rglau lskï wdldrhlska fyda cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù

we;' ta tlsfkl rgj,a w;r ksIamdok yqjudre lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj ksid h'

- cd;Hka;r fjf<|du cd;ska w;r muKla ls%hd;aul jkakla fkdfõ' úúO

ixúOdk yd wdh;k o cd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd iïnkaO fõ'

- uq,a ld,fha cd;Hka;r fjf<|du fndfyda fihska isÿjqfha oaúmd¾Yúl lghq;a;la

f,isks'

- 1970 oYlh muK jk úg nyqcd;sl iud.ï cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï m%n, ;SrK

.kafkl=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;aùu jeo.;a h'

- 1980ka miq ld,h jk úg cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug úúO ls%hdldÍka iïnkaO ùu

olakg ,efí' l,dmsh ixúOdk yd fjf<| ixúOdk fuys§ jeo.;a h'

- úúO rgj,a w;r fyda foaYmd,k lKavdhï w;r foaYmd,k lreKq ksrdlrKh

lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd wúhla f,i o cd;Hka;r fjf<|du fhdod .kakd

wjia:d ;sfí' Wod ( fjf<| iïndOl mekùu

- cd;Hka;r fjf<|du f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shg n,mEï lrkq ,nk

w;r ta u.ska f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Okfha wiu;=,s; rgd y÷kd.; yelsh'

- uq¿ cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfuka 70]la muK ixflakaøKh ù we;af;a ixj¾ê;

l,dmfha h'

nyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ïnyqcd;sl iud.ï

- 1950 - 1960 oYl ;=< weußld tlai;a ckmoh i;= úYd, iud.ï ish jHdmdr

lghq;= hqfrdamSh rgj, o wdrïN lrk ,È' miqj hqfrdamd rgj,a yd cmdkh o

fuh wkq.ukh lrñka ish jHdmdr fjk;a rgj, msysgqjk ,o w;r fuh

nyqcd;sl iud.ï jHdma;ùfï wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yels h'

- oekg f,dalfha nyq cd;sl iud.ï 600la muK ls%hd;aul fõ' bka 300la muK

weußld tlai;a ckmoh i;= tajd h' 160 la muK cmdkfha iud.ï jk w;r

60la muK tlai;a rdcOdkshg wh;a fõ' b;sß iud.ï wfkla ixj¾ê; rgj,a

-j,g wh;ah Encarta Encyclopedea - 2008&'

- fuu iud.ï úiska fjk;a rgj, Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack ^Foriegn direct invest-

ments - FDI& fhdojkq ,nhs'

- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldß;ajh issh jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hk rgj,

foaYSh l¾udka;lrejkag we;s lrk n,meu w;suy;a h'

- Tjqkaf.a m%pdrK cd,h yd úúO Wmdh yd Wml%uYS,s ls%hdud¾. iu. foaYSh

jHdmdßlhskag ;rÕ lsÍug wisreh' th foaYSh jHdmdr ÿ¾j, lsÍug fya;= fõ'



- Monsanto - USA, Unilever - UK, Merck - UK, Glaxo - UK, ICI - UK, Mitsui

Toafsy - Japan, Bayer - Germany, Shell - UK/ Netherlands, Cargills - USA f,dj

m%Odk nyqcd;sl iud.ï lsysmhls'

m%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackhm%d.aOk wdfhdackh

- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, wvq wdodhu ksid m%d.aOk wdfhdackh i|yd

uqo,a fkdue;' tu rgj, wd¾Ólh m%d:ñl øjH wmkhkh u; r|d mej;Su;a"

cd;Hka;r fjf<|du nyq cd;sl iud.ï úiska yeisrùu;a ksid fjf<| fYaIh

wjdisodhl ùu fuhg fya;=fõ'

- tneúka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd úfoaYSh

wdfhdack u; jeä n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd we;'

- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ksIamdok úhoï wvq neúka nyq cd;sl iud.ï

tu rgj, uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍug jeä keUqrejla olajhs'

- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fndfyda rgj,a úfoaY wdfhdack mq¿,a lr .ekSu

msKsi ;u wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu fyda ,sys,a lsÍu" lïlre kS;sÍ;s ,sys,a lsÍu" nÿ

m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a lsÍu" wdfhdaclhka i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï ie,iSu jeks

ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka isà'

- tfy;a úfoaY wdfhdackj, iDcq m%;s,dN ysñjkafka wdfhdackh isÿlrk iud.ïj,gh'tfia jqj;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, mj;akd uq,H .eg¨ ksidixj¾Ok ls%hdodufha § úfoaY wdfhdack flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu uq,slúl,amhla njg m;aj ;sfí'

- j¾;udkfhaa nyqcd;sl iud.ï jeä jYfhka Ökh" uef,aishdj" isx.mamqrej";dhs,ka;h" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh jeks w.aksÈ. wdishdkq rgj,;a n%iS,h"fulaisfldaj jeks ,;ska weußldkq rgj,;a ish m%d.aOk wdfhdack isÿ lrkq,en we;'

- Ökh" uef,aishdj jeks rgj,a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack ;u rgg weo.ekSug lghq;=lrk w;r u ;ukaf.a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack fjk;a rgj, fhdojd ;sîu o kjm%jK;djls'

- úfoaYSh m%d.aOk u.ska wdfhdackh ,nd .kakd rgg /lshd wjia:d ysñùu" mqyqKqwjia:d ,eîu há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ùu jeks m%;s,dN ysñfõ'

- Ökh" uef,aishdj" isx.mamqrej miq.sh oYlh ;=< úfoaY wdfhdack mq¿,a lr.ekSu u.ska wd¾Ólhka ÈhqKq lr.;a rgj,a h'

- Ñkh rEmjdyskS ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhkq;a" uef,aishdj" .=jka úÿ,s hka;%

ksIamdokh iïnkaOj;a f,dj m%uqLhska njg m;aj we;s w;r nyq cd;sl iud.ï

yryd ,nd.;a úfoaYsh m%d.aOk wdfhdack thg fya;= ù we;'

;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu;dlaIKh mejÍu

- rgla ixj¾Okh ùfï § ;dlaIK oekqu yd Ys,amSh l=i,;d bjy,a fõ' tneúka

ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh fkdue;sùu m%d.aOk W!k;dj fukau .eg¨jls'

- lsishï rgla ;u rgg úfoaY wdfhdack ,nd .ekSfï tla mrud¾:hla jkqfha ta



iu. úfoaYSh ;dlaIKh mjrd .ekSu ;=<ska ;u rfÜ ;dlaIKsl Ys,amSh oekqu

j¾Okh lr .ekSuhs'

- tfy;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï ish wdfhdack isÿ l< muKska u ;dlaIKh mejÍula

isÿfõo hkak .eg¨jls'

- ksIamdok l¾udka; fndfyduhl È Y%u úfYaISlrKh hgf;a tu lghq;= isÿ

flfrk neúka ;dlaIKh mejÍu isÿjkafka hï iSudjla hgf;a h' ta wkqj

Y%ñlhkaf.a iïmq¾K ksmqK;dj jeäÈhqKqùula wfmalaIs; wdldrfhka isÿfkdfõ'

- tkï Y%u úfYaISlrKh ksid iïmq¾K ;dlaIKh mejÍula isÿfkdùu yd ;dlaIKh

mejÍfï iSudjla mej;Suhs'

- tfy;a nyqcd;sl iud.ï úiska ;u fiajlhska i|yd mqyqKq jevuq¿" úfoaYsh

YsIH;aj" l<ukdlrK mqyqKq ùï wdÈh ,nd fok wjia:dj o ;sfí'

- tfukau úfoaY wdfhdack iu. ;u rg ;=< fkdue;s ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yd

Ys,amSh l%u ,nd.; yelsùu jdishls'

iïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKhiïm;a ksYaldIKh

- mDÓúfha we;s iajNdúl iïm;a ñksidf.a m%fhdackh i|yd iajdNdúl mßirfhka

Wlyd .ekSu iïm;a ksYaldIKh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g ;ukaf.a fndfyda iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=

i|yd wdfhdackh lsÍug uqo,a iy ;dlaIKh fkdue;' tneúka tu rgj,ga

iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;= i|yd úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka fj; keUqreùug isÿ j

;sfí'

- iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j, muKla fhfok nyqcd;sl iud.ï we;' wms%ldkq

rgj, ;U" r;%x jeks iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j, tu iud.ï ksr; j we;'fufia

,nd.kakd iïm;a ksYaldIKh lrk rg ;=<u ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhdod

.ekSu fjkqjg wuqøjH f,i f.khdu .eg¨jls'

- iïm;a ksYaldIKfha § ;srir nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu;a m%udKh

blaujd iïm;a ksYaldIKh lsÍu;a isÿfõ'

- we;eï rgj,a ;u iïm;a wkd.; m%fhdackh i|yd iqrlaIs; lr .ekSfï Wmdh

ud¾.hla f,i ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iïm;a ksYaldIK lghq;=j,

fh§u olakg ,efí'

- kej; we;s fkdjk iïm;a iy kej; we;s ùug §¾> ld,hla .;jk iïm;a

wêl f,i ksYaldIKh lsÍu .eg¨jla njg m;a j we;' fufia ,nd.kakd

iïm;a

- nyqcd;sl iud.ï úiska ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iïm;a m%fhdackhg

.ksñka ksIamdok isÿfldg ta i|yd fmagkaÜ n,m;% ,nd .ekSu ksid miq ld,Sk

j tu iïm;a ysñ rgg tajdfhdod .ksñka ksIamdok isÿl< fkdyels ùu o

m%Yakhla nj g m;aj we;'



- ffcùh iïm;a fydrlu o Piracy of bio resources& j¾;udkfha iïm;a ksYaldIKh

iïnkaO .eg,qjls'

l<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKhl<ukdlrKh

- wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § l<ukdlrKh jeo.;a idOlhls' fjf<|fmd<"

fjf<| m%;sm;a;s" iïm;a" lïlre" uq,H jeks wxYj, l<ukdlKh fuys §

jeo.;afõ'

- cd;Hka;r fyda l,dmSh jYfhka fjf<| ixúOdk we;s lrf.k ;sîu tla

l<ukdlrK uqf,damdhls'

- f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhg .e<fmk mßÈ l<ukdlrejka mqyqKq lsßu yd ta i|yd

l<ukdlrK mdi,a we;slr ;sîu o jeo.;a fõ'

- ixj¾Okfha § úúO wxY y÷kd.ekSu i|yd l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .ekSu

jeo.;a fõ'

- wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu" md,kh lsÍu ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s l<ukdlrKh o jeo.;ah'

- nyqcd;sl iud.ï iu. .e<fmk mßÈ cd;sl m%;sm;a;s .<md .ekSfï § l<ukdlrK

mqyqKqj jeo.;afõ'

wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:wdYS%; .%ka:

- wdßhfiak" iïm;a" ^2004&' f.da,ShlrKh findoyu yd udkj ixy;sfha

brKu" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 10'

- fykakdhl"kd,Sks" ^2004&' udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda fld<U 10'

- Encarta Encyclopedea, (2008).




ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1ls%hdldrlï -1

- wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ye|skaùu" tys wdrïNl iajNdjh" ls%hdldÍka"

nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, ld¾hNdrh ^wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ;=<& hk f;aud

Tiafia f;dr;=re f.dkqjla iemhSug Wmfoia fokak'

ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2ls%hdldrlï - 2

- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldß;ajh iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,

wd¾Ólh hk f;audj hgf;a flaj, mejreulg Wmfoia fokak'



ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15 ksmqK;dj - 15l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmShl,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys N+ñldj mÍlaId lrñka l,dmSh

iyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhsiyfhda.S;djg fhduq fjhs

ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 15'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhka ys ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykhlrhs'

^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&^ld,Éfþo 10&bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, bf.kqï M, • f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkj, idudðl rgj,a kï lrhs'

• f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkj, idudðl rgj,a is;shï .; lrhs'• tla tla ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh y÷kd .kshs'• tla tla l,dmSh ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrñkaa

l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dj, wkkH;dj ms<sn| wdl,am f.dvk.d.kshs'

ye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuye¢kaùuf,dalfha rdcHhka úúO wjYH;d i|yd fjk;a rdcHhka iu. in|;d mj;ajdf.k

hkq ,nk w;r tajd cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' tfuka u f,dj iEurgla u ;u rfÜ ksoyi" iaffjßNdjh" wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a fõ' tfuka u tlargl ls%hd;aul jk foaYmd,k" iudc wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ;j;a rgl ls%hd;aul jk m%;sm;a;syd fkd.e<msh yels h' tfy;a cd;shla jYfhka yqfol,dj lghq;= lsÍug lsisu rglgfkd yelsh' cd;Hka;r in|;d we;s lr .ekSfï by< u wjia:djla f,i cd;Ska úúOwruqKq i|yd talrdYS ùu fyj;a f,dalfha rgj,a w;r wfkHdakH hemSu jvd;a iqrlaIs;uÜgñka mj;ajd .ekSug cd;Hka;r ixúOdk msysgqjd f.k ;sfí'

iajdëk rdcHhka folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl idudðl;ajh ysñ" tu rgj,wfkHdakH iyfhda.S;dj fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk" tfuka u idudchSh" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sllghq;= i|yd myiqlï i,iñka úúO úêúOdk i,ik wdh;k wka;¾ cd;sl ixúOdkf,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

fuu ixúOdk f.da,Sh uÜgñka fuka u hï hï N+f.da,Sh l,dm wdYs%;j o msysgqjdf.k we;' tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh f,dal uÜgñka ls%hd;aul jk f,dj m%uqL; ucd;Hka;r ixúOdkh fõ'

l,dmSh ixúOdkhl iajNdjh jkafka th lsishï N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla uq,a fldgf.k we;s ùuhs' tfy;a we;eï úg tu N+f.da,Sh l,dmfhka neyer msysá rgj,a o tuixúOdkj, idudðl;ajh orkq ,nhs' j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha iEu N+f.da,Sh l,dmhlau ksfhdackh jk mßÈ l,dmSh ixúOdk msysgqjd f.k we;'

fuu tallfhka wfmalaId lrkqfha l,dmSh ixúOdkhka jk l,dmSh iyfhda.S;dji|yd jk ol=Kq wdishd;sl ixúOdkh" w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh" hqfrdamd ix.uh " W;=reweußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu iy wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ms<sn| j lreKq wOHhkhlsÍuhs'




ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkhol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh ^ ^ ^ ^ ^South Asian Asso-

ciation for Regional Cooperarion - SAARC)

- msysgqjd .ekSfï uq,sl woyi bÈrsm;a lrkq ,enqfõ 1970 oYlfha nx.a,dfoaYfhaysgmq ckdêm;s ishdW¾ ryuka (Ziaur Rahman) úisks'

- 1983 cq,s ui kjÈ,a,s kqjr oS l,dmSh úfoaY f,alïjreka úiska iyfhda.S;dj m<lsÍug tlÕ jQ lafIa;% 9la ms<sn| ie,eiau m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,enQ w;r thkjÈ,a,s m%ldYh kñka ye¢kafõ'

- lDIsl¾uh" .%dóh ixj¾Okh" ikaksfõokh" ld,.=K úoHd" fi!LH yd ck.yklghq;=" m%jdykh" ;eme,a fiajd" úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh" lS%vd l,d iy ixialD;sllghq;= fuu lafIa;% 9 fõ'

- 1985 foieïn¾ 8 Èk nx.,dfoaYfha vld ^Dhaka& ys § ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmShiyfhda.S;d ixúOdkh ^SAARC& ks, jYfhka wdrïN úh'

- nx.a,dfoaYh" N+;dkh" bkaÈhdj" ud,Èjhsk" fkamd,h" mlsia:dkh yd YS% ,xldjfuu iuq¿j ksfhdackh lf<a h'

- j¾;udk idudðlhka 8 ls 1' we*a.ksia:dkh 2' nx.a,dfoaYh 3' N+;dkh 4' bkaÈhdj 5' ud,Èjhsk 6' fkamd,h 7' mdlsia:dkh 8' YS% ,xldj

we*a.ksia:dkh 2007 jif¾ wfm%a,a 3 od isg idudðl;ajhg tla jQ rgls'

id¾la ixúOdkfha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, ck;djf.a iqN isoaêh yd Ôjk ;;a;ajh kxjd,Su ;=<ska

È<sÿlu ;=rka lsÍu'

- l,dmh ;=< wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd id¾la lDIsld¾ñl uOHia:dkhla

yd wdrlaIs; wdydr ixÑ;hla nx.,dfoaYfha msysgqùu'

- ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùu i|yd rdcH uÜgfï kdhlhska ;SrKj,g t<öu yd ;%ia;jdoh

je<elaùfï .súiqï ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

- wd¾Ól m%dj¾Okh yd fi!LH .eg¨ úi§u i|yd cmdk id¾la úfoaY wruqo, yd

ol=Kq wdishdkq ixj¾Ok wruqo, u.ska uq,Huh yd øjHuh wdOdr ,nd§u yd

iyfhda.S;dj we;s lsÍu'

- fjf<|du iïnkaOfhka mekke.S we;s .eg¨ wju lsÍu yd l,dmSh rgj,a w;r

fjf<|du iïnkaO lghq;=j, m%j¾Okhla we;s lsÍu i|yd

) ol=Kq wdishdkq jrKSh fjf<| .súiqu ^SAPTA& ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

) ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| m%foaYh ^SAFTA& we;s lsÍu'



- ol=Kq wdishdkq jrKSh fjf<| .súiqu uq,sl wxY 4la Tiafia ls%hd;aul fõ'

1' idudðl rgj, wd¾Ól iy ld¾ñl uÜgu by< kexùug tu rgj, ;srenÿ jHqyh" úfoaY fj<| rgdj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr tlsfkldg iykie,fik wkaoñka lghq;= lsÍu

2' .súiqu ls%hd;aul ùu wÈhfrka wÈhr mÍlaId lrkq ,nk úuiSï u.ska tysj¾Okh i|yd wjYH mshjr .ekSu'

3' b;du;a wvq ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj, wjYH;djka wkqj j¾Kd;aul l%uiïnkaOfhka tlÕ;djla we;s lr .ekSu

4' wuqøjH" ksñ NdKav" w¾O ksñ NdKav jYfhka ish¨ u ksIamdoki|yd .súiqu wod< ùu'

- fuu .súiqfï jeo.;a u wxYh jkafka l,dmSh rgj, ksIamdokh lrk NdKavwf,úfha § nÿ iyk ,nd§uhs'

- ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a jdKsc lghq;=j, § uqyqK mdk wNsfhda. ch .ekSu i|ydlsishï m%udKhlg ima;d .súiqu Wmldß jkq we;'

w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ix.uh ^The Association of South East

Asian Nations - ASEAN)

- 1967 wf.daia;= 8 Èk ;dhs,ka;fha nexfldla k.rfha § idudðl rgj,a 5l aiyNd.S;ajfhka fuu ixúOdkh msysgqjd .kakd ,§'

- bkaÿkSishdj" uef,aishdj" ms,smSkh" isx.mamqrej yd ;dhs,ka;h wdishdkaixúOdkfha wdrïNl idudðl rgj,a fj;s'

- nDDkdhs" úhÜkduh" ,d´ih" ñhkaudrh yd ldïfndach ^lïmqÑhdj& miqj tlajQ idudðl rgj,a h' ta wkqj uq¿ idudðl rgj,a ixLHdj 10 ls'

wdishdka ixúOdkfha wruqKq iy ld¾hNdrh ) l,dmfha iduh yd ia:djrNdjh ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

) iyfhda.S;dj u; taldnoaO wd¾Ól l%uhla idudðl rgj, ls%hd;aul lsÍu) wfkHdakH iyNd.s;aj u; iy iyfhda.fhka m¾fhaIKd;aul wxY ÈhqKq

lsÍu') idudðl rgj, fj<| lghq;= lr .kakd w;r u cd;Hka;r jdKsc lghq;=

-j, § we;s jk m%Yakj,g uqyqK §fï ud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍu') wdydr iqrlaIs;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd mY= iïm;a ixj¾Okhg yd jk jHdmD;s

i|yd kjiS,ka;fhka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu') ëjr lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|yd lekvdfjka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu') iajNdúl wdmodj,g uqyqK§u i|yd f;dard.;a w.aksÈ. wdishdkq rgj,

wdmod ikaksfõok uOHia:dk msysgqùu') wdishdka úoHd ;dlaIKsl lñgq msysgqùu') fjf<|du iïnkaO wNsfhda. ch.ekSu i|yd iykodhs ;Srenÿ m%;sm;a;s

ls%hd;aul lsÍu'



hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh ^hqfrdamd ix.uh Êuropean Union)

- hqfrdamd ix.uh idudðl rgj,a 27 lska iukaú; wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k ix.uhls'

- 1993 fkdjeïn¾ 1 jk Èk udiaá%ÉÜ iïuq;sh ^Treaty of Mastricht& kñkaye¢kafjk .súiqu u.ska hqfrdamd ix.uh ia:dms; lrk ,È'

- fuys wdrïNl idudðl rgj,a 6ls" fn,aðhu" m%xYh" tjlg ngysr c¾uksh"b;d,sh" ,laiïn¾.a iy fko¾,ka;h tu idudðl rgj,a h'

- j¾;udkfha idudðl rgj,a ixLHdj 27ls' Tiaá%hdj *ska,ka;h ,eÜúhdj refïkshdj

fn,aðhu m%xYh ,s;=fõkshdj iaf,dajelshdjn,af.aßhdj c¾uksh ,laiïn¾.a iaf,dafõkshdjihsm%ih .S%ish fuda,agd iamd[a[hfpla ckrch ykaf.aßhdj fko¾,ka;h iaùvkhfvkaud¾lh wh¾,ka;h fmda,ka;h tlai;a rdcOdkshtiaf;dakshdj b;d,sh mD;=.d,h

- hqfrdamd ix.uh ;=< md,k lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nkafka iqmsß cd;sl;ajh^Supranationalism& iy wka;¾ wdKavq md,k l%uh Intergovermentalism& hk l%ufoflys iïñY%s; ^Hybrid& wdldrhlg h'

- hqfrdamd ix.ufha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh) ishü idudðl rgj, ck;dj NdKav yd fiajd m%d.aOk talSh fjf<|

fmd<la hgf;a ksoyia ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu uq,sl mrud¾:h úh') ta wkqj ish,q idudðl rgj, fjf<|du" lDIsl¾uh" ëjr m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh

wdÈ ish,q lghq;= fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s hgf;a ls%hd;aul fõ') hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudðl rgj,a w;r ;ks uq,H tallhla f,i hqfrda

Êuro& y÷kajd §u') oekg rgj,a 16la hqfrda uqo, Ndú; lrk w;r tu rgj,a 16 we;=<;a

l,dmh hqfrda l,dmh Êuro Zone& kñka ye¢kafõ'

hqfrda y÷kajd§fï uq,sl wruqKq 4la úh

1' ix.ufha rgj,a w;r NdKav yqjudre lsÍfï myiqj yd tla tla rgj, úúOjHjydr uqo,a yqjudreùfï § isÿjk mdvqj bj;a lsÍu'

2' idudðl rgj, úksuh wjodku bj;alsÍu yd ta ;=<ska wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu'3' tlai;a hqfrdamhla f.dvke.Su yd hqfrdamd wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Sug miqìu kexùu4' weußldkq fvd,rh fjkqjg Yla;su;a úl,amhla bÈßm;a lsÍu yd fvd,rh

fjkqjg hqfrda j ia:djr lr .ekSu'- ix.ufha rgj,a w;r ckhdg ksoyfia ixirKh ùfï myiqj i,id§u'- ta ;=<ska Y%ñlhka ixirKh ùug bv i,id §u'- ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, uq,H m%Yak u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd ueÈy;aùu'- udkj ysñlï iqrlaIs; lsÍu fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu'

-



wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ^The Economic Commission For Africa - ECA)

- 1958 È tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól yd iudc uKav,fha l,dmSh fldñika iNd 5katlla f,i wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu msysgqjk ,§'

- wms%ldkq rgj, ixj¾Okh Wfoid" idudðl rgj, iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾OkhgWmldÍùu" wka;¾ l,dmSh tluq;=lu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" wka;¾ cd;sl iyfhda.S;djixj¾Okh lsÍu fuu fldñiu msysgqùfï uq,sl wruqKq úh'

- wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ish wruqKq yd b,lal bgqlr .ekSu i|yd tys ls%hdldÍie,eiau wfkdakH f;aud folla hgf;a ls%hd;aul lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;'tkï) l,dmSh wka;¾ iyfhda.S;dj ;=<ska wms%ldkq ix.ufha oelau iy m%uqL;d

Wkkaÿ lrùu') wms%ldkq rgj, úfYaI wjYH;d iy ta ;=<ska u;=jk f.da,Sh wNsfhda. y÷kd

.ekSu'- fuu uq,sl f;aud folg wkqj wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñiu ish wNsu;d¾: bgqlr

.ekSu i|yd .;a ls%hdud¾. lsysmhla fõ'- fjf<|du iy há;, myiqlï ms<sn| l,dmSh wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj jeä ÈhqKq

lsÍug wjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSu'- ixj¾Okh i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh" úoHdj yd ;dlaIKsl l%uYs,am

fhdod .ekSu'- ta ta rgj, hymd,kh iy l,dmSh rgj,a w;r wfkHdakH iqyoYS,s iyfhda.S;dj

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSu'- idudðl rgj, øßø;dj msgq oelSu iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd ls%hdud¾.

.ekSu'- fuu ls%hdud¾. ish idudðl rgj,a fj; jvd;a M,odhs f,i ls%hd;aul lrùu

i|yd wms%ldkq wd¾Ól fldñifï m%foaYSh ld¾hd, 5la we;'- idudðl rgj, ixj¾Okh i|yd kùlrK yd fiajdjka lsysmhla my; wxY

hgf;a jHdma; lsÍug wms%ld wd¾Ól fldñiu ls%hdud¾. f.k we;' tajd my;oelafõ') m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIKh yd WmfoaYk fiajd) iyNd.s;aj j¾Okh ^idudðl rgj,&) ;dlaIKsl iydh) ikaksfõok yd oekqu yqjudre lr .ekSu') m%dfoaYSh l,dmj, ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd iydh ùu) m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ól iudc msysgqùu



idudðl rgj,a

fndÜiajdkd we,Ôßhdj fifky,aleurEka wekaf.da,dj peâBðma;=j fnkska fgdf.datß;s%hdj n¾lsskdmdfida f,fidf;dab;sfhdamshdj nqrekaä ,hsîßhdj>dkd flamaj¾Ü uev.ialrhflkahdj fldufrdia fudieïìla.efndka isïndífõ,sìhdj .skshdj ieïìhdju,dú iul .skshdj áhqksishdjfudßIia gekaidkshdj uOHu wms%ldjW.kavdj rejkavdj iajdis,ka;hkeñìhdj ud,s iqvdkhkhsðßhdj fldkaf.da ckrch khsc¾iSfI,aia ishrd,sfhdaka whsjßfldaiaÜfidaud,shdj fudfrdlaflda ol=Kq wms%ldjfudßfÜkshdj fldkaf.da m%cd;ka;%jd§ ckrch.eïìhdj .sksìiõ

W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fj<| .súiqu (North American Free Trade Agreement -

NAFTA)

- W;=re wefußld l,dmh ;=< ;s% md¾Yúl fjf<| yjq,la f,i ^Trilateral trade

bloc in North America& weußld tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj iy fulaisfldaj hkrgj,a ;=k úiska w;aika ;nk ,o .súiquls'

- fuu fjf<| .súiqu ls%hd;aul jqfha 1994 § h'- fuu .súiqu wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd lekvdj w;r ls%hd;aul jk tlai;a

ckmo lekvd ksoyia fjf<| .súiqula f,i jvd;a iqúfYaI fjhs'- W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqfuys w;sf¾l wxY 2la ls%hd;aul fjhs'

1' W;=re wefußldkq mßir iyfhda.S;d .súiqu ^NAAEC)

2' W;=re wefußldkq lïlre iyfhda.S;d .súiqu ^NAALC)

- W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqfï m%Odk wruqK wefußld tlai;a ckmoh"lekvdj iy fulaisfldaj w;r fjf<|du iy wdfhdack lghq;= iïnkaO jmj;sk ndOl bj;a lsÍuhs'

- ta wkqj 1994 jk úg wefußld tlai;a ckmoh fulaisfldafjka wdkhkhlrkq ,nk NdKav j¾. j,ska 1$2 i|yd;a tlai;a ckmoh fulaisfldajgwmkhkh lrk NdKav j¾. j,ska 1$3 muK i|yd;a ;Sre nÿ bj;a lrkq ,eîh'

- wjqreÿ 10la ;=< tlai;a ckmofhka fulaisfldajg wmkhkh lrk lDIsld¾ñlksIamdok lsysmhla yer wfkl=;a ish¨ u NdKav i|yd ;sre nÿ bj;a lsÍuglghq;= lsÍug o ls%hdud¾. f.k we;'

- lekvdj iy wefußld tlai;a ckmoh w;r fndfyda fjf<| .kqfokq isÿjkafka;Srenÿ rys;j h'



wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:wdYs%; .%ka:- fifkúr;ak" pdñkao" ^2004&' f,dal ixúOdk 1" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'- fifkúr;ak" pdñkao" 2004&' f,dal ixúOdk 11" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'- udkj ysñlï iy cd;Hka;r in|;d" w;sf¾l lshùï fmd; cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kh iy udkj ysñlï wOHhk flakaøh'- w.w.w. wikipedia .org

- Encarta Encyclopedea, (2008).



- lKavdhï mejreula f,i f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdk ms<sn| j f;dr;=re imhdf.k ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lsÍu'

- mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq wdldrhlg lKavdhï lr .kak' ixúOdk 5 i|yd lKavdhï5la ilia lr .ekSu u.ska ls%hdldrlu myiqfjka iïmq¾K lsÍug yelsjkq we;'

- iqÿiq l%uhlg wod< l,dmSh ixúOdk 5 lKavdhïj,g fnod fokak'- ;ukag wod< ixúOdkh ms<sn| j my; i|yka úia;r we;=<;a jk fia ì;a;s

mqj;am; ks¾udKh lsÍug Wmfoia fokak') ixúOdkfha ku) ks, ,dxckh iy f;aud mdgh) ks, Ochla ;sfí kï th) wdrïNl Èkh iy uq,ia:dkh) idudðl rgj,a iy uq,ia:dkh oelafjk is;shu) ixúOdkfha jHqyh) ixúOdkfha wruqKq) iuq¿ ms<sn| úia;r) fjk;a f;dr;=re

- wjYH u. fmkaùu iy Wmfoia ,nd fokak- bf.kqï M, mokï lr.ksñka we.ehSï lghq;= isÿ lrkak'



N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHdj III

m%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdjm%fhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj




o;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;ao;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;a

lsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhslsÍu i|yd ixLHdk yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhs


ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 o;a; uQ,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs'

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l o;a; ks¾jpkh lrhs'

l o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

l o;a; j¾. lr olajhs'

l o;a; ckkh lsÍfï yd j.= .; lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

l o;a; .nvd lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kdf.k meyeÈ<s lrhs'

l o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kd.kshs'


N+f.da, úoHdj wdrïNfha isg u úúO f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd ixLHd o;a;

Wmfhda.S lr .;a nj meyeÈ,s h' WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" c, Odß;dj" ck ixLHdj" lDIs

l¾uh" ksIamdokh wd§ jYfhka tajd úúO iajrEm .kq ,eîh' úúO o;a; m%;sckkh

lsÍfuka miq ñksid yd mßirh ms<sn| j N+f.da, úoHd;aul ks.ukj,g t<öug tajd

bjy,a úh' N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; lrk o;a; fndfyda ÿrg wjldYsh yd ld,Sk jHdma;sh

olajk tajd ùu úfYaI;ajhls'

kQ;k ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj iu`. u o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï yd .nvd lr .ekSfï kj l%u

y÷kd f.k we;' mß.Kl Ndú;h ksid o;a; .nvd lsÍu" j.=.; lsÍu yd j¾.SlrKh hk

ld¾hhka ys YS>% j¾Okhla we;s ù ;sfí'

N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; jk úúO o;a; y÷kd .ekSu;a tu o;a; ksrEmKh flfrk

úúO l%u y÷kd .ekSu;a fuu tallfha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'


l o;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSuo;a; y÷kd .ekSu

ks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkhks¾jpkh

- m%udKd;aul fyda .=Kd;aul f;dr;=re iuQyhla o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'

- f;dr;=re ixLHd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍfï § tajd ixLHd o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'- ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj;a iu`. úúO flaIa;%j, o;a; Ndú;h mq¿,a f,i jHdma;

fjñka mj;shs'



o;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIKo;a;j, úfYaIs; ,laIK

- o;a; m%udKd;aul fyda .=Kd;aul núka hqla;h'

- tajd úYaf,aIKhkag Ndckh l< yelsh'

- o;a; myiqfjka .nvd l< yelsh'

- tajd wjYH jq úg myiqfjka kej; ,nd .; yelsh'

- ld,Sk o;a; wkqidrfhka Wmk;s oelaúh yelsh'

- N+f.da, úoHdfõ § wm Ndú; lrk o;a;j, lemS fmfkk ,laIKh jkqfha

tajd fnfyúka u wjldYSh fyda ld,Sk jHdma;s ms<sn`o tajd ùu h'

o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.o;a; j¾.

o;a; úúO f,i j¾. l< yelsh'

- m%udKd;aul

- .=Kd;aul o;a;

- m%d:ñl o;a; yd oaù;shsl o;a;

- ixúOdkd;aul o;a; yd wixúOdkd;aul o;a;

- iduqysl o;a; yd wiuqys; o;a;

- ika;;sl o;a; yd úúlaa; o;a;

o;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=jo;a; nexl=j

- o;a; .nvd lr ;eìh yels ùu'

- wjYH wjia:djkayS § o;a; kej; ,nd .; yelsùu

- o;a; .nvd lr .ekSfï udOH

ixhqla; ;eá

wka;¾cd,h

mß.Klh

fmd;am;a

o;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkho;a; ckkh

- o;a; ckkh ye¢kaùu'

- o;a; ckkfha wjYH;dj'

- o;a; ckkh lsÍfï l%u'

o;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍuo;a; j¾.SlrKh yd j.=.; lsÍu

- /ia lr.;a o;a; iuQyhla w¾:j;a woyila m%ldY fkdlrhs'

- ksjerÈ j ixúOdkh l< miq o;a; wkqidrfhka úYaf,aIKhla lr ks.ukj,gt<öug yelshdj ,efí'

- ksjerÈ j o;a; ixúOdkh i|yd tajd j.= .; flfrhs'

- úúO wjYH;d wkqj o;a; úúOdldrfhka j¾. lrkq ,efí'



o;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkho;a; ksrEmkh

- ixLHd o;a;j,ska lshfjk lreKq jvd;a myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .ekSu

i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; l< yelsh'

- ta i|yd m%ia;dr" rEm igyka" is;shï wdÈh fhdod .efka'



- my; olajd we;s o;a; j¾. y÷kd .; yels jk mßÈ iqÿiq ixLHd o;a; tl;=

lrkak'

1' m%udKd;aul o;a;

.=Kd;aul o;a;

2' m%d:ñl o;a;

oaú;Shsl o;a;

3' ixúOdkd;aul o;a;

wixúOdkd;aul o;a;

4' iduQys; o;a;

wiuQys; o;a;

5' ika;;sl o;a;

úúla; o;a;

- myiqfjka f;areï .; yels jk mßÈ tajd m%o¾Yk mqjrejl ilia lrkak'

- fuh flaj, fyda lKavdhï l%shdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yelsh'

- ixLHd o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; yels f,aLk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1' Y%S ,xld uy nexl== jd¾;d

2' ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;= o;a;

3' ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;= o;a;

4' N+f.da, úoHd mdG .%ka:

5' mqj;am;a yd i`.rd wdÈfha m<jk Ydia;%Sh ,sms



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'24'24'24'24'2 o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u mÍlaId lrhs'


bf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,hbf.kqï M,h l úúO wOHhkj, § o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï wjYH;dj úia;r

lrhs'

l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï § ix.ykh fyda ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï

jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï úúO l%u y÷kajhs'

l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï úúO l%u j, mj;akd jdis yd wjdis

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

l lrkq ,nk wOHhkhg wkqj o;a; tla/ia lsÍug iqÿiq u

l%u fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd .kshs'


lsishï wOHhkhla i|yd f;dard .kakd .eg¨j ;SrKh lsÍfuka miq N+f.da,

úoHd{hdf.a B<`. ld¾hh jkafka ta ms<sn| o;a; /ia lsÍuh' ;ud f;dard .kakd wOHhkfha

uq,sl wruqqKq wkqj o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; hq;= l%u úúO fõ'

wOHhkh i|yd f;dardf.k we;s ix.ykh úYd, kï tys f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu wiSre

yd wêl úhoï iys; ld¾hhla njg m;a fõ' tjka wjia:djka ys § ix.ykfha ksheÈhla

f;dard .kq ,efí'

o;a; /ia lsÍfï §" ksÍlaIKh" ñkqï" idlÉPd" m%Yakdj,s" mqia;ld, yd mß.Kl

uQ,dY%" is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm yd pkaøsld m%;sìïn jeks úúO l%shd ud¾. w;ßka tlla fyda

lsysmhla iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod .; yelsh' ;u wOHhkhg wkqj f;dard .kakd l%uj, jdis yd

wjdis o fuys § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

fuu tallfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï úúO l%u yd tajdfha

jdis wjdis yd tu l%u o;a; tla/ia lsÍug fhdod .; yels wdldrh;a wOHhkh lsÍuhs'


l o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uo;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u

ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@ksheÈh hkq l=ulao@

- wfmalaIs; wOHhkhg wh;a iuia;h ix.ykh f,i ye¢kafõ'

- ix.ykh m%udKfhka úYd, wjia:djka ys § o;a; tla /ia lsÍu i|yd

ksheÈhka f;dard .kq ,efí'



- ix.ykhlska wOHhkh i|yd f;dard .kakd ixLHdj ksheÈh f,i ye¢kafõ

Wod ( ix.ykh

m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdihl isák iïmq¾K iuDoaê,dNs mjq,a

tall ixLHdj

Wod ( ksheÈh

tu iïmq¾K iuDoaê,dNs mjq,aj,ska f;dard.;a fldgila

- ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï § ix.ykh ksjerÈ j ksrEmKh ùug kï l,amkdldÍ

j úoHdkql+, l%uhlg tu ksheÈh f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

- ksheÈ l%u .Kkdjla fõ'

01' ir, iiïNdú $ wyUq kshe§u - wyTq f,i ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu'

02' fmdl=re ksheÈh - ix.ykh" ldKav fyj;a fmdl=rej,g fjka lr

ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu'

03' l%uj;a ksheÈh - f,aLkhka weiqßka l%ñl ms<sfj<lg f;dard .ekSu

04' úksYaph ksheÈh - wOHhkh i|yd jvd;a u iqÿiq hhs m¾fhaIlhd

úiska úksYaph lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hka fyda ldKav"

ksheÈh f,i f;dard .ekSu'

- fuu m%Odk ksheÈ j¾. y;rg wu;r j j¾;udkfha fhdod .kakd fjk;a

l%u o we;'

Wod ( j¾;udk wf<ú iólaIKj, § fhfok fldagd ksheÈh ^Quata Sample)

ksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKhksÍlaIKh

----- wOHhkhg wod< f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka o;a; tla /ia lsÍu" ksÍlaIKh

f,i ye¢kafõ'

- Rcq ksÍlaIKh ( wod< lreKq iqmßlaIdldÍ j ksÍlaaIKh lr f;dr;=re

/ia lrkq ,efí' Wod ( k.rhl r: jdyk .ukd .uk rgdj fiùu'

- iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh ( wOHhkh lrkq ,nk flaIa;%hg wOHhkh lrkakd

o m%fõY ù ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh lsÍu' Wod ( hdplhka ms<sn|

f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § ;ud o hdplfhla f,i yeisfrñka f;dr;=re /ia

lsÍu'

ñkqïñkqïñkqïñkqïñkqï

----- we;eï o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd ñkqï lsÍug isÿ fõ

- úfYaIfhka N+f.da, úoHdfõ § jeo.;a jk ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re

/ia lrkafka WmlrK weiqßka ñkqï ,nd .ekSu ;=<sks' Wod ( j¾Idm;kh"

WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj wdÈh

- we;eï úg idlÉPd" m%Yakdj,S u`.ska f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § mßudK ñkqï

Ndú; flf¾ (Scale).



idlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPdidlÉPd

----- ix.ykfha fyda ksheÈfha idudðlhska yuq ù iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajd tu`.ska

wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu fuys § isÿfõ'

- idlÉPdj i|yd ksjerÈ mqoa.,hska f;dard .ekSu" idlÉPdfõ § ksjerÈ f;dr;=re

,nd .; yels jk mßÈ m%Yak ie,iqï lr .ekSu wdÈh fuys § jeo.;afõ'

m%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,Sm%Yakdj,S

----- wOHhkhg wod< j ilia lr .;a m%Yakdj,shla Ndú; lsÍu ;=<ska o;a; tla

/ia lsÍu m%Yakdj,S iólaIKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

- m%Yakdj,sh wod< mqoa.,hka fj; fhduq lr thg ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu isÿ

flf¾'

- m%Yakdj,S fhduq lsÍu úu¾Ylhkaf.a ud¾.fhka fyda ;eme,a u.ska hjd wdmiq

ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu hk l%u fol Tiafia isÿ l< yelsh'

mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%mqia;ld, uQ,dY%

----- m%ldYhg m;a l< f,aLk fyda m%ldYhg m;a fkdlrk ,o f,aLk wdY%s; o;a;

tla /ia lsÍu i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú; l< yelsh'

- mqia;ld, uQ,dY% f,i mqj;am;a" i`.rd iy jd¾;d wdÈh ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- tajd ,nd .;a uQ,dY%h igyka l< hq;=h'

mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%mß.Kl uQ,dY%

----- j¾;udkfha jvd;a m%p,s; kùk; u jQ oaú;Shsl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u Ys,amhls

- fï u.ska jvd;a blaukska kj; u o;a; ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;'

- mq¿,a mrdihl f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu yd fnod yeÍug yelsh'

- wka;¾cd,h o;a; /ia lsÍfï jeo.;a mß.Kl uQ,dY%hls' wka;¾ cd,fhka

f;dr;=re fiùfï § wka;¾cd, fijqï hka;% Ndú; flfrhs'

is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEmis;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEm

----- o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%ufõofha § by; uQ,dY% b;d jeo.;a jk nj meyeÈ,sh'

- tu uq,dY%j,ska N+ñ mßfNdackh" jk .ykh" ld,.=Ksl f;dr;=re"

foaY.=Ksl f;dr;=re" N+ úIu;d f;dr;=re ms<sn| o;a; ,nd .; yelsh'

- fuu uq,dY% N+f.da, úoHd{hdg b;d u jeo.;a fõ'





- fuh ldKavdhï l%shdldrlula fia ixúOdkh l< yelsh'

- Tn m%foaYhg wod< jk mßÈ iqÿiq wOHhkhla lsÍu i|yd ud;Dldjla f;dard

.kak'

- f;dard .kakd ud;Dldj ir,jq;a" myiqfjka o;a; /ia lr.; yels ud;Dldjla

ùu;a iqqÿiq h

- f;dard .; yels ud;Dldj,g WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ

1' m%foaYfha .%dóh nexl=fjka Kh ,nd §u ms<sn| wOHhkhla

2' m%foaYfha iqq¿ mßudK jHdmdßlfhda uqyqKmdk .eg¨ ms<sn| wOHhkhla

3' m%foaYfha fnda. j.dj i|yd bvï mßfNdackh

4' mdi,a isiqkaf.a Èkm;d meñKSu

5' mdi,g isiqka meñfKk úúO udOHhka

- o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels úúO l%u fyda l%uhla f;dard .kak

- o;a; tla /ia lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq mshjr .kak'

- o;a; m%;sckkh fldg iqÿiq ks.uk j,g meñfKkak'

- ks.uk we;=<;a jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lr bÈßm;a lrkak'



ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 4'34'34'34'34'3 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'


bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM,bf.kqïM, l o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍfuka w¾:j;a woyia m%ldY l< yels

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

l o;a; ixúOdkh fldg j.= .; lsÍfï ir, l%u y÷kd

.kshs'

l o;a; ms<sn| w¾: ksrEmkh i|yd flakaøSh m%jK;dj

yd wmlsrKh fhdod .kshs'

l o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka fhdod .ekSfï

jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'

l o;a;j, iajNdjh wkqj tajd jvd fyd¢ka ksrEmKh

flfrk is;shï úoHd;aul l%u f;dard .ekSug yqrefjhs'


N+f.da, úoHd;aul lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ixLHd o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu nyq, j isÿ fõ'

fndfyda úg ixLHd bÈßm;a lrkqfha j.= jYfhks' tfy;a ixLHd j.=j,ska u;= flfrk

lreKq o" meyeÈ,ss j" laIKsl j wjfndaO lr .ekSug we;s wmyiqj ixLHd j.= j, we;s

m%Odk .eg¨jhs' u;= flfrk lreKq lsysmh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ixLHd j.=j jßka

jr lshùug isÿ fõ'

ixLHd j.=jlska lshfjk m%Odk lreKq jvd meyeÈ,sj;a" ksrjq,aj;a m%ldY lsÍu i|yd

úúO l%u Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' úúO m%ia;dr yd igyka fï i|yd fhdod .efka'

ixLHd f,aLkj,ska lshfjk lreKq jvd;a wdl¾IKSh f,i oDIH udOHfhka oelaùu

ckm%sh j we;' o;a; úúO l%u u`.ska ksrEmKh lsÍfï § lreKq lsysmhla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

jeo.;a h' ixLHd j.=j u.ska w¾: olajk úfYaI ,laIK yd tu ,laIK biau;= flfrk

fia fhdod .; yels m%ia;dr fyda igyka l%uh l=ula o hkak f;dard .ekSu fuys § jeo.;a

fõ' tfuka u tys ksrjoH;dj fuka u is;a.kakd iq¨ nj o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

fuu mdvfï wruqK jkafka o;a; f;areï .ekSu i|yd ir, ixLHdk Ys,am l%u fhdod

.ekSu;a" o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka l%u fhdod .ekSu;a ms<sn| wjfndaOhla

,nd§u h'




l o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKho;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh

o;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkho;a; ixúOdkh

- o< iajrEmfhka mj;sk ixúOdkh fkdl< o;a; iuQyhla ke;fyd;a o;a;

jHdma;shla w¾:j;a woyila m%ldY fkdlrhs'

- ksjerÈ j ixúOdkh l<" úoHd;aul fm< .eiaùula l< o;a; jHdma;shla hï

lsis w¾:hla f.k fokjd muKla fkdj tu o;a; wkqidrfhka úYaf,aIKhla

bÈßm;a lsÍug o yelshdj ,efí'

- ksjerÈ j o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd úúO jQ o;a; j.= ms<sfh, l< yelsh'

o;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍuo;a; j.= ms<sfh, lsÍu

- ixLHd; jHdma;sh (Frequency distribution)

ixLHd; jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSug fmr o;a; jHdma;sh yd o;a;je, ms<sn| oek

.ekSu m%fhdackj;ah' lsishï o;a; iuqyhla o;a; jHdma;shla ^ Data distri

bution) f,i ye¢kafõ j.=j 4'3'1

Wod ( tla;rd úÿy,l 12 jk fY%aKshl isiqka 30 fofkl=f.a nr kg j,ska my;

oelafõ' tys olajd we;af;a ixLHd o;a; iuQyhls' ^4'3'1 j.=j&

47 48 46 51 52 49

53 45 52 54 47 52

50 54 50 49 58 50

49 56 56 51 58 48

51 60 50 59 50 53

4'3'1 j.=j

by; o;a; iuQyh wdfrdayK l%uhg fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg fm< .iajd

o;a;je, ^ Data array& ielish yelsh ^4'3'2 j.=j&

45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51

51 52 52 52 53 53 54 54 56 56 58 58 59 60

4'3'2 j.=j

ixLHd; jHdma;sh hkq wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg ms<sfh, lrk ,o o;a; ljr

jdr .Kkla ;sfíoehs ne,suhs' tu o;a; úys§fï iajNdjh wkqj wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh

yd iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i fldgia follg fnÈh yelsh'

wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shwiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh

o;a; iuQyfha wka;¾.; jk jdr .Kk oelafjk fia ms<sfh, lr .kakd j.=j"

tu o;a; iuQyfha wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i y÷kd.; yelsfõ'

12 jk fY%aKsfha isiqkaf.a nr wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla fia fm< .eia jq

úg my; oelafjk mßÈ j.= .; l< yelsh ^4'3'3 j.=j&



úp,H ^x& ixLHd;h ^f&

45 1

46 1

47 2

48 2

49 3

50 5

51 3

52 3

53 2

54 2

56 2

58 2

59 1

60 1

tl;=j 30

4'3'3 j.=j

iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh

wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl o;a; úYd, ixLHdjla we;s úg tu o;a; mx;s m%dka;r

j,g fnod tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhg wod< ixLHd;h fh§ we;s jdr .Kk& olajd ms<sfh,

lr .;a j.=j iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla fõ ^4'3'4 j.=j&

mx;s m%dka;r m%.Kkh ,l=K ixLHd;h

^nr kg& ( f)

45 - 47 1111 04

48 - 50 1111 1111 10

51 - 53 1111 111 08

54 - 56 1111 04

57 - 59 111 03

60 - 62 1 01

tl;=j 30

4'3'4 j.=j

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;shiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;sh

iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl lsishï mka;s m%dka;rhl ixLHd;h iy Bg my< mka;s



m%dka;rj, ixLHd;hkaf.a tl;=j tu mka;s m%dka;rhkaf.a iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h hkqfjka

ye¢kafõ' tjeks iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hka oelafjk j.=j iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;sh f,i

y÷kajhs ^4'3'5 j.=j&

mx;s m%dka;r ixLHd;h ^f& iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h

45 - 47 04 04

48 - 50 10 14

51 - 53 08 22

54 - 56 04 26

57 - 59 03 29

60 - 62 01 30

4'3'5 j.=j

flakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;djflakaøSh m%jK;dj

- ixLHd o;a; je,l idrdxY woyila olajk w.hhka fia flakaøSh m%jK;dj

ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- flakaøSh m%jK;d olajk m%Odk ñkqï ;=kls'

) ud;h

) uOHkHh

) uOHia:h

ud;hud;hud;hud;hud;h

- ud;h hkq o;a; iuqyhl jeä u jdr ixLHdjla fmkajk ixLHdjhs'

- iduqysl o;a;j, § ud;h fiùu myiqh' tys § ixLHd; úiqrefï by< u

jdr .Kkla we;s mka;s m%dka;rfha uOH w.h ud;h f,i ie,fla'

- we;eï o;A; jHdmD;sj, ud;h tllg jeäúh yelsh'

- tjeks wjia:dj, § flakaøSh m%jK;dj olajk ñkqula f,i ud;h ÿ¾j,

tlla fõ'

uOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHhuOHkHh

- flakaøSh m%jK;dj uksk jvd;a fhda.H ñkqula f,i uOHkHh ie,fla'

- fmdÿ jHjydrfha § idudkH .Kk f,i ye¢kafjkafka o fuh u h'

- ixLHd; iuQyhl ftlHh uq¿ ixLHd .Kkska fnÿ úg uOHkHh ,efí'

- uOHkHh fiùu i|yd fhdok ir, iQ;%h fufiah'



= uOHkHh

= o;a;j, tl;=j

n = o;a; ixLHdj

- wiuqys; o;a; je,l uOHkHh fiùu fï wkqj wmyiq jk ksid tajd

iuqys; úiqreulg ilia fldg uOHkHh fiúh yelsh'

- ta i|yd fhdod .; yels iq;%h fufiah'

= uOHkHh

= ixLHd;h

X = mka;s m%dka;rfha udOH w.h ixLHd; .Kkska

jeä l< úg ,efnk w.h

n = o;a; ixLHdj

- ud; lKav .; fldg by; mßÈ uOHkHh .Kkh lsÍu o ;rula wmyiq

ld¾hhls'

- .Kkh myiq lsÍu i|yd jvd ir, iq;%hla fhdod .; yelsh'

= uOHkHh

= Wml,ams; uOHkH we;s mka;sfha uOH w.h

C = mka;s m%dka;rh

= wm.ukh yd ixLHd;h .=K lsÍfuka ,efnk

ixLHdj, ftlHh

= o;a; ixLHdj

- uOHkHh fiùu i|yd by; olajd we;s iq;% 3 ka"

- ixLHd o;a; iq¿ .Kkla we;s úg 1 iq;%h o

- ixLHd o;a; rdYshla we;s úg 2 yd 3 jk iq;% o fhdod .; yelsh

- ud; nyq, j we;s úg fhdod .kafka 3 jk iq;%hhs

uOHia:huOHia:huOHia:huOHia:huOHia:h

- o;a; je,l by< w¾Oh yd my< w¾Oh fjka flfrk ia:dkh uOHia:h hs'

ixLHd iuQyhla fm< .eiaùfuka miq yßhg u ueo msysá ixLHdjh's

- ixLHd .Kk T;af;a .Kkla jQ úg ueo ixLHdjla we;' brÜfÜ .Kkla

jQ úg uOHia:h fidhd .ekSu i|yd ueo msysá w.hka fofla idudkH

.Kkh l< hq;=h'

ud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;aluud;h" uOHkHh yd uOHia:fha we;s jeo.;alu

- uOHkHh o;a; úiqreul ish¨ o;a; ksfhdackh lrhs' tla o;a;hl wvq jeä

ùula uOHkHh fjkiaùulg n,mdhs'



- uOHkHfhka uq¿ ixLHdj ms<sn| ye`.Sula o we;s flf¾' uOHkHh o;a;

ixLHdfjka .=K l< úg uq¿ tl;=j fidhd.; yelsh'

- uOHkHfhka flakaøSh m%jK;dj oelajqj o tu`.ska ,l=Kq úisÍu ms<sn| woyila

.; fkdyelsh'

- uOHia:fhka ixLHdj, by<" my< w¾O fjka l< o tu ixLHdj, ÿria:

nj ms<sn| woyila fkdoelafõ'

- jeä jdr .Kkla fh§ we;s ixLHd ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîug ud;h jeo.;a

jqj o ixLHd je,l ud; .Kkdjla ;sîu tys we;s ÿ¾j,luls'





my; oelafjkafka 1964 isg 1988 olajd jir úismyl j¾Idm;k o;a;hka h' tu

o;a;hka ,nd f.k we;af;a wïn,kaf.dv rcfha f.dúmf<ys msyssá ld,.=K o;a;

uOHia:dkfhks ^j¾Idm;kh ñ,s óg¾ j,sks&'

j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh

ñ' ó ñ'ó ñ'ó

1964 737 1974 579 1984 870

1965 1445 1975 1452 1985 955

1966 1182 1976 468 1986 859

1967 1043 1977 781 1987 925

1968 885 1978 1059 1988 566

1969 1454 1979 997

1970 1104 1980 1030

1971 960 1981 638

1972 990 1982 1389

1973 1276 1983 569

01' fuu jir 25 ;=< j¾Idm;kfha uOHkHh fidhkak ^ta i|yd 1 iQ;%h

fhdod.kak&'

02' fuu ixLHd fhdod f.k 2 yd 3 iq;% wkqj uOHkHh fiùu i|yd iqÿiq j.=jla

ilia lrkak' tu j.=fõ ;sìh hq;= Ys¾I fufiah'

l mka;s m%dka;rh ( C

l uOH ,laI w.h (

l ixLHd;h ( f

l wm.ukh ( d

l ixLHd; wm.ukh ( fd

03' iq;% ;=fkka u ,efnk uOHkH w.hhka ixaikaokh lr woyia olajkak'

04' fuu j¾Idm;k ixLHdjka ys uOHia:h fidhkak'

05' ixLHd;h wkqj fuys ud;h fidhkak'



wmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKhwmlsrKh

wmwmwmwmwmlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;djlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqïj, wjYH;dj

----- flakaøsh m%jK;dj ms<sn| ñkqïj,ska o;a; úisÍu ms<sn| woyia m%ldYfkdfõ'

- wka;.dó w.hhka o bka m%ldY fkdfõ'- tu ksid uOHkHh iu. wmlsrKh ms<sn| ñkqul Ndú;h o jeo.;a h'

- úp,H;dj ms<snò woyila bka f.dvk.d.; yelsh'

- mrdih yd wm.ukh fï w;r jeo.;a h'

mrdihmrdihmrdihmrdihmrdih

- wmlsrKh olajk ir, ñkquls'- by< u w.h yd my< u w.h w;r mr;rh mrdih fõ'

- ñkqï l%uhla f,i mrdifha we;s wvq mdvq

p;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:lp;=¾:l

- o;a; jHdma;sh fldgia y;rlg fn§u

- my, pd;=¾:lh Q1 - 25%

fojk pd;=¾:lh Q2 - 50% ûOHkHh&

;=kajk pd¾;=:lh^by< pd¾;=:lh& Q3 - 75%

wka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdihwka;¾ pd;=¾:l mrdih- Q

3 yd Q

1 w;r fjki

- wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih wvq" jeä jk úg o;a;j, wmlsrKh o wvq jeäfõ

uOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukhuOHkH wm.ukh

- idudkH wm.ukh" ksrfmalaI uOHkH wm.ukh f,i o ye¢kafõ'- uOHkH wm.ukh by< ixLHdjla jQ úg wmlsrKh o jeä fõ'

iïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukhiïu; wm.ukh- wmlsrKh mss<sn| jvd ;¾ldkql+, ñkqula nj- uOHkHfha isg we;s wm.ukhka ys we;s j¾.fha j¾. uQ,h nj- iïu; wm.ukh ixLHd uOHkH o;a;hl meyeÈ,s f;dr;=re /ila fy<s

jk nj

N+f.da, úoHd{hd úiska fhdod.kq ,nk o;a; fndfyda úg wjldYSh

jHdma;s ms<snò tajdh'wjldYSh jHdma;sfha úp,H;djka yd tajdg

fya;= oelaùu N+f.da, úoHd wOHkhka ys uq,sl ,laIKhs' o;a;

ksrEmKhg fmr úúO l%u u`.ska o;a; ú.%y lsÍu N+f.da, úoHd{hd

i;= jeo.;a ld¾hhla o jkafkah'

sh





- fï i|yd wïn,kaf;dg j¾Idm;kh ixLHd f,aLkh fhdod .kak' ^msgq wxl

206&

- tu f,aLkh wkqj my; i|yka tajd .Kkh lrkak'

01' mrdih

02' m<uqjk pd;=¾Ólh

03' ;=kajk pd;=¾Ólh

04' wka;¾ pd;=¾Ólh mrdih

05' iïu; wm.ukh



l o;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKho;a; ksrEmKh

- o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr yd igyka mq¿,a f,i fhdod .kS'

- N+f.da, úoHd úIfha § jeo.;a jk úúO ixLHd o;a; by; l%uj,ska ksrEmKh

flfrhs'

foaY.=Ksl o;a; ( WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" mSvkh" wd¾ø;dj

wd¾Ól o;a; ( lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka;" wdkhk" wmkhk

iudÔh o;a; ( ck ixLHdj" fmdaIKh" fi!LHh" wd.uk ú.uk

- o;a;" m%ia;dr yd igyka u`.ska oelaùfï jdis

) f;dr;=re rdYshla ixlaIsma; j bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu'

) f;dr;=re w¾:j;a j bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj'

) úp,Hhka folla w;r iyiïnkaO;dj myiqfjka oelaùfï yelshdj

) o;a; myiqfjka úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdj'

) u;= l< hq;= woyi biau;= lsÍu i|yd iqqÿiq u l%uh fhdod .ekSfï

yelshdj'

- o;a;" oDIH udOHfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhls

) mßudKh

) iqplh

) ud;Dldj

) j¾K Ndú;h

) rduqj

) o;a; uQ,dY%h

cd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lhcd, f¾Lh

iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lsÍula cd, f¾Lfhka isÿ lrhs'

iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sfhka y÷kd.; fkd yels oDYHuh úYaf,aIKhla cd, f¾Lfhka

y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu úfYaI fldg ie,lsh yelsh

- cd, f¾Lh ks¾udKfha § my; lreKqj,g wkql+, ùu wjYH fõ'

) m%ia;drfha isria wlaIfha ixLHd;h o" ;sria wlaIfha ixLHd; jHdma;sfha

mx;s m%dka;rj,g wod< úp,Hhka o"

) mx;s m%dka;rj, by< yd my< iSud ks¾Kh lsÍula o wjYH fõ'

Wod ( 4'3'5 j.=fõ oelafjk iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh weiqqfrka

cd, f¾Lhla f.dv ke.Su i|yd 4'3'6 j.=j ilia lr we;'



mx;s m%dka;r mx;s iSud ixLHd;h

45 - 47 44'5 - 47'5 04

48 - 50 47'5 - 50'5 10

51 - 53 50'5 - 53'5 08

54 - 56 53'5 - 56'5 04

57 - 59 56'5 - 59'5 03

60 - 62 59'5 - 63'5 01

4'3'6 j.=j

4'3'7 m%ia;drh

wkqrdOmqrfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1931 - 1980

^cd, f¾Lh u`.ska&

4'3'8 m%ia;drh



- 4'3'8 cd, f¾Lfha isria wlaIfha ixLHd;h o ;sria wlaIfha j¾Idm;k o;a;

mx;s m%dka;r wkqj o olajd we;'

- j¾Idm;kfha ld,Sk úp,H;d jgyd .ekSug cd, f¾Lh WmldÍ fõ'

ixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%hixLHd; nyqwi%h

- cd, f¾Lfha uOH ,laI hd lr w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldjka ixLHd; nyq wi%h f,i

ye¢kaúh yelsh'

- ixLHd; nyq wi%h hkq ixLHd; jHdma;sh olajk f¾Çh m%ia;drhls'

- úfYaI ,laIK

♦ ixLHd; nyqwi%h we§fï § tys wdrïNh fuka u wjidkh o ;sria

we,hg hd l< hq;=h'

♦ fuys § wdrïNl mka;shg fmr yd wjidk mka;shg miq" tla mka;shl

wvla ne.ska fuu igykg tla l< hq;=h ^wka;¾ ksfõIKh&'

♦ fuys úfYaI m%fhdackh jkafka tys we;s ixikaokd;aul yelshdjhs'

- my; oelafjkafka wkqrdOmqrfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1931 - 1980 oelafjk

cd, f¾Ldj u; weo we;s ixLHd; nyq wi%hls'

4'3'9 m%ia;drh



iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h

- 4'3'5 j.=fõ iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh wkqj ilik ,o iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h

olajk igyk n,kak ^12 jk fY%aKsh isiqka 30 lf.a nr olajk ixLHd

jHdma;sh&

mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h iuqÉÑ; iuqÉÑ; ^ & ( f) ixLHd;h m%;sY;h (Cf %)

(Cf)

45 - 47 04 04 13'3

48 - 50 10 14 46'6

51 - 53 08 22 73'3

54 - 56 04 26 86'6

57 - 59 03 29 96'6

60 - 62 01 30 100'0

4'3'10 j.=j

01' ;Srh - mka;s m%dka;r

02' ;Srh - tla tla m%dka;rfha we;s YsIH ixLHdj

03' ;Srh - tla tla ixLHd;fha tl;=j

04' ;Srh - iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;fha m%;sY;h

- ta wkqj iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h hkq tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhka ys tl;=jhs' tys

wjidk m%dka;rfha tl;=j" uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj jk 30 la fjhs'

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;hiuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h

- iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h m%;sY;hla f,i o oelaúh yelsh ^4'3'10 j.=fõ 4 ;Srh&'

- iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h m%ia;drhla jYfhka o oelaúh yelsh

- fuh iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY; jl%h f,i ye¢kafõ (Ogive)

- fuys § ;sria wlaIfha mka;s m%dka;r o isria wlaIfha iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;

m%;sY;h o oelafõ'

- mka;s m%dkaa;rj, by< iSudjkag isria j m%ia;drh we§u i|yd ,laIHh

igyka flf¾ ^igyk n,kak&

- fuu m%ia;drfha úfYaI m%fhdackh jkafka o;a; mrdifha ´kEu w.hhl

m%;sY; ixLHdj m%ia;dßl j .Kkh lsÍfï yelshdjhs'



isiqka 30 fokdf.a nr iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY; jl%h ^T.Súh&

igyka igyka igyka igyka igyka 4'3'11 m%ia;drh

talsh mßudK igyka yd oaú;aj mßudK igyka

- N+f.da, úoHdj yd iïnkaO o;a; ksrEmkfha § Ndú; jk m%ia;dr yd igyka

talSh mßudK yd oaú;aj mßudK jYfhka b;d ir, j fnod oelaúh yels h'

- m%ia;dr" rEm igyka yd is;shï N+f.da, úoHd úIhh lafIa;%hg b;d m%fhdackj;a

fõ'

- ixLHd;aul o;a; jHdma;shlg oDIH Ñ;%hla ,nd §u ;=<ska úIhh lreKq

ms<sn| wjfndaOh mq¿,a ùu'

- úIhh lreKq rdYshla ixlaIsma; j bÈßm;a lrk l%u fõohla ksid lreKq

wjfndaOh myiq ùu'

- úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍug yd mqfrdal:khka l< yels ùu

;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr;Sre m%ia;dr

- lsishï ixLHd o;a; iuQyhla ;Sre wkqidrfhka bÈßm;a flfrk l%uhls

- ixLHd f,aLkj,g úIhh jk lreKqj, úúO;ajh wkqj fhdod .; yels

;Sre m%ia;dr j¾. rdYshla we;'

- ir, ;Sre" oaú;aj ;Sre" iei÷ï ;Sre" ixhqla; ;Sre yd msróv m%ia;dr bka m%uqL

tajdh'

ir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;drir, ;Sre m%ia;dr

- ;sria yd isria wCI Rcq fldaKdi%ldr j msysgqjd .; hq;=h

- ;Srejl m<, wjfndaOh myiq jk mßÈ iqÿiq m%udKhla úh hq;=h

- ;Sre w;r mr;rh ;Srejl m<,g jvd wvq úh hq;=h

- ir, ;Sre m%ia;drh ;sria fyda isria ;Sre f,i ks¾udKh l< yelsh ^4'3'12 yd

4'3'13 m%ia;dr&

- ld,jljdkqjla iu`. we;s ixLHd o;a; ^Wod ( jd¾Isl idudkH

j¾Idm;kh& ksrEmKh i|yd fndfyda ÿrg ir, isria ;Sre Ndú; flf¾

- ld, jljdkqjla rys; ixLHd o;a; Wod ( Èia;%slal wkqj ù ksIamdokh

iuqÉÑ; i

xLHd;

m%;sY;



ksrEmKh i|yd ir, ;sria ;Sre Ndú; flf¾

- ;Sre m%ia;dr iu`. f¾Ld m%ia;dr taldnoaO lsÍfuka úúO ixLHd o;a; ms<sn|

ixikaokd;aul woyia oelaúh yelsh

Wod ( lsishï k.rhl udisl j¾Idm;kh yd WIaK;aj jHdma;sh olajk

isria ;Sre yd f¾Ld taldnoaO m%ia;dr

oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;droaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;dr

- tlg ne|s ;Sre hq., ne.ska fhdod .efka ^4'3'14 m%ia;drh&'

- hq., mokulska hqla; o;a; w¾:dkaú; j ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka

Wod ( jYfhka wdkhk - wmkhk" ia;%S - mqreI" h, - uy ù ksIamdokh

oelaúh yelsh

ieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;drieiÿï iuqy ;Sre m%ia;dr

- tlg ne¢ ;Sre lsysmhla fhdod .ekSu

- iuqy mokulska hqla; o;a; ixikaokd;aul j ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod

.efka

Wod ( Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ yd ù ksIamdokh ms<sn| jir lsysmhl

ixLHd o;a;

ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;dr

- ixhqla; o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'

- fuys § isria fyda ;sria ;Sre w¢kq ,nkafka mq¾K ixLHdjkag wod< mßÈ jk

w;r" tu ixLHdj, ixhq;sh wkqj tla tla ;Srej fldgia j,g fnod oelafõ'

- jir lsysmhl Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ yd ù ksIamdokh oelaùfï § tla

tla jir i|yd ;Srejla ne.ska o" tu ;Srej ;=< ta ta ksIamdok i|yd fldgia

fjka lr oelaùu WodyrK jYfhka oelaúh yelsh ^4'3'15 yd 4'3'16 m%ia;dr&'

- ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drfha u m%fNaohla f,i m%;sY; ;Sre m%ia;drh ye¢kaúh

yelsh'

- th lsishï úp,Hhl ixhq;sh m%;sY;hla f,i oelaúu i|yd fhdod .efka

^4'3'17 m%ia;drh&

msróv msróv msróv msróv msróv

- rgl ck ixLHdfõ jhia jHqyh yd mqñ;sß wkqmd;h ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd

fhdod .efka'- my< jhia ldKavj, isg by< jhia ldKavj,g hk úg wod< ck ixLHd

l%ufhka wvq jk ksid fuu m%ia;drh msróv yevhla .kshs ^4'3'18 m%ia;drh&

- rgl ck ixLHdj ms<sn| ukd Ñ;%hla tljr ksrEmKh lsÍug yels ùu ksid

fuu m%ia;drh b;d jeo.;a h'





- by; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard.;a k.r lsysmhl 1997"1998 iy 1999

jir i|yd jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ^ñ,s óg¾ j,ska& yd j¾Ifha jeis mej;s Èk

.Kk oelafjk igykls'

- tu ixLHd o;a; wOHhkh lr iqÿiq m%ia;dr l%uhla fhdodf.k tajd ksrEmKh

lrkak'

- Tn f;dard.;a m%ia;dr tu o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd fldf;la ÿrg jeo.;a oehs

olajk igykla ms<sfh, lrkak'

ld,.=K úoHd

uOHia:dkh

wkqrdOmqrh

nKavdrfj,

fld<U

yïnkaf;dg

uykqjr

kqjrt<sh

r;akmqr

;s%l=Kdu,h

j¾Idm;kh

ñ'ñ'

1330

2010

2530

1377

1912

2028

4163

1618

jeis Èk

114

162

159

104

170

199

215

92

1997 1998 1999

j¾Idm;kh

ñ'ñ'

1207

1198

2388

885

1596

1784

4558

1129

jeis Èk

89

128

153

84

158

176

227

67

jeis Èk

111

152

174

93

170

194

228

93

j¾Idm;kh

ñ'ñ'

1193

1431

2888

913

1898

1894

4381

1840



4'3'12 m%ia;drh

4'3'13 m%ia;drh



Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fj<odu 1952 - 1989

^oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;drh&

4'3'15 m%ia;drh

1986 - 1988 olajd Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk

fnda. y;frys ksIamdok jákdlu

4'3'15 m%ia;drh



^ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drh&

4'3'16 m%ia;drh

Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾ñl wmkhk jákdlu 1989

^m%;sY; ixhqla; ;Sre m%ia;drh&

4'3'17 m%ia;drh

Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHdj 1981

^mSrñvldr m%ia;drh&

4'3'18 m%ia;drh



ila igykaila igykaila igykaila igykaila igyka

----- fhdod .kakd wruqKq wkqj úúO j¾.fha ila igyka Ndú; l< yelsh'

- ila igykaj, ir, j¾.h ir, fnÿ jD;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'

ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;ir, fnÿ jD;a;

- ixLHd úp,Hhl ixhq;sh oelaùug fuh fhdod.; yelsh'

- fuh ks¾udKh lsÍu myiqh' uq¿ ixLHdj oelaùu i|yd jD;a;hla o" tys

ixhq;s ixLHd oelaùu i|yd wxYl wkqj tu jD;a;h fnod oelaùu o fuys

§ wkq.ukh lrk l%uhhs ^4'3'19 m%ia;drh&'

Wod ( Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixLHdj cd;s $wd.ï wkqj fn§ hk whqre

tla;rd jirla i|yd oelaùu

- fuys § ta ta ckj¾." tajdfha m%;sY; wkqj jD;a;fha fldaKsl w.h

.Kkh fldg m%ia;drh ks¾udKh l< hq;=h'

- ir, fnÿ jD;a; ixhq;sh olajk ;ks úp,Hhka i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'

- jir lsysmhl f;dr;=re oelaùu i|yd tjeks jD;a; lsysmhla ks¾udKh

l< yelsh'

^ir, fnÿ $ fÊÈ; jD;a;&

4'3'19 m%ia;drh

f¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;drf¾Ld m%ia;dr

- nyq, j Ndú; jk m%ia;dr úfYaIhls' f;Areï .ekSfï myiqj yd ir, nj

Bg fya;=jhs'

- N+f.da, úoHd is;ssshï fmd;aj, ir, ixLHd o;a; i|yd fndfyda ÿrg

Ndú; fõ'

- f¾Ld m%ia;dr m%Odk j¾. folla fjhs'

1. ir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr

2' iuqy$nyq$ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;dr



ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;drir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr

- fuh ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ld,h ;sria mßudKfha o w.hhka isria mßudKfha

o fhfoaa'

- m%ia;drh ks¾udKh flfrk mßudKh § we;s ixLHd wkqj fhda.H mßÈ

f;dard .; hq;=h'

- m%ia;drfha fomi w¢kq ,nk isria wlaI fofla w.hhka j¾. folla

oelaúh yelsh' túg tys m%fhdackh jeäh' Wod ( fi,aishia yd

*erkayhsÜ ixLHd oelaùu'

- ie,ls,a, oelaúh hq;= lreKq

1. isria yd ;sria mßudK f;dard .ekSu

2. úYd, jákdlï we;s ixLHd wdikak oyia" oioyia" ñ,shk jeks

ixLHdj,g jeghSu

3' isria mßudKfha olajk jákdlïj, fldgila w;ayeÍug

isÿjkaafka kï 0 f¾Ldfõ isg f;dard .kakd wjuh w;r fldgi

yl=¿jd oelaùu

4. m%ia;dr f¾Ld we§ug fmr ;s;a ;nd .ekSu b;d u iqmÍlaIdldÍ j

l< hq;= nj

iuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;driuqy$nyq $ iei÷ï f¾Ld m%ia;dr

- lsishï iuqyhlg wh;a o;a; lsysmhla fï u`.ska ksrEmKh fjhs'

Wod ( ia:dk lsysmhl udisl WIaK;ajh" wmkhk fnda. lSmhl wmkhk

m%udK

- ks¾udKh ir, f¾Ld m%ia;dr ks¾udKhg iudkh ^4'3'20 m%ia;drh&'

ie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKqie,lsh hq;= lreKq

- mßudKh f;dard .ekSfï § ish¨ u ixLHdj,g .e<fmk mßÈ f;dard

.ekSu'

- úúO o;a; i|yd f¾Ld we§fï § úúO j¾K fyda ixfla; fhdod .ekSu'

- tla m%ia;drhl we;=<;a l< hq;= f¾Ld ixLHdj iSud lsÍu ixlS¾K fkdjk

mßÈ weÈh hq;= f¾Ld ixLHdj ;SrKh l< hq;=h&'



^f¾Ld m%ia;dr&

4'3'20 m%ia;drh

;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka;%sudK igyka

----- ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd úúO ;%sudK igyka o Wmfhda.S lr

.kS'- iudkqmd;sl" >k yd iudkqmd;sl f.da, fuys § fhdod .kakd m%fhdackj;a

l%u folls'- fïjd fndfyda ÿrg ksrEmKh flfrkqfha is;shï iu`. h'- >k fyda f.da, we§fï § ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd tajdfha mßudj

fhdod .kakd ksid tu ixLHd cHdñ;sl jYfhka ilia lr .; hq;= fõ'- oaúudk igykaj,g jvd ;%sudk igyka u`.ska ixLHd yels,Sula isÿ jk

ksid" úYd, mrdihl ixLHd oelaùu i|yd fï l%u m%fhdackj;a h'- .Kkh lsÍu" we§u fuka u f;areï .ekSu w;ska o oaúudk igyka ;rug

u fuh myiq fkdfõ'- ksjerÈ w¾: ksrEmKhla i|yd mßudK igyka fhfok ksid ta u`.ska

by; .eg¨j u`. yrjd .; yelsh'- >k yd f.da, ÿf¾laIsh l%uhg we¢u fyda LKavj,g fn§u fyda l<

fkdyels h'

- >kj,g jvd f.da, oDIHd;aul w;ska is;a .kakd iq¨h'

mska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igykamska;+r igyka

----- ck ixLHdj ksIamdokh" jeks ixLHd o;a;hkaf.a m%udKh oelaùu i|yd

mska;+r igyka fhdod .kS'

- fuys we;s jeo.;alu jkafka wod< o;a;hkag wkqj b;d u iqÿiq rEm fhdod

.; yels ùuhs'

Wod ( ck.yk m%udKhka oelaùu i|yd ñksia rEm" gh¾ ksIamdok

ixLHd oelaùu i|yd gh¾ rEm" r: jdyk i|yd r: jdyk rEm

- ksrEmKh l< hq;= ixLHdj, mrdih wkqj iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu

l< hq;=h'



- rEm fma<sh wjidkfha § ixLHd o;a;fha ksYaÑ; m%udKh oelaùu i|yd

rEmfhka wvla fyda fldgila olajkq ,efí'

- ixLHd;aul j m%udKh oelaùu i|yd m%fhdackj;a jk igyka l%uhls'

ixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shïixLHd;aul is;shï

- wjldYsh jHdma;sh olajk ixLHd o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍfï§ ixLHd;aul

is;shï fndfyda ÿrg fhdod .efka'

- ixLHd;aul iss;shï j¾. w;ßka" N+f.da, úoHd wOHhkhkays § iu

ixLHd is;shï fndfyda ÿrg fhdod .efka'

iu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shïiu ixLHd is;shï

- iu jákdlï iys; ia:dk hd fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldjkaf.ka hqla;

jk fyhska iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shï f,i ye¢kafõ ^4'3'21 m%ia;drh&'

- fN!;sl lreKqj, jHdma;s rgd ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fndfyda is;shï

fmd;aj, Ndú; flf¾'

Wod ( ifudaÉP f¾Ld" ifudaIaK f¾Ld" iu j¾Id f¾Ld" iumSvk

f¾Ld" iu .eUqre f¾Ld

- iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shula ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

lsysmhls'

) iu ixLHd f¾Ld w;r wka;rh iudk úh hq;=h'

ixLHd o;a; j, mrdih i,ld weÈh hq;= f¾Ld ixLdj ydwka;rh ;SrKh l< hq;=h'

) f¾Ld ixLHdj wvq jqjfyd;a w¾: ksrEmKh ÿ¾j, jk w;r"f¾Ld ixLHdj jeä jqjfyd;a wkjYH jHdl+,;ajhla we;sfõ'

) iEu f¾Ldjlg u ksYaÑ; jákdlula we;' f¾Ldfõ jákdlu"f¾Ldfõ meyefhka u tys igyka lrkq ,efí'

) ta fjkqjg f¾Ld w;r m%foaYh tl u j¾Kfha úúO m%fNaoj,ska oelaúh yelsh' túg ta i|yd fhduqjla bÈßm;a l<hq;=h'



iu ixLHd is;shu

4'3'21 m%ia;drh


- m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj" ^1995&' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- fmf¾rd" ,d,a" ^1989&' idOk mÍlaIK" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

- kùk .=Kfiak ms,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; ^kj ixialrKh&" ^2003&'

- uq;=,sx.ï" tia" ^1978&' wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj" iriú m%ldYlfhda fld<U 10'

- cd;sl is;shï fmd;" ^2007&' kj ixialrKh'

- ví'ta' ch;siai" ^1995&'uq,sl ixLHd úoHdj'

- Moore David" (2006)' The Basic Practice of Statistics'





- by; ixLHd j.=fjka oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1998 - 1999 uy lkakfha iy

1999 h, lkakfha Èia;%slal wkqj ù ksIamdok m%udKhka h'

- iqÿiq m%ia;dr yd igyka l%u fhdod .ksñka tu o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍu ms<sn|

flá igykla ms<sfh, lrkak'

ld,mh ydÈia;ss%lalh

f;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmhf;; a l,dmh

fld<U .ïmy l¿;r .d,a, ud;r lE.,a, r;akmqrh uykqjr kqjrt<sh nÿ,a,

úh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmhúh< s l,dmh

l=reKe., mq;a;,u ud;f,a fudkrd., hdmkh ls,sfkdÉÑh ukakdru uq,;sõ jjqkshdj wkqrdOmqrh fmdf<dkakrej wïmdr uvl,mqj ;%sl=Kdu,h yïnkaf;dg

uy1998-1999

14349278424345440443464473182338791375011197066773

211575361154471948242140924749179731818519160

182652231378175239859786522983915

h,1999

68259071

2861927972454092534329516297973650

29877

144079185982117119890

--

180842603649

62253172694212545460584299266490

ksIamdokh

tl;=j

21174369137207368415918565716668307672981562096650

355654547136589068132140924749197812244522809

244905347933443923132036108221150405




f,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; jf,dalfha fN!;sl yd udkj ixrplj, wjldYSh jHdma;S ksYaÑ; j

m%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhsm%ldY lrhs


ksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜguksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 msysàu yd jHdma;sh f,dal wdlD;s is;shïj, ,l=Kq lr kï

lrhs'

bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M,bf.kqï M, l ld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;a jk m%foaY yd ia:dk f,dal

wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq fldg kï lrhs'

l mDÓú wdo¾Y f.da,h u; we;s wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY f,dal

wdlD;s is;shul ,l+Kq lr kï lrhs'

l N+;,h u; we;s m%Odk N+ ,laIK yd foaY.=K l,dm

f,dal wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'

l udkj l%shdldrlï yd ck úldY úoHdjg wh;a f;dr;=re

f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs'

l ft;sydisl jeo.;alula Wiq,k k.r" .x`.d yd id.r f,dal

iss;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrhs '


ñksid ;u meje;au i|yd fN!;sl mßirh úúO m%udKhkaf.ka m%fhdackhg .kS'

fuh m%dfoaYsh" cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka úúO fõ' N+f.da, úoHdj úIh ;=<ska bf.k

.kq ,nkafka ñksid ;u fN!;sl mßirh m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh yd tys § mßirfha

we;s jkakd jQ fjkialï .ekh'

fN!;sl mßirh hgf;a N+ úIu;d" foaY.=Kh" mi" iajNdúl jDlaI,;d yd fN!;sl

iïm;a jeks fCI;%j,g wjOdkh fhduq flfrk w;r" udkj mßirh hgf;a lDIsl¾uh"

l¾udka;h" ;dlaIKh yd f.da,sh in|;d jeks fCI;%j,g wjOdkh fhduq flfrhs'

by; wOHhkhka isÿ lrk úg f.da,Sh jYfhka tajdfha ia:dkSh msysàu .ek wjfndaOh"

oekqj;a ùu yd kï lsÍug yelshdjla ,nd .ekSu w;HdjYH lreKls' fuf,i ,nd .kakd

oekqu yd l=i,;dj ksid úNd.j, § mss<s;=re ,sùfï § is;shï yd rEm igyka bÈßm;a lsÍug

yelsùfuka by< idOkSh uÜgula lrd <Õdùug yels jkq we;' tfiau mx;s ldur bf.kqï

ld¾hfha § o idudkH Ôú;fha § o f,dal is;shu .ek wjfndaOhla ;sîu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

tksid mx;s ldurfha § f,dal is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍu úoHd;aul l%uhlg isÿ úh hq;=

nj w;HjYH ldrKhls' ta i|yd u`. fmkaùula fuu fldgiska olajd we;' ish¨u

tallj,g wod< jHdmD;s is;shï ta ta bf.kqï wjia:dj, §u ,l=Kq fldg kï lsÍu fuys

§ wkq.ukh l< yels iqÿiq u ls%hdud¾.h fõ' ta wkqj isiqka ;=< is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï

l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍug u`. fmkaùula fuu fldgiska wfmalaId flfrhs'




f,dal is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § fN!;sl l%shdj,S isÿjk ia:dk yd udkqI l%shd isÿjk

ia:dk o ,l=Kq l< hq;=h' fuu ixlS¾K nj ir, lr .ekSu i|yd my; wdldrhg fldgia

lr we;'

ld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;ajk ia:dk

- N+ñ lïmd" c, .e,Sï" kdhhEï jeks iajdNdúl ixisoaê isÿ jQ ia:dk yd

m%foaY

- cd;Hka;r" l,dmSh yd m%dfoaYsh iuq¿" l%Svd" .súiqï" foaYmd,k w¾nqO jeks

isÿùï jQ ia:dk yd m%foaY

wdo¾Y f.da,fha pq,a,sldj yd iïnkaO lreKq

- jeo.;a wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY

- cd;Hka;r Èk f¾Ldj

N+ ;,h u; we;s N+ ,laIK

- l÷ yd l÷ moaO;s" .x`.d ksïk" idkq" uydoaùm" rgj,a" id.r wd.dO" m<sy"

nejqï" fodaKs" uqqyqÿ fjr< ,laIK" wNHka;r c,dY%" Èhje,a" ldka;dr

foaY.=K l,dm

- flmkaf.a foaY.=K j¾.SlrKh yd iïnkaO foaY.=Ksl l,dm

iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d l,dm

udkj l%shdldrlï

- jHdmdßl OdkH j.d m%foaY

- jHdmdßl i;a;aj md,k m%foaY

- iajdNdúl iïm;a jHdma;sh

- ksIamdok l¾udka; m%foaY

- k.r

- jrdh

ck úldY úoHdjg wh;a f;dr;=re

- ckdêl m%foaY

- ck Y=kH m%foaY

- ñ,shk k.r

f.da,sh iïnkaO;dj,g wod< f;dr;=re

- l,dmSh

- cd;Hka;r



is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï uq,O¾u yd l%shdud¾.

is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § úúO l%u Ndú; lsÍu je<elaùu i|yd fmdÿ uq,O¾u

lsysmhla muKla my; oelafõ' tu uq,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka is;shï ,l=Kq

l< yelsh'

^01&^01&^01&^01&^01& ia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍuia:dk ,l=Kq lsÍu

k.r - ksYaÑ; msysàu ^fjr<" .x`.d wkqj&

¥m;a - iqÿiq ixfla;

l÷ uqÿka - iqÿiq j¾K r;=$l¿$ÿUqre

^02&^02&^02&^02&^02& úys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùuúys§u oelaùu

l÷jeá - wdrïNl iaa:dkh

.x`.d - wjika ia:dkh

Èhje,a - úysfok ÈYdj

m%jdyk ud¾. - rgdj

- j¾K yd ixfla;

- wlaIr mßudKhg wkqj ùu

- wlaIrj, úys§u

^03&^03&^03&^03&^03& jHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùujHdma;sh oelaùu

N+ úIu;d l,dm jHdma; m%foaY

foaY.=K l,dm iqÿiq j¾K yd ixfla;

fnda. jHdma;sh wlaIr m%udKh yd úys§u

jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh

Lksc jHdma;sh

ck jHdma;sh

^04&^04&^04&^04&^04& j¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;hj¾K Ndú;h

Wiaìï - ÿUqre meyeh

;eks;,d - fld< meyeh

c,h - ks,a meyeh

ckdY%s; m%foaY - r;= $ l¿

Èhje,a WIaK& - r;=

Èhje,a Ys;& - ks,a

iuqø ikaê - ks,a



fmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoiafmdÿ Wmfoia

- is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § by; olajd we;s fmdÿ Wmfoia iEu tlla u wkuH tajd

fkdfõ' we;eï úg fjkia jk wjia:d o we;' Wod ( .x`.djla kï

lsÍfï § .x`.dj È.g tys ku ks,a mdáka ,shd oelaùu jvd fhda.H jqj o

úYd, mßudK is;shula ;=< § B;,hla u`.ska .x`.dj fmkakqï lr .x`.dfõ

ku ,sùu fhda.H fõ'

- k.rhl msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍfï § .x`.djg l=uk ÈYdfjka th msysgkafka o

hkak .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak' lDIsl¾ñl m%foaY" i;a;aj md,k m%foaY ,l=Kq

lsÍfï § ksYaÑ; j¾K fkdue;s fyhska iqÿiq jarKhla fyda ixfla; l%uhla

fyda Ndú; lrkak'

- is;shula ,l=Kq lsÍu ixlS¾K jkafka kï is;shu i|yd iqÑhla iemhSu

jvd fhda.H fõ' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a is;shñka lshfjk foa wjfndaO lr

.ekSug wmyiq jkq we;'



mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùumdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuysiy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrfhl=úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shdlrk nj;a tfiau tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùuflfrk w;r;=r § h' fuh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo § fyda w.§ fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl § isÿúh yels h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;shwe.hsug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaúu iy we.hsu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aulie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍCIK meje;aùula fydafkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä ÈhqKqlsÍu i|yd fhod.kq ,nk ueÈy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.am%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kd f.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <.d lr.eksug fhdod .; yels jevms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r".=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾h ksÍCIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhimhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wfmaCIdflf¾' fuys§ YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hsug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh wfmaCIs;wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkqq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkg ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqkaúiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lr f.k ;sfíoehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYhiemhSu h' we.hSfï ;lafiare lsßfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhlud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh(Feed Back) yd bÈß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshdwkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u. yrjd .eksug m%;sfmdaIKh;a "isiqyelshd iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug bÈß fmdaIKh;a ,nd §u.=re ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljrwruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .eksu isiqkag wjYH fjhs' we.hSïjev ms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsßu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.an,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fïi|yd fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uh hs'

hf:dala; wruqK iys; j l%shdlrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a isiqka f.abf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hCIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fydo ld¾hCIu;dfjka hqla;bf.kqï b.ekakqï iy we.hsï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnJOfhka isiqkag iy.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfydal,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiskao f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnJOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha.=rejreka fydÈka oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufia h'



01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK05' ksÍCIK 06' m%o¾Yk$ bÈßm;a lsÍï07' fCIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍCIK09' jHqy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍCIK11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍCIK13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï17' ixl,am is;shï 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo23' idlÉPd uKav, 24'' iïuka;%K25' laIKsl l:d 26 N+ñld rx.k

y÷kajd § we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekaùï l%u iEu tlla u iEu úIhhla iïnJOfhka iEuúIh tallhlg u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmaCId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg.e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .eksug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h' j. n,d .; hq;=h' tys oSmy; j.=fjys oelafjk wdldrhg WÑ; ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k we.hSug ,la lrkak'fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍui|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí' tajd.=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßÈ ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod .;hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%Sh yelshd fukau wdfõoksl.;s ,CIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .eksu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;ams<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'

ks¾Kdhl

1' f;dard.;a f;dr;=rej, f;audjg we;s wod< nj2' f;audj m%udKj;a mßÈ f;dr;=re u.ska bÈßm;a ùu'3' bÈßm;a lrk ,o lreKqj, wod< nj'4' ;¾ldkql=, nj yd w¾:dkaú; nj'5' f;dr;=rej,ska iukaú;h wdjrKh ù we;s m%udKh

,enq ,l=Kqj, tl;=j

wjidk ,l=Kq '''''''''''''''''''

,l=Kq m%odkh

ksmqK;d uÜgugmeñK we;

ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK ke;

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

''''''''''''' 10

,enq uq¿ ,l=Kq

2



mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï

1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh1 jdrh

^1& YS% ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKh ms<sn| j tajdfha m%fhdackh yd .eg,q ú.%y jkmßÈ jHdmD;s jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lsÍu'wm rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl ;dlaIKfha úúO wxYj,g ksoiqka - kùk hka;% Ndú;h - cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu - fmdfydr Ndú;h - kj jdß;dlaIK l%u fhdod .ekSu

by; úúO wxYhka ys m%fhdack yd .eg,qj,g wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'

f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï §;a jHdmD;s jd¾;dj ilia lsÍfï §;a wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= lreKq - ksYaÑ; ld,hka ;SrKh lsÍu - f;dr;=re /ialsrSu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd ks.ukj,g t<öu - flá jHdmD;s jd¾;djla iemiSu - flaj, ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh

^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20& ^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&

11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh 11 jdrh

^2& N+f.da, úoHd;aul j jeo.;ajk ld,Sk isÿùï weiqßka tu isÿùu isÿ jQ ia:dkhyd ta ms<sn| j flá igyka we;=<;a f,dal wdlD;s is;shï f.dkqjla ilia lsÍu'

f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - i;shl ld,h ;=< f,dalfha isÿjk N+f.da, úoH;aul j jeo.;a jk ld,Sk

f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍu'Wod ( .sksl÷ msmsÍï" c,.e,Sï" N+ñlïmd" mßir iuq¿" mßir fjkialï" m%jdyk fCI;%fha kj fjkialï wdÈh

- tjeks f;dr;=re isÿ jQ ia:dk f,dal is;shul$is;shïj, ,l=Kq fldg kïlsÍu'

- tla tla isÿùu ms<sn| j flá igykla ,shd oelaùu' - ksrfmalaI msysàu oelaùu ^wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY wkqj& - by; ld¾hh i;s 10la ;=< úisß hk f,i mj;ajd .ekSu' - i;s 10 la ;=< ielfik ish¨ is;shï tla fldg is;shï fmd;la ilia

fldg bÈßm;a lsÍu'

úfYaI wjOdkh i|yd - flaj, ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yels h' - is;shï ,l=Kq lsÍfï § ta i|yd fhfok iïu; Ys,am l%u fhdod .kak' - .=re uÕ fmkaùu yd wëlaIKh ika;;sl j ,eîu jeo.;ah'

^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&^ks¾Kdhl 05 i|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 20&



^3& m%foaYfha fyda wdikak m%foaYhl ksrka;rfhka we;s jk iajdNdúl Wmøjhlams<sn| iólaIKhla lsÍu'

ksrka;fhka we;s jk iajNdúl Wmøj - kshÕ - .xj;=r - kdhhEï - wl=Kqier

f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels úúO ls%hdud¾. - ksÍlaIKh - idlÉPd - m%Yakdj,S - uq,dY% ^mqj;am;a" .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" wka;¾cd,h&

wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - we;s ùug n,mdk fya;= - Wmøjfha n,mEu - .eg,q wju lr .ekSu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.

ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla - fuh flaj, fyda ldKav ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yelsh' - iólaIKfhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;djla ilia fldg bÈßm;a

l< hq;=h' - tu jd¾;djg rEm igyka" j.=" PdhdrEm wdÈh we;=<;a l< yels h'


^4& m%foaYfha msysá l¾udka;hla $l¾udka; Yd,djla f;dardf.k ta ms<sn| f;dr;=retla/ia lsÍfï fCI;% pdßldjla ixúOdkh lsÍu'

ta i|yd m%foaYfha mj;sk idïm%odhsl l¾udka;hla fyda uyd mßudK l¾udka;Yd,djla fyda f;dard.; yelsh'

f;dr;=re /ialsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úIhh fCI;% lsysmhla - ia:dk.; ùfï idOlj, n,mEu - úfYaIs; jQ idOl - ksIamdokh - wf<úh - ld,Sk m%jK;d



f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd jd¾;dj ilia lsÍu - mq¾j iqodku - f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï úúO ls%hdud¾. - jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu - thg Ñ;% " PdhdrEm" j.= wdÈh we;=<;a lsÍu - ie,eiaulg wkqj .=re uÕ fmkaùu - ks.ukj,g meñKSu


111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh111 jdrh

^5& YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úfYaIs; wxY j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wkd.;fha §.; yels úúO ls%hdud¾. ms<sn| bÈßm;a lsÍula

ixpdrl jHdmdrfha wkd.; j¾Okh i|yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úfYaIs;wxYj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla

- fjr< wdYs%; - ffcj moaO;s wdYs%; - wNhN+ñ wdYs%; - fM;sydisl ia:dk wdYs%; - wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO - ixialD;sh yd ck Ôú;h wdY%s; - ;%dickl w;aoelSï wdYs%;

ie,lsh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla

- fuh lKavdhï ls%hdldrlula fia ixúOdkh l< yelsh' - bÈßm;a lsÍu o lKavdhï bÈßm;a lsÍula f,i ixúOdkh lr .; yelsh' - bf.k .;a foa ;u ks¾udK woyia iuÕ bÈßm;a lsÍu jeo.;a h'

Wod ( by; úúO wxY ms<sn| wkd.;fha § ixpdrl jHdmdrh ixj¾Okh l< yels m%foaY oelafjk YS% ,xld is;shula

- jdÑl bÈßm;a lsÍu;a iuÕ is;shï" Ñ;% " mska;=r" mß.Kl ieliqï wdÈhfhdod .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'




^6& m%foaYfha fN!;sl mßirh yd udkqI lghq;= w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj mj;akd rgdjms<sn| ksÍlaIK lsÍu'

fï ms<sn| j ksoiqka lsysmhla

- c, ud¾." jeõ wdYs%; j.d ìï jHdma; j meje;Su - N+ñfha fjkialï j.d lghq;=" m%jdyk ud¾. yd jdiia:dk msysgqjd .ekSug

n,md we;s wdldrh - l¾udka; we;sùu i|yd m%foaYfha iïm;a Wmfhda.S jk wdldrh

mÍlaIKh u.ska f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

- fmr ,nd.;a oekqu ;u m%foaYhg iïnkaO lr wOHhkh lsÍu - udkqI lghq;= ;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d fN!;sl mßirh flf;la ÿrg n,md

we;aoehs ks.ukj,g meñKSu' - ksÍlaIKfhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re jd¾;d lsÍu - fuh iuqy ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu - f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï § Ñ;% " mska;=r yd is;shï Ndú; lsÍu


13physical geo 1-73.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim12.pdfiii wmfoaykh wdpd¾h wmd,s tï fiaor uhd...

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